CN101302102A - 由两种烧绿石相和氧化物组成的陶瓷粉末、陶瓷层以及层体系 - Google Patents

由两种烧绿石相和氧化物组成的陶瓷粉末、陶瓷层以及层体系 Download PDF

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CN101302102A
CN101302102A CNA2008100956503A CN200810095650A CN101302102A CN 101302102 A CN101302102 A CN 101302102A CN A2008100956503 A CNA2008100956503 A CN A2008100956503A CN 200810095650 A CN200810095650 A CN 200810095650A CN 101302102 A CN101302102 A CN 101302102A
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ceramic powder
weight
layer
ceramic
pyrrhite
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CN101302102B (zh
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R·苏布拉马尼恩
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Siemens AG
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Abstract

本发明涉及由两种烧绿石相和氧化物组成的陶瓷粉末、陶瓷层以及层体系。更具体地,本发明涉及一种绝热层体系,其除具有优良绝热特性外,该绝热层体系还需具有绝热层的长使用寿命。本发明的层体系(1)具有陶瓷层(13),该陶瓷层含由两种烧绿石相组成的混合物。

Description

由两种烧绿石相和氧化物组成的陶瓷粉末、陶瓷层以及层体系
技术领域
本发明涉及根据权利要求1、29、31的由两种烧绿石相和氧化物组成的陶瓷粉末、陶瓷层以及层体系。
背景技术
这种层体系具有含基于镍或钴的金属合金的基材。其制品主要用作燃气轮机的构件,特别是用作燃气轮机叶片(Gasturbinenschaufeln)或隔热板(Hitzeschild)。该构件经受腐蚀性燃烧气的热气流。因此必须能耐受高的热负荷状态。此外,该构件还需耐氧化和耐腐蚀。特别是对运动构件如燃气轮机叶片以及对静态构件还有机械性能的要求。在应用可经受热气负荷构件的燃气轮机的功率和效率随运行温度增加而提高。因此一直试图通过改进涂层体系来达到较高的燃气轮机效率。
为实现高效率和高功率,特别是对受高温负荷的燃气轮机(Gasturbine)部件涂以陶瓷材料。该陶瓷材料在热气流和金属基材之间起热绝热层的作用。
通过涂层可使该金属基体免受腐蚀性热气流的作用。新型构件具有至少多层涂层,这些涂层各满足特定的目的。由此出现多层层体系。
EP 0944746 B1公开了烧绿石作为热绝热层的应用。
但是对用作绝热层的材料不仅需优良的热绝缘特性,还需在基材上的优良的粘合性。
EP 0992603 A1公开了一种由不应具有烧绿石结构的氧化钆和氧化锆制成的绝热层体系。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提供一种陶瓷粉末、陶瓷层以及一种层体系,该层体系具有优良的热绝缘特性及在基材上的优良的粘合性,并由此具有整个层体系的长使用寿命。
本发明的目的是通过权利要求1的陶瓷粉末、权利要求29的陶瓷层和权利要求31的层体系实现的。
在从属权利要求中列出其它后有利措施,这些措施可任意以有利的形式和方式相互组合。
本发明基于如下认知,该整个层体系需看作是整体,不可看作是单独的层或相互分离的一些层,并可使其最佳化以实现长的使用寿命。
本发明的陶瓷粉末和层体系具有外陶瓷层,该层具有由两种烧绿石相组成的混合物,该混合物具有特别好的热特性(适配于构件基材的膨胀系数、小的导热系数),并与构件的中间层和基材有非常好的相合性(harmoniert)。通过这两种烧绿石相的混合比可调节在基材和中间层上的该陶瓷层的特性。
下面将参考附图详述本发明的实施例。
附图说明
图1示出本发明的层体系,
图2示出高温合金列表,
图3示出燃气轮机,
图4示出涡轮机叶片的透视图,
图5示出燃烧腔的透视图。
具体实施方式
该陶瓷粉末的组成也可用陶瓷层13(图1)的组成来说明。
本发明的陶瓷粉末具有通式为AxByOz的两种烧绿石相,其中x,y≈2,z≈7,即允许小的位错或掺杂,O=氧。
A例如为钆(Gd)、镧(La)、钇(Y)、钕(Nd)、镱(Yb)、铈(Ce)或铝(Al)。
B例如为铪(Hf)、锆(Zr)、钛(Ti)、铈(Ce)或锡(Sn)。
特别是x,y=2,x=7。
该陶瓷层还具有第一种烧绿石AxByOz和第二种烧绿石A’x’B’y’Oz’,其中x’,y’≈2,z’≈7,O=氧。特别是x’,y’=2,z’=7。
元素A、B、A’和B’可完全是相互不同的。
如果A和A’是相同的,则B、B’是不同的。
如果B和B’是相同的,则A和A’是不同的。
A=A’和B=B’的组合是被排除的。
A=B’、B≠A’或A’=B、A≠B’的组合原则上是可能的。
对A和/或A’,优选使用钆(Gd)。
对B优选使用铪酸盐或锆酸盐,即铪和/或锆,优选使用钆氧化物(GHO),优选Gd2Hf2O7,和/或锆酸钆(GZO),优选Gd2Zr2O7
该陶瓷粉末或外陶瓷层13优选仅具有两种烧绿石相。优选使用铪酸钆,优选Gd2Hf2O7,和锆酸钆,优选Gd2Zr2O7
优选不存在两种烧绿石相的混晶,也即例如不存在Gdx(HfyZrw)Oz,其中x=2,y+w=2,z=7(混晶也具有烧绿石相;如果不明确提及混晶,也无混晶存在)。
混晶Ax(ByB’w)Oz、A’(B’tBq)O或A、B、A’、B’(如Gd、Hf、Zr)的氧化物的含量最大为10重量%。
粉末中或陶瓷层中的两种烧绿石相的含量优选最小为90重量%。
通式为A2B2O7的烧绿石粉末也含二次氧化物,特别是元素B’的氧化物(或者含A’2B’2O7作为氧化物B)。该B和/或B’的二次氧化物可在粉末中优选作为纯氧化物存在或优选与烧绿石粉末仅部分形成混晶相。
将该二次氧化物有意添加到粉末中,以明显超过二次氧化物的测量技术可检出限存在,至少以两倍于二次氧化物的可检出限的值存在。
这样,优选锆酸钆粉末含氧化铪,优选含量为0.1重量%-2.5重量%。
另一种烧绿石粉末(优选铪酸钆)也优选含锆的二次氧化物(
Figure A20081009565000081
)。该氧化锆优选作为纯氧化物存在或优选仅部分作为混晶存在。氧化锆含量优选为0.1重量%-7重量%。
该两种烧绿石相还含其它任选组分如直至0.05重量%的氧化硅、直至0.1重量%的氧化钙、直至0.1重量%的氧化镁、直至0.1重量%的氧化铁、直至0.1重量%的氧化铝和直至0.08重量%的氧化钛,其作为烧结助剂有助于形成更密实的层。
粉末状的铪酸钆含43重量%-50重量%,优选44.7重量%-47.7重量%的氧化钆,其余是氧化铪和任选的二次氧化物,优选是氧化锆(直至7重量%)和任选的烧结助剂。粉末状的锆酸钆含56重量%-63重量%,优选58重量%-61重量%的氧化钆,其余是氧化铪和任选的二次氧化物,优选是氧化铪(直至2重量%)和任选的烧结助剂。
在粉末混合物情况下,Gd、Zr、Hf的氧化物的含量相应于烧绿石相中的Hf和Zr的比例。
图1示出本发明的层体系1。
该层体系1具有金属基材4,特别是适于高温下构件的金属基材4是由镍基或钴基高温合金(图2)制成。
优选直接在基材4上存在优选的金属粘结层7即MCrAlX,优选是NiCoCrAlX型,其优选含(11-13)重量%的钴、(20-22)重量%的铬、(10.5-11.5)重量%的铝、(0.3-0.5)重量%的钇、(1.5-2.5)重量%的铼和其余为镍或优选含(24-26)重量%的钴、(16-18)重量%的铬、(9.5-11)重量%的铝、(0.3-0.5)重量%的钇、(1-1.8)重量%的铼和其余为镍。
该保护层7优选由该两种合金之一组成。
在该金属粘结层(metallischen Anbindungsschicht)7上面涂覆其它陶瓷层前已形成氧化铝层或在运行中形成该氧化铝层(TGO)。
在金属粘结层7上面或氧化铝层(未示出)上面优选存在内陶瓷层(innere keramische Schicht)10,优选经完全或部分稳定化的氧化锆层。优选使用钇-稳定化的氧化锆(YSZ),其中钇含量优选为6重量%-8重量%。也可使用氧化钙、氧化铈或氧化铪来稳定氧化锆。
该氧化锆优选作为等离子体喷雾层涂覆,但也可作为柱状结构用电子束蒸发法(EBPVD)涂覆。
于金属粘结层7上或基材4上的氧化锆层10上面再涂以外陶瓷层(
Figure A20081009565000091
 keramische Schicht)13。该层13优选是最外层。
因此,外陶瓷层13如按下述制备:将由两种烧绿石相如锆酸钆组成的粉末和铪酸钆粉末按混合比相互混合,并引入到等离子喷雾装置的喷嘴中。也可设想另一些涂覆方法如PVD-法,该法中同样可考虑使用由锆酸钆和铪酸钆组成的两种锭。
该层体系1优选由基材4、粘结层7(MCrAlX),视需要TGO和单层(如GZO和/或GHO)或双层的外绝热层13(YSZ和GZO或GHO)组成。
一种二次氧化物或多种二次氧化物分布于层13中,特别是均匀分布于层13中。
可使用锆酸钆和铪酸钆的任意混合比。优选使用较大含量的锆酸钆。同样优选使用的铪酸钆对锆酸钆的混合比为10∶90、20∶80、30∶70或40∶60。此外,使用铪酸钆对锆酸钆的混合比为50∶50、60∶40、70∶30、80∶20或者90∶10也是有利的。
内层10的层厚优选为内层10和外层13的总层厚D的10%-50%(图1)。
内层10层厚优选为总层厚D的10%-40%或10%-30%。
内层10的层厚为总层厚D的10%-20%也是有利的。
内层10的层厚为总层厚D的20%-50%或20%-40%也是有利的。
内层10的份额是总层厚D的20%-30%也可达有利的结果。
内层10的层厚优选为总层厚D的30%-50%。
内层10的层厚为总层厚D的30%-40%也是有利的。
内层10的层厚为总层厚D的40%-50%也是优选的。
该内陶瓷层10的厚度优选为100μm-200μm,特别是150μm±10%。
内层10和外层13的总层厚D优选为300μm或优选450μm。最大总层厚优选为800μm,或有利地最大600μm。
对该层体系在高温下短时间使用,该外层13可比内层10薄,如外层13的层厚为内层10和外层13的总层厚D的10%-40%。
优选使用由Gd2Hf2O7和Gd2Zr2O7组成的混合物,优选呈相互均匀混合或具有梯度。如从外朝向热气体侧存在较高的Gd2Zr2O7的含量。
图3示例性示出燃气轮机100的纵向截面。
该燃气轮机100的内部具有绕旋转轴102呈旋转安装的带轴101的转子103,该转子也称为涡轮机转子。
沿转子103依次为进气罩104、压缩机105、例如环形的燃烧室110,特别是环状燃烧室、其具有多个同轴安装的燃烧器107,涡轮机108和排气罩109。
环状燃烧室110与例如环状热气体通道111相连。在那里例如4个先后连接的涡轮机级112形成涡轮机108。
每个涡轮机级112例如由2个叶片环构成。按工作介质113的流向看,接着是在导向叶片排(Leitschaufelreihe)115的热气体通道111中的由转子叶片(laufschaufeln)120构成的排125。
该导向叶片130固定在定子143的内壳138中,而排125的转子叶片120例如借助于涡轮机盘133安装在转子103上。
在转子103上连接有发电机或做功机械(未示出)。
燃气轮机100运行时,通过进气罩104从压缩机105吸入并压缩空气135。将在压缩机105的涡轮机侧端提供的已压缩空气导入燃烧器107,并在其中与燃料混合。然后该混合物在燃烧室110中燃烧并形成工作介质113。该工作介质113从那里沿热气体通道111在导向叶片130和转子叶片120上流过。该工作介质113在转子叶片120上经冲量转移式(impulsübertragend)地膨胀,以使转子叶片120驱动转子103,并且该转子103又驱动其连接的做功机械。
在燃气轮机100运行中该暴露于受热工作介质113的构件经受热负荷。除内衬环状燃烧室110的热屏蔽部件之外,按工作介质113的流向看的第一个涡轮机级112的导向叶片130和转子叶片120受到最大的热负荷。
为耐受那里所处的温度,可用冷却剂冷却。
该构件的基材也可具有定向的结构即其为单晶(SX-结构)或仅具有纵向晶粒(DS-结构)。
使用例如铁基、镍基或钴基的高温合金作为构件,特别是涡轮机叶片120、130和燃烧室110的构件的材料。
例如由EP 1204776 B1、EP 1306454、EP 1319729 A1、WO 99/67435或WO 00/44949中已知这类高温合金。
导向叶片130具有面向涡轮机108的内壳108的导向叶根(Leitschaufelfuβ)(这里未示出)和与导向叶根相对设置的导向叶片头(Leitschaufelkopf)。该导向叶片头朝向转子103,并固定在定子143的固定环140上。
图4以透视图示出沿纵轴121延伸的涡轮机的转子叶片120或导向叶片130。
该涡轮机可以是飞机或用于发电的发电站的燃气轮机、蒸汽涡轮机或压缩机。
叶片120、130在沿纵轴121上依次具有固定区400、与其紧接的叶片平台403以及叶片页(Schaufelblatt)406和叶尖(Schaufelspitze)415。
作为导向叶片130,该叶片130在其叶尖415上可具有另一平台(未示出)。
在固定区400中形成叶根183,该叶根183用于将导向叶片120、130固定在轴或盘上(未示出)。
叶根183例如设计成锤头形。也可设计成冷杉树形根基或燕尾形根基。
针对流过叶片页406的介质,叶片120、130具有流入边409和流出边412。
在通常的叶片120、130情况下,在叶片120、130的所有区城400、403、406中应用例如实心金属材料,特别是高温合金。
例如由EP 1204776 B1、EP 1306454、EP 1319729 A1、WO 99/67435或WO 00/44949中已知这类高温合金。
叶片120、130可通过铸造法即借助于定向凝固、通过锻造法、通过铣削法或这些方法的组合来制备。
具有一种单晶结构或多种单晶结构的工件可用作在运行中经受机械负荷、热负荷和/或化学负荷的机器的构件。
这类单晶工件的制备例如可通过熔体的定向凝固实现。其涉及浇铸法,在该法中液态金属合金定向凝固成单晶结构即单晶工件。这时树枝状晶体沿热流取向,并形成棒晶粒结构(柱状即经工件整个长度分布的晶粒,按通常说法称为定向凝固)或单晶结构即整个工件由单一晶体构成。在此方法中,必须避免过渡到球状(多晶)凝固,因为通过非定向生长必定形成横向和纵向的晶界,这就破坏了定向凝固构件或单晶构件的优良特性。
如果通常论及定向凝固结构,那么既表示不含晶粒界或具有最小角度晶界的单晶,也表示含纵向延伸的晶界但不含横向晶界的棒晶粒结构。在该两种晶体结构情况下均称为定向凝固结构。
由US-PS 6024792和EP 0892090 A1中已知这类方法。
该叶片120、130也可以具有本发明的层体系1或其它抗腐蚀或抗氧化涂层,如(MCrAlX;M是铁(Fe)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)中的至少一种元素,X是活性元素,并表示钇(Y)和/或硅和/或至少一种稀土元素或铪(Hf)。从EP 0486489 B1、EP 0786017 B1、EP 0412397 B1或EP 1306454 A1中已知这类合金。
该密度优选是理论密度的95%。
在MCrAlX-层(作为中间层或作为最外层)形成保护性氧化铝层(TGO=即热生长氧化物层)。
在MCrAlX-层上还可存在本发明层体系1的绝热层13。
该绝热层13覆盖整个MCrAlX-层。通过合适的涂覆方法如电子束蒸发(EB-PVD)可在绝热层上产生棒状晶粒。
也可使用另一些涂覆方法如大气等离子体喷射(APS)、LPPS、VPS或CVD。该绝热层可具有附带微观裂纹或宏观裂纹的多孔晶粒以改进耐热冲击性。该绝热层优选比MCrAlX-层更多孔。
叶片120、130可设计成中空或实心的。如果该叶片120、130应经冷却,则其为中空的,并且视需要还具有膜冷却孔418(由虚线示出)。
图5示出燃气轮机100的燃烧室110。该燃烧室110例如设计成所谓的环状燃烧室,在此情况下,大量呈圆周方向配置在旋转轴102周围的燃烧器107通向公用的产生火焰156的燃烧室空间154。为此该燃烧室110整体设计成环状结构,该结构围绕旋转轴110定位。
为达相对高的效率,该燃烧室110设计成适于如约1000℃-1600℃的相对高工作介质M的温度。为了在这种对材料不利的运行参数下能有相对长的使用寿命,在该燃烧室壁153的面对工作介质M的一侧上配置有由热屏蔽部件155构成的内衬。
由于燃烧室110的内部的高温,可以对热屏蔽部件155或其固定件配置冷却系统。为此该热屏蔽部件155例如是空心的,并且视需要在燃烧室空间154中具有相通的冷却孔(未示出)。
每个由合金制成的热屏蔽部件155在其工作介质侧均配置有特别耐热的保护层(MCrAlX-层和/或陶瓷涂层),例如其为本发明的层体系1或由耐高温材料(实心陶瓷砖)制成。
这些保护层可类似于涡轮机叶片,例如表示为MCrAlX:M是铁(Fe)、钴(Co)、镍(Ni)中的至少一种元素,X是活性元素,并表示钇(Y)和/或硅和/或至少一种稀土元素或铪(Hf)。从EP 0486489 B1、EP 0786017 B1、EP 0412397 B1或EP 1306454 A1中已知这类合金。
在MCrAlX上还可存在本发明的陶瓷绝热层13。
通过合适的涂覆方法如电子束蒸发(EB-PVD)可在绝热层上产生棒状晶粒。
也可使用另一些涂覆方法如大气等离子体喷射(APS)、LPPS、VPS或CVD。该绝热层可具有附带微观裂纹或宏观裂纹的多孔晶粒以改进耐热冲击性。
再处理(修整)意指该涡轮机叶片120、130、热屏蔽部件155经使用后视需要必须去除保护层(如通过喷砂)。然后去除腐蚀层和/或氧化层或腐蚀产物和/或氧化产物。视需要还要修理在涡轮机叶片120、130或热屏蔽部件155中的裂纹。接着再涂覆涡轮机叶片120、130、热屏蔽部件155,并重新使用该涡轮机叶片120、130或热屏蔽部件155。

Claims (40)

1.一种陶瓷粉末,其包括:
由第一种烧绿石相AxByOz,其中x、y≈2,z≈7,和第二种烧绿石相A’x’B’y’Oz’,其中x’、y’≈2,z’≈7组成的混合物;
二次氧化物,特别是B或B’的氧化物,特别是含量为0.1重量%-10重量%;
和任选的烧结助剂即0.05重量%的氧化硅、0.1重量%的氧化钙、0.1重量%的氧化镁、0.1重量%的氧化铁、0.1重量%的氧化铝和0.08重量%的氧化钛;
特别是该陶瓷粉末由两种烧绿石相和至少一种二次氧化物和任选的烧结助剂组成。
2.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其中A是钆(Gd)。
3.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其中所述第一种和第二种烧绿石相中均使用钆(Gd)(A=Gd,A’=Gd)。
4.权利要求1、2或3的陶瓷粉末,其中所述第一种烧绿石相是铪酸盐(B=Hf)。
5.权利要求1、2、3或4的陶瓷粉末,其中所述第二种烧绿石相是锆酸盐(B’=Zr)。
6.权利要求1或5的陶瓷粉末,其中所述第一种烧绿石相是铪酸钆,特别是(Gd2Hf2O7)。
7.权利要求1、4或6的陶瓷粉末,其中所述第二种烧绿石相是锆酸钆,特别是(Gd2Zr2O7)。
8.权利要求1、2、3、4、5、6或7的陶瓷粉末,其中存在B或B’的二次氧化物。
9.权利要求1、2、3、4、5、6或7的陶瓷粉末,其中存在B和B’的二次氧化物。
10.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其由两种烧绿石相和两种二次氧化物和任选的烧结助剂组成。
11.权利要求1、4、5、8、9或10的陶瓷粉末,其中存在0.1重量%-2.5重量%的二次氧化物,特别是1.25重量%的二次氧化物。
12.权利要求1、5、7或11的陶瓷粉末,其含有氧化铪。
13.权利要求1、4、5、8、9或10的陶瓷粉末,其中存在0.1重量%-7重量%的二次氧化物,特别是3重量%的二次氧化物。
14.权利要求1、4、6或13的陶瓷粉末,其含氧化锆作为二次氧化物。
15.权利要求1、4、5、6、7或10-14的陶瓷粉末,其中仅含B和B’的二次氧化物。
16.权利要求1或8-15之一的陶瓷粉末,其中B、B’的二次氧化物不与该两种烧绿石相之一形成混晶。
17.权利要求1或8-15之一的陶瓷粉末,其中B、B’的二次氧化物仅作为混晶存在。
18.权利要求8-15之一的陶瓷粉末,其中B、B’的二次氧化物作为氧化物和混晶存在。
19.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其中仅存在两种烧绿石相。
20.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其中,所述陶瓷粉末含最大为10重量%,特别是最大7重量%的混晶。
21.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其中所述第一种和第二种烧绿石相不形成混晶。
22.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其中所述第一种和第二种烧绿石相的混合比为30∶70-20∶80。
23.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其中所述第一种和第二种烧绿石相的混合比为50∶50-40∶60。
24.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其中所述第一种和第二种烧绿石相的混合比为70∶30-60∶40。
25.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其中所述第一种和第二种烧绿石相的混合比为90∶10-80∶20。
26.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其由两种烧绿石相、最多B或B’的两种二次氧化物以及氧化硅和/或氧化钙和/或氧化镁、氧化铁和/或氧化铝和/或氧化钛组成。
27.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其中两种烧绿石相占所述陶瓷粉末的至少90重量%,特别是至少94重量%。
28.权利要求1的陶瓷粉末,其中x、y=2和z=7。
29.陶瓷层(13),其由上述权利要求1-28之一或多个的陶瓷粉末制成。
30.陶瓷层(13),其仅由上述权利要求1-28之一或多个的陶瓷粉末制成。
31.层体系,其含权利要求29或30的陶瓷层(13)。
32.权利要求31的层体系,其中,在所述陶瓷层(13)下面存在内陶瓷层(10),特别是稳定化的氧化锆层,特别是由6重量%-8重量%的钇稳定化的氧化锆层。
33.权利要求32的层体系,其中所述内层(10)的层厚为内陶瓷层(10)和外陶瓷层(13)的总层厚(D)的10%-50%,特别是总层厚(D)的10%-40%。
34.权利要求32或33的层体系,其中所述内层(10)和外层(13)的层厚总计至少为300μm,特别是300μm。
35.权利要求32或33的层体系,其中所述内层(10)和外层(13)的层厚总计至少为450μm,特别是450μm。
36.权利要求32的层体系,其中所述内层(10)的层厚为总层厚(D)的60%-90%。
37.权利要求31、32、33、34、35或36的层体系,其中所述陶瓷层(13)是最外层。
38.权利要求31或32的层体系,其中所述层体系(1)在基材(4)上面和在陶瓷层(10,13)下面具有金属粘结层(7),该金属粘结层(7)特别由NiCoCrAlX-合金制成。
39.权利要求38的层体系,其中所述金属粘结层(7)具有下列组成(重量%):
11%-13%      钴,
20%-22%      铬,
10.5%-11.5%  铝,
0.3%-0.5%    钇,
1.5%-2.5%    铼,和
其余为镍,特别是由上述组分组成。
40.权利要求38的层体系,其中所述金属粘结层(7)具有下列组成(重量%):
24%-26%  钴,
16%-18%  铬,
9.5%-11%   铝,
0.3%-0.5%  钇,
1%-1.8%    铼,和
其余为镍,特别是由上述组分组成。
CN2008100956503A 2007-05-07 2008-05-07 由两种烧绿石相和氧化物组成的陶瓷粉末、陶瓷层以及层体系 Expired - Fee Related CN101302102B (zh)

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