CN101247799B - 成纤维细胞活化蛋白α的抑制剂 - Google Patents
成纤维细胞活化蛋白α的抑制剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101247799B CN101247799B CN2006800307719A CN200680030771A CN101247799B CN 101247799 B CN101247799 B CN 101247799B CN 2006800307719 A CN2006800307719 A CN 2006800307719A CN 200680030771 A CN200680030771 A CN 200680030771A CN 101247799 B CN101247799 B CN 101247799B
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/02—Boron compounds
- C07F5/04—Esters of boric acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/02—Boron compounds
- C07F5/025—Boronic and borinic acid compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D207/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D207/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hydrocarbon radicals, substituted by hetero atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D207/09—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms, not forming part of a nitro radical
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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Abstract
公开了包含硼酸或氰基官能基的肽基化合物,它们能有效和选择性地抑制成纤维细胞活化蛋白α。除了其它的治疗用途以外,这种肽基化合物还可用于治疗癌症。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求对2005年7月5日提交的美国临时专利申请60/696,772的优先权的利益。
发明背景
成纤维细胞活化蛋白α(FAPα)是一种双特异性二肽基肽酶和胶原酶(Scanlan,M.J.等(1994),Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,91,5657-5661)。FAB和已被充分研究的二肽基肽酶IV(DPP IV,EC 3.4.14.5)都是近来所说的“DDP IV活性和/或结构同系物”(DASH)蛋白质,包括具有常见的脯氨酸后切割丝氨酸二肽酶机制的酶(Sedo,A和Malik,R.Biochim.Biophys.Acta 2001,1550,2,107-116;P.等,Int.J.Biochem.Cell.Biol.(2004)36(3),408-421)。FAP与DPP-IV有高度的同源性,已报道在体内与DPP IV形成异源二聚体。
FAP与DPP IV的不同在于其分布高度集中,不是很丰富。与DPP IV不同,FAP是一种与肿瘤有关的抗原,它不表达在正常的组织内,而只表达在含肿瘤基质的肿瘤支持细胞和非恶性细胞上(Folkman,J.等,Nature(1989)339,58-61;Garin-Chesa,P.等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(1990),87,7235-7239;Chen WT,Adv Exp Med Biol(2003),524,197-203)。有强力的证据表明FAP是肿瘤基质制造者。FAPα选择性地表达在很多组织类型的人上皮癌的活性基质成纤维细胞、愈合伤口的肉芽组织以及某些骨骼和软组织肉瘤的恶性细胞中。正常的成年人组织一般没有可检测的FAPα,但某些胎儿间充质组织短暂表达该蛋白质。相反,大多数普通类型的上皮癌,包括超过90%的乳腺癌、非小细胞肺癌和结肠直肠癌,含有FAPα-活性基质成纤维细胞(Scanlan.等,上述引文中)。这些FAPα+成纤维细胞伴随着新形成的肿瘤血管,形成位于肿瘤毛细内皮和恶性上皮细胞群的基体之间的清晰的细胞区室(Welt等(1994)J.Clin.Oncol.12(6),1193-1203)。虽然在原发癌和转移癌中都发现了FAPα+基质成纤维细胞,但所试验的良性和癌前上皮病变(Welt等,上述文献),例如乳房的纤维腺瘤和结肠直肠腺瘤,只含很少的FAPα+基质细胞。FAP的表达型式表明它可能在正常组织被癌性生长侵入以及肿瘤发生中起某种作用。因此,需要设计和合成选择性的FAP抑制剂。
发明概要
本发明的一个方面涉及具有式(I)结构的化合物
其中
L不存在或者是-XC(O)-;
R1选自H,C1-6烷基,C1-6酰基,C1-6芳烷基,C1-6芳酰基,C1-6杂芳酰基,碳环基,芳基和ArSO2 -;
R2选自H和C1-6烷基,或者R2和R1合起来是邻苯二甲酰基,从而形成一个环;
R3选自H,C1-6烷基,C1-6羟基烷基,C1-6硫烷基和C1-6芳烷基;
W选自B(Y1)(Y2)和CN;
Y1和Y2独立地选自OH或可水解形成硼酸的基团,或者与它们所连结的硼原子一起形成一个可水解成硼酸的5-8元环;
X选自O和NH。
本发明的另一方面涉及具有式II结构的化合物
R1选自H,C1-6烷基,C1-6酰基,C1-6芳烷基,C1-6芳酰基,C1-6杂芳酰基,碳环基和芳基;
R2选自H和C1-6烷基;
R3选自H,C1-6烷基,C1-6羟基烷基,C1-6硫烷基和C1-6芳烷基;
R4选自H和C1-6烷基,或者R3和R4合起来是C1-6烷基,从而形成一个环;
R5选自H,C1-6烷基,C1-6羟烷基,C1-6硫烷基和C1-6芳烷基,或者R4和R5合起来是C1-6烷基-S;
W选自H,B(Y1)(Y2)和CN;
Y1和Y2独立地选自OH或可水解形成硼酸的基团,或者与它们连接的硼原子一起形成一个可水解成硼酸的5-8元环;
条件是,只是当R4和R5合起来是C1-6烷基-S时,W才能是H。
发明详述
本发明涉及可作为酶抑抑剂使用的化合物。这些化合物一般可作为蛋白酶抑制剂使用,优选它们是FAP的抑制剂。虽然不希望受任何特定理论的束缚,但是观察到肽基硼酸在其抑制丝氨酸蛋白酶的能力方面已被充分确定(Bristol LA等,Blood(1995),85(12),3602-9;Coutts,S.J.,等(1996),J.Med.Chem.39,2087-2094)。这一抑制作用可归因为在硼上有一可利用的空的P轨道,它很适合接纳活性部位丝氨酸残基的氧原子上的孤对电子。所形成的硼的四面体几何结构起着这种天然的含羰基底物的过渡态模拟物的作用。因为DPP IV和FAP在结构上密切相关,估计硼酸化合物能与FAP的活性部位丝氨酸形成稳定的四面体中间体,就像它们与DPP IV形成的一样。
在一些实施方案中,本发明化合物包含立构中心,立体化学结构可以是(R)或(S)型。关于绝对立体化学结构的确定,遵照Cahn-Ingold-Prelog规则。这些规则在例如Organic Chemistry,Fox andWhitesell;Jones and Bartlett Publishers,Boston,MA(1994);Section5-6,pp177-178中有说明,该部分因此被并入作为参考。肽可以有一个重复的主链结构,从该主链单元延伸出支链。通常,各主链单元有一个与其结合的支链,虽然在一些情形里该支链是一个氢原子。在其它实施方案中,不是每个主链单元都有一个与其结合的支链。
本发明的一个方面涉及具有式(I)结构的化合物
其中
L不存在或是-XC(O)-;
R1选自H,C1-6烷基,C1-6酰基,C1-6芳烷基,C1-6芳酰基,C1-6杂芳酰基,碳环基,芳基和ArSO2 -;
R2选自H和C1-6烷基,或者R1和R2合起来是邻苯二甲酰基,从而形成一个环;
R3选自H,C1-6烷基,C1-6羟基烷基,C1-6硫烷基,和C1-6芳烷基,优选R3是H或C1-6烷基,更优选R3是H;
W选自B(Y1)(Y2)和CN,优选W是B(Y1)(Y2);
Y1和Y2独立地选自OH或可水解形成硼酸的基团,或者与它们连接的硼原子一起形成一个可水解成硼酸的5-8元环,优选Y1和Y2是OH;
X选自O和NH,优选X是NH。
在某些实施方案中,L不存在,R1选自H、C1-6烷基、C1-6酰基、C1-6芳烷基、C1-6芳酰基、C1-6杂芳酰基、碳环基、芳基和ArSO2 -。在某些这类实施方案中,L不存在,L1是C1-6烷基,选自甲基、乙基、异丙基和叔丁基。在某些这类实施方案中,L不存在,R1是选自乙酰基和新戊酰基的C1-6酰基。在某些这类实施方案中,L不存在,R1是苯基甲基。在某些这类实施方案中,L不存在,R1是选自2-苯乙基羰基、苯甲基羰基、(1-萘基)羰基、(2-萘基)羰基和(4-氨磺酰苯基)羰基的芳酰基。在某些实施方案中,L不存在,R1是吡唑基。在某些实施方案中,L不存在,R1是选自环己基和金刚烷基的碳环基。在某些实施方案中,L不存在,R1选自苯基和苯基磺酰基。
在某些实施方案中,L是-XC(O)-,X是O,R1是C1-6芳烷基。在某些这类实施方案中,L是-XC(O)-,X是O,R1是苯甲基。
在某些实施方案中,L是-XC(O)-,X是NH,R1选自芳基和C1-6芳烷基。在某些实施方案中,L是-XC(O)-,X是NH,R1选自苯基和苯甲基。
在某些实施方案中,R2是C1-6烷基。在优选的实施方案中,R1选自甲基、异丙基和叔丁基。在更优选的实施方案中,R1是甲基。
本发明的另一方面涉及具有式II结构的化合物
R1选自H,C1-6烷基,C1-6酰基,C1-6芳烷基,C1-6芳酰基,C1-6杂芳酰基和碳环基,优选R1是C1-6芳酰基或C1-6酰基;
R2选自H和C1-6烷基,优选R2是H;
R3选自H,C1-6烷基,C1-6羟基烷基,C1-6硫烷基和C1-6芳烷基,优选R3是H;
R4选自H和C1-6烷基,优选R4是H,或者R3和R4合起来是C1-6烷基,从而形成一个环;
R5选自H,C1-6烷基,C1-6羟基烷基,C1-6硫烷基和C1-6芳烷基,优选C1-6烷基,或者R4和R5合起来是C1-6烷基-S-C1-6烷基;
W选自H,B(Y1)(Y2)和CN,优选W是B(Y1)(Y2);
Y1和Y2独立地选自OH或可水解形成硼酸的基团,或者与它们连接的硼原子一起形成一个可水解成硼酸的5-8元环;
条件是,只是当R4和R5合起来是C1-6烷基-S-C1-6烷基时,W才能是H。
在某些实施方案中,R1选自C1-6酰基和C1-6芳酰基。在优选的实施方案中,R1选自苯基羰基、(1-萘基)羰基和乙酰基。
在某些实施方案中,R5是C1-6烷基。在优选的实施方案中,R5选自甲基和乙基。
在某些实施方案中,W是H,R4和R5合起来是C1-6烷基-S-C1-6烷基。在优选的实施方案中,W是H,R4和R5合起来是C2烷基-S-C1烷基,从而形成一个5元环。
在某些实施方案中,R3和R4合起来是C1-6烷基,从而形成一个环。在优选的这类实施方案中,R3和R4合起来是C2烷基,从而形成一个5元环。
本发明的另一方面涉及一种治疗癌症的方法,包括施用治疗有效量的式I或II化合物。在优选的实施方案中,该癌症选自人上皮癌,例如乳腺癌、非小细胞肺癌和结肠直肠癌,以及软组织肉瘤。
本发明的另一方面涉及式I或II化合物在制造用于治疗癌症的药物中的应用。在优选的实施方案中,该癌症选自人上皮癌,例如乳腺癌、非小细胞肺癌和结肠直肠癌,以及软组织肉瘤。
本发明的另一方面涉及药物组织物,其中含有一种式I或II化合物,和一种可药用的稀释剂或载体。
定义
术语“C1-6酰基”是本领域公知的,指的是其中连接点是羰基的C1-6烷基。C1-6酰基通常可以用式C1-5烷基-C(O)-表示。
术语“C1-6芳酰基”一般可用化学式芳基-C0-5烷基-C(O)-表示。
术语“Cx-y烷基”指取代或未取代的饱和烃基,包括链中含x至y个碳原子的直链和支链烷基,包括卤烷基,例如三氟甲基和2,2,2-三氟乙基等。Co烷基在该基团处于端位时代表氢,如果在链内则代表一个键。术语“C2-y烯基”和“C2-y炔基”代表取代或未取代的不饱和脂族基团,其长度和可能的取代与上述烷基相似,但分别含有至少一个双键或三键。
这里使用的术语“C1-6芳烷基”是指被芳基取代的C1-6烷基。
这里所说的术语“芳基”包括5、6和7元取代或未取代的单环芳族基团,其中每个环原子均为碳。术语“芳基”还包括有两个或多个环的多环环系,其中两个或多个碳是两个相邻的环共有的,至少有一个环是芳族环,例如,其它的环可以是环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环。芳基包括苯、萘、菲、酚、苯胺等。
这里使用的术语“碳环”和“碳环基”,指的是非芳族的取代或未取代的环,其中环的各个原子均为碳。术语“碳环”和“碳环基”还包括有两个或多个环的多环环系,其中两个或多个碳为两个相邻的环共有,其中的至少一个环是碳环,例如,其它的环可以是环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基。
术语“羰基”是本领域公知的,包括可用以下通式表示的部分:
其中X是一个键或代表氧或硫,R11代表氢、烷基、烯基、-(CH2)m-R8或可药用的盐,R11’代表氢、烷基、烯基或-(CH2)m-R8,其中R8的定义如上。当X是氧,且R11或R11’不是氢时,该化学式代表一个“酯”。当X是氧,且R11是氢时,该式代表“羧酸”。
这里所说的“酶”可以是以催化方式进行化学反应的任何部分或完全的蛋白质类分子。这些酶可以是天然酶、融合酶、酶原、脱辅酶、变性酶、法尼基化酶、泛素化酶、脂酰化酶、牻牛儿酰牻牛儿基化酶,GPI联动酶,脂质联动酶,异戊二烯化酶,天然存在或人工制造的突变酶,侧链或主链改性的酶,具有前导序列的酶,以及与非蛋白质类物质如蛋白聚糖、蛋白脂质体等复合的酶。酶可以用任何方法制成,包括天然表达,启动表达,克隆,各种基于溶液和基于固体的肽合成,以及本领域技术人员已知的类似方法。
术语“杂芳基”包括取代或未取代的芳族5-7元环结构,更优选5-6元环,环结构中包含1-4个杂原子。术语“杂芳基”还包括有两个或多个环的多环环系,其中两个或多个碳原子为两个相邻的环共有,其中至少一个环是杂芳族环,例如,其它的环可以是环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基。杂芳基包括,例如,吡咯、呋喃、噻吩、咪唑、唑、噻唑、三唑、吡唑、吡啶、吡嗪、哒嗪和嘧啶等。
这里使用的“C1-6杂芳酰基”一词是指C1-6酰基,其中该烷基部分被杂芳基取代。
这里使用的“杂原子”一词是指任何非碳非氢元素的原子。优选的杂原子是氮、氧、磷和硫。
术语“杂环基”或“杂环基团”指取代的或未取代的非芳族3-10元环结构,更优选3-7元环,该环结构含1-4个杂原子。术语“杂环基”或“杂环基团”还包括有两个或多个环的多环环系,其中两个或多个碳原子为两个相邻的环共有,至少一个环是杂环,例如,其它的环可以是环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基。杂环基包括,例如,哌啶、哌嗪、吡咯烷、吗啉、内酯、内酰胺等。
术语“C1-6杂环烷基”指被杂环基取代的C1-6烷基。
这里使用的术语“抑制剂”描述一种阻断或降低酶的活性的化合物(例如,抑制标准的荧光肽底物如Suc-LLVY-AMC,Box-LLR-AMC和Z-LLE-AMC的蛋白酶解裂解,抑制20S蛋白酶体的各种催化活性)。抑制剂可以起竞争性、反竞争性或非竞争性抑制作用。抑制剂可以可逆地或不可逆地结合,因此该术语包括作为酶的自杀底物的化合物。抑制剂可以改变酶的活性部位上或附近的一个或多个位点,或者会造成酶上其它部位的构象变化。
术语“多环基”或“多环的”是指两个或多个环(例如,环烷基、环烯基、环炔基、芳基、杂芳基和/或杂环基),其中两个或多个碳为两个相邻的环共有,例如,该环是“稠合环”。多环化合物的每个环都可以是取代的或未取代的。
术语“预防”是本领域公知的,当用于一种症状,例如局部再发(如,疼痛),一种疾病例如癌症,一种综合症如心力衰竭,或任何其它的医学症状时,是本领域完全了解的,它包括服用一种组合物,使得相对于未服用该组合物的对象而言,治疗对象中医学病症的症状的发生频率减小或发作延迟。例如,癌症的预防包括,与未经治疗的对照群体相比,接受预防性治疗的患者群体中可觉查的癌性生长的数目减少,和/或与未经治疗的对照群体相比,受治疗的群体中可觉察的癌性生长的出现延迟,例如,统计学上和/或临床上显著的数量。预防感染包括,例如,与未经治疗的对照群体相比,治疗过的群体中诊断出感染的数目减少和/或感染症状的出现延迟。疼痛的预防包括,例如,与未经治疗的对照群体相比,治疗过的群体经历的疼痛感觉的程度降低或者出现延迟。
术语“预防性或治疗性”治疗是本领域公知的,包括对宿主施用一种或多种本发明组合物。如果是在不良症状(例如疾病或宿主动物的其它不良状态)的临床显示之前施用,则该治疗是预防性的;如果在不良症状显示之后施用,则该治疗是治疗性的(即,目的是减小、缓解或稳定现有的不良症状或其副作用)。
术语“取代的”是指主链的一个或多个碳上具有代替氢的取代基的部分。应该清楚,“取代”或者“被取代”包含内在的条件,即,该取代作用与被取代的原子和取代基所允许的价数一致,而且取代产生稳定的化合物,例如不会自发转变(例如通过重排、环化、消除反应等)的化合物。这里使用的术语“取代的”包括有机化合物的所有容许的取代基。广义地说,容许的取代基包括有机化合物的无环和有环的、支化和非支化的、碳环和杂环的、芳族的非芳族的取代基。对于适当的有机化合物,容许的取代基可以是一个或多个,相同或不同。对于本发明来说,杂原子(例如氮)可以有氢取代基和/或满足该杂原子价数的本文所述的任何容许的有机化合物取代基。例如,取代基可以包括,卤素,羟基,羰基(例如羧基、烷氧基羰基、甲酰基或酰基),硫羰基(例如硫酯、硫代乙酸酯或硫代甲酸酯),烷氧基,磷酰基,磷酸酯,膦酸酯,次磷酸酯,氨基,酰氨基,脒,亚胺,氰基,硝基,叠氮基,巯基,烷硫基,硫酸根,磺酸根,氨磺酰基,磺酰氨基,磺酰基,杂环基,芳烷基,或是芳族或杂芳族部分。本领域技术人员将会理解,取代在碳氢链上的这些部分,在适当时,本身可以被取代。
就本发明的治疗方法而言,化合物的“治疗有效量”是指制剂中化合物的某个数量,当作为预定的用药方案的一部分施用时(对哺乳动物,优选人),按照临床上可接受的对于所治疗的障碍或病症或者美容的标准,例如,以适用于任何药物治疗的合理的效益/风险比,减轻症状,改善状态,或延缓疾病状况的发生。
术语“C1-6硫烷基”指被硫醇基取代的烷基。
这里使用的术语“治疗”,包括以改善或稳定患者状态的方式逆转、减轻或者阻停某病症的症状、临床征兆和潜在的病理特征。
给药
按照本文所述制备的抑制剂可以以各种形式给药,正如本领域所熟知的,这取决于所治疗的疾病,以及患者的年龄、状态和体重。例如,在化合物要口服给药的情形,它们可以被配制成片剂、胶囊剂、粒剂、粉剂或糖浆剂;或者对于非肠道给药,它们可被配制成注射剂(静脉内、肌内或皮下)、点滴输注制剂或者栓剂。对于通过眼粘膜途径给药,它们可被配制成滴眼剂或眼膏。这些制剂可以用常规方法制备,如果愿意,可以将活性成分与任何常规添加剂混合,例如赋形剂、粘合剂、崩解剂、润滑剂、矫味剂、增溶剂、悬浮助剂、乳化剂或包衣剂。虽然剂量会随症状、患者的年龄和体重、所治疗或预防的疾病的本质和严重性,服药途径和药物形式而变,但一般来说,对于成年的人类患者,建议的日剂量为0.01-2000mg化合物,这可以以单独一次或分成多次的方式给药。
就某个指定患者的治疗效果而言,产生最有效结果的准确的用药时间和/或抑制剂数量将取决于具体化合物的活性、药物动力学和生物利用度,患者的生理状态(包括年龄、性别、疾病类型和阶段、一般身体状况、对给定剂量的响应,和药剂类型),给药途径等。然而,以上的指导原则可以用来作为对治疗进行细调的原则,例如确定给药的最佳时间和/或数量,这仅仅需要常规的实验,包括监测患者和调节剂量和/或时间。
这里使用的短语“可药用的”是指这样的配体、材料、组合物和/或剂型,在合理的医学判断的范围内,它们适合用来与人类和动物的组织接触,而没有过分的毒性、刺激性、变态反应或者其它问题或并发症,与合理的利/害比相适应。
这里使用的短语“可药用的载体”是指参与将目标化学物质从身体的一个器官或部分携带或转运至身体另一器官或部分的药学上可接受的材料、组合物或赋形剂。各载体在与制剂的其它组分相容方面必须是“可接受的”,而且对患者无害。可以作为可药用载体使用的物质的一些实例包括:(1)糖,例如乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;(2)淀粉,例如玉米淀粉和土豆淀粉;(3)纤维素及其衍生物,例如羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素和乙酸纤维素;(4)粉状黄蓍胶;(5)麦芽;(6)明胶;(7)滑石;(8)赋形剂,例如可可脂和栓剂蜡;(9)油,例如花生油、棉籽油、红花油、芝麻油、橄榄油、玉米油和大豆油;(10)二醇类,例如丙二醇;(11)多元醇,例如甘油、山梨醇、甘露醇和聚乙二醇;(12)酯类,例如油酸乙酯和月桂酸乙酯;(13)琼脂;(14)缓冲剂,例如氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝;(15)藻酸;(16)无热原水;(17)等渗盐水;(18)Ringer溶液;(19)乙醇;(20)磷酸盐缓冲液;和(21)药物制剂中使用的其它无毒性的相容物质。在某些实施方案中,本发明的药物组合物是不致热的,即,当对患者给药时,不会引起明显的温度升高。
术语“可药用的盐”指该抑制剂的相对无毒的无机和有机酸加成盐。这些盐可以在抑制剂的最后分离和纯化期间原位制备,或者使游离碱形式的纯化的抑制剂与合适的有机或无机酸反应,并分离这样形成的盐。代表性的盐包括氢溴酸盐、盐酸盐、硫酸盐、硫酸氢盐、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、乙酸盐、戊酸盐、油酸盐、棕榈酸盐、硬脂酸盐、月桂酸盐、苯甲酸盐、乳酸盐、磷酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐、柠檬酸盐、马来酸盐、富马酸盐、琥珀酸盐、酒石酸盐、萘甲酸盐、甲磺酸盐、葡庚糖酸盐、乳糖酸盐和磺酸月桂酯盐等(例如见,Berge等(1977)“Pharmaceutical Salts”,J.Pharm.Sci.66:1-19)。
在其它情形,可用于本发明方法中的抑制剂可能含有一个或多个酸性官能基团,因此能与可药用的碱形成可药用的盐。在这些情形,术语“可药用的盐”是指抑制剂的相对无毒性的无机和有机碱加成盐。这些盐同样能在抑制剂的最后分离和纯化期间原位制备,或者是通过游离酸形式的纯化的抑制剂与合适的碱(例如药学上可接受的金属阳离子的氢氧化物、碳酸盐或碳酸氢盐)、氨或可药用的有机伯胺、仲胺或叔胺反应制备。代表性的碱金属或碱土金属盐包括锂、钠、钾、钙、镁和铝盐等。适合用来形成碱加成盐的代表性的有机胺包括乙胺、二乙胺、乙二胺、乙醇胺、二乙醇胺、哌嗪等(例如见Berge等,上述文献)。
在组合物中还可以存在润湿剂、乳化剂和润滑剂,例如十二烷基硫酸钠和硬脂酸镁,以及着色剂、释放剂、包衣剂、甜味剂、风味剂和增香剂、防腐剂和抗氧化剂。
可药用的抗氧化剂的实例包括:(1)水溶性抗氧化剂,例如抗坏血酸、盐酸半胱氨酸、硫酸氢钠、焦亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸钠等;(2)油溶性抗氧化剂,例如抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯,丁基化羟基苯甲醚(BHA),丁基化羟基甲苯(BHT),卵磷酯,没食子酸丙酯,α-生育酚等;和(3)金属螯合剂,例如柠檬酸,乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA),山梨醇,酒石酸,磷酸等。
适用于本发明方法的制剂包括适合口服、经鼻、局部(包括颊含和舌下)、直肠、阴道、气溶胶和/或非肠道给药的制剂。这些制剂可以方便地以单位剂型的形式提供,并可用药学领域众所周知的方法制备。可以与载体材料结合制备单一剂型的活性组分的数量将随要治疗的宿主和具体的给药方式而变。可以与载体材料结合制备单一剂型的活性组分的数量一般是产生疗效的化合物数量。通常,在100%之中,此数量的范围为约1%至约99%活性组分,优选为约5%至约70%,最优选约10%至约30%。
制备这些制剂或组合物的方法包括将抑制剂与载体以及任选的一种或多种辅助组分相结合的步骤。通常,制剂的制备方法是将配体与液体载体,或细分的固体载体,或者二者一起,均匀和紧密地混合,然后如果需要,使产物成形。
适合口服给药的制剂可以是以下形式:胶囊剂、扁囊剂、丸剂、片剂、锭剂(使用增香的基料,通常是蔗糖和阿拉伯胶或黄蓍胶)、粉剂、粒剂,或是在水或非水液体中的溶液剂或混悬剂,或是油/水或水/油乳剂,或是酏剂或糖浆剂,或软锭剂(使用惰性基料,例如明胶和甘油,或者蔗糖和阿拉伯胶)和/或漱口剂等,各含有预定数量的抑制剂作为活性组分。化合物也可以以大丸剂、药糖剂或糊剂的形式给药。
在用于口服给药的固体剂型(胶囊剂、片剂、丸剂、糖衣丸、粉剂、粒剂等)中,活性组分与一种或多种可药用的载体混合,例如柠檬酸钠或磷酸二钙,和/或以下任何载体:(1)填料或增量剂,例如淀粉、乳糖、蔗糖、萄萄糖、甘露醇和/或硅酸;(2)粘合剂,例如,羧甲基纤维素、藻酸盐、明胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、蔗糖和/或阿拉伯胶;(3)湿润剂,例如甘油;(4)崩解剂,例如琼脂、碳酸钙、土豆或木薯淀粉、藻酸、某些硅酸盐以及碳酸钠;(5)溶解阻滞剂,例如石蜡;(6)吸收加速剂,例如季铵化合物;(7)润湿剂,例如,乙酰基醇和甘油单硬脂酸酯;(8)吸收剂,例如高岭土和膨润土;(9)润滑剂,例如滑石、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁、固体聚乙二醇、十二烷基硫酸钠及其混合物;和(10)着色剂。在胶囊剂、片剂和丸剂的情形,药物组合物还可以含有缓冲剂。相似类型的固体组合物还可以作为软和硬明胶胶囊剂中的填料,使用例如乳糖以及高分子量聚乙二醇等作为赋形剂。
片剂可以通过压制或模制制成,可以任选地与一种或多种辅助组分一起。压制的片剂可以使用粘合剂(例如明胶或羟丙基甲基纤维素)、润滑剂、惰性稀释剂、防腐剂、崩解剂(例如,淀粉羟乙酸钠或交联的羧甲基纤维素钠),表面活性剂或分散剂制备。模制的片剂可以通过在合适的机械中将用惰性液体稀释剂湿润的粉状肽或肽模拟物的混合物模塑制成。
片剂和其它的固体剂型,例如糖衣丸剂、胶囊剂、丸剂和粒剂,可以任选地被刻痕或制备成有包衣和外壳,例如肠溶包衣和药物配制领域中公知的其它包衣。它们也可以使用例如不同比例的羟丙基甲基纤维素以提供所要求的释放型式,利用其它聚合物基质,脂质体和/或微球,配制成其中的活性组分能缓慢或受控释放。它们可以利用例如经过阻留细菌的滤器过滤,掺入能溶解在无菌水中的无菌固体组合物形式的灭菌剂,或其它一些使用前的即刻掺入的无菌的可注射介质,进行灭菌。这些组合物还可任选地含有遮光剂,并可任选地以延缓的方式,只在或者优选在胃肠道的某一部分释放活性组分。可以使用的埋置组合物的实例包括聚合物和蜡。适当时,活性组分也可以是具有上述一种或多种赋形剂的微囊包封形式。
用于口服给药的液体剂型包括可药用的乳剂、微乳剂、溶液剂、混悬剂、糖浆剂和酏剂。除了活性组分之外,液体剂型还可含有在本领域中通常使用的惰性稀释剂,例如,水或其它溶剂;增溶剂和乳化剂,例如,乙醇、异丙醇、碳酸乙酯、乙酸乙酯、苯甲醇、苯甲酸苄酯、丙二醇、1,3-丁二醇、油(特别是,棉籽油、花生油、玉米油、胚芽油、橄榄油、蓖麻油和芝麻油)、甘油、四氢糖醇、聚乙二醇和失水山梨醇的脂肪酸酯,以及它们的混合物。
除惰性稀释剂以外,口服组合物中还可以包含辅助剂,例如润湿剂,乳化和悬浮剂,甜味剂、风味剂、着色剂、香料和防腐剂。
混悬剂中除活性抑制剂外,还可含有悬浮剂,例如,乙氧基化异硬脂醇、聚氧乙烯山梨醇和失水山梨醇酯、微晶纤维素、一水合氧化铝、膨润土、琼脂和黄蓍胶,以及它们的混合物。
用于直肠和阴道给药的制剂可以是栓剂形式,它可通过将一种或多种抑制剂与一种或多种合适的无刺激性赋形剂或载体混合来制备,所述赋形剂或载体包括,例如,可可脂、聚乙二醇、栓剂蜡或水杨酸酯,它在室温下是固体,但在体温下为液体,因此会在直肠或阴道腔内熔化并释放出活性药物。
适合阴道给药的制剂还包括其中含有本领域已知的合适载体的阴道栓剂、阴道塞、乳膏剂、凝胶剂、糊剂、泡沫剂或喷雾制剂。
用于抑制剂局部或透皮给药的剂型包括粉剂、喷雾剂、膏剂、糊剂、乳膏剂、洗剂、凝胶剂、溶液剂、贴剂和吸入剂。活性组分可以在无菌条件下与可药用的载体以及可能需要的任何防腐剂、缓冲剂或推进剂混合。
膏剂、糊剂、乳膏剂和凝胶剂中,除了抑制剂以外,还可含有赋形剂,例如动物和植物脂肪,油,蜡,石蜡,淀粉,黄蓍胶,纤维素衍生物,聚乙二醇,聚硅氧烷,膨润土,硅酸,滑石和氧化锌,或其混合物。
除了抑制剂以外,粉剂和喷雾剂中还可含有赋形剂,例如乳糖、滑石、硅酸、氢氧化铝、硅酸钙和聚酰胺粉末,或这些物质的混合物。喷雾剂可以另外含有常用的推进剂,例如氯氟烃和挥发性的未取代烃,例如丁烷和丙烷。
抑制剂也可以通过气溶胶给药。这是通过制备含有该化合物的水基气溶胶、脂质体制剂或固体颗粒实现的。可以使用非水的(例如氟碳推进剂)悬浮液。优选超声雾化器,因为它们将试剂经受的剪切力减至极小,这种剪切会造成化合物降解。
通常,水基气溶胶是通过将试剂与常规的可药用载体和稳定剂一起配制成水溶液或悬浮液来制备。载体和稳定剂随具体化合物的需要而变,但一般包括非离子型表面活性剂(Tween,Pluronic,或聚乙二醇)、无害蛋白质如血清白蛋白、失水山梨醇酯、油酸、卵磷脂、氨基酸如甘氨酸、缓冲剂、盐、糖或糖醇。气溶胶一般由等渗溶液制备。
透皮贴剂具有向身体可控释放抑制剂的附加优点。这类剂型可以通过将试剂溶解或分散在合适的介质中制成。也可以使用吸收增强剂以提高抑制剂穿过皮肤的流量。该流量可以通过提供一个速度控制膜或将肽模拟物分散在聚合物基质或凝胶中来控制。
眼用制剂、眼膏、粉剂、溶液剂等,也被认为属于本发明的范围。
适合非肠道给药的本发明的药物组合物包含一种或多种抑制剂,该抑制剂与一种或多种可药用的无菌等渗水或非水溶液、分散体、悬浮液或乳状液组合,或是可以在使用前即刻重组形成无菌注射液或分散体的无菌粉末,它可含有抗氧化剂、缓冲剂、抑菌剂、使制剂与预定的接受者的血液等渗透压的溶质,或者悬浮剂或增稠剂。
可以在本发明的药物组合物中使用的合适的水基或非水基载体的实例包括水,乙醇,多元醇(例如甘油、丙二醇、聚乙二醇等)及其合适的混合物,植物油(如橄榄油)和可注射的有机酯(例如油酸乙酯)。合适的流动性可以通过例如使用包衣材料(如卵磷酯),在分散体的情形保持所需要的粒子大小,和使用表面活性剂来维持。
这些组合物还可以含有辅助剂,例如防腐剂、润湿剂、乳化剂和分散剂。通过包含各种抗菌和抗真菌剂,例如,对羟基水杨酸酯、氯丁醇、苯酚、山梨酸等,可以保证防止微生物的作用。可能组合物中最好还含有等渗剂,例如糖、氯化钠等。此外,延长可注射药物形式的吸收可以通过加入延缓吸收的试剂,例如单硬脂酸铝和明胶,来达到。
在一些情形,为了延长药物的作用,最好是减慢皮下或肌内注射的药物的吸收。这可以通过使用水溶性差的晶态或无定形物质的液体悬浮液来达到。于是,药物的吸收速度取决于其溶解速度,而溶解速度又可以随晶体大小和晶型而变。或者是,通过将药物溶解或悬浮在油载体中,实现非肠道给药的药物形式的延迟吸收。
可注射的贮库制剂形式通过形成抑制剂在可生物降解的聚合物(例如聚交酯-聚乙醇酸交酯)中的微囊包封基质制备。根据药物对聚合物的比例,以及所用的具体聚合物的本性,可以控制药物释放的速度。其它的可生物降解的聚合物的实例包括聚(原酸酯)和聚酐。可注射的贮库制剂还可以通过将药物夹裹在与身体组织相容的脂质体或微乳液中制备。
当本发明的抑制剂作为药物施用于人和动物时,它们可以以本身的形式或者以含有与可药用的载体结合的0.1-99.5%(更优选0.5-90%)活性成分的药物组合物的形式给药。
药物制剂可以口服、非肠道、局部或直肠给药。它们当然是用适合各种给药途径的形式施用。例如,以片剂或胶囊剂形式、注射、吸入、眼用洗剂、膏剂、栓剂、输注、局部用的洗剂或膏剂,以及用栓剂经直肠给药。优选口服给药。
这里使用的短语“非肠道给药”和“肠道外给药”意味着与肠道和局部给药不同的给药方式,通常是利用注射给药,包括但不限于,静脉内、肌内、动脉内、鞘内、囊内、眼眶内、心内、皮内、腹膜内、经气管、皮下、表皮下、关节内、囊下、蛛网膜下、脊柱内和胸骨内注射,以及输注。
短语“全身给药”、“外周给药”是指配体、药物或其它物质的给药不直接进入中枢神经系统,于是它进入患者的系统并因此经历代谢和其它类似的过程,例如,皮下给药。
这些抑制剂可以以任何合适的给药途径对人和其它动物施用以用于治疗,包括口服、经鼻(例如喷雾)、直肠、阴道内、非肠道、脑池内和局部(例如用粉剂、膏剂或滴剂),包括颊含和舌下给药。
不管选择的给药途径如何,本发明的抑制剂(它可以以合适的水化形式使用)和/或药物组合物均采用本领域技术人员已知的常规方法配制成药学上可接受的剂型。
本发明药物组合物中的活性组分的实际剂量水平可以改变,以便达到某个活性组分数量,它对于特定的患者、组合物和给药方式,能有效地实现所希望的治疗响应,而对患者没有毒性。
现在对本发明作一般性说明,参照以下实施例将更容易理解本发明,列出这些实施例只是为了说明本发明的某些方面和实施方案,而不是用来限制本发明。
实施例
化学
本文所述的二肽硼酸酯的合成是采用方案1-5中所述的合成方法完成的。脯氨酸硼酸的蒎烷二醇酯与N-Boc保护的氨基酸在HATU存在下偶合。除去N-Boc保护基团并随后N-酰基化,形成该二肽硼酸酯。硼酸部分的去保护是用BCl3完成的。然后对反应混合物进行后处理,所要的产物用反相的HPLC纯化。
化合物7-11按照方案1由市售的N-酰基化甘氨酸衍生物7a-11a合成。这些N-酰基化甘氨酸衍生物与L-脯氨酸蒎烷硼酸酯盐酸盐(boroPro-Pn)(1)偶合,随后除去蒎烷保护基团,得到所要的化合物(7-11),产率良好(70-80%)。
方案1,试剂和条件:i:HATU,DIPEA,DMF,0℃至室温;ii:BCl3,CH2Cl2,-78℃,从1算起,产率70-80%。
在甘氨酸-boroPro母体化合物的N-端带有烷基侧链的化合物(12-19)的合成是用与上述不同的策略完成的(方案2)。首先使溴-乙酰溴与(1)反应,得相相应的溴-乙酰化合物(2)。随后用合适的胺置换该乙酰溴化合物,再除去蒎烷基团,得到目标化合物(12-19),总产率40-50%。
方案2.试剂和条件:i:BrCH2COBr,DIPEA,CH2Cl2,0℃至室温,90%产率;ii:RNH2,CH2Cl2,rt.;iii:BCl3,CH2Cl2,-78℃,由2算起,产率55-65%。
如方案3所示,N-Boc-甘氨酸(3)与(1)偶合,得到N-保护的二肽(4)(产率90%)。用BCl3同时除去两个保护基团,得到(6)(所要的化合物,产率77%)。在室温下于二烷中用4N HCl选择性除去Boc基团,以定量产率得到H-Gly-L-boroPro Pn盐酸盐(5)。示于方案3中的其余的目标化合物(20-29)用三种方法之一制备,这三种方法主要在酰基化试剂的选择方面与上述方法不同,从酰氯或磺酰氯(方法A)、羧酸(方法B)到4-硝基苯基酯(方法C)变化。化合物20-25的合成利用5与酰氯或磺酰氯反应,随后用BCl3去保护,分两步顺利完成,产率50-60%(方案3,方法A)。化合物26和27通过5与相应的羧酸偶合,然后去保护,分两步合成,产率55-60%(方案3,方法B)。与此不同,化合物28和29通过用4-硝基苯基N-苄基(或N-苯基)氨基甲酸酯将5酰化并随后去保护来制备。这两步的总产率为约45-55%(方案3,方法C)。按照文献中报道的标准的偶合步骤,化合物30a与L-Pro-CN和噻唑烷缩合,分别得到30和31(Kienhofer,A.Synlett(2001),(11),1811-1812;Speicher,A.等,Journal für Praktishe Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung(1998),340(6),581-583)。
方案3,试剂和条件:i:HATU,DIPEA,DMF,0℃至室温,90%产率;ii:4N HCl在二烷中,室温,100%产率:iii:(方法A:X=Cl,DIPEA,CH2Cl2,0℃至室温;方法B:X=OH,DIPEA,EDCI,CH2Cl2,0℃至室温;方法C:X=4-OC6H4NO2,DIPEA,CH2Cl2,0℃至室温):iv:BCl3,CH2Cl2,-78℃;对于20-29,从5起,产率45-60%;对于6,从4起,产率85%.
化合物32由32a和/缩合后用BCl3去保护得到,产率75%(方案4)。
方案4.试剂和条件:i:L-Pro-CN(对于30),噻唑烷(对于31),1(对于32b),HATU,DIPEA,DMF,0℃至室温,80-89% 产率;ii:BCl3,CH2Cl2,-78℃,87%产率。
另一系列携带硼代丙氨酸或硼乙基甘氨酸的N-酰基二肽(33-36)按照方案5中所述制备。N-(1-萘基)甘氨酸(33a)与L-boroAla-Pn.HCl(33b)或L-boroEthyl Gly-Pn.HCl(34b)偶合,随后用BCl3除去蒎烷基团,得到相应的目标化合物33或34,产率55-60%。类似的步骤用于从N-乙酰-L-缬氨酸(35a)生成35和36,产率50-55%。N-乙酰化的D-γ-内酰胺-L-boroAla(37)从氨基内酰胺硼酸酯(37a)用Ac2O/Py在标准条件下乙酰基化制备,产率85%(方案6)(Ojima,I.等,J.Am.Chem.Soc.(1987),109(6),1798-805)。
方案5.试剂和条件:i:HATU,DIPEA,DMF,0℃至室温;ii:BCl3,CH2Cl2,-78℃,两步产率50-60%。
生物学
纯化的FAP的酶活性在25℃用Molecular Devices SPECTR Amax340 PC 384酶标仪通过监测作为显色底物的H-Ala-Pro-PNA(Bachem)在410nm处的吸收来测定。反应混合物由3.5mM底物,约1nM FAP,20mM TRIS-HCl,20mM KCl缓冲液(pH7.4)和抑制剂(10-2至10-8mM)组成,总体积310μL。试验及其相应的测定以双份试样进行。各抑制剂的IC50在以下条件下计算:抑制剂在25℃下与酶预温育10分钟,然后加入底物。抑制剂储备液(1mM)在HCl溶液(pH2.0)中制备,在-20℃下储存。储备液在按照方案进行实验前的即刻用20mM TRIS-HCl,KCl(20mM)缓冲液(pH7.4)稀释。结果列在以下表1中。
表1
参考文献引入
本文中引用的所有的美国专利和美国专利申请出版物均被引入作为参考。
等同物
本领域技术人员只要利用常规的实验方法即可认识或者能够确定本文所述的具体实施方案的很多等同物。这些等同物都打算包括在以下的权利要求之内。
Claims (12)
2.权利要求1的化合物,其中R3是CH3。
3.权利要求2的化合物,其中W是B(Y1)(Y2)。
4.权利要求1或3的化合物,其中Y1和Y2都是OH。
5.权利要求1-4任一项的化合物,其中R1是取代或未取代的5、6和7元单环或双环芳基-C0-5烷基-C(O)-。
6.权利要求5的化合物,其中所述取代或未取代的5、6和7元单环或双环芳基-C0-5烷基-C(O)-是被选自苯、萘、菲、酚、苯胺的取代或未取代的芳基取代的C0-5烷基-C(O)-。
7.权利要求1-4任一项的化合物,其中R1是取代或未取代的5、6和7元单环或双环杂芳基-C0-5烷基-C(O)-。
9.一种药物组合物,其中包含权利要求1至8中任一项的化合物和可药用的稀释剂。
10.一种药物组合物,其中包含权利要求1至8中任一项的化合物和可药用的载体。
11.权利要求1至8中任一项的化合物在制备用于治疗成纤维细胞活化蛋白介导的癌症的药物中的用途。
12.权利要求11的用途,其中的癌症选自人上皮癌和软组织癌,其中所述人上皮癌选自乳腺癌,非小细胞肺癌和结肠直肠癌。
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AU2003219652A1 (en) * | 2002-01-08 | 2003-07-30 | Eisai Co. Ltd. | Eponemycin and epoxomicin analogs and uses thereof |
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US7576206B2 (en) * | 2003-08-14 | 2009-08-18 | Cephalon, Inc. | Proteasome inhibitors and methods of using the same |
PL1689757T3 (pl) * | 2003-11-12 | 2015-05-29 | Sino Med Int Alliance Inc | Heterocykliczne związki kwasu boronowego |
US7399869B2 (en) * | 2005-05-19 | 2008-07-15 | Genentech, Inc. | Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor compounds and methods |
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2006
- 2006-07-05 JP JP2008520373A patent/JP5229897B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-07-05 AU AU2006264305A patent/AU2006264305B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2006-07-05 MX MX2008000318A patent/MX2008000318A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2006-07-05 EP EP06786415A patent/EP1898899A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2006-07-05 BR BRPI0612607-3A patent/BRPI0612607A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-07-05 CN CN2006800307719A patent/CN101247799B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-07-05 CA CA002613795A patent/CA2613795A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2006-07-05 WO PCT/US2006/026258 patent/WO2007005991A1/en active Application Filing
- 2006-07-05 KR KR1020087002781A patent/KR20080030079A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2006-07-05 US US11/994,707 patent/US7998997B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2007
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2008
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2011
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2012
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Patent Citations (2)
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WO2003092605A2 (en) * | 2002-04-30 | 2003-11-13 | Trustees Of Tufts College | Protease inhibitors |
US20050084490A1 (en) * | 2002-07-09 | 2005-04-21 | Point Therapeutics, Inc. | Boroproline compound combination therapy |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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KR20080030079A (ko) | 2008-04-03 |
IL188327A0 (en) | 2008-04-13 |
AU2006264305A1 (en) | 2007-01-11 |
US20090221818A1 (en) | 2009-09-03 |
IL217579A (en) | 2013-04-30 |
JP2012140439A (ja) | 2012-07-26 |
US7998997B2 (en) | 2011-08-16 |
JP5229897B2 (ja) | 2013-07-03 |
JP2009500423A (ja) | 2009-01-08 |
MX2008000318A (es) | 2008-03-11 |
NO20080626L (no) | 2008-04-02 |
WO2007005991A1 (en) | 2007-01-11 |
BRPI0612607A2 (pt) | 2010-12-07 |
EP1898899A1 (en) | 2008-03-19 |
CN101247799A (zh) | 2008-08-20 |
CA2613795A1 (en) | 2007-01-11 |
US20120077779A1 (en) | 2012-03-29 |
EP1898899A4 (en) | 2009-07-29 |
AU2006264305B2 (en) | 2012-07-05 |
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