CN101213276A - 用于烃类混合物的润滑组合物及其获得的产品 - Google Patents

用于烃类混合物的润滑组合物及其获得的产品 Download PDF

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CN101213276A
CN101213276A CNA2006800244372A CN200680024437A CN101213276A CN 101213276 A CN101213276 A CN 101213276A CN A2006800244372 A CNA2006800244372 A CN A2006800244372A CN 200680024437 A CN200680024437 A CN 200680024437A CN 101213276 A CN101213276 A CN 101213276A
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compd
acid
composition
mixture
oil
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CN101213276B (zh
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纳塔莉·布瓦图
洛朗·达利克斯
克拉里斯·杜塞
洛朗·热尔马诺
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TotalEnergies Marketing Services SA
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Total France SA
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于烃类混合物的润滑、抗腐蚀和抗静电的组合物，所述组合物包括：a)至少一种式(I)的化合物，其中R1和R2是氢或带有1～40个碳原子的直链或支链烷基，所述烷基任选地含有1～5个双键，R1和R2可以形成一个具有5～6个碳原子的芳香环或脂肪环，所述的环可以具有1～3个带有1～40个碳原子的直链或支链烷基取代基团，其中R1和R2不能同时是氢，其中R3和R4独立地是OH－携带基团，其中R3和R4不能同时是OH，或选自官能度为2～5(含)的具有1～20个碳原子的直链或支链一元或多元醇的衍生物。b)至少一种化合物B，所述化合物是一种饱和的或不饱和的，含有16～24个碳原子的脂肪酸，任选地，与具有至少一种芳香和/或烯属环或多环的羧酸和/或相应的酯、酰胺或胺盐衍生物混合，其单独使用或混合使用。

Description

用于烃类混合物的润滑组合物及其获得的产品
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于烃类混合物的组合物，尤其是低硫含量的烃类混合物。本发明的目的是提高烃类混合物的润滑性能，减轻烃类混合物与金属零部件接触时的腐蚀程度，并能通过提高导电性增强其抗静电性能。这种组合物适用于为陆地交通工具或飞机提供能源的全合成或半合成烃类混合物，尤其适用于硫含量低于500ppm、或低于50ppm，甚至低于10ppm的内燃机燃料，如柴油、煤油或汽油。
背景技术
众所周知，烃类混合物作为驱动交通工具的能源，一定要具有润滑性能，以保护其所能接触到的泵、喷射系统和所有的运动零部件。为了减少轿车、货车或公共汽车的排放污染，尤其是在楼宇密集的城市地区的排放污染，许多国家的法规都限定了燃料油中硫含量的上限，要求硫含量一般低于0.05wt％，或低于50ppm，甚至于低于10ppm。因此，炼油行业在日益改进其脱硫工艺，燃料油日益成为无硫、无芳烃和无极性化合物的清洁、无污染的产品。然而，上述这些组分却赋予燃料油良好的润滑性能。随着燃料油润滑性能的降低，将随之产生许多负面效应，如增加烃类混合物在运输和贮存过程中的静电问题。这样，就有必要在烃类混合物中添加其它化合物来代替上述这些化合物，无论净化与否，均能赋予烃类混合物良好的润滑性能，而添加的这些组分对环境无污染，具有较强的润滑能力可防止发动机磨损，并能减轻柴油本身固有的静电性和腐蚀性。
早期技术提出了许多方法以改善添加剂的润滑性和/或腐蚀性或润滑性和/或抗静电性。但尚未有文献报道，在改善发动机烃类燃料润滑性的同时，能减轻其腐蚀性、增强其导电性，并在达到相同使用效果时，添加剂的用量持平甚至降低。
不论是汽油、煤油或柴油，为了改善这些燃料油的润滑性能，建议可以使用几种类型的添加剂。在润滑剂领域中，已知的主要抗磨剂有不饱和脂肪酸酯、二聚脂肪酸、脂肪胺、脂肪酸和二乙醇胺酯和长链一元脂肪酸等，这些组分在美国专利US2,252,889、US4,185,594、US4,204,481、US4,208,190和US4,428,182中都有所描述。大部分添加剂都具有优良的润滑性能，但添加的浓度也是相当高的，从经济角度讲这是它的一大缺点。另外，在车用润滑油中不能使用高浓度的含二聚酸的添加剂，因为燃料与润滑油接触时，这些酸会发生化学反应，生成不溶于油的沉积物，但是这与通常使用的清洁添加剂相矛盾。
美国专利US4,609,376主张在含醇燃料油中添加抗磨剂，在其组合物中，这种抗磨剂选自一元或多元羧酸酯和多元羟基醇。
另一选择是在燃料油中添加植物油酯或植物油，以提高燃料油的润滑性或光滑性。这些包括来自油菜籽油、亚麻油和葵花籽油的酯或上述油本身(参见专利EP635,558和EP605,857)。这些酯的一个主要缺点是当它们在燃料油中的浓度低于0.5wt％时，具有低的润滑性能。
为了解决这些问题，申请人已经提出在硫含量小于500ppm的燃料油中引入组分，该组分通过混合植物中的一元脂肪酸和一元多环芳香酸来获得，优选来自于植物并以酸、酯或胺盐的形式存在的组分(参见EP915944、EP1310547和EP1340801)。
目前工业生产商通过选择加入烃类燃料油中的混合物，以改善燃料油润滑性和导电性或润滑性和抗腐蚀性，该混合物可以合理的速率引入烃类中，并且该混合物的效率等于或好于其之前使用的产品，但有时是以更高的浓度引入的。因此，为了改善硫含量低于500ppm的烃类燃料在生产、运输和使用中的润滑性和减少静电积聚的危险性，WO01/88064提出一种燃料油组分，其包括硫含量低于500ppm的液体燃料油、至少一种0.001～1ppm的一元胺或N-取代基多元胺和至少一种10～500ppm含有8～24个碳原子的脂肪酸或相应的酯，该酯是含有最多8个碳原子的醇或多元醇。
WO97/45507提出在烃类化合物中引入化合物以提高润滑性，该化合物类型来源于酯化烯基酸酐，比例在5～5000ppm范围内变化。申请人发现，通过添加这些化合物使燃料油的抗腐蚀性能得到了极大的改善。
尽管已有了这些改进，本发明的目是同时改善具有低硫含量烃类混合物的润滑性、抗静电性和抗腐蚀性，而依然能在达到相同使用效果情况下限制它们的用量。不论在水中是否以乳状液形式存在，甚至以某种润滑剂形式存在，它更为特别的目的是改善低硫含量燃料油、汽油、柴油和煤油的特性。
发明内容
本发明的主要内容是一种烃类混合物中具有润滑、抗腐蚀、抗静电性能的组合物，其包括：
a)  至少一种如下式(I)的化合物A，其：
Figure S2006800244372D00031
其中R1和R2是氢或带有1～40个碳原子的直链或支链烷基，烷基可以含有至少一个双键，R1和R2可以形成一个具有5～6个碳原子的芳香环或脂肪环，该环可以被1～3个带有1～40个碳原子的直链或支链烷基取代，其中R1和R2不能同时是氢。
其中R3和R4可以相同也可以不同，选自于具有OH基的化合物，但两者不能同时是OH基，或选自官能度为2～5(含)的具有1～20个碳原子的直链或支链一元或多元醇化合物；
b)至少一种化合物B，这是一种具有16～24个碳原子的脂肪酸，可以是饱和的也可以是不饱和的；或者是一种含有芳香和/或烯属的多环羧酸和/或它们的酯、酰胺或相应的胺盐衍生物的混合物，其单独使用或混合使用。
尽管化合物A和化合物B之间存在内在影响，值得指出的是这些化合物的组合物可以出乎意料地改善含有这些组合物的烃类混合物的润滑性，而且增强了它们的导电性，同时还能减轻与烃类混合物接触的金属零部件的腐蚀程度。而且，还需指出的是该添加组合物与所有用作于燃料油和/或润滑剂的烃类混合物一样，具有对地面交通工具或飞机的驱动能力。
为了使在烃类混合物中具有最佳的润滑、抗腐蚀和抗静电效果，根据本发明，该添加组合物中含有至少一种以重量计为40％～70％的化合物A，至少一种以重量计为60％～30％的化合物B。
如果添加组合物中含有以重量计至少0.1％的化合物C，那么效果将提高，该化合物C选自C5～C30的一元和/或多元羧酸酯。这样的酯加入到本发明的中可以改善添加剂混合物的粘度，使其更好地分散到烃类混合物中。
在本发明中的优选方案中，这种组合物含有至少一种以重量计为40％～70％的化合物A；至少一种以重量计为60％～30％的化合物B；至少一种以重量计为0.1％～20％的化合物C。如果组成中含有至少一种以重量计为30％～60％的化合物A；至少一种以重量计为60％～30％的化合物B；至少一种以重量计为5％～20％的化合物C，那么这种组合物的润滑性和抗静电性的效果将会更佳。
为了达到良好的使用效果，下面将通过定义R1、R2、R3和R4基团，详细地描述化合物A、B和C。
化合物A一方面与R1和R2有关，另一方面也与R3和R4有关。表现出这些特性中任一种的任意化合物都可以视为本发明中化合物A的部分。
在式(I)的化合物A中，R1和R2可以是相同的也可以是不同的。在第一种方案中，R1是一种具有1～22个碳原子的烯基，而R2是氢或者反之亦然。
在第二种方案中，R1和R2形成一种有5～6个碳原子的芳香环或脂肪环，该环可以被1～3个带有1～3个碳原子的烷基取代。
以上对基团R1和R2的每一种可能都做了定义式(I)的化合物A中R3和R4也是可以改变的。
在第一种方案中，R3和R4可以是相同的也可以是不同的，它们都可以是OR5基，而R5可以选自-[(CH2)n-O]m-H，n的变化范围是1～4，m的变化范围是1～5；可以选自-[CH2-CHOH]p-CH2-OH，p的变化范围是1～3；也可以是-CH2-CR6R7-OH，其中R6和R7每一个可以是氢，甲基或-CH2OH基。
在第二种方案中，R3是OR5，而R5是C1～C10直链或支链烷基，该烷基也可以被至少一个OH基取代，R4是OH或者反之亦然。
在第三种方案中，R3和R4可是相同或不同的OR5基，R4是C1～C10直链或支链烷基，该烷基也可以被至少一个OH基取代。
在第四种方案中，R3是OH或OR5基，R5是C1～C10的支链烷基，该烷基也可以被至少一个OH基取代，而R4是OR5基，R5可以是-[(CH2)n-O]m-H基，n的变化范围是1～4，m的变化范围是1～5；可以是-[CH2-CHOH]p-CH2-OH，p的变化范围是1～3；也可以是-CH2-CR6R7-OH，其中R6和R7可以分别是氢，甲基或-CH2OH基。
优选，OR5基是-O-CH2-CH2-OH或-O-CH2-CHOH-CH2-OH或-O-CH2-C(CH3)(CH2OH)-CH2-OH或-O-CH2-C(CH2OH)-(CH2OH)-CH2-OH。
当然，若使用化合物A的混合物，也不会超出本发明的范围。
与此同时，本发明中的化合物B优选于含有至少一种碳原子数为10～24的直链饱和或不饱和羧酸和/或它们的酯、酰胺或胺盐衍生物。在这些酸中，优选油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈、硬脂酸、异硬脂酸和月桂酸，也可选它们的酯、酰胺和胺盐衍生物，其单独使用或混合使用。
更确切地说，大多数化合物B都是含有油酸和亚油酸和/或它们的酯、酰胺和胺盐衍生物的混合物。优先选择化合物B含有来自于植物、油菜、蓖麻、向日葵、玉米、椰子、松树或亚麻的直链脂肪酸和/或它们的酯、酰胺或胺盐衍生物的混合物，这些产品通常是商业产品。
化合物B优选通过来自松树油馏出物的直链脂肪酸和/或它们的酯、酰胺或胺盐衍生物的混合物来组成，不管这些酯、酰胺或胺盐衍生物来源于何处。
在本发明的另一实施方案中，化合物B包括树脂酸，其中包括松香酸、二氢化松香酸、四氢化松香酸、脱氢松香酸、新松香酸、海松酸、左海松酸、珀勒斯廷酸(parastinic acid)和/或它们的酯、酰胺或胺盐衍生物。
在后一个方案中，化合物B是通过脂肪酸和树脂酸的混合物，它们是植物油馏出物中的重馏分，也可优选松树油和/或它们的酯、酰胺或胺盐衍生物的馏出物。
组合物中加入的化合物C是一种植物油脂，其来自于油菜籽油、蓖麻油、葵花籽油、玉米油、椰子油、松树油和亚麻油等，优选菜籽油的甲酯。
本发明的另一个主要内容是一种硫含量低于50ppm的烃类混合物，它可以作为燃料油和/或润滑剂用于地面交通工具或飞机中，这种混合物含有至少50ppm的润滑组分、具有辅助的抗静电性和抗腐蚀性、含有化合物A和化合物B，和任选C。这些组合物使硫含量低于10ppm的烃类混合物具有极其优良的性能。
根据本发明，烃类混合物中含有50ppm～350ppm的所述组合物。烃类混合物主要是原油馏出物、汽油、柴油、煤油或润滑油等，任选地，与源自于气体处理过程中的生物燃料和/或合成燃料混合物，这种混合物在水中能形成稳定的乳状液。生物燃料意味着所有的烃类产品都是来自于植物加工过程，尤其是化合物C，它在烃类混合物的重量可占0.5％～100％。合成燃料包括任何由气体处理方法所得的燃料油和润滑油，尤其是来自这种处理过程的产品馏出物。
更确切地说，本发明涉及的是烃类混合物，特别是根据本发明含有50ppm～350ppm组合物。其包括：
-至少含有一种添加剂的汽油，添加剂选自抗爆剂、防冻剂、清洁剂、破乳剂、抗氧化剂、摩擦改进剂和沉淀减少添加剂(depositreduction additives)及其它们的混合物。
-至少含有一种添加剂的柴油，添加剂选自过滤剂、抗泡剂、清洁剂、破乳剂添加剂和柴油添加剂及其它们的混合物。
-至少含有一种添加剂的民用燃料油，添加剂选自助燃剂、抗低温剂、流动改进剂、抗腐蚀剂、抗氧化剂、抗生物剂、芳香剂及其它们的混合物。
-至少含有一种添加剂的煤油，添加剂选自抗静电性、抗氧添加剂及其它们的混合物。
-至少含有一种添加剂的润滑油，添加剂选自分散剂、破乳剂、清洁剂、抗泡剂、抗氧化剂、低温流动改进剂、芳香剂及其它们的混合物。
具体实施方式
下面将在实施例里描述在不同的应用中这种组合物在烃类混合物中的优势。实施例中的结果只是为了阐述本发明的效果，但并不局限于此。
实施例I
本实施例中描述了不同种化合物A的制备方法。
根据所使用的反应物，反应是由酸酐官能团与多元醇或一元醇在无催化剂作用下的一元酯化或二元酯化反应组成。
因此，以酸或酸酐形式的烷基化的二元酸化合物与醇或多元醇在四氯化碳反应器内发生反应，该四氯化碳反应器配有上流式冷却液、温度计、滴液漏斗和一个氮气入口。
依靠滴液漏斗同时进行机械搅拌，醇或多元醇被逐滴地加入中预先加热并恒温在70℃的酸或酸酐中。
加料完毕，将试样加热到醇的回流温度，维持反应器在此恒定温度下，用氮气吹扫约5小时。
反应完毕，将所得到的化合物A进行减压蒸馏，以除去反应过程中产生的水和/或过量的醇。
可以制备不同的化合物A，通过多元醇反应获得产物是以二酯的形式，通过一元醇反应获得产物是以半酯的形式。制得的不同的化合物A列于表I。
表I
  产品   酸酐   醇   酸酐/醇比
  A1   ODSA   乙二醇   1∶3
    A2     ODSA     乙醇     1∶2
    A4     ODSA     丁醇     1∶2
    A6     ODSA     步骤1：乙醇步骤2：乙二醇     1∶21∶2
    A7     ODSA     乙醇/二乙烯基乙二醇-50/50     1∶21∶3
    A8     OSA     乙烯乙二醇     1∶3
注：ODSA为十八烯基琥珀酸酐，OSA为八烯基琥珀酸酐。
实施例II
本实施例目的是描述化合物Ai与根据本发明的化合物B混合，再与第三种化合物Ci混合的润滑性能。
所有添加试验是在两种柴油GO1和GO2中进行的，油品性质见表II
表II
  性质   GO1   GO2
  MV15(kg/m3)   818.4   835.4
  硫含量(mg/kg)   8   6
  粘度40℃(mm2/s)   2.13   2.45
  单环芳烃含量/％   19.5   25.5
  双环芳烃含量/％   1.7   2.3
  多环芳烃含量/％   0   0.1
  ASTM D86
  初馏点   168.2   178.2
  5％   190.2   198.7
  10％   196.8   204
  20％   210.7   216.2
  30％   223.6   228.6
  40％   235.8   241.5
  50％   247   255
    60％     257.6     268.2
    70％     269.1     282.1
    80％     282.7     299.4
    90％     303.1     325.9
    95％     320.4     348.9
    终馏点     335.7     352.5
    馏出液     98.5mL     96.8mL
    残留物     1.4mL     2.8mL
    损失     0.1mL     0.4mL
在本发明的化合物Bi中，Bi是一种长链脂肪酸的混合物，该长链脂肪酸含有2％来自松树油的树脂酸混合物，常被称为尾油脂肪酸。
根据IS012156-1标准，测试了Ai/Bi混合物在两种不同柴油GO1和GO2中的润滑性能，Ai/Bi混合物在柴油中的浓度分别是100ppm、150ppm和200ppm。
表3所示是化合物Ai和化合物Bi的润滑效果。
表III
化合物或混合物     100ppm     150ppm     200ppm
GO1
B1     445μm     427μm     407μm
A1(在Solvarex10中占重量的75％)     609μm     472μm     394μm
B1/A1-80/20     496μm     439μm     410μm
B1/A1-60/40     504μm     399μm     363μm
B1/A1-50/50     458μm     392μm     361μm
B1/A1-45/55     407μm     330μm     299μm
B1/A1-40/60     515μm     364μm     322μm
B1/A1-35/65     416μm     306μm     286μm
    B1/A1-30/70     384μm     318μm     325μm
    GO2
    B1     454μm     4284μm     426μm
    B1/A1-50/50     336μm     36μm     249μm
当A1在室温呈固态时，在反应前应将其置于60℃的烘箱里。混合物中A1的比例超过50％时，为使其分散均匀有必要将其在烘箱里放置几分钟。
因此，化合物A1在化合物B1中的最大用量被室温下混合物的形态限定的。事实上对于室温下是液态的二元混合物来说，化合物A1的最大用量在80％(糊状混合)～60％(可流动但粘稠)之间。
然而，表III中结果表明混合物A1/B1具有良好的润滑效果。
使用50/50-A1/B1混合物可以得到最佳的效果，是兼顾HFRR效果和均匀性的最好的折衷方案。
但是，为了改善混合物A1/B1的粘度，在这些组合物中引入化合物Ci。
在柴油GO1中测试了混合物Ai/Bi/Ci的润滑性，柴油中该混合物的浓度是200ppm。在潜在的化合物Ci中，C1是菜籽油甲基酯或EMC。涉及Ai/Bi/Ci混合物的测试结果列于表IV。
表IV
  混合物   A1   B1   C1   HFRR(μm)   粘度40℃(mm2/s)
  M1   40％   60％   0％   363μm   89.65
  M2   40％   60％   0％   355μm   99.54
  M3   40％   40％   20％   330μm   71.28
  M4   70％   30％   0％   291μm   564.14
  M5   50％   30％   20％   352μm   115.96
  M6   40％   50％   10％   282μm   100
  M7   55％   45％   0％   299μm   373.76
  M8   55％   45％   0％   315μm   222.53
  M9   60％   30％   10％   287μm   251.18
  M10   50％   40％   10％   239μm   142.15
  M11   45％   50％   5％   275μm   175
  M12   60％   35％   5％   280μm   288.34
兼顾粘度(40℃下在70～120mm2/s之间)和润滑性(＜350μm)，最好的折衷方案是混合物M7和M11，M8的粘度效果不佳。
实施例III
本实施例旨在描述根据本发明其它化合物Ai单独使用或与化合物Bi和化合物Ci混合使用时的润滑效果。在其它化合物Bi中，B2是按1∶1比例B1与甘油反应所得的一种酯；B3是按1∶1比例B1与二乙醇胺反应的产物，结果见表V。
表V
  化合物   100ppm   150ppm   200ppm
  GO1
  B1   445μm   427μm   407μm
  A2   595μm   409μm   438μm
  B1/A2-50/50   455μm   403μm   327μm
  A4   560μm   488μm   374μm
  B1/A4-50/50   457μm   426μm   327μm
  A6   581μm   494μm   313μm
  B1/A6-50/50   476μm   379μm   340μm
  A7   595μm   553μm   330μm
  B1/A7-50/50   555μm   468μm   345μm
  A8   537μm   525μm   333μm
  B1/A8-50/50   415μm   420μm   287μm
  B1/A8/C1-42/43/15   481μm   348μm   312μm
  B2   -   -   320μm
  B3   -   -   382μm
  B2/A2-55/45   -   -   290μm
  B3/A2-55/45 - -   310μm
  B3/A1/C1-42/43/15 - -   379μm
  B2/A1/C1-42/43/15 - -   380μm
  GO2
  B1 454μm 428μm   426μm
  A2 488μm 385μm   385μm
  B1/A2-50/50 459μm 377μm   369μm
就A1来说，化合物B1和Ai之间存在协同效应，必要时可加入化合物C1以改善混合物的粘度。
实施例V
本实施例旨在描述混合物Ai/Bi在导电性和抗腐蚀方面的显著效果。
柴油GO1中加入200ppm的混合物Ai/Bi。根据ASTM D2624-2标准测量导电性，根据ASTM D655标准测量腐蚀性。
测量结果见表VI和表VII。
表VI
  测试产品   导电性
  GO1   44pS/m
  GO1+200ppm A1(75％Solvarex)   367pS/m
  GO1+100ppmA1(75％Solvarex)   204pS/m
  GO1+200ppmB1   45pS/m
  GO1+200ppmB2   47pS/m
  GO1+200ppmB3   40pS/m
  GO1+200ppmC1   70pS/m
  GO1+200ppmB1/A1-50/50   163pS/m
  GO1+200ppmB1/A1/C1-42/43/15   145pS/m
  GO1+200ppmB2/A1/C1-42/43/15   104pS/m
  GO1+200ppmB3/A1/C1-42/43/15   182pS/m
表VII
  腐蚀测试     新鲜水
  GO1     E
  GO1+200ppmA1     A
  GO1+200ppmB1     A
  GO1+200ppmB1/A1-50/50     A
  GO1+200ppmB1/A1/C1-42/43/15     A
  GO1+200ppmB2/A1/C1-42/43/15     A
  GO1+200ppmB3/A1/C1-42/43/15     A
E＝被腐蚀，A＝未腐蚀
即使单独使用化合物A1，测试的产品也具有良好的导电性并无腐蚀现象，但对于润滑性却不能一概而论(参见实施例II中表III)。
另一方面，化合物Bi具有低的导电性却有高的润滑性。
为了达到本发明的目的，有必要确立Ai、Bi和Ci之间的最佳折衷方案，使该方案在改善润滑性、导电性的同时又不存在腐蚀问题，最佳折衷方案是化合物A1/B1/C1的比例为43/42/15，此时润滑性在300μm～350μm之间。
实施例VI
本发明旨在描述在硫含量低于3000ppm的煤油中，混合物Ai/Bi在润滑性、导电性和腐蚀等方面的显著效果，结果见表VIII。
表VIII
  测试   WSIM   导电性(ASTMD2624)   HFRR(μm)
  Kero   98   50pS/m   808μm
  Kero+A1(200ppm)   99   356pS/m   440μm
  Kero+A1(100ppm)   98   2046pS/m   660μm
  Kero+B1(200ppm)   95   56pS/m   435μm
    Kero+B1(100ppm)     ＜56pS/m     516μm
    Kero+A1/B1/C1-(200ppm)42/43/15     48     164pS/m     386μm
对于煤油，本发明中的组合物的效果也是显而易见的。

Claims (27)

1.一种用于烃类混合物的润滑、抗腐蚀和抗静电的组合物，所述组合物包括：
a)至少一种如下式(I)的化合物A：
Figure S2006800244372C00011
其中R1和R2是氢或带有1～40个碳原子的直链或支链烷基，所述烷基任选地含有至少一个双键；R1和R2可以形成一个具有5～6个碳原子的芳香环或脂肪环，所述的环可以被1～3个带有1～40个碳原子的直链或支链烷基取代；其中R1和R2不能同时是氢。
其中R3和R4相同或不同，选自于具有OH基团，但两者不能同时是OH基；或选自官能度为2～5(含)的具有1～20个碳原子的直链或支链一元或多元醇基团。
b)至少一种化合物B，所述化合物是一种含有16～24个碳原子的脂肪酸，是饱和的或不饱和的，任选地，含有芳香和/或烯属多环的羧酸和/或它们的酯、酰胺或相应的胺盐衍生物的混合物，其单独使用或混合使用。
2.根据权利要求1中所述的组合物，其特征在于，所述组合物含有至少一种以重量计为40％～70％的化合物A和至少一种以重量计为60％～30％的化合物B。
3.根据权利要求1或2中所述的组合物，其特征在于，所述组合物含有一种以重量计至少为0.1％的化合物C，所述化合物C可选自C5～C30的一元和/或多元羧酸酯。
4.根据权利要求3中所述的组合物，其特征在于，所述组合物含有至少一种以重量计为30％～70％的化合物A，至少一种以重量计为60％～30％的化合物B和至少一种以重量计为0.1％～20％的化合物C。
5.根据权利要求3或4中所述的组合物，其特征在于，所述组合物含有至少一种以重量计为30％～60％的化合物A，至少一种以重量计为60％～30％的化合物B和至少一种以重量计为5％～20％的化合物C。
6.根据权利要求1～5之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，式(I)化合物A中，R1是碳原子数为1～22的烯基，R2是氢或反之亦然。
7.根据权利要求1～5之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，式(I)化合物A中，R1和R2可以形成一个5或6个碳原子的芳香环和脂肪环，所述的环可以被1～3个带有1～3个碳原子的烷基任选地取代。
8.根据权利要求1～7之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，式(I)化合物A中，R3和R4可以是相同的也可以是不同的，它们是OR5基，R5选自-[(CH2)n-O]m-H，n的变化范围是1～4，m的变化范围是1～5；可以选自-[CH2-CHOH]p-CH2-OH，P的变化范围是1～3；也可以是-CH2-CR6R7-OH，其中R6和R7可以分别是氢、甲基或-CH2OH基。
9.根据权利要求1～8之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，式(I)化合物A中，R3是OR5，R5是C1～C10直链或支链烷基，烷基可以被至少一个OH基取代，R4是OH或反之亦然。
10.根据权利要求1～8之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，式(I)化合物A中，R3和R4可以是相同或不同的OR5基，R5是C1～C10直链或支链的烷基，所述的烷基可以被至少一个OH基取代。
11.根据权利要求1～8之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，式(I)化合物A中，R3是OH或OR5基，R5是C1～C10的直链或支链烷基，任选地被至少一个OH基取代；R4是OR5基，R5是-[(CH2)n-O]m-H，n的变化范围是1～4，m的变化范围是1～5；可以是-[CH2-CHOH]p-CH2-OH，P的变化范围是1～3；可以是-CH2-CR6R7-OH，其中R6和R7可分别是氢、甲基或-CH2OH基。
12.根据权利要求1～7之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，式(I)化合物A中，OR5基是-O-CH2-CH2-OH，或-O-CH2-CHOH-CH2-OH，或-O-CH2-C(CH3)-(CH2OH)-CH2-OH，或-O-CH2-C(CH2OH)(CH2OH)-CH2-OH。
13.根据权利要求1～12之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，化合物B含有至少一种碳原子数为10～24饱和或不饱和的直链羧酸和/或它们的酯、酰胺或胺盐衍生物，其单独使用或混合使用。
14.根据权利要求1～13之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，大部分化合物B含有油酸、亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、异硬脂酸和月桂酸和/或它们的酯、酰胺和胺盐衍生物的混合物，其单独使用或混合使用。
15.根据权利要求1～14之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，化合物B含有源于植物的脂肪酸，所述的植物来自于油菜籽、蓖麻、向日葵、玉米、椰子、松树或亚麻，和/或它们的酯、酰胺或胺盐衍生物的混合物，其单独使用或混合使用。
16.根据权利要求1～15之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，化合物B由来自松树油脂馏出物的脂肪酸和/或它们的酯或胺盐衍生物的混合物组成。
17.根据权利要求1～16之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，化合物B含有树脂酸，所述的树脂酸包括松香酸、二水合松香酸、四水合松香酸、脱水松香酸、新松香酸、松脂酸、左松脂酸、珀勒斯廷酸和/或它们的酯、胺或胺盐衍生物，其单独使用或混合使用。
18.根据权利要求1～17之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，化合物B由来自于植物油馏出物的脂肪酸和树脂酸以及它们的酯、酰胺或胺盐衍生物的混合物组成。
19.根据权利要求1～18之一所述的组合物，其特征在于，化合物C是一种油菜籽油、蓖麻油、葵花籽油、玉米油、椰子油、松树油或亚麻油的植物油酯，其中优选菜籽油甲基酯。
20.根据权利要求1～19之一所述的烃类混合物含有至少50ppm组合物，优选50ppm～350ppm所述的组合物。
21.根据权利要求20中所述的烃类混合物，其硫含量低于50ppm，优选低于10ppm。
22.根据权利要求20或21中所述的烃类混合物，其特征在于，所述的烃类混合物所含烃类源自于原油馏出物、汽油、柴油、煤油或润滑油，任选地源自于气体处理过程中的生物燃料和/或合成燃料混合物，这种混合物在水中能形成稳定的乳状液。
23.根据权利要求20～22之一所述的烃类混合物，所述的烃类混合物是含有至少一种添加剂的汽油，添加剂选自于抗爆剂、防冻剂、清洁剂、破乳剂、抗氧化剂、摩擦改进剂和沉淀减少添加剂及其它们的混合物。
24.根据权利要求20～22之一所述的烃类混合物，所述的烃类混合物是含有至少一种添加剂的柴油，添加剂选自于过滤剂、抗泡剂、清洁剂、破乳添加剂和柴油添加剂及其它们的混合物。
25.根据权利要求20～22之一所述的烃类混合物，所述的烃类混合物是含有至少一种添加剂的民用燃料油，添加剂选自于助燃剂、耐低温剂、流动改进剂、抗腐蚀剂、抗氧化剂、抗生物剂、芳香剂及其混合物。
26.根据权利要求20～22之一所述的烃类混合物，所述的烃类混合物是含有至少一种添加剂的煤油，添加剂选自于抗静电性、抗氧添加剂及其混合物。
27.根据权利要求20～22之一所述的烃类混合物，所述的烃类混合物是含有至少一种添加剂的润滑油，添加剂选自于分散剂、破乳剂、清洁剂、抗泡剂、抗氧化剂、特别是改进凝点的耐低温剂、芳香剂及其混合物。
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