CN115141661B - 喷气燃料组合物及改善喷气燃料润滑性的方法 - Google Patents
喷气燃料组合物及改善喷气燃料润滑性的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115141661B CN115141661B CN202110337682.5A CN202110337682A CN115141661B CN 115141661 B CN115141661 B CN 115141661B CN 202110337682 A CN202110337682 A CN 202110337682A CN 115141661 B CN115141661 B CN 115141661B
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- jet fuel
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- acid monoester
- dicarboxylic acid
- monoester compound
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种喷气燃料组合物，其中含有喷气燃料以及不饱和二羧酸单酯化合物和/或无取代基的饱和二羧酸单酯化合物。与目前工业上常用的环烷酸、二聚酸抗磨剂相比，二羧酸单酯化合物不仅效果更优，制备工艺也可以大大简化，使用成本会进一步降低，因此可以作为喷气燃料抗磨剂改善航空喷气燃料的抗磨性能。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及燃料领域，具体地，涉及一种喷气燃料组合物及改善喷气燃料润滑性的方法。
背景技术
航空涡轮发动机燃油喷射系统靠燃料自身提供各部件的润滑，当燃料润滑性变差时，燃油柱塞泵球面严重磨损，喷油压力降低，发动机转速下降，甚至会引发空中停车事故。喷气燃料的润滑性也称为抗磨性，抗磨性的好坏对发动机燃油供应的灵敏调节、油泵使用寿命乃至飞行安全均极为重要。喷气燃料润滑性普遍认可的方法是ASTM D5001《球柱润滑性评定仪(BOCLE)测定航空涡轮燃料润滑性的标准试验方法》，我国等效采用该方法建立了SH/T 0687《航空涡轮燃料润滑性测定法(球柱润滑性评定仪法)》,通过测量磨斑直径 WSD(wear scar diameter)值来表示喷气燃料的润滑性。评价柴油润滑性的方法SH/T 0765《柴油润滑性评定法(高频往复试验机法)》也可被用来测量喷气燃料的润滑性。
世界航空领域普遍具有不同的军用和民用航空涡轮发动机燃料产品标准和质量规范，喷气燃料标准GB 6537、DEF STAN91-91、 ASTM D1655、AFQRJOS等对润滑性都有要求，英国军用标准规定 WSD小于0.85mm，美国军用标准规定WSD小于0.65mm。GB 6537要求军用3号喷气燃料磨痕直径WSD值不大于0.65mm，民用3号喷气燃料WSD值不大于0.85mm。
改善喷气燃料润滑性最有效的方法就是加入抗磨剂，我国上世纪使用的T1601喷气燃料抗磨剂因含有磷目前已被禁止添加，目前主要使用的是环烷酸(Naphthenic acids)抗磨剂T1602(李进等，环烷酸用做喷气燃料润滑添加剂及其机理研究，后勤工程学院学报，31(5)， 2015)。喷气燃料标准GB 6537-2018中要求环烷酸抗磨剂T1602加入量不超过20mg/L。但是，环烷酸抗磨剂酸值高，易导致喷气燃料酸度和腐蚀性增大；同时，环烷酸色度高，影响喷气燃料的颜色；更何况近年来环烷酸原料资源随着环烷基原油量的减少而日益短缺，产量逐年减少，并且生产耗能高、污染环境，需要开发新的喷气燃料抗磨剂。
以油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸为主的共轭或非共轭不饱和脂肪酸为原料，经过Diels-Alder加成反应聚合而成二聚酸(Dimer acid)是目前多数国家航空燃料抗磨剂的主要成分，CN104845685A公开了一种不饱和脂肪酸二聚物型的航空燃料抗磨剂，包括C36不饱和脂肪酸二聚物，该C36不饱和脂肪酸二聚物具体特征包括：以质量计链状二聚化合物65％以上，一环二聚化合物25-30％，二环二聚化合物低于10％。CN104789298A公开了一种制备二聚酸航空燃料抗磨剂的方法，包括用不饱和脂肪酸为原料，在高压釜中加入9-15％的离子液体作为催化剂，在230～240℃高温下反应5～6h。二聚酸抗磨剂的合成成本较高，二聚酸本身作为喷气燃料抗磨剂的成本也较高。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服现有技术的不足，提供一种能够改善润滑性能的喷气燃料组合物。
本发明还提供一种改善喷气燃料润滑性的方法。
为了实现上述目的，第一方面，本发明提供了一种喷气燃料组合物，其中含有喷气燃料，以及结构式1和/或2所示的二羧酸单酯化合物。
其中，n为2～4的整数，优选R1是C1～C30的烃基，优选C4～C16 烷基或烯基，更优选C4～C12烷基。
其中，m是0～16的整数，优选0～12的整数，更优选0～6的整数， R2是C4～C30的烃基，优选是C4～C16的烷基或烯基，更优选C4～C10 烷基。
所述喷气燃料组合物中，以喷气燃料质量为100％计，二羧酸单酯化合物含量为1～100mg/L，优选5～50mg/L。
根据本发明，所述二羧酸单酯化合物选自不饱和二羧酸单酯化合物，具体地可以是结构式1所示的由C4～C6不饱和二羧酸与C2～C18 脂肪醇形成的具有羧基结构和酯基结构的单烃基酯，即不饱和碳碳双键的二元羧酸化合物中的任一个羧基被酯化的单酯化合物。
具体地，当n为2时，结构式1所示的化合物可以选自顺丁烯二酸单酯(马来酸单酯)、反丁烯二酸单酯(富马酸单酯)；当n为3时，结构式1所示的化合物可以选自衣康酸单酯、柠康酸单酯(甲基马来酸单酯)、甲基反丁烯二酸单酯(甲基富马酸单酯)、戊烯二酸单酯等；当n为4时，结构式1所示的化合物可以选自2,3-二甲基马来酸单酯、乙基马来酸单酯、己烯二酸单酯等。
所述的不饱和二羧酸单酯化合物进一步优选具有结构式1-1所示的马来酸单酯。
优选地，所述马来酸单酯选自马来酸C2～C18烃基酯，更优选马来酸C4～C16烷基或烯基酯，进一步优选马来酸C4～C12烷基酯，例如马来酸单乙酯、马来酸单正丙酯、马来酸单正丁酯、马来酸单正戊酯、马来酸单正己酯、马来酸单正庚酯、马来酸单正辛酯、马来酸单正壬酯、马来酸单正癸酯、马来酸单异丙酯、马来酸单异丁酯、马来酸单仲丁酯、马来酸单叔丁酯、马来酸单异戊酯、马来酸单异己酯、马来酸单异辛酯(马来酸单2-乙基己酯)、马来酸单仲辛酯、马来酸单异壬酯、马来酸单异癸酯等。
根据本发明，所述二羧酸单酯化合物可以是结构式2所示的无取代基的饱和二元羧酸单酯化合物，具体地，可以选自无取代基的 C2～C18饱和二元羧酸与C4～C30脂肪醇形成的具有羧基结构和酯基结构的单烃基酯，优选无取代基的C2～C14饱和二元羧酸的C4～C18 单烷基或烯基酯，更优选无取代基的C2～C8饱和二元羧酸的C4～C10 单烷基酯。例如，可以选自乙二酸(草酸)单酯、丙二酸单酯、丁二酸(琥珀酸)单酯、戊二酸单酯、己二酸单酯、庚二酸单酯、辛二酸单酯、壬二酸单酯、癸二酸单酯、十一碳二酸单酯、十二碳二酸单酯、十三碳二酸单酯、十四碳二酸单酯、十六碳二酸单酯、十八碳二酸单酯等。
本发明结构式2所示的无取代基的饱和二元羧酸单酯类型化合物优选乙二酸单正丁酯、乙二酸单异丁酯、乙二酸单叔丁酯、乙二酸单异辛酯、乙二酸单仲辛酯、乙二酸单异壬酯、乙二酸单异癸酯，乙二酸单异十一酯、乙二酸单异十三酯、乙二酸单油醇酯(乙二酸单-9- 十八烯醇酯)、丙二酸单乙酯、丙二酸单丙酯、丙二酸单正丁酯、丙二酸单正己酯、丙二酸单正辛酯、丙二酸单正癸酯、丙二酸单正十二酯(月桂酯)、丙二酸单异丁酯、丙二酸单叔丁酯、丙二酸单异辛酯、丙二酸单仲辛酯、丙二酸单异壬酯、丙二酸单异癸酯，丙二酸单异十一酯、丙二酸单异十三酯、丙二酸单油醇酯(丙二酸单-9-十八烯醇酯)、丁二酸单正丁酯、丁二酸单仲丁酯、丁二酸单正己酯、丁二酸单正辛酯、丁二酸单异丁酯、丁二酸单叔丁酯、丁二酸单异戊酯、丁二酸单异己酯、丁二酸单异辛酯、丁二酸单仲辛酯、丁二酸单异壬酯、丁二酸单异癸酯，丁二酸单异十一酯、丁二酸单异十三酯、丁二酸单油醇酯(丁二酸单-9-十八烯醇酯)、戊二酸单乙酯、戊二酸单丙酯、戊二酸单正丁酯、戊二酸单正己酯、戊二酸单正辛酯、戊二酸单正癸酯、戊二酸单异丁酯、戊二酸单叔丁酯、戊二酸单异辛酯、戊二酸单异壬酯、戊二酸单异癸酯，戊二酸单异十一酯、戊二酸单异十三酯、戊二酸单油醇酯(戊二酸单-9-十八烯醇酯)、己二酸单乙酯、己二酸单正丁酯、己二酸单正己酯、己二酸单正辛酯、己二酸单丙酯、己二酸单异丁酯、己二酸单异辛酯、己二酸单异壬酯、己二酸单异癸酯，己二酸单异十一酯、己二酸单异十三酯、己二酸单油醇酯(己二酸单 -9-十八烯醇酯)、油酸酯，最优选丙二酸单叔丁酯、丙二酸单异辛酯、丁二酸单叔丁酯、丁二酸单异辛酯、丁二酸单异壬酯、戊二酸单异辛酯、戊二酸单异壬酯。
本发明所述喷气燃料组合物中，还可以含有溶剂、金属钝化剂、抗静电剂、防锈剂、防冰剂等添加剂中的一种或多种。
其中所述溶剂可以是极性溶剂如N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、1,4- 二氧六环、四氢呋喃(DHF)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、吡咯烷酮和甲基吡咯烷酮中的一种或几种。也可以是烃类如苯、甲苯、二甲苯、芳烃稀释油及其混合物，还可以是汽油、煤油、柴油、石油醚等。
本发明所述喷气燃料是航空涡轮发动机所用的燃料，也可以称为航空燃料、航空煤油，等等，可以是由石油炼制的常压蒸馏的常一线馏分、加氢工艺生产的加氢精制、加氢裂化组分调配的喷气燃料，例如按照GB 6537生产的3号喷气燃料；也可以是含有煤液化生产的航空燃料组分，包括煤直接液化和煤间接液化(费托合成)；还可以是合成气经费托合成生产的喷气燃料组分；也可以是来自可再生的生物质原料生产的喷气燃料，例如通过动植物油脂或废弃油脂加氢脱氧生成的烃类喷气燃料，或者通过纤维素或半纤维素为原料通过各种催化反应生成的航空燃料组分。
第二方面，本发明提供了一种改善喷气燃料润滑性的方法，该方法包括，以喷气燃料质量为100％计，将结构式1和/或2所示所述的二羧酸单酯化合物以1～100mg/L、优选5～50mg/L的用量添加到喷气燃料中。
第三方面，本发明提供二羧酸单酯化合物作为喷气燃料抗磨剂的用途，所述二羧酸单酯化合物选自结构式1所示的不饱和二羧酸单酯化合物和/或结构式2所示的无取代基的饱和二羧酸单酯化合物。
本申请发明人意外地发现，结构式1和/或2所示的二羧酸单酯化合物在航空喷气燃料中添加少量就能大大提高航空喷气燃料的润滑性，与目前工业上常用的环烷酸、二聚酸抗磨剂相比，不仅效果更优，制备工艺也可以大大简化，使用成本会进一步降低，因此可以作为喷气燃料抗磨剂使用。
具体实施方式
以下将通过实施例对本发明进行详细描述。应理解的是本发明能够在不同的实施方式上具有各种的变化，其皆不脱离本发明的范围，且其中的说明在本质上是当作说明之用，而非用以限制本发明。
实施例和对比例中所用喷气燃料的理化性能如表1所示。
表1
实施例1和2
在喷气燃料中分别加入15mg/L和20mg/L马来酸单异辛酯(购自梯希爱(上海)化成工业发展有限公司，纯度95％)，得到喷气燃料组合物。
实施例3和4
分别称取100g丁二酸酐(购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)和129.6g异壬醇(购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)，置于一装有搅拌器、温度计、冷凝回流管的三口烧瓶反应器中。丁二酸酐与异壬醇摩尔比1:0.9。在125℃条件下反应2小时，冷却至室温，取上层液体即为丁二酸单异壬酯为主的产品，通过气相色谱分析其含量为90.4％。
在喷气燃料中分别加入15mg/L和20mg/L丁二酸单异壬酯，得到喷气燃料组合物。
实施例5和6
在喷气燃料中分别加入15mg/L和20mg/L马来酸单丁酯(购自湖北巨胜科技有限公司，纯度99％)，得到喷气燃料组合物。
实施例7和8
分别称取50g马来酸酐(购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司) 和104.9g异癸醇(购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)，置于一装有搅拌器、温度计、冷凝回流管的三口烧瓶反应器中。在90℃条件下反应3小时，冷却至室温，即得马来酸单异癸酯为主的产品。
在喷气燃料中分别加入15mg/L和20mg/L马来酸单异癸酯，得到喷气燃料组合物。
实施例9和10
在喷气燃料中分别加入15mg/L和20mg/L丙二酸单叔丁酯(购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司，97％)，得到喷气燃料组合物。
实施例11和12
分别称取50g丁二酸酐(购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司) 和71.5g异辛醇(购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)，置于一装有搅拌器、温度计、冷凝回流管的三口烧瓶反应器中。在130℃条件下反应4小时，冷却至室温，上层液体即为丁二酸单异辛酯为主的产品。
在喷气燃料中分别加入15mg/L和20mg/L丁二酸单异辛酯，得到喷气燃料组合物。
对比例1和2
在喷气燃料中分别加入15mg/L和20mg/L环烷酸抗磨剂(T 1602抗磨剂，湖南兴长公司)，得到喷气燃料组合物。
对比例3和4
在喷气燃料中分别加入15mg/L和20mg/L二聚酸抗磨剂(新疆大森化工有限公司)，得到喷气燃料组合物。
对比例5和6
分别称取100g十二烯基琥珀酸酐(购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)和70.4g异壬醇(购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司)，置于一装有搅拌器、温度计、冷凝回流管的三口烧瓶反应器中。在140℃条件下反应3小时，冷却至室温，即得十二烯基丁二酸单异壬酯为主产品。
在喷气燃料中分别加入15mg/L和20mg/L十二烯基丁二酸单异壬酯，得到喷气燃料组合物。
测试例
按照SH/T 0687测定上述加入抗磨剂后喷气燃料的润滑性磨斑直径。按照GB/T1793、SH/T 0616方法测定加入抗磨剂后喷气燃料的水反应性和水分离指数，结果见表2。
表2
由表2可见，本发明所述的二羧酸单酯化合物抗磨剂对喷气燃料润滑性的改善优于对比例，水反应性和水分离指数试验结果与对比例所述的航煤抗磨剂相当。
Claims (13)
1.一种喷气燃料组合物，其中含有喷气燃料和无取代基的饱和二羧酸单酯化合物，所述二羧酸单酯化合物选自无取代基的C2～C8饱和二元羧酸的C4～C18单烷基酯。
2.按照权利要求1所述的组合物，其中，以喷气燃料质量为100％计，二羧酸单酯化合物含量为1～100mg/L。
3.按照权利要求1所述的组合物，其中，以喷气燃料质量为100％计，二羧酸单酯化合物含量为5～50mg/L。
4.按照权利要求1所述的组合物，其中，所述无取代基的饱和二羧酸单酯化合物选自无取代基的C2～C6饱和二元羧酸的C4～C16单烷基酯。
5.按照权利要求1所述的组合物，其中，所述无取代基的饱和二羧酸单酯化合物选自无取代基的C2～C6饱和二元羧酸的C4～C10单烷基酯。
6.按照权利要求1所述的组合物，其中，所述无取代基的饱和二羧酸单酯化合物选自丙二酸单叔丁酯、丙二酸单异辛酯、丁二酸单叔丁酯、丁二酸单异辛酯、丁二酸单异壬酯、戊二酸单异辛酯、戊二酸单异壬酯。
7.一种改善喷气燃料润滑性的方法，该方法包括，以喷气燃料质量为100％计，将二羧酸单酯化合物以1～100mg/L的用量添加到喷气燃料中，所述二羧酸单酯化合物选自无取代基的C2～C8饱和二元羧酸的C4～C18的单烷基酯。
8.按照权利要求7所述的方法，其中，所述二羧酸单酯化合物选自丙二酸单叔丁酯、丙二酸单异辛酯、丁二酸单叔丁酯、丁二酸单异辛酯、丁二酸单异壬酯、戊二酸单异辛酯、戊二酸单异壬酯。
9.按照权利要求7所述的方法，其中，以喷气燃料质量为100％计，二羧酸单酯化合物的含量为5～50mg/L。
10.二羧酸单酯化合物作为喷气燃料抗磨剂的用途，所述二羧酸单酯化合物选自无取代基的C2～C8饱和二元羧酸的C4～C18单烷基酯。
11.按照权利要求10所述的用途，所述二羧酸单酯化合物选自丙二酸单叔丁酯、丙二酸单异辛酯、丁二酸单叔丁酯、丁二酸单异辛酯、丁二酸单异壬酯、戊二酸单异辛酯、戊二酸单异壬酯。
12.按照权利要求10所述的用途，其中，以喷气燃料质量为100％计，二羧酸单酯化合物在喷气燃料中的用量为1～100mg/L。
13.按照权利要求10所述的用途，其中，以喷气燃料质量为100％计，二羧酸单酯化合物在喷气燃料中的用量为5～50mg/L。
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