CN101200800A - 制造具有高导热性和高导电性的软钎焊的材料和方法 - Google Patents
制造具有高导热性和高导电性的软钎焊的材料和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及制造具有高导热性和高导电性的软钎焊的材料和方法,提供了粉末混合物或复合粉末,将其进料给动态喷涂设备,朝基体或部件加速以形成具有优于常规焊料的热和电性能的复合焊料。以这种方式建立焊料涂层的其他优点包括低氧化物含量以提高后续的可焊接性,对沉积厚度的良好控制,对沉积化学的良好控制,以及最后生产制造的高速率。
Description
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发明背景
技术领域
本发明总的说来涉及材料技术领域,更具体地涉及具有改进的热和电性能的焊料组合物,及其生产方法。
相关技术的描述
在任何涉及电能的电路中,一个主要的设计目的是降低组件的温度,提高可靠性,降低成本以及改善操作性。许多集成电路(“ICs”)-包括例如双列直插式塑料封装ICs-具有非传导性的形状以直接扣紧底盘。IC的封装方法成为一个限制因素,因为封装部分(package)承担了负载高电流密度以及高热载荷的功能。
在某些情况下,封装的设计限制在于IC与封装部分之间的界面,其本身被所用的制造方法所限制。一个原因是获得优良性能的最佳界面材料是同时具有高导电性和导热性的材料(如铜或金)。然而,这些材料具有的熔点也远高于IC可耐受的制造温度。因而,通常采用低熔点的焊料来形成界面结合部位。但是,这些焊料不具备移除热和电子、以及界面材料本身的能力,因此限制了封装的潜在性能。本领域中仍然需要具有改进的导电和导热性、以及足够低的熔点以防止焊接过程中损坏IC的软钎焊(solder joint)。
通过减少焊料涂层的厚度,可以提高传导性能。除采用的制造方法外,焊料涂层的厚度还受到IC和封装部分的耐受能力的限制。因而,本领域中仍然需要能够为IC应用提供最小的焊料涂层厚度的软钎焊。
发明内容
通过将焊接材料与高传导性(热和电)材料结合,可以形成复合材料,与单独使用焊料相比,其可以在较低的温度下进行焊接且具有提高的导热和导电性。本发明提供了粉末混合物或复合粉末,将其进料给动态喷涂设备,朝基体或部件加速(accelerate)以形成具有优于常规焊料的热和电性能的复合焊料。以这种方式建立焊料涂层的其他优点包括低氧化物含量以提高后续的可焊接性,对沉积厚度的良好控制,对沉积化学的良好控制,以及最后生产制造的高速率。
本发明一方面提供了一种用于动态(kinetic)喷涂的粉末混合物,其包含具有两部分的焊料金属基质:(1)一种或多种如下材料:锡-银-铜(Sn-Ag-Cu)、锡-铜(Sn-Cu)、锡-铜-镍(Sn-Cu-Ni)、锡-银(Sn-Ag)、锡-银-铋(Sn-Ag-Bi)、锡-铋-铟(Sn-Bi-In)、锡-金(Au-Sn)、锡-锌(Sn-Zn)、锡-锌-铋(Sn-Zn-Bi)、锡-铋-银(Sn-Bi-Ag)、锡(Sn)、锡-铟(Sn-In)、铟(In)、铟-银(In-Ag)和锡-铅(Sn-Pb);以及(2)具有高导热和导电性的填充材料,为如下材料的一种或多种:铜(Cu)、金(Au)、镍(Ni)、镍-金(Ni-Au)、碳、银(Ag)、铝(Al)、钼(Mo)、镍(Ni)或镍-金(Ni-Au)涂敷的碳、铂族金属(PGM’s),以及它们的合金。
本发明的另一方面提供了制造粉末混合物的方法。所述方法包括提供焊接金属基质材料以及提供填充材料的步骤,所述焊接金属基质材料由一种或多种如下材料制成:锡-银-铜(Sn-Ag-Cu)、锡-铜(Sn-Cu)、锡-铜-镍(Sn-Cu-Ni)、锡-银(Sn-Ag)、锡-银-铋(Sn-Ag-Bi)、锡-铋-铟(Sn-Bi-In)、锡-金(Au-Sn)、锡-锌(Sn-Zn)、锡-锌-铋(Sn-Zn-Bi)、锡-铋-银(Sn-Bi-Ag)、锡(Sn)、锡-铟(Sn-In)、铟(In)、铟-银(In-Ag)和锡-铅(Sn-Pb)-然而“Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazerdous Substances in Electrical andElectronic Equipment”(RoHS)的欧洲议会指令2002/95/EC中已经通过立法规定从焊料中去除铅,由于电子工业的全球性其将在世界范围内采用;所述填充材料(filler material)由一种或多种如下材料制成:铜(Cu)、金(Au)、镍(Ni)、镍-金(Ni-Au)、碳、银(Ag)、铝(Al)、钼(Mo)、镍(Ni)或镍-金(Ni-Au)涂敷的碳、铂族金属(PGM’s),以及它们的合金。随后,将所述基质材料和填充金属(钎料,filler metal)分别形成粉末颗粒。最后,将所述焊接金属基质材料粉末颗粒与填充金属粉末颗粒混合至用于喷涂所需的比例。
本发明的又一方面提供了用于动态喷涂的复合粉末颗粒,该颗粒具有内部组分和外部组分,所述内部组分包括由以下一种或多种材料组成的具有高导热和导电性的填充金属:铜(Cu)、金(Au)、镍(Ni)、镍-金(Ni-Au)、碳、银(Ag)、和钼(Mo);所述外部组分包括由以下一种或多种材料组成的焊接金属基质:锡-银-铜(Sn-Ag-Cu)、锡-铜(Sn-Cu)、锡-铜-镍(Sn-Cu-Ni)、锡-银(Sn-Ag)、锡-银-铋(Sn-Ag-Bi)、锡-铋-铟(Sn-Bi-In)、锡-金(Au-Sn)、锡-锌(Sn-Zn)、锡-锌-铋(Sn-Zn-Bi)、锡-铋-银(Sn-Bi-Ag)、锡(Sn)、锡-铟(Sn-In)、铟(In)、铟-银(In-Ag)或锡-铅(Sn-Pb)。可选择地,所述内部组分可为一种或多种基于铝(Al)、钼(Mo)、铜(Cu)、金(Au)、银(Ag)、镍(Ni)或镍-金(Ni-Au)涂敷的碳(通常为石墨、金刚石或碳纳米管-SWNT)、或铂族金属(PGM’s)的合金。
本发明的再一方面提供了制造所述复合粉末的方法。所述制造方法包括提供内部颗粒组分的步骤,该组分由具有高导热和导电性的填充金属制成,如铜(Cu)、金(Au)、镍(Ni)、镍-金(Ni-Au)、碳、银(Ag)、钼(Mo)、以及它们的任意合金之中的一种或多种。然后,将该内部组分形成为粉末颗粒。提供外部组分,该组分由一种或多种如下材料制成:锡-银-铜(Sn-Ag-Cu)、锡-铜(Sn-Cu)、锡-铜-镍(Sn-Cu-Ni)、锡-银(Sn-Ag)、锡-银-铋(Sn-Ag-Bi)、锡-铋-铟(Sn-Bi-In)、锡-金(Au-Sn)、锡-锌(Sn-Zn)、锡-锌-铋(Sn-Zn-Bi)、锡-铋-银(Sn-Bi-Ag)、锡(Sn)、锡-铟(Sn-In)、铟(In)、铟-银(In-Ag)或锡-铅(Sn-Pb)。最后,用电化学方法、化学方法、物理蒸汽沉积(PVD)或机械覆层法中的一种或多种将外部组分沉积到内部组分上。
在本发明的其它方面,提供了应用复合焊料(solder material)的方法。所述方法包括如下步骤:提供粉末材料,该材料包括固体金属基质材料和填充材料,其中每种材料均与如上所述的材料组成相一致;将所述粉末材料供应给动态喷涂设备;以及在低于或等于环境压力的条件下将所述粉末材料通过收敛-扩散喷嘴喷涂到基体上。
附图说明
附图用于提供对本发明的更深入的理解,并引入和构成本说明书的一部分。所述附图描述了本发明的实施方案,其与文字说明一起用于解释本发明的原理。在附图中:
图1为适用于本发明使用的典型动态喷涂系统的示意图;
图2显示了生产本发明的粉末混合物的方法的流程图;
图3为本发明实施方案的复合粉末颗粒的示意图;
图4显示了生产本发明的复合粉末颗粒的方法的流程图;
图5为本发明一实施方案的应用的焊料涂层在焊接前的示意图;
图6为本发明一实施方案的应用的焊料涂层在焊接后的示意图;
图7提供了根据本发明一实施方案将焊料涂层应用到基体上的流程图。
发明的详细描述
以下将具体参照本发明的优选实施方案,其实例在附图中进行了描述。
本发明的复合材料可用在动态喷涂系统中。图1显示了根据本发明进行使用的动态喷涂系统10。系统10包括动态喷枪12,其与工件14一起安放在中空的真空罐16内部。动态喷枪12相对工件14放置,以引导喷雾110至工件14上。工件14可安放在工件操作装置20上,该操作装置穿过真空罐16的壁安装并延伸进入真空罐16的内部。
如图1的典型系统10中所示,动态喷枪12响应高压主气流和粉末气体而产生冷喷雾以引导至工件14上,该粉末气体携带有本发明的复合粉末100。由第一气体供应源(supply)通过主气体管线28向动态喷枪12提供主气流,该第一气体供应源为贮存容器30的形式。贮存容器30中的气体可以是例如氦、氩、氮或空气。通过第二气体供应源或贮存容器32并组合粉末进料装置34在气体流中提供复合粉末100。第二气体贮存容器32提供了粉末气体流(例如氦、氩、氮或空气),其流经延伸通过粉末进料装置34的粉末气管线36。粉末进料装置34将复合粉末100给料入粉末气管线36内的气体流中,以向动态喷枪12供应粉末。
来自第一气体贮存容器30的气体流经主气体管线28至动态喷枪12的输入端38。从输入端38,所述气体流经可选的加热线圈(未示出)至动态喷枪12的与输入端38相对一端的喷嘴40。粉末进料装置34将复合粉末100进料入流经粉末气体管线36的粉末气体流。当气体通过粉末进料装置34时,来自供应源32的气体与复合粉末100混合,以提供粉末和气体的混合物。可改变来自供应源32的气体与粉末100的比例,以满足所需应用标准。如图1所示,粉末气体管线36延伸穿过真空罐16的壁至沿着动态喷枪12的连接点48。在动态喷枪12内部,气体和粉末被引导通过喷嘴40并加速至基体工件14上。
本发明的复合粉末100包括用在例如上述参照图1所述的动态喷涂系统中的填充材料和焊接金属基质。所述焊接基质由低熔点焊接材料如锡-银-铜(Sn-Ag-Cu)、锡-铜(Sn-Cu)、锡-铜-镍(Sn-Cu-Ni)、锡-银(Sn-Ag)、锡-银-铋(Sn-Ag-Bi)、锡-铋-铟(Sn-Bi-In)、锡-金(Au-Sn)、锡-锌(Sn-Zn)、锡-锌-铋(Sn-Zn-Bi)、锡-铋-银(Sn-Bi-Ag)、锡(Sn)、锡-铟(Sn-In)、铟(In)、铟-银(In-Ag)或锡-铅(Sn-Pb)构成。要求所述基质具有低的熔融温度、熔化后具有良好的流动性,且必须能润湿填料和界面金属。所述焊接金属基质也可以为溶入填充材料中的合金。所述焊接金属基质可占总涂层的约10-90体积%,通常的焊接金属基质组分为约20-40体积%,以在最大化填充材料的优点的同时适当地覆盖该填充材料。
复合粉末100的填充材料由同时具有高导热性和高导电性的软金属或金属合金构成。该填充材料具有高于焊接基质的熔点,且必须能被所述焊接金属基质润湿。可选择地,该焊接金属基质能溶入所述填充金属中形成冶金接合。所述填充材料(如金属或石墨、金刚石或碳纳米管-SWNT形式的碳)可由任何相对较软且高传导性的金属或合金构成。符合这些要求的金属体系包括铜(Cu)、金(Au)、镍(Ni)、镍-金(Ni-Au)、碳(通常为石墨、金刚石或碳纳米管-SWNT形式)和银(Ag)或它们的任意合金组合。其它可能的金属合金体系是基于铝、钼、镍或铂族金属(PGM’s)的合金。所述填充材料可占涂层的约10-90体积%,通常的组成为约60-80体积%,以最大化使用具有高导热和导电性的金属体系所带来的好处。
用于复合粉末100的金属可通过多种方法制造。通常,因为动态喷涂设备通过将球形粉末以非常高的速度输送至部件来实现其功能,因此用于动态喷涂生产的金属以粉末形式输送。图2显示了生产本发明的复合粉末混合物的方法的流程图。在步骤S101和S103中,分别提供用于固体金属基质和填充材料的基础材料。在步骤S105中,将基础固体金属基质材料形成为粉末颗粒。生产粉末的最常用形式是气体雾化,制得光滑的球形粉末。形成粉末的其它方法包括且不限于水雾化或化学沉淀。金属基质粉末颗粒的尺寸小于约90微米且大于约5微米,且必须基本上能自由流动(如颗粒没有彼此粘合)。类似地,在步骤S107中,将所述填充材料形成为粉末颗粒。用于填充材料的步骤S107的粉末成型方法可采用,但不是必须采用,与步骤S105中所用相同的粉末成型技术,可采用气体雾化、水雾化或化学沉淀中的任何方法。填充材料粉末颗粒的尺寸低于约90微米且大于约5微米,且必须基本上能自由流动。气体雾化过程可在惰性气氛或真空下进行。使用惰性气氛或真空来雾化的优点是可在所产生的粉末中实现低的氧含量,当对沉积的涂层进行焊接时这一点非常重要。
如图2的步骤S109所示,在喷涂前使用诸如V-混合器的装置将两种粉末组分以所需比例混合。当所述两种粉末组分从喷枪喷嘴喷出时,由于密度、导热性和热容的不同,它们可显示出不同的温度和速度。根据焊接金属基质粉末和填充材料粉末的飞行(in-flight)特性,可调整混合比例以使所得涂层具有所需体积分数的组分。在另一实施方案中,可采用两种粉末组分的共注射以替代独立的混合步骤。
生产所述粉末的另一选择是产生复合粉末颗粒,从而可避免混合和进料过程中存在的生产问题,如粉末分离。图3提供了本发明的复合粉末颗粒的示意图。图3显示,颗粒120包括被焊接金属基质122外壳包围的填充材料124。填充材料所占的体积为约50-90%,优选约60-80%。复合粉末颗粒的尺寸小于约90微米,且大于约5微米,且必须基本上能自由流动。
图4显示了生产本发明的复合粉末颗粒的方法的流程图。在步骤S131和S133中,分别提供用于填充材料和固体金属基质的基础材料。在步骤S135中,将所述填充材料形成为粉末颗粒。如以上参照图2所述,可采用气体雾化、水雾化或化学沉淀中的任何方法来形成所述填充材料粉末。为了产生有用的复合粉末颗粒,在步骤137中,用适合的技术将所述焊接金属基质材料沉积到填充材料颗粒上。用于实现步骤S137中的包封的适合方法包括电化学方法、物理气相沉积(PVD)或机械覆层法。
参照图1和7,动态喷涂包括将复合粉末颗粒100朝向基体(如工件14)加速至非常高的速度,大大高于音速。图7提供了向基体上产生焊料涂层的流程图。在步骤151中,提供用于动态喷涂系统的复合粉末100。对图1所示的系统配置,粉末可以预混合的粉末或复合颗粒的形式提供。在另一实施方案中,在步骤S153中对粉末进行预热。在另一实施方案中,可将复合粉末100的固体金属基质和填充材料粉末组分分别给料进入动态喷枪12,并在颗粒通过动态喷枪12的时候实现混合。在步骤S155中将复合粉末100注入动态喷涂设备12中。通过注入高速气流中将复合粉末100加速至超音速。在动态喷涂设备12中通过对气体加压随后使其膨胀通过适当尺寸的收敛-扩散喷嘴40来对气体进行加速。输入和输出压力以及喷嘴40的尺寸和气流决定了气体的出口速度。出口压力可以是环境压力或任何低于环境压力的压力。这些条件在如名称为“低压冷喷涂的方法和设备”的美国专利第6,759,085号中所述,通常可应用于本发明。
粉末100在注入喷嘴后,在步骤S155中,其以喷雾110的形式输送至基体14。在碰撞时粉末100的动能转化为热能,与基体14或预先沉积的材料形成机械结合,从而形成涂层。以这种方式可以形成非常密集的涂层,而不会象其它喷射沉积形式如等离子喷涂、火焰喷涂或高速氧燃料(oxy-fuel)(HVOF)喷涂中那样,在飞行的粉末内产生热反应。这种焊料涂层的例子如图5所示,显示了本发明实施方案的应用的焊料涂层在焊接前的示意图。在图5中,涂层140结合到基体14上,该涂层包含密集充填的填充材料颗粒124,其基本被焊接金属基质122所包围。在该复合焊料涂层中可存在至多1体积%的孔隙126,其将在焊接步骤过程中消失。
动态喷涂方法的使用相比高温热喷涂系统提供了如下优点,即抑制了飞行过程中的热反应。这意味着可使用通常在喷涂过程中会在彼此间或与环境之间发生反应的金属的复合涂层,从而可获得熔点差别很大的金属的复合涂层。在本发明中将低熔点的焊接基质与高熔点的填充材料共喷涂(co-spraying)就是这种情况。
一旦沉积了焊料涂层,可使用适合的技术,例如SMT(表面贴装技术)回流或波动焊接来对其进行焊接。相对于对其它焊料进行焊接,本发明涂层的优点在于其同时具有低氧化物含量和高密度,从而能形成一致的焊接结合部位。也可以通过选择可溶于彼此的填充材料与焊接金属基质的组合,如铜和铟,来形成扩散接合。在某些情况下,可以在低于焊接材料的熔点的温度下实现结合。
已焊接的结合部位的涂层结构的例子如图6所示,显示了本发明实施方案的应用的焊料涂层150在焊接后的示意图。涂层150结合至基体14,该涂层包含密集充填的填充材料颗粒124,其基本被焊接金属基质122所包围。IC封装200通过焊料涂层150接合至基体14。
虽然,本文显示和描述了本发明的代表性的实施方案,本领域所属技术人员可以理解这些实施方案仅以示例的方式提供。在不偏离申请人在本文公开的发明范围的情况下,各种非实质性的改变、变化和替代对本领域所属技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此,本发明仅受授权后的权利要求的精神和范围的限制。
Claims (18)
1.用于动态喷涂的粉末混合物,基本上由如下成分组成:
一种或多种如下材料:锡-银-铜(Sn-Ag-Cu)、锡-铜(Sn-Cu)、锡-铜-镍(Sn-Cu-Ni)、锡-银(Sn-Ag)、锡-银-铋(Sn-Ag-Bi)、锡-铋-铟(Sn-Bi-In)、锡-金(Au-Sn)、锡-锌(Sn-Zn)、锡-锌-铋(Sn-Zn-Bi)、锡-铋-银(Sn-Bi-Ag)、锡(Sn)、锡-铟(Sn-In)、铟(In)、铟-银(In-Ag)和锡-铅(Sn-Pb);以及
具有高导热和导电性的填充材料,其具有如下材料的一种或多种:铜(Cu)、金(Au)、镍(Ni)、镍-金(Ni-Au)、碳、银(Ag)、铝(Al)、钼(Mo)、镍(Ni)或镍-金(Ni-Au)涂敷的碳、铂族金属(PGM’s),以及它们的合金。
2.如权利要求1所述的粉末混合物,其中所述焊接金属基质的体积分数为约10-90%,且所述填充材料的体积分数为约10-90%,其中所述粉末能自由流动,且其中所述混合的粉末颗粒的尺寸小于约90微米且大于约5微米。
3.如权利要求1所述的粉末混合物,其中所述焊接金属基质的体积分数为约20-40%,且所述填充材料的体积分数为约60-80%,其中所述粉末能自由流动,且所述混合的粉末颗粒的尺寸小于约90微米且大于约5微米。
4.制造权利要求1所述的粉末混合物的方法,包括如下步骤:
提供焊接金属基质材料和填充材料;
将所述焊接金属基质材料成形为粉末颗粒;
将所述填充材料成形为粉末颗粒;以及
将所述焊接金属基质粉末颗粒和所述填充材料粉末颗粒混合至所需比例。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述焊接金属基质和所述填充材料的成形步骤均采用惰性或真空气体雾化法来进行。
6.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述焊接金属基质和所述填充材料的成形步骤各自采用以下方法中的一种或多种来进行:电化学沉淀、化学沉淀、水雾化或等离子气相沉积。
7.用于动态喷涂的复合粉末颗粒,其基本上由如下成分组成:
包含填充材料的具有高导热和导电性的内部组分,该填充材料具有如下材料中的一种或多种:铜(Cu)、金(Au)、镍(Ni)、镍-金(Ni-Au)、碳、银(Ag)、铝(Al)、钼(Mo)、镍(Ni)或镍-金(Ni-Au)涂敷的碳、铂族金属(PGM’s),以及它们的合金;和
包含焊接金属基质的外部组分,该焊接金属基质具有一种或多种如下材料:锡-银-铜(Sn-Ag-Cu)、锡-铜(Sn-Cu)、锡-铜-镍(Sn-Cu-Ni)、锡-银(Sn-Ag)、锡-银-铋(Sn-Ag-Bi)、锡-铋-铟(Sn-Bi-In)、锡-金(Au-Sn)、锡-锌(Sn-Zn)、锡-锌-铋(Sn-Zn-Bi)、锡-铋-银(Sn-Bi-Ag)、锡(Sn)、锡-铟(Sn-In)、铟(In)、铟-银(In-Ag)和锡-铅(Sn-Pb)。
8.如权利要求7所述的复合粉末颗粒,其中所述复合粉末颗粒的尺寸小于约90微米且大于约5微米。
9.制造权利要求7所述的粉末颗粒的方法,包括如下步骤:
提供内部组分;
将所述内部组分成形为粉末颗粒;
提供外部组分;以及
使用以下方法中的一种或多种将所述外部成分沉积到所述内部组分上:电化学方法、化学方法、物理气相沉积(PVD)和机械覆层法,
其中所述粉末能自由流动,且所述复合粉末颗粒的尺寸小于约90微米且大于约5微米。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述内部组分的成形步骤采用惰性或真空气体雾化法进行。
11.如权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述内部组分的成形步骤采用以下方法中的一种或多种进行:电化学沉积、化学沉积、水雾化或等离子气相沉积。
12.在基体上形成复合焊料涂层的方法,包括如下步骤:
提供包含固体金属基质材料和填充材料的粉末材料,其中所述固体金属基质材料是以下材料的一种或多种:锡-银-铜(Sn-Ag-Cu)、锡-铜(Sn-Cu)、锡-铜-镍(Sn-Cu-Ni)、锡-银(Sn-Ag)、锡-银-铋(Sn-Ag-Bi)、锡-铋-铟(Sn-Bi-In)、锡-金(Au-Sn)、锡-锌(Sn-Zn)、锡-锌-铋(Sn-Zn-Bi)、锡-铋-银(Sn-Bi-Ag)、锡(Sn)、锡-铟(Sn-In)、铟(In)、铟-银(In-Ag)和锡-铅(Sn-Pb),且其中所述填充材料为以下材料的一种或多种:铜(Cu)、金(Au)、镍(Ni)、镍-金(Ni-Au)、碳、银(Ag)、铝(Al)、钼(Mo)、镍(Ni)或镍-金(Ni-Au)涂敷的碳、铂族金属(PGM’s),以及它们的合金;
将所述粉末材料供应给动态喷涂设备;以及
在低于或等于环境压力的压力下将所述粉末材料经收敛-扩散喷嘴喷涂至所述基体上。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述粉末材料是单独的固体金属基质材料颗粒和填充材料颗粒的混合物。
14.如权利要求12的方法,其中所述粉末材料是复合粉末,其颗粒具有填充材料的内部组分和固体金属基质材料的外部组分。
15.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述动态喷涂步骤在真空条件下进行。
16.如权利要求12所述的方法,还包括将所述粉末材料预热至高于室温的步骤。
17.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述复合焊料涂层中的焊接金属基质的体积分数为约10-90%,且所述复合焊料涂层中的填充材料的体积分数为约10-90%。
18.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中所述复合焊料涂层中的焊接金属基质的体积分数为约20-40%,且所述复合焊料涂层中的填充材料的体积分数为约60-80%。
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2006
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US20080110531A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
JP2008137077A (ja) | 2008-06-19 |
EP2484795A2 (en) | 2012-08-08 |
CA2609565C (en) | 2016-02-16 |
JP5430060B2 (ja) | 2014-02-26 |
EP1921176A2 (en) | 2008-05-14 |
CA2609565A1 (en) | 2008-05-13 |
US7758916B2 (en) | 2010-07-20 |
JP2013144314A (ja) | 2013-07-25 |
US8034195B2 (en) | 2011-10-11 |
US20100243107A1 (en) | 2010-09-30 |
EP1921176A3 (en) | 2012-04-04 |
EP2484795A3 (en) | 2017-06-21 |
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CN102152019A (zh) | 2011-08-17 |
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