CN101061324B - 车轮轴承单元 - Google Patents

车轮轴承单元 Download PDF

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CN101061324B
CN101061324B CN2005800395151A CN200580039515A CN101061324B CN 101061324 B CN101061324 B CN 101061324B CN 2005800395151 A CN2005800395151 A CN 2005800395151A CN 200580039515 A CN200580039515 A CN 200580039515A CN 101061324 B CN101061324 B CN 101061324B
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rolling element
row
bearing unit
wheel bearing
diameter
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CN101061324A (zh
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P·尼布林
E·马苏尔
G·劳夫
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Schaeffler Technologies AG and Co KG
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FAG Kugelfischer AG and Co OHG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
    • F16C19/14—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load
    • F16C19/18—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
    • F16C19/14—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load
    • F16C19/18—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls
    • F16C19/181—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact
    • F16C19/183—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles
    • F16C19/184—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement
    • F16C19/186—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement with three raceways provided integrally on parts other than race rings, e.g. third generation hubs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B27/00—Hubs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B27/00—Hubs
    • B60B27/0005—Hubs with ball bearings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B27/00—Hubs
    • B60B27/0015—Hubs for driven wheels
    • B60B27/0021—Hubs for driven wheels characterised by torque transmission means from drive axle
    • B60B27/0026—Hubs for driven wheels characterised by torque transmission means from drive axle of the radial type, e.g. splined key
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B27/00—Hubs
    • B60B27/0078—Hubs characterised by the fixation of bearings
    • B60B27/0084—Hubs characterised by the fixation of bearings caulking to fix inner race
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60B—VEHICLE WHEELS; CASTORS; AXLES FOR WHEELS OR CASTORS; INCREASING WHEEL ADHESION
    • B60B27/00—Hubs
    • B60B27/0094—Hubs one or more of the bearing races are formed by the hub
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C19/00—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement
    • F16C19/02—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows
    • F16C19/14—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load
    • F16C19/18—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls
    • F16C19/181—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact
    • F16C19/183—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles
    • F16C19/184—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement
    • F16C19/185—Bearings with rolling contact, for exclusively rotary movement with bearing balls essentially of the same size in one or more circular rows for both radial and axial load with two or more rows of balls with angular contact with two rows at opposite angles in O-arrangement with two raceways provided integrally on a part other than a race ring, e.g. a shaft or housing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2240/00—Specified values or numerical ranges of parameters; Relations between them
    • F16C2240/40—Linear dimensions, e.g. length, radius, thickness, gap
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2240/00—Specified values or numerical ranges of parameters; Relations between them
    • F16C2240/40—Linear dimensions, e.g. length, radius, thickness, gap
    • F16C2240/70—Diameters; Radii
    • F16C2240/80—Pitch circle diameters [PCD]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C2326/00—Articles relating to transporting
    • F16C2326/01—Parts of vehicles in general
    • F16C2326/02—Wheel hubs or castors

Abstract

本发明涉及一种车轮轴承单元(1、4)，其具有至少一外部件(8、21)、至少一内部件(10)、至少两列位于外部件(8、21)和内部件之间的滚动体(11)，其中在外部件(8、21)上构成至少一个内滚道(15、16)并且在内部件(10)上构成至少一个外滚道(13、14)分别用于一列滚动体(11)。

Description

车轮轴承单元
技术领域
本发明涉及一种车轮轴承单元，其具有至少一个外部件、至少一个内部件和至少两列位于外部件和内部件之间的滚动体，其中在外部件上构成至少一个内滚道以及在内部件上构成至少一个外滚道分别用于一列滚动体。
背景技术
已知的车轮轴承单元具有相对较高的重量以及相对较低的轴承刚度。轴承刚度在此是指阻力，单元克服由负载引起的弹性偏移所施加的阻力。由轴承刚度引起倾翻刚度，其由在轴承上负载力矩与倾翻角度的比例得出，例如单位为Nm/°。倾翻刚度越小，则轴承在受载时倾翻越大，也就是说在负载相同时倾翻角度越大。所述负载是指这样的负载，其基本上在汽车的运行状态下作用在汽车车轮和所属的车轮悬架上。轴承刚度越小，则负载就会导致车轮系统更大的倾斜，这对汽车的行驶性能是有害的，特别是在拐弯驾驶时，还会对刹车的磨损和刹车的性能产生不利的影响。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是，提供一种具有较高轴承刚度的车轮轴承单元。
上述目的借助权利要求1特征部分的内容这样得以实现，即车轮轴承单元的滚动体列的分度圆直径TK与滚动体的直径dK的比例大于数值6。因此：
TK＞6·dK
对应于下面的边界条件：
分度圆是假想的圆，其中心点被车轮轴承单元的旋转轴线垂直地穿过，并且该圆在圆周上与一列滚动体的各滚动体中心相交或将它们彼此连接；
对于这样的车轮轴承单元，其中各列的分度圆直径彼此不相同，那么上述比例适用于分度圆直径最小的那列；
对于这样的车轮轴承单元，其中各列的分度圆直径是相同的，然而各列的滚动体的直径不相同，那么上述比例适用于滚动体直径最大的那列；
上述比例适用于用来支承非驱动车轮或驱动车轮的车轮轴承单元。驱动车轮例如与同步万向节的万向节外部件相耦合，如在具有前桥驱动的汽车上的转向车轮或在后桥结构上的驱动车轮；
此比例适用于单列、特别是双列或多列的滚珠轴承或滚柱轴承，特别适用于滚珠轴承，其中内部件通常与汽车车轮相连，外部件在汽车侧通过车轮支架或转向节固定；
此内部件是至少一个内圈，其具有滚道中的至少一个，也可选地是与轮毂或类似件成一单元的两个内圈，内圈位于所述轮毂上；或
此内部件是一轮毂或类似件，至少一个滚道直接地、因而没有中间连接内圈地构成在所述轮毂或类似件上；
外部件是至少一个外圈，其与一外壳体组装成一个单元。此外壳体例如是一车轮支架且具有固定元件用于汽车测上的固定；或
外部件是外壳体并且具有滚道中的至少一个，因而没有中间连接外圈地构成。
通过选择此比例，与在专业领域占主导地位的观点不同，即车轮轴承单元的尺寸必须选择得尽可能小。相对于现有技术的轴承而言，在相同的静承载量的情况下由于滚动体分度圆较大，由C0＝f0·i·z·dK 2·cosα0可知本发明轴承每列具有更多数量的滚珠，特别是当滚珠直径dK选择得尽可能小时。其中：
f0＝与轴承构造方式有关的系数
i＝滚动体的列数
α0＝轴承压力角
z＝滚动体的数量
刚度与例如滚动轴承材料的弹性模量、滚道紧贴性等因素有关，在很大程度上还与滚动体的数量和滚动体的直径有关。例如对于分度圆直径TK＝64至65mm并且具有14个直径dK＝12.7mm的滚动体的轴承而言，在根据现有技术的轴承中所产生的低于有利的高刚度的较小刚度，在本发明的车轮轴承单元中以相同的分度圆直径和21个直径dK＝11.112mm的滚动体可以获得上述高刚度。
轴承刚度，其按本发明相对于现有技术显著提升了约40％，从而提高了轴承倾翻刚度。提高了的轴承倾翻刚度使与负载有关的变形减小，因此减少了在制动圆盘上的变形。
本发明的构造规定，轴向上彼此相邻的两列之间的列距rL(滚动体中心至滚动体中心的轴向中心距离)至少相当于滚动体直径dK的1.22倍。因此：
rL＞＝1.22·dK
此外设置成，外部件的轴向轴承宽度bL至少是车轮轴承单元的最小滚动体的直径的三倍。因此：
bL＞＝3·dK
对应于下面的边界条件：
外部件的轴向轴承宽度是通过两个点与旋转轴线同向的、并与旋转轴线平行的最大的间距构成，所述两点是外部件的外轮廓在相同方向上彼此相隔最远的两个点，其中这两点优选构成在外圈的彼此背离且大多构为环状的端面上；
外部件的轴向轴承宽度可以大于或小于内部件的轴向轴承宽度。
最后，本发明的构造还规定，轴承横截面qL至少是车轮轴承单元的最小滚动体的直径的1.5倍。因而
qL＞＝1.5dK
对应于下面的边界条件：
轴承横截面通过利用内直径dL(内部件的自由内直径)表示的轴承孔之间的径向距离，并且通过外部件的直径DA或当外部件非旋转对称时通过外部件的外轮廓上的两个在旋转轴线上彼此对置的点P1和P2之间的最小径向距离DA确定，并由以下得出：
2qL＝DA-dL
点P1和P2位于一共同的通过其中一列滚动体的中心延伸的径向平面E内。此径向平面E穿过这样的滚动体列，即构成最小的径向距离DA的那一列。在按图2和3的实施例中，此滚动体列在图2的车轮轴承单元1中是右列，在图3的车轮轴承单元4中是左列。
对于有轮毂的车轮轴承单元，本发明的另一构造规定，内轮齿的齿顶圆直径dZ至少相当于外部件的轴向轴承宽度的尺寸。因而
dZ＞＝1·bL
对应于下面的边界条件：
轴向轴承宽度的定义见上面；
轮毂具有一径向向内、朝旋转轴线方向伸出的内轮齿。此内轮齿用来啮合入驱动轴头或类似件的外轮齿内。此轮毂至少与外滚道旋转固定地相耦合，也就是说，或者轮毂是内部件自身并且具有滚道中的至少一个，或者至少一内圈作为内部件位于轮毂上。
本发明的基它构造可由图1第8栏中的比例得出，显示为最小值，其直至本发明作出之前都无法在现有技术的车轮轴承单元上实现。这些数值都是示例，它们由本发明一实施例的在第1至7栏的第2行中确定的和在第1行中命名的参数获得。
附图说明
图2示出了本发明的一实施例并且标有对本发明重要的参数，其中车轮轴承单元1具有一轮毂2，所述轮毂2具有一内轮齿3。图3示出了具有一轮毂5的车轮轴承单元4的另一实施例并且标有对本发明重要的参数。所有附图都是沿着车轮轴承单元1或4的旋转轴线1a或4a的纵向剖视图，并且是没有按比例的。
轮毂2上的内轮齿3用来啮合入一未示出的驱动轴头的外轮齿。此轮毂2可旋转地支承在外部件8内，并且具有一凸缘9，用来固定一未示出的汽车车轮和一制动圆盘。形状为内圈6和7的内部件10位于轮毂2上，所述内圈分别具有一外滚道13或14，用来分别与一列形状为滚珠的滚动体11实现滚动接触。一列滚动体11在一保护架12中引导。外部件8作为凸缘体，替代了传统的外圈，并具有内滚道15或16，用于与滚动体11实现滚动接触。外部件8设置有一凸缘17，用来在汽车侧固定车轮轴承单元1。
用于非驱动车轮的车轮轴承单元4具有一轮毂5，在其上构成一用于一列滚动体11的内滚道18。一内圈19作为内部件10位于轮毂5上，所述内腔具有一个其它的内滚道20用于其它的滚动体11。车轮轴承单元4的外部件21与内滚道22和23一体构成，并且具有一凸缘24用于在汽车侧的固定。
附图标记清单
1.车轮轴承单元
1a旋转轴线
2轮毂
3内轮齿
4.车轮轴承单元
4a旋转轴线
5.轮毂
6内圈
7内圈
8外部件
9凸缘
10内部件
11滚动体
12保持架
13外滚道
14外滚道
15内滚道
16内滚道
17凸缘
18内滚道
19内圈
20内滚道
21外部件
22内滚道
23内滚道
24凸缘
α0轴承压力角
bL轴承宽度
DA径向距离
dK滚动体直径
dL内部件的内直径
dZ齿顶圆直径
qL轴承横截面
E径向平面
P1外轮廓的点
P2外轮廓的点
rL列距
TK分度圆直径

Claims (5)

1. 车轮轴承单元(1、4)，具有至少一个外部件(8、21)、至少一个内部件(10)、至少两列位于外部件(8、21)和内部件之间的滚动体(11)，其中在外部件(8、21)上构成至少一个内滚道(15、16)以及在内部件(10)上构成至少一个外滚道(13、14)分别用于一列滚动体(11)，其特征在于，车轮轴承单元(1、4)的至少一列滚动体的分度圆直径(TK)与相应滚动体列的滚动体(11)的直径(dK)的比例大于数值6，其中分度圆是一个假想的、与车轮轴承单元(1、4)的旋转轴线(1a、4a)同心的圆，该圆在圆周上将一列滚动体(11)的各滚动体中心彼此相连。
2. 按权利要求1所述的车轮轴承单元，其特征在于，滚动体列与滚动体列之间的列距(rL)至少相当于滚动体(11)的直径(dK)的1.22倍，其中此列距(rL)是各滚动体(11)的中心之间与旋转轴线(1a、4a)同向的轴向距离(rL)。
3. 按权利要求1所述的车轮轴承单元，其特征在于，外部件(8、21)的轴向轴承宽度(bL)至少是车轮轴承单元(1、4)的最小滚动体(11)的直径(dK)的三倍，其中轴向轴承宽度(bL)是外部件(8、21)的两个在轴向上相隔最远的外轮廓点之间与旋转轴线(1a、4a)同向的最大距离(bL)。
4. 按权利要求1所述的车轮轴承单元，其特征在于，轴承横截面至少相当于车轮轴承单元(1、4)的最小滚动体(11)的直径(dK)的1.5倍，其中轴承横截面(qL)是横向于旋转轴线(1a、4a)定向的径向距离(qL)，其由外部件(8、21)的最小外尺寸与轴承孔(dL)的自由内直径的差值获得，其中所述最小外尺寸是外轮廓的两个在旋转轴线上在一假想的、通过滚动体的中心延伸的径向平面内对置的点之间的径向距离。
5. 按权利要求1、2、3或4所述的车轮轴承单元，用于具有一轮毂(2)的车轮轴承单元，其中轮毂(2)具有一径向向内朝旋转轴线(1a、4a)伸出的内轮齿(3)用于啮合入一驱动轴头上的外轮齿内，并且轮毂至少与外滚道旋转固定地相耦合，其特征在于，内轮齿的齿顶圆直径(dZ)至少与外部件(8)的轴向轴承宽度(bL)一样大，其中轴向轴承宽度(bL)是外部件(8)的两个在轴向上彼此相隔最远的外轮廓点之间与旋转轴线(1a、4a)同向的最大距离(bL)。
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