CN1007619B - 用一种低温与非低温结合的分离方法从合成氨装置的吹扫气中回收氩 - Google Patents

用一种低温与非低温结合的分离方法从合成氨装置的吹扫气中回收氩

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Publication number
CN1007619B
CN1007619B CN87100950A CN87100950A CN1007619B CN 1007619 B CN1007619 B CN 1007619B CN 87100950 A CN87100950 A CN 87100950A CN 87100950 A CN87100950 A CN 87100950A CN 1007619 B CN1007619 B CN 1007619B
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
ammonia
methane
argon
hydrogen
nitrogen
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired
Application number
CN87100950A
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English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Other versions
CN87100950A (zh
Inventor
唐纳德L·麦克莱恩
拉曼切德瑞·克里希纳姆斯
史蒂文L·兰纳
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Messer LLC
Original Assignee
BOC Group Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BOC Group Inc filed Critical BOC Group Inc
Publication of CN87100950A publication Critical patent/CN87100950A/zh
Publication of CN1007619B publication Critical patent/CN1007619B/zh
Expired legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/0204—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the feed stream
    • F25J3/0219—Refinery gas, cracking gas, coke oven gas, gaseous mixtures containing aliphatic unsaturated CnHm or gaseous mixtures of undefined nature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/02—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography
    • B01D53/04—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by adsorption, e.g. preparative gas chromatography with stationary adsorbents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B23/00—Noble gases; Compounds thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
    • C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
    • C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
    • C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis
    • C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
    • C01C1/0476—Purge gas treatment, e.g. for removal of inert gases or recovery of H2
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
    • F25J3/0252—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of hydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J3/00—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification
    • F25J3/02—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream
    • F25J3/0228—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream
    • F25J3/028—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of noble gases
    • F25J3/0285—Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous or liquefied gaseous mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream characterised by the separated product stream separation of noble gases of argon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
    • B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
    • B01D2253/102—Carbon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2253/00—Adsorbents used in seperation treatment of gases and vapours
    • B01D2253/10—Inorganic adsorbents
    • B01D2253/106—Silica or silicates
    • B01D2253/108—Zeolites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2256/00—Main component in the product gas stream after treatment
    • B01D2256/18—Noble gases
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/10—Single element gases other than halogens
    • B01D2257/102—Nitrogen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/10—Single element gases other than halogens
    • B01D2257/108—Hydrogen
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/40—Nitrogen compounds
    • B01D2257/406—Ammonia
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/70—Organic compounds not provided for in groups B01D2257/00 - B01D2257/602
    • B01D2257/702—Hydrocarbons
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
    • B01D2259/40—Further details for adsorption processes and devices
    • B01D2259/402—Further details for adsorption processes and devices using two beds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2259/00—Type of treatment
    • B01D2259/40—Further details for adsorption processes and devices
    • B01D2259/404—Further details for adsorption processes and devices using four beds
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/40—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using hybrid system, i.e. combining cryogenic and non-cryogenic separation techniques
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/60—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using adsorption on solid adsorbents, e.g. by temperature-swing adsorption [TSA] at the hot or cold end
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2205/00—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means
    • F25J2205/80—Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means using membrane, i.e. including a permeation step
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2210/00—Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream
    • F25J2210/20—H2/N2 mixture, i.e. synthesis gas for or purge gas from ammonia synthesis
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/129—Energy recovery, e.g. by cogeneration, H2recovery or pressure recovery turbines
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S62/00—Refrigeration
    • Y10S62/902—Apparatus
    • Y10S62/908—Filter or absorber

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Separation Of Gases By Adsorption (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
CN87100950A 1986-02-24 1987-02-24 用一种低温与非低温结合的分离方法从合成氨装置的吹扫气中回收氩 Expired CN1007619B (zh)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/832,206 US4689062A (en) 1986-02-24 1986-02-24 Argon recovery from ammonia plant purge gas utilizing a combination of cryogenic and non-cryogenic separating means
US06/832,206 1986-02-24

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN87100950A CN87100950A (zh) 1987-10-21
CN1007619B true CN1007619B (zh) 1990-04-18

Family

ID=25260986

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN87100950A Expired CN1007619B (zh) 1986-02-24 1987-02-24 用一种低温与非低温结合的分离方法从合成氨装置的吹扫气中回收氩

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US4689062A (enExample)
EP (1) EP0234895B1 (enExample)
JP (1) JPS62223587A (enExample)
CN (1) CN1007619B (enExample)
AU (1) AU578385B2 (enExample)
CA (1) CA1273865A (enExample)
DE (1) DE3783478T2 (enExample)
NO (1) NO870721L (enExample)
ZA (1) ZA871188B (enExample)

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US4861361A (en) * 1988-09-27 1989-08-29 The Boc Group, Inc. Argon and nitrogen coproduction process
US5100447A (en) * 1990-08-30 1992-03-31 The Boc Group, Inc. Argon recovery from partial oxidation based ammonia plant purge gases
US5220797A (en) * 1990-09-28 1993-06-22 The Boc Group, Inc. Argon recovery from argon-oxygen-decarburization process waste gases
US5106399A (en) * 1991-02-25 1992-04-21 Union Carbide Industrial Gases Technology Corporation Argon purification system
JPH04322713A (ja) * 1991-04-19 1992-11-12 Kanebo Ltd 窒素ガス分離方法及び装置
EP0520672A3 (en) * 1991-06-24 1993-06-16 The Boc Group, Inc. Method of removing gases and light hydrocarbons from gas streams
US5160512A (en) * 1992-01-13 1992-11-03 Cleveland State University Gas separation process
US5968232A (en) * 1993-03-08 1999-10-19 Whitlock; David R. Method for ammonia production
US5332424A (en) * 1993-07-28 1994-07-26 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Hydrocarbon fractionation by adsorbent membranes
US5570582A (en) * 1994-03-10 1996-11-05 The Boc Group, Inc. Cryogenic refrigeration method for use in connection with a cryogenic temperature swing adsorption process
KR970008347B1 (ko) * 1994-04-12 1997-05-23 한국에너지기술연구소 암모니아 퍼지가스에서 아르곤 및 수소를 고농도로 분리하는 흡착분리방법과 그 장치
US5792239A (en) * 1994-10-21 1998-08-11 Nitrotec Corporation Separation of gases by pressure swing adsorption
US5707425A (en) * 1994-10-21 1998-01-13 Nitrotec Corporation Helium recovery from higher helium content streams
US5632803A (en) * 1994-10-21 1997-05-27 Nitrotec Corporation Enhanced helium recovery
US5647227A (en) * 1996-02-29 1997-07-15 Membrane Technology And Research, Inc. Membrane-augmented cryogenic methane/nitrogen separation
US5669958A (en) * 1996-02-29 1997-09-23 Membrane Technology And Research, Inc. Methane/nitrogen separation process
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FR2758475B1 (fr) * 1997-01-20 1999-02-26 Air Liquide Procede et installation de production d'hydrogene de haute purete
US5775128A (en) * 1997-05-02 1998-07-07 Praxair Technology, Inc. Process for producing ammonia and recovering argon using low purity oxygen
US5906673A (en) * 1997-05-15 1999-05-25 Nitrotec Corporation Pressure swing system with auxiliary adsorbent bed
SG76635A1 (en) * 1999-03-10 2000-11-21 Japan Pionics Process and apparatus for recovering ammonia
DE60311689T2 (de) 2002-03-16 2007-06-14 Haldor Topsoe A/S Wiedergewinnung von Ammoniak aus einem Ablassgasstrom
FR2873594B1 (fr) * 2004-07-28 2006-09-29 Air Liquide Installation de production d'oxygene de haute purete
FR2938451B1 (fr) * 2008-11-18 2019-11-01 L'air Liquide Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude Adsorbeurs radiaux monolits en serie
CN102223980B (zh) 2008-11-25 2014-04-30 苏威氟有限公司 防腐蚀焊剂
FR2946418B1 (fr) * 2009-06-05 2011-06-24 Air Liquide Procede et appareil de recuperation d'argon dans une unite de separation d'un gaz de purge de synthese d'ammoniac
SG182501A1 (en) * 2010-01-29 2012-08-30 Exxonmobil Res & Eng Co Hydrogen utilization within a refinery network
WO2011098120A1 (en) 2010-02-10 2011-08-18 Solvay Fluor Gmbh Flux forming an insoluble brazing residue
DE202010017865U1 (de) 2010-02-10 2013-01-16 Solvay Fluor Gmbh Flussmittel zur Bildung eines nichtlöslichen Lötrückstandes
CA2990793C (en) * 2011-03-01 2019-04-09 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Methods of removing contaminants from a hydrocarbon stream by swing adsorption and related apparatus and systems
WO2012161826A1 (en) * 2011-03-01 2012-11-29 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Methods of removing contaminants from a hydrocarbon stream by swing adsorption and related apparatus and systems
US9675925B2 (en) 2014-07-25 2017-06-13 Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company Apparatus and system having a valve assembly and swing adsorption processes related thereto
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WO2020126090A1 (en) 2018-12-20 2020-06-25 Solvay Sa Brazing flux, brazing flux composition and process for manufacturing
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE3783478T2 (de) 1993-05-06
EP0234895A3 (en) 1988-11-02
CN87100950A (zh) 1987-10-21
NO870721L (no) 1987-08-25
ZA871188B (en) 1987-09-30
EP0234895B1 (en) 1993-01-13
EP0234895A2 (en) 1987-09-02
AU6919687A (en) 1987-09-03
US4689062A (en) 1987-08-25
JPS62223587A (ja) 1987-10-01
DE3783478D1 (de) 1993-02-25
NO870721D0 (no) 1987-02-23
CA1273865A (en) 1990-09-11
JPH0367725B2 (enExample) 1991-10-24
AU578385B2 (en) 1988-10-20

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