CN100575812C - 利用太阳能的空腔型材 - Google Patents

利用太阳能的空腔型材 Download PDF

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CN100575812C
CN100575812C CN200480003413A CN200480003413A CN100575812C CN 100575812 C CN100575812 C CN 100575812C CN 200480003413 A CN200480003413 A CN 200480003413A CN 200480003413 A CN200480003413 A CN 200480003413A CN 100575812 C CN100575812 C CN 100575812C
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H·欣特内德
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Abstract

一种空腔型材(10，70)用于太阳能、尤其是用于吸收屋顶等的屋顶遮盖，该空腔型材具有一个透明的上部件(12，72)和一个吸收辐射的下部件(14)，它们共同通过双组分挤出法由塑料制成并且在空腔型材(10，70)的内部中通过沿纵向延伸的板条(20，…30)以这样的方式相互连接，使得构成用于一种载热介质的平行通流通道(34，…48)。所述上部件(12，72)在其外侧面上配有一个覆盖层(50)，它与上部件(12，72)和下部件(14)一起通过双组分挤出法与共挤出法相结合地由一种吸收紫外辐射分量的并透过其余分量的塑料制成。

Description

利用太阳能的空腔型材
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于利用太阳能的空腔型材。
背景技术
上述空腔型材形式的太阳集热器提供了一种利用太阳照射的方法。例如在DE 27 49 490中示出一个这样的型材结构，它同时作为屋顶盖板的构件并因此适合于遮盖吸收式屋顶。一种通流该型材的载热介质如空气接收通过太阳照射加热的型材的热量，并且将它们通过一个汇集管道或类似结构输出到楼宇中。
为了形成一种封闭的、风化密封的屋顶表面，使板形空腔型材并排平放地设置并且通过槽-弹簧插连接机构相互连接。每个型材包括一个透明的上部件和一个吸收辐射的、即例如染成黑色的下部件，它们通过在纵向上延伸的板条以这种方式相互连接，使得在内部构成平行的通流通道。上部件和下部件通过双组分挤出法(Zwei-Komponenten-Extrusion)一起由具有所期望特性的塑料制成。
但是已经证实已知的空腔型材的不充分的风化抵抗力存在问题。尤其是由一般的塑料制成的透明上部件要承受强烈的太阳照射，因此使得它们在使用寿命期间褪色和不透明。此外出现结构方面的损坏，由此不再能够满足抗冲击和耐踩踏方面的要求。在这种情况下存在例如通过冰雹撞击或者在踩踏屋顶时出现损伤所述型材的危险。因为这种不利的效果主要由于阳光的侵蚀性紫外辐射分量引起，所以已经提出建议，使上部件在其外表面上配有一个UV防护漆层。但是这种漆层明显降低了表面的缺口冲击韧性。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的是，实现一种上述形式的空腔型材，它抵抗太阳光的紫外辐射分量并因此比已知的空腔型材具有更长的使用寿命。
这个目的按照本发明通过一个用于利用太阳能的空腔型材得以实现。该空腔型材具有一个透明的上部件和一个吸收辐射的下部件，它们共同地通过双组分挤出法由塑料制成，并且在空腔型材内部中通过沿纵向延伸的板条相互连接，使得构成用于一种载热介质的平行通流通道，所述上部件在其外侧面上配有一个覆盖层，该覆盖层与上部件和下部件一起通过双组分挤出法与共挤出法相结合地由一种吸收紫外辐射分量的、并透过其余分量的塑料制成，所述下部件利用玻璃纤维进行强化。
按照本发明的空腔型材的上部件在其外表面上配有一个覆盖层，该覆盖层由一种塑料制成，它吸收紫外辐射分量并且对其余分量是透明的。这种吸收UV的覆盖层与上部件和下部件一起通过双组分挤出法与共挤出法(Coextrusion)相结合进行加工。
与常见的UV漆层相比，所述塑料覆盖层保证所需的缺口冲击韧性并且阻止紫外辐射分量，使得所述空腔型材的透明上部件持久地免受侵蚀性的辐射的侵蚀，并且保持其光学和机械特性。因此所述上部件长时间地保持抵抗褪色和变得不透明的能力并保证其机械强度。不损坏对于其余分量的透明度，因此保持型材的效率。通过双组分挤出法与共挤出法相结合特别简单且高效地实现不同组成部件的共同加工，而且同时保证彼此重叠的接触层的可靠连接。
在一个优选的实施例中附加地存在至少一个向温的层(thermo-tropeSchicht)，它或者位于覆盖层上或者插入到上部件与覆盖层之间，并且与上部件、下部件和覆盖层一起通过双组分挤出法与共挤出法相结合地由塑料制成。向温的层的透明度与温度有关。通过适当地选择层材料可以防止过度加热空腔型材的内部。即，如果这样选择向温的层的塑料材料，使得它在高温时变得不透明并因此不再可以透过太阳照射，那么就可以避免整个系统过度热负荷。
在另一优选实施例中所述UV-吸收的覆盖层的透明度本身以上述方式与温度有关。
所述空腔型材的下部件最好通过玻璃纤维进行强化。这一点在不同的方面都是有利的。例如玻璃纤维强化的下部件的内侧面可以具有一个增加的表面粗糙度，因此干扰载热介质的线性流动并产生紊流，该紊流改善热传递。通过这种方法实现较高的空腔型材效率。
此外所述下部件最好可以具有一个比上部件更微小的热膨胀率。通过玻璃纤维强化可以使下部件的热膨胀等于下部件的热膨胀，因此所述空腔型材的这两个部件尽管处于不同的温度但是也具有相同的热膨胀，并且在屋顶表面加热时不会导致挠曲和不密封。
在另一优选实施例中，在空腔型材内部设置一个与上部件底面间隔距离的绝缘层，它与上部件、下部件、覆盖层以及与可能存在的向温的层一起通过双组分挤出法与共挤出法相结合地由塑料制成。因此在这个绝缘层与上部件之间可以构成一个隔热的空气垫，该空气垫能够防止热量从空腔型材传递到屋顶的外表面并产生损失。
此外最好使将上部件与下部件连接的板条分别由上部件和下部件的一部分构成，更确切地说以这种方式使得从下部件伸出的板条部分与从上部件伸出的板条部分的高度比在2∶1至3∶1之间。因此不仅使空腔型材内部的下壁表面、而且使板条的绝大部分都是吸收的。即使当太阳照射倾斜地入射到空腔型材上时，这种结构也能够实现一个良好的效率，因为在这种情况下辐射可以良好地由板条的吸收部分接收。
附图说明
下面借助于附图详细描述本发明的优选实施例。
图1示出一个按照本发明的空腔型材的一个第一实施例的侧视截面图，
图2示出对应于图1的空腔型材第二实施例的截面图。
具体实施方式
所述空腔型材10在图1中包括一个上部件12和一个下部件14，它们由不同的塑料制成并且通过双组分挤出法进行加工。所述空腔型材10能够以下面还要描述的方式与另一相同形式的空腔型材10以这种方式拼接到一起，使得一个吸收屋顶的屋顶表面为了接收太阳照射而完全被遮盖。在这种结构中所述上部件12构成屋顶表面的外表面，而面对要被遮盖楼宇的内表面由下部件14构成。所述上部件12和下部件14在它们各自的侧面棱边上相互顶靠，由此在空腔型材10内部中围成一个空腔。构成空腔型材10的外壁16，18的上部件12和下部件14的部件相互间凹下地弯曲，因此所述空腔型材10的横截面例如在其中间部位处变细。
所述空腔型材10内部的空腔通过许多平行的、在型材10纵向上延伸的板条20，22，24，26，28，30分成许多平行的通流通道34，36，38，40，42，44，46，48，它们可以通流一种未示出的载热介质、尤其是空气。通流的载热介质接收空腔型材10的热量，该空腔型材通过太阳照射被加热，并使热量通过一个未示出的公共汇集管道等排放到楼宇内部。
为了使所述空腔型材10可以尽可能有效地发挥其作为太阳集热器的功能，所述上部件12由一种塑料制成，它对于太阳照射是透明的，而所述下部件14尽可能有效地吸收透过上部件12的辐射。这两个部件12，14可以由聚碳酸脂制成，它在上部件12情况下是透明的，而下部件14是染成黑色的。
所述上部件12在其对应于屋顶表面的外侧面上配有一个由一种塑料制成的覆盖层50，该塑料吸收紫外辐射分量并且对其余分量是透明的。通过所述覆盖层50防止位于其下面的空腔型材10组成部分持续地受到侵蚀的紫外辐射的损坏，并且使其光学和机械特性变差。尤其是能够避免所述上部件12在长时间内变得不透明或褪色，并且还能够保持整个结构的断裂强度、冲击强度和踩踏强度。所述空腔型材10的效率通过覆盖层50不会受到不利影响。该覆盖层50与上部件12和下部件14一起通过双组分挤出法与共挤出法相结合地进行加工，因此通过尽可能简单的加工方法同时可以保证各个层相互间的良好连接。
此外可以使在图1中未示出的其它层以类似的方式安置在上部件12上。尤其是可以在覆盖层50上或者在上部件12与覆盖层50之间设置有向温的层，该层与上部件12、下部件14和覆盖层50一起通过双组分挤出法与共挤出法相结合地由塑料制成，并且其透明度根据温度变化。如果对于所述向温的层选择一种在高温时不透过辐射的材料，则通过这种方法可以防止空腔型材10内部过热。当然可以使所述覆盖层50的透明度本身与温度有关，因此加入或涂覆附加的向温的层是多余的。
制成下部件14的塑料通过玻璃纤维进行强化并具有一个粗糙的表面。通过所述粗糙化阻止穿过通流通道34，...，48的层流，由此产生紊流，它有助于使热量从下部件14输出到载热介质。由此改善所述空腔型材10的效率。此外所述下部件14通过玻璃纤维强化具有一个如同上部件12较微小的热膨胀率，因此这两个部件12，14在不同的加热时不会相互扭曲，并且避免挠曲、不密封和类似问题。
所述板条22，...30分别由一个从上部件12伸出的部分52和一个从下部件14伸出的部分54组成。这一点例如在板条22上示出。这样设计分别从上部件和下部件14伸出的板条部分52，54的尺寸，使得从下部件14伸出的板条部分54高于从上部件12伸出的板条部分52的尺寸。在板条22的情况下所述下板条部分54与上板条部分52的高度比例约为2∶1至3∶1。因此所述板条22，...，30绝大部分是吸收的，因此即使在辐射倾斜地射到空腔型材10上时也可以达到一个高效率。
所述下部件14最后包括固定机构，用于使各个空腔型材10相互间实现槽-弹簧连接。在图1中空腔型材10的左棱边处所述空腔型材10通过一个安置在板条20上的弹簧板条56封闭，并且在其内部围成通流通道34。在对面的右侧上通过板条30的一部分和两个从这个板条伸出的腔壁58，60围成一个槽62，另一未示出的空腔型材10的一个相应的弹簧板条56能够插进这个槽中。为了在槽62中实现一个弹簧板条56的可靠固定，所述弹簧板条56在其对置的表面上具有卡锁齿64，它们用于啮合到在槽62的腔壁58，60上的相应齿条66中。此外每个空腔型材10在其下部件14上配有未示出的固定机构如夹子等，通过它们可以固定在要被遮盖的楼宇上。
图2中的空腔型材70的下部件14与图1中的空腔型材10的下部件是全等的，因此不再在这里描述其细节。所述上部件72与图1一样由透明塑料制成，该塑料被一个不透过UV辐射的、同样由塑料制成的覆盖层50覆盖。此外在上部件72的底面上伸出板条部分52，它与下部件14的相应板条部分54构成在空腔型材70内部中在纵向上延伸的板条。与图1的结构相比，在这里所示的上部件72包括一个由透明塑料制成的附加绝缘层74，它与上部件72的底侧面间隔距离。它使各个板条部分52相互连接并且在上部件72的整个宽度上延伸。因此在上部件72的底面与绝缘层74之间使通流通道分隔成另一些腔室76，它们包括一个空气垫并且在很大程度上防止热量从空腔型材70内部传递到外界空气。因此该绝缘层74提高效率。它能够与空腔型材的其余组成部分一起、尤其是与下部件14、上部件74、与覆盖层50和必要时的其它向温的层一起通过双挤出机与共挤出法相结合地制成。
尽管在这里所述的实施例专门适用于覆盖吸收屋顶，但是可以设想，在本发明构思内的空腔型材可以以其它方式用作太阳集热器并相应地构成。

Claims (6)

1.利用太阳能的空腔型材(10，70)，该空腔型材具有一个透明的上部件(12，72)和一个吸收辐射的下部件(14)，它们共同地通过双组分挤出法由塑料制成，并且在空腔型材(10，70)内部中通过沿纵向延伸的板条(20，...，30)相互连接，使得构成用于一种载热介质的平行通流通道(34，...，48)，所述上部件(12，72)在其外侧面上配有一个覆盖层(50)，该覆盖层与上部件(12，72)和下部件(14)一起通过双组分挤出法与共挤出法相结合地由一种吸收紫外辐射分量的、并透过其余分量的塑料制成，其特征在于，所述下部件(14)利用玻璃纤维进行强化。
2.如权利要求1所述的空腔型材，其特征在于，在覆盖层上或在上部件(12，72)与覆盖层(50)之间附加地覆上或插入至少一个向温的层，该向温的层与上部件(12，72)、下部件(14)和覆盖层(50)一起通过双组分挤出法与共挤出法相结合地由塑料制成，并且该向温的层的透明度与温度有关。
3.如权利要求1所述的空腔型材，其特征在于，所述覆盖层(50)本身的透明度与温度有关并且是在高温时变得不透明。
4.如权利要求1所述的空腔型材，其特征在于，所述下部件(14)具有一个比上部件(12，72)更微小的热膨胀率。
5.如上述权利要求1-4中任一项所述的空腔型材，其特征在于，在空腔型材内部中设置一个与上部件(72)的底侧面间隔距离的绝缘层，该绝缘层与上部件(72)、下部件(14)和覆盖层(50)一起通过双组分挤出法与共挤出法相结合地由塑料制成。
6.如上述权利要求1-4中任一项所述的空腔型材，其特征在于，所述板条(20，...，30)构成上部件(12，72)和下部件(14)的一部分，使得从下部件(14)伸出的板条部分(54)与从上部件(12，72)伸出的板条部分(52)的高度比在2∶1至3∶1之间。
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