CN1005535B - 烟气的处理方法 - Google Patents
烟气的处理方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及将燃煤烟气送入干式脱硝装置去除氧化氮,然后在后侧设置干式电除尘装置和湿式排烟脱硫装置以进行除尘的烟气处理方法,其特征是往该干式脱硝装置和该干式电除尘装置之间的烟气中喷入含调质剂的溶液,使其固态干燥物同灰尘一起捕集在该干式电除尘装置中。
Description
本发明涉及含硫化物和灰尘等有害成分的煤燃烧烟气的处理方法,特别是提供改进干式电除尘装置性能的同时,也使湿式排烟除硫装置无废液或很少废液的方法。
近年来,由于燃料供应形势恶化,廉价燃料来源的煤被重新得到重视。这种燃煤烟气中含有数克~数十克/mN的灰尘,数百ppm~数千ppm的氧化硫,数百ppm的氧化氮等多种有害成分,如何有效地去除这些有害成分,是使人们的注意力从重油一类昂贵燃料转移到廉价的煤所必须解决的问题。
从防止大气污染观点来看,用填充催化剂的干式脱硝装置去除燃煤烟气中所含的氧化氮,然后用设置在其后的干式电除尘装置除尘之后,使用湿式石灰-石膏法去除氧化硫及灰尘的装置正在逐步得到实用。
因此,无论烟气中含尘量多少,从防止大气污染观点来看,都要求干法电除尘装置有高除尘效率。
灰尘的电阻值对干式电除尘装置的性能的影响很大,灰尘的电阻价值越高除尘器性能越差。
众所周知,灰尘的电阻值受其中所含成分的影响,受碱成分、特别是钠的含量的影响很大,若钠含量低,则灰尘的电阻值提高,使电除尘装置的性能降低。钠含量随煤的种类而异,在使用多种煤作为燃料时,有时还必须使用钠含量低的煤,使电除尘装置性能降低。为止,传统的作法是将碳酸钠混入所用燃煤中,以便增加灰尘中的钠含量。
以下根据图2说明传统的烟气处理的方法。
在燃煤锅炉1中,由供煤管2供煤使之燃烧。此时,为了提高干式电除尘装置的性能,由调质剂供料管3将碳酸钠等调质剂混入煤中,燃煤锅炉中产生的烟气通过烟道4进入填充催化剂的干式脱硝装置6,由作为还原气体而加入的氨气5去除其中的氧化氮。然后通过烟道7进入高温空气加热器8,在高温空气加热器中,烟气与由空气流入管10进入的空气进行热交换,由于热交换而升温的空气,通过锅炉供气管11送至锅炉,作为煤的燃烧空气用。另一方面,从高温空气加热器8排出的烟气通过烟管道9进入干式电除尘装置12,除去烟气中的灰尘。然后通过13将灰尘排出系统。此后,除去了大部分灰尘的烟气通过烟道14供入低温气体加热器15,并在其中与通过烟道18来自湿式脱硫装置17的排气进行热交换,冷却后由管道16进入湿式脱硫装置17。在湿式脱硫装置17中喷成雾状的吸收液和烟气接触,吸收去除烟气中的亚硫酸气体。从湿式脱硫装置17流出的排气在低温气体加热器15中升温,然后通过烟道19排出系统外。通过管道20将石灰浆和根据需要加入的氧化促进剂供入湿式脱硫装置17,在装置17中吸收亚硫酸气体并生成亚硫酸钙,亚硫酸钙被烟气中的氧气进一步氧化而生成石膏。由于在装置17中水分蒸发,故通过管道28向其中供入相应的补给水。湿式脱硫装置17中生成的石膏浆由管道21送至脱水机22,在脱水机22中进行脱水,生成副产品石膏23,可将石膏从系统内取出而加利用。与此同时脱水机22的滤液通过管道24送入原料槽25以作为吸收液调制用,在原料槽25中,滤液与由管道26供入的吸收剂石灰石或消石灰等混合。为了调节系统杂质浓度,一部分滤液由管道27排出,并送至废液处理装置29,通过管道30往废液处理装置29中加入消石灰等废液中和剂,使废液中的硫酸根离子和溶解的金属以石膏和氢氧化物形态析出,固体物泥浆31排出系统。通过废液排放管道32,将固体析出后的废液排出系统外。
上述传统方法的缺点如下
(1)为改进干式电除尘装置12性能而混入煤中的碳酸钠等,使灰尘中钠的浓度增高,使充填于脱硝装置6中的催化剂上附着的灰尘增多,将导致该脱硝装置6的压力损失增大。同时促使催化剂恶化。
作为燃煤烟气脱硝装置的催化剂,其载体主要采用二氧化钛、二氧化硅、氧化镁和氧化铕等多孔质材料,其活化物主要采用钒、钨、锰和铬等金属的氧化物或硫酸盐。形状为栅格状,蜂窝状,管状或板状等。该脱硝催化剂由于混入烟气中的钠、钾等的碱金属盐而使其活性降低、其混入比例越大,活性降低越厉害,因此,进入干式脱硝装置的烟气中钠浓度增加会促使催化剂恶化,从而需要更换催化剂,这是不经济的。此外,脱硝装置6的压力损失也会在短期内增加,因此,锅炉必须停炉清扫去除积灰,这是很麻烦的。
(2)为了防止湿式脱硝装置17内积留杂质,要进行废液处理。来自排放管的排放液,是除掉了硫酸根离子、溶解金属物以及大部分悬浮固体的中性液体,但氯化物的溶解度大,它仍然以氯离子形态残留下来。因此,如果将这种排放液作为湿式脱硫装置17的补给水,氯离子便不能排出,将高浓度地积存在系统内,腐蚀装置材料并降低脱硫性能,而且带来结垢等问题,因此不能将排放液用作湿式脱硫装置17的补给水。
(3)需要进行泥浆处理
虽然副产品石膏可以作为水泥和板材原料而具有利用价值,但是含有各种杂七杂八金属氧化物、石膏和粉尘的泥浆却没有利用价值,而且在废弃之前必须进行无害化处理。
本发明提出的方法克服了传统方法的上述缺点。不会使适用于干式脱硝装置的催化剂恶化,也不会使压力损失增加,能改善干式电除尘装置的性能,同时使湿式脱硫装置排出的废液减少或无废液排出。
本发明方法是在传统的将烧煤烟气进入干式脱硝装置去除氧化氮,然后进入设置于其后的干式电除尘器和湿式烟气脱硫装置除尘的方法中,以在该干式脱硝装置和干式电除尘器之间向烟气中喷入含有调质剂的溶液,使干燥固体和灰尘一起收集在该干式电除尘装置作为特征的烟气处理方法。
通过以下的详细说明和附图,可进一步地了解本发明的目的、特征和效益。
图1是表示本发明一个实施例的流程图,图2是表示传统方法的流程图。
以下根据图1说明本发明方法的一个实施例。图1中与图2相同的符号表示同一部件,故省略其部件和作用的说明。即图1中的1,2,4-28与图2完全相同。图1中删除了图2中的29-32,增加了含调质剂溶液的喷雾装置33,在废液管道27的途中设置了调质剂供给管3。
从湿式脱硫装置17出来的石膏浆由管道21供入脱水机22,作为副产品石膏取出。同时脱水机22的部分滤液放入管道27,由调质剂供给管3向管道27中添加碳酸钠、氢氧化钠、硫酸钠等调质剂。然后通过喷雾装置33向干式脱硝装置6和干式电除尘装置12之间烟道9中的含尘高温烟气喷雾。利用烟道9中的烟气热能,使含有调质剂的喷雾中的水分蒸发并干燥固化,与灰尘一起被捕集在干式电除尘装置12中,由捕集管13排出系统。
此时,调质剂的添加量应使进入干式电除尘装置12的灰尘中的钠含量按氧化钠折算为0.5~3Wt%。这样就能使灰尘的电阻值降低,从而提高干式电除尘装置12的除尘效率。
作为喷雾装置33,使用超声波喷雾那样的能使喷雾液分散成100μ以下的微粒的喷嘴更为有效,这是由于如果分散成微粒,能使烟气中的喷雾液更快干燥和固化,还可使作为调质剂添加的钠同灰尘能更均匀地混合,从而降低灰尘的电阻值的缘故。
为了提高电除尘装置12的效率,不仅如上所述,使喷雾液形成微粒,而且最好是增加喷雾液量。但是,如果喷雾液量过多,液体不能完全蒸发掉,给电除尘装置12带来不利影响,同时废气的温度下除过低,对后面设备影响很大。因此喷雾液量通常以烟气能使其蒸发达到最大蒸发量的1/3左右为宜,这种喷雾液量还能使烟气温度降不超过15℃。另外如果只希望改善电除尘装置12性能,可以将来自排烟脱硫装置17的废液进行一般处理,通过另外的途径自喷雾装置33喷入含调质剂的溶液。
根据本发明方法,能改善干式电尘装置的性能,而不会引起干式脱硝催化剂的活性降低和脱硝装置的压力损失上升。此外,传统的湿式脱硫装置要求废液处理的主要原因之一,是氯离子在系统内积存,然而按照本发明方法,氯离子能以固体的氯化物和灰尘一起从管道13排出,因而不需上述的废液处理。而且,本发明方法中,由于将燃煤锅炉烟气用作废液蒸发的热源,无须从外部提供蒸发所需要的大量能量,其经济性亦极佳。
实施例1
由图1表出的处理能力为4000m3N/H燃煤烟气的中间工厂实施了本发明。
表1示出废液无喷雾状态下干式电除尘装置12入口处的烟气性质。
表1干式电除尘装置12入口处烟气性质
烟气流量 4000m3/H
烟气温度 170℃
烟气中水分含量 8.1%
SO2浓度 420ppm
HCl浓度 3ppm
HF浓度 6ppm
灰尘含量 18.5g/m3N
干式电除尘装置的操作条件为:当每单位烟气量的集尘面积是27m2/m3S-1电流密度是0.3mA/m2时,除尘装置出口烟气中灰尘的浓度为2.1g/m3N。捕集灰尘中钠的浓度按氧化钠形态计为0.1Wt%。
然后在来自湿式脱硫装置17的流量为40l/H的废液中,通过调质剂供给管3供入流量为1.3kg/H的碳酸钠。通过装在内径为400mm圆管9中心处的,利用空气的超声波双流体喷嘴(喷嘴装置33),一边吹入空气,一边向烟气中喷雾。喷入的废液立即被蒸发干燥,以固体形态同灰尘一起被捕集体在电除尘装置12中。此时,干式电除尘装置出口处灰尘浓度为950mg/m3N,捕集下的灰尘中钠浓度以氧化钠形态计为1.1Wt%,干式电除尘装置出口处烟气中氯化氢气体浓度为3ppm,与喷雾前相同,证实了氯离子以固体氯化物形态被除掉了。
此实施例证实了,如依据本发明方法,能改善干式电除尘装置性能,同时能使湿式脱硫装置无废液排出。
实施例2
改变实施例1的碳酸钠的加入量,进行干式电除尘装置12的性能试验,得到表2所示之结果,证实了本发明的有效性。
表2 干式电除尘装置的除尘试验结果
碳酸钠 灰尘中氧 干式电除尘装
加入量 化钠浓度 置除尘效率
(kg/H) (Wt%) (%)
0 0.1 88.6
1.3 0.1 94.9
2.5 2.0 96.1
3.3 2.6 96.4
Claims (4)
1、将燃煤烟气送入干式脱硝装置去除氧化氮然后在后侧设置干式电除尘装置和湿式排烟脱硫装置,进行除尘的烟气处理方法,其特征是,在上述干式电除尘装置入口的烟道(9)中,喷入含有钠化合物的调质剂含有液,且其喷液量为能使烟气的温度降低15℃以内,将干燥固形物同灰尘一起被捕集在该干式电除尘装置中。
2、根据权利要求1所述之烟气处理方法,其特征是,用作含调质剂的溶液是将湿式排烟脱硫装置排出废液的全部或一部分中添加调质剂而得到的溶液。
3、根据权利要求1所述之烟气处理方法,其特征是,上述含调质剂溶液的喷雾液滴是100μ以下的微粒。
4、根据权利要求1所述之烟气处理方法,其特征是,上述调质剂溶液中含的钠添加量,按进入上述干式电除尘装置的灰尘中的氧化钠计量,在0.5~3(重量)%范围内。
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JP61037326A JPH069646B2 (ja) | 1986-02-24 | 1986-02-24 | 排ガス処理方法 |
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US (1) | US4853194A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0244346B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH069646B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR900001309B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1005535B (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE48091T1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE3761011D1 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK169423B1 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2012500B3 (zh) |
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FI80616B (fi) * | 1988-10-31 | 1990-03-30 | Tampella Oy Ab | Foerfarande foer avlaegsning av svaveldioxid fraon heta roekgaser. |
CA2030480A1 (en) * | 1989-12-12 | 1991-06-13 | William Downs | Chloride controls in fossil fuel fired wet scrubbing process |
DE69124496T2 (de) * | 1990-11-28 | 1997-06-05 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Vorrichtung zum Entschwefeln von Abgas |
JP3008546U (ja) * | 1994-02-17 | 1995-03-20 | 智一 情野 | 口腔内清拭用吸引チューブチップ |
JP3272565B2 (ja) * | 1995-04-21 | 2002-04-08 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 排煙処理装置 |
US6190630B1 (en) | 1996-02-21 | 2001-02-20 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Flue gas treating process and apparatus |
DE69832649T2 (de) * | 1997-03-03 | 2006-08-24 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Verfahren zur Abgasbehandlung |
DE19730228A1 (de) * | 1997-07-15 | 1999-01-21 | Abb Patent Gmbh | Verfahren und Anordnung zur Entfernung von Schadgasen aus dem Abgas einer Verbrennungsanlage |
EP0937491A3 (en) * | 1998-02-23 | 1999-10-13 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Flue gas treating process and apparatus |
US6289827B1 (en) * | 1999-06-24 | 2001-09-18 | Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties Inc. | Process for the control of ash accumulation and corrosivity associated with selective catalytic reduction technology |
DE102004055624B4 (de) * | 2004-11-11 | 2008-11-20 | Vattenfall Europe Generation Ag & Co. Kg | Verfahren zur Verminderung der Chlorid- und Feinstpartikelbelastung in Rauchgasentschwefelungsanlagen |
JP4920993B2 (ja) * | 2005-04-26 | 2012-04-18 | 三菱重工メカトロシステムズ株式会社 | 排ガス処理装置および排ガス処理方法 |
US7531154B2 (en) * | 2005-08-18 | 2009-05-12 | Solvay Chemicals | Method of removing sulfur dioxide from a flue gas stream |
US7481987B2 (en) * | 2005-09-15 | 2009-01-27 | Solvay Chemicals | Method of removing sulfur trioxide from a flue gas stream |
JP5384799B2 (ja) * | 2007-03-30 | 2014-01-08 | 三菱重工メカトロシステムズ株式会社 | 排ガス処理装置および排ガス処理方法 |
JP2011125814A (ja) * | 2009-12-18 | 2011-06-30 | Babcock Hitachi Kk | 排ガス処理方法 |
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EP2724766A1 (en) * | 2012-10-26 | 2014-04-30 | Alstom Technology Ltd | A method of treating a carbon dioxide rich flue gas and a flue gas treatment system |
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US3665676A (en) * | 1970-11-12 | 1972-05-30 | Koppers Co Inc | Method of and apparatus for chemically conditioning a particle-laden gas stream |
DE2431130C3 (de) * | 1974-06-28 | 1979-07-26 | Maschinenfabrik Burkau R. Wolf Kg, 4048 Grevenbroich | Verfahren zur Entfernung von sauren Komponenten aus Abgasen |
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1987
- 1987-02-09 DE DE8787730014T patent/DE3761011D1/de not_active Expired
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ATE48091T1 (de) | 1989-12-15 |
JPS62197130A (ja) | 1987-08-31 |
DK90487A (da) | 1987-08-25 |
DK169423B1 (da) | 1994-10-31 |
EP0244346B1 (en) | 1989-11-23 |
US4853194A (en) | 1989-08-01 |
JPH069646B2 (ja) | 1994-02-09 |
EP0244346A2 (en) | 1987-11-04 |
CN87100906A (zh) | 1987-09-16 |
DK90487D0 (da) | 1987-02-23 |
KR900001309B1 (ko) | 1990-03-08 |
EP0244346A3 (en) | 1988-01-07 |
KR870007721A (ko) | 1987-09-21 |
ES2012500B3 (es) | 1990-04-01 |
DE3761011D1 (en) | 1989-12-28 |
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