CN100473716C - 应用费-托法衍生的塔底产物改善基础油的润滑性质的方法 - Google Patents
应用费-托法衍生的塔底产物改善基础油的润滑性质的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100473716C CN100473716C CNB2004800354689A CN200480035468A CN100473716C CN 100473716 C CN100473716 C CN 100473716C CN B2004800354689 A CNB2004800354689 A CN B2004800354689A CN 200480035468 A CN200480035468 A CN 200480035468A CN 100473716 C CN100473716 C CN 100473716C
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Abstract
改善一种馏分基础油的润滑性质的方法,所述馏分基础油的特征在于0℃或更低的倾点以及这样的沸程,其10%点落入约625℉~约790℉之间,90%点落入约725℉~约950℉之间,所述方法包括,将足量的倾点下降用基础油调合组分与所述馏分基础油调合从而将所得基础油调合物的倾点减小到比所述馏分基础油的倾点低至少3℃,其中,所述倾点下降用基础油调合组分是异构化的费-托法衍生的塔底产物,该塔底产物的倾点比所述馏分基础油的倾点高至少3℃。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及改善馏分基础油的润滑性质的方法,即,通过将所述馏分基础油与从异构化的费-托法衍生的塔底产物制备的倾点下降用基础油调合组分进行调合。本发明还包括倾点下降用基础油调合组分和基础油调合物的组成。
发明背景
用于汽车、柴油机、轴、传动装置和工业用途的成品润滑剂由两个基本组分组成:润滑基础油和添加剂。润滑基础油是这些成品润滑剂中的主要组分并且显著影响成品润滑剂的性质。通常,通过改变各润滑基础油和各添加剂的混合物将几种润滑基础油用来生产多种成品润滑剂。
数个管理机构,包括原设备制造公司(OEM′s)、美国石油学会(API)、汽车制造者协会(ACEA)、美国材料试验学会(ASTM)和汽车工程师协会(SAE)规定了润滑基础油和成品润滑剂的技术规格。关于成品润滑剂的技术规格越来越要求具有优异的低温性质、高氧化稳定性和低挥发性的产品。目前,只有少部分现今生产的基础油能符合这些要求的技术规格。
润滑基础油是这样的基础油:100℃下粘度是约3cSt或更大、优选100℃下约4cSt或更大,倾点是约9℃或更小、优选约-15℃或更小,以及VI(粘度指数)通常约为90或更大、优选约100或更大。通常,润滑基础油的Noack挥发度应当不大于目前的常规I类或II类轻质中性油。II类基础油被定义为硫含量等于或小于300ppm、饱和物等于90%或更大、而且VI在80和120之间的基础油。VI在约110和120之间的II类基础油在本公开中被称为II+类基础油。III类基础油被定义为硫含量等于或小于300ppm、饱和物等于90%或更大、而且VI大于120的基础油。应当有利的是,能将II类基础油的VI提高到II+类和III类基础油的范围。本发明能降低倾点和提高VI。根据加到基础油调合物中的倾点下降用基础油调合组分的量,还可降低Noack挥发度并且可升高基础油的粘度。
基础油指的是在添加添加剂以前具有上述性质的烃产品。也就是说,术语“基础油”通常表示从分馏操作回收的石油或合成石油(syncrude)馏分。“添加剂”是被添加以改善成品润滑剂的某些性质使它符合相关技术规格的化学品。常规倾点下降剂都是昂贵的从而增加成品润滑剂的成本。一些添加剂还存在溶解性问题,所以需要将它们与溶剂一起应用。因而,希望应用生产合格润滑剂所需的最小量的添加剂。
属于旨在掺和入成品润滑剂的基础油的一项重要性质的倾点是观察到基础油运动时的最低温度。为了符合成品润滑剂的相关的倾点技术规格,通常需要通过添加添加剂来降低基础油的倾点。已用来降低基础油的倾点的常规添加剂被称为倾点下降剂(PPDs),它们通常是具有烃侧链的聚合物,它们通过抑制大的蜡晶格的形成而与基础油中的链烷烃相互作用。本领域已知的倾点下降剂的实例包括乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物、醋酸乙烯烯烃共聚物、苯乙烯-马来酐共聚物的烷基酯、不饱和羧酸的烷基酯、聚丙烯酸烷基酯、聚甲基丙烯酸烷基酯、烷基酚和α-烯烃共聚物。已知的倾点下降剂中有很多在室温下是固体并且在应用前必须用溶剂大幅度地稀释。参见J.S.Manka和K.L.Ziegler的“Factors Affecting Performance of Crude Oil Wax-ControlAdditives,World Oil,2001年6月,75-81页。该文献中讲授的倾点下降剂具有蜡状的链烷部分,它与油中的蜡形成组分共结晶,并且具有妨碍晶体生长的极性部分。本发明应用的倾点下降用基础油调合组分与现有技术已知的倾点下降剂不同之处在于,它基本上既没有芳族化合物也没有极性。本发明的优点之一在于,本发明的倾点下降用基础油调合组分不是通常意义上的添加剂。用于本发明的倾点下降用基础油调合组分只是一种高沸点合成石油馏分,它已在受控条件下被异构化而给予分子中确定的烷基支化度。因此,它没有与常规添加剂的应用相关的问题。
从费-托法制备的合成石油包括各种固体、液体和气体烃的混合物。那些在润滑基础油范围内沸腾的费-托产物包含高比例的蜡,这使这些基础油成为加工成润滑基础油原料的理想备选物。所以,从费-托法回收的烃产物已被建议作为制备高质量润滑基础油的原料。当通过各种方法(例如通过加氢处理和蒸馏)将费-托蜡转化为费-托基础油时,生产的基础油归入不同的窄馏分粘度范围。那些具有使它们适合制备润滑基础油的性质的费-托馏分对于与临界质量的常规基础油或费-托法衍生的基础油调合来说是特别有利的,这是由于它们的低挥发度、低硫含量和优异的冷流性质。从真空蒸馏塔回收润滑基础油馏分后余下的塔底产物一般本身不适合用作润滑基础油并且通常被再循环到氢化裂解装置而转化为更低分子量的产物。本申请人已发现了,与塔底产物相关的高分子量烃当适当地处理后特别适合改善常规衍生的或费-托法衍生的基础油的润滑性质。
如本公开应用的术语“费-托法衍生的”表示这样的烃流:其中,除添加的氢以外的相当大的部分由费-托法衍生,无论后续的处理步骤如何。所以,“费-托法衍生的塔底产物”表示从分馏塔(通常是真空蒸馏塔)的底部回收的烃产物,它最初由费-托法衍生。当提到常规基础油时,本公开指的是利用文献中充分记载的、本领域技术人员已知的石油炼制法生产的常规的石油衍生的润滑基础油。术语“馏分基础油”表示作为侧线馏分从分馏塔回收的、“费-托法衍生的”或“常规的”基础油(与“塔底产物”相对)。
如本公开应用的措辞“包含”或“包括”旨在作为一个开放式的过渡用语,表示包含提到的要素,但不一定排除其它没有提到的要素。用语“基本上由......组成”旨在表示排除对于组成具有任何实质意义的其它要素。术语“由...组成”旨在作为一个过渡用语,它排除除引述的要素以外的所有要素,但仅有的痕量杂质除外。
发明概述
本发明广义上涉及改善一种馏分基础油的润滑性质的方法,所述馏分基础油的特征在于0℃或更低的倾点以及这样的沸程,其10%点落入约625℉~约790℉之间,90%点落入约725℉~约950℉之间,所述方法包括,将足量的倾点下降用基础油调合组分与所述馏分基础油调合,从而将所得基础油调合物的倾点减小到比所述馏分基础油的倾点低至少3℃,其中,所述倾点下降用基础油调合组分是异构化的费-托法衍生的塔底产物,该塔底产物的倾点比所述馏分基础油的倾点高至少3℃。例如,如果馏分基础油的目标倾点是-9℃,而且馏分基础油的倾点大于-9℃,那么将一定量的本发明的倾点下降用基础油调合组分与馏分基础油以足够的比率调合从而将调合物的倾点降低到目标值。用来降低润滑基础油倾点的异构化的费-托法衍生的塔底产物通常是作为塔底产物从费-托操作的真空蒸馏塔回收的。倾点下降用基础油调合组分的平均分子量通常将在约600~约1100范围内,约700~约1000的平均分子量是优选的。通常,倾点下降用基础油调合组分的倾点将在约-9℃~约20℃之间。所述倾点下降用基础油调合组分的沸程的10%点通常将在约850℉~约1050℉范围内。
本发明还涉及适合降低基础油的倾点的倾点下降用基础油调合组分,它包括平均分子量在约600~约1100之间、分子中平均支化度是每100个碳原子约6.5个~约10个烷基支链的异构化的费-托法衍生的塔底产物。
所述馏分基础油可能是常规的石油衍生的基础油或是费-托法衍生的基础油。它可能是轻质中性基础油或中质中性基础油。根据与馏分基础油调合的倾点下降用基础油调合组分的量而定,可升高基础油调合物的浊点。因此,如果基础油调合物的浊点是一个关键技术规格,那么馏分基础油必须具有不高于目标浊点的浊点。优选地,馏分基础油的浊点将低于目标技术规格而允许浊点有一定的升高并且仍然符合技术规格。旨在用于某些成品润滑剂的基础油通常要求0℃或更低的浊点。所以,对于预期用于那些用途的基础油来说,希望低于0℃的浊点。
除了降低馏分基础油的倾点以外,还已观察到本发明增大了VI。在倾点和VI二者的情况下,这些值的变化程度不能通过仅仅观察各组分的性质来预测。在各情况下观察到宝贵的结果(premium)。也就是说,包含馏分基础油和倾点下降用基础油调合组分的调合物的倾点不仅仅是两个倾点成比例的平均化,而是获得的值显著低于预期的值。已观察到很多情况下的倾点低于两个单独组分中任一组分的值。对于VI也是一样。混合物的VI不是两组分的VI的成比例平均值,而是高于预期值,而且在很多情况下,基础油调合物的VI将超过任一组分的VI。优选地,在基础油调合物中,倾点下降用基础油调合组分将占调合物的基础油的不多于约15重量%、更优选7重量%或更低、而最优选3.5重量%或更低。由于通常希望对基础油调合物保持尽可能低的浊点,仅仅将符合倾点和/或VI技术规格所需的最小量的倾点下降用基础油调合组分加到馏分基础油中。倾点下降用基础油组分还将增大调合物的粘度。因此,可添加的倾点下降用基础油组分的量还可能受粘度上限的限制。
发明详述
倾点表示馏分基础油或异构化的费-托法衍生的塔底产物的样品将开始在小心地控制的条件下流动时的温度。在本公开中,当给出倾点时,除非另外说明,该倾点已通过标准分析方法ASTM D-5950或其等同方法测定。浊点是对倾点的补充测定,而且表达为样品在小心地确定的条件下开始出现浑浊时的温度。本说明书中的浊点是通过ASTMD-5773-95或其等同方法测定的。本公开中描述的运动粘度是通过ASTM D-445或其等同方法测定的。VI可应用ASTM D-2270-93(1998)或其等同方法测定。如本文应用的与标准参考方法等同的分析方法表示给出与标准方法基本相同的结果的任何分析方法。分子量可通过ASTM D-2502、ASTM D-2503或其它合适的方法测定。对于本发明相关的应用来说,分子量优选通过ASTM D-2503-02测定。
本发明的倾点下降用基础油调合组分的支化性质是通过应用碳-13NMR根据下列七步法分析油的样品而测定的。该方法的描述中引述的文献提供了操作步骤的细节。仅仅对来自新方法的初始物料进行步骤1和2。
1)应用DEPT脉动序列(DEPT Pulse sequence)鉴定CH分支中心和CH3分支终止点(Doddrell,D.T.;D.T.Pegg;M.R.Bendall,Journal ofMagnetic Resonance,1982,48,323ff.)。
2)应用APT脉动序列验证不存在引起多个分支的碳(季碳)(Patt,S.L.;J.N.Shoolery,Journal of Magnetic Resonance1982,46,535ff.)。
3)应用列表的和计算的值对特定的分支位置和长度分配不同的分支碳共振(Lindeman,L.P.,Journal of Qualitative AnalyticalChemistry 43,1971 1245ff;Netzel,D.A.,等,Fuel,60,1981,307ff)。
实例:
分支 NMR化学位移(ppm)
2-甲基 22.5
3-甲基 19.1或11.4
4-甲基 14.0
4+甲基 19.6
内乙基 10.8
丙基 14.4
相邻的甲基 16.7
4)定量分析不同的碳位置处分支出现的相对频率,即,通过将它的末端甲基碳的积分强度与单个碳的强度比较(=总的积分/混合物中每分子的碳数)。对于2-甲基分支这个特殊情况,此时末端甲基和分支甲基两者在相同的共振位置出现,在进行分支出现频率计算以前将强度除以二。如果对4-甲基分支部分进行了计算和列表,必须扣除它对4+甲基的贡献以免重复计算。
5)计算平均碳数。对于润滑剂物质来说可通过将样品的分子量除以14(CH2的式量)而足够准确地测定平均碳数。
6)每分子中的分支数是见于步骤4的分支的和。
7)每100个碳原子的烷基分支数是从每分子中的分支数(步骤6)×100/平均碳数计算的。
可利用任何傅里叶变换NMR波谱仪进行测定。优选地,利用具有7.0T或更大的磁体的波谱仪进行测定。在所有情况下,在通过质谱法、UV或NMR检测证实不存在芳族碳以后,谱宽限于饱和碳区,约0-80ppm比TMS(四甲基硅烷)。15-25重量%在氯仿-d1中的溶液受45度脉冲的激发,接着是0.8sec探测时间。为了将非一致的强度数据最小化,质子去耦器在激发脉冲前的10sec延迟期间去门控(gated off),在探测期间门控(gated on)。总的实验时间在11-80分钟范围内。根据文献描述以Varian或Bruker操作手册中描述的较小偏差进行DEPT和APT序列。
DEPT是通过极化转移的无畸变增强(DistortionlessEnhancement by Polarization Transfer)。DEPT不显示季碳。DEPT 45序列给出与质子连接的全部碳的信号。DEPT 90仅仅显示CH碳。DEPT135显示CH和CH3朝上和CH2相位相差180度(朝下)。APT是连氢多寡试验(Attached Proton Test)。它使所有的碳可见,但是如果CH和CH3朝上,那么季碳和CH2朝下。这些序列是适用的,因为每一个分支甲基都应当具有相应的CH。而且通过化学位移和相位清楚地鉴定了这些甲基。二者都在引述的文献中被描述了。通过C-13 NMR测定了每一个样品的支化性质,在计算中采用假定:整个样品是异构烷烃。对于油样品中可能以不同的量存在的正构烷烃或环烷烃未做校正。环烷烃的含量可利用场致电离质谱法(FIMS)测定。
由于常规的石油衍生的烃和费-托法衍生的烃包括具有宽沸程的不同分子量的混合物,所以本公开将涉及各沸程的10%点和90%点。10%点是指该馏分中存在的烃的10重量%将在常压下汽化时的温度。同样,90%点是指存在的烃的90重量%将在常压下汽化时的温度。在本公开中当提到沸程分布时,就是指在10%和90%沸点之间的沸程。对于沸程高于1000℉的样品,本公开中的沸程分布是应用标准分析方法D-6352或其等同方法测定的。对于沸程低于1000℉的样品,本公开中的沸程分布是应用标准分析方法D-2887或其等同方法测定的。将注意到,当提到倾点下降用基础油调合组分时,仅仅使用10%点,因为它衍生自塔底馏分,这使90%点或沸点上限无关。
异构化的费-托法塔底产物
正如已经解释的,在本发明中作为倾点下降用基础油调合组分应用的异构化的费-托法衍生的产物是作为高沸点塔底馏分从费-托合成反应过程中生产的烃分离的。最初从费-托合成过程回收的费-托合成石油包含在室温下通常是固体的含蜡馏分。该含蜡馏分可直接从费-托合成石油生产或者它可从更低沸点的费-托法衍生烯烃的低聚来制备。不论费-托法的蜡来源如何,它必须包含沸点在约900℉以上的烃以便生产用于制备本发明的倾点下降用基础油调合组分的塔底产物。为了改善倾点和VI,将费-托法的蜡异构化而在分子中引入有利的支化。通常将异构化的费-托法的蜡送到真空蒸馏塔,在那里收集各种馏分基础油馏分。这些馏分基础油馏分可被用来制备本发明的润滑基础油调合物,或者可将它们裂解为更低沸点的产品,例如柴油或石脑油。从真空蒸馏塔收集的塔底物质包括用来制备本发明的倾点下降用基础油调合组分的高沸点烃的混合物。除了异构化和分馏以外,费-托法衍生的含蜡馏分还可经历各种其它操作,例如氢化裂解、加氢处理和加氢精制。本发明的倾点下降用基础油调合组分不是本领域正常使用该术语时所指的添加剂,因为它其实只是从费-托合成石油回收的高沸点馏分。
已发现,当利用异构化的费-托法衍生的塔底产物来降低倾点时,润滑基础油调合物的倾点将低于倾点下降用基础油调合组分和馏分基础油二者的倾点。因此,通常不必将费-托法衍生的塔底产物的倾点降低到润滑基础油调合物的目标倾点。所以,实际异构化程度不必像可能预期的那样高,而且异构化反应器可在更少的裂解和更小的产率损失的情况下在更小苛刻度下操作。已发现,费-托法衍生的塔底产物不应被过度异构化,否则将影响它充当倾点下降用基础油调合组分的能力。因此,所述塔底产物的分子中的平均支化度应当在每100个碳原子约6.5个~约10个烷基分支的范围内。
所述倾点下降用基础油调合组分将具有约600~约1100之间、优选约700~约1000之间的平均分子量。100℃下的运动粘度通常将在约8cSt~约22cSt范围内。塔底产物的沸程的10%点一般将在约850℉~约1050℉之间。通常,更高分子量的烃作为倾点下降用基础油调合组分比更低分子量的烃更有效。所以,当制备倾点下降用基础油调合组分时,分馏塔中导致更高沸点塔底物料的更高切割点通常是优选的。更高的切割点还具有导致馏分基础油馏分的更高产率的优点。
还已发现,通过对异构化的塔底物料进行溶剂脱蜡,可增强倾点下降用基础油调合组分的效果。已发现,在溶剂脱蜡过程中从费-托法衍生的塔底产物分离的含蜡产物显示改善的倾点下降性质。在溶剂脱蜡操作后回收的油性产物虽然显示一定的倾点下降性质,但比所述含蜡产物效果更小。
馏分基础油
费-托法衍生的产物和石油衍生的产物分离为各种具有特征性的沸程的馏分通常通过常压蒸馏或真空蒸馏或者通过常压蒸馏和真空蒸馏的组合来进行。正如本公开中应用的那样,术语“馏分”或“馏出物”表示从常压分馏塔或从真空蒸馏塔回收的侧线馏分产物,与表示从塔底回收的残余更高沸点馏分的“塔底产物”相对。通常利用常压蒸馏将更轻的馏分例如石脑油和中间馏分与具有高于约700℉~约750℉(约370℃~约400℃)的初始沸点的塔底馏分分离。在更高温度下,可能发生烃的热裂解,导致设备结垢和降低重馏分的产率。通常利用真空蒸馏来分离更高沸点的物料,例如用于实施本发明的馏分基础油馏分。所以,通常从真空蒸馏塔回收馏分基础油和费-托法衍生的塔底产物,尽管不想将本发明限于分离所述组分的任何特定的方式。
用于实施本发明的馏分基础油馏分的特征在于0℃或更低的倾点以及这样的沸程,其10%点落在约625℉~约790℉之间,90%点落在约725℉~约950℉之间。通常,90%点将落在约725℉~900℉之间。馏分基础油可常规地衍生自石油或从费-托合成反应回收的合成石油的精炼。馏分基础油可能是轻质中性基础油或中质中性基础油。馏分基础油通常将具有在100℃下约2.5cSt~约7cSt的运动粘度。优选地,该粘度将是100℃下约3cSt~约7cSt。如果润滑基础油调合物的目标浊点是0℃,那么馏分基础油的浊点优选地应当是0℃或更低。
如果馏分基础油包含高比率的蜡,例如关于费-托法衍生的基础油,通常需要将该基础油脱蜡。这可通过催化脱蜡或者通过溶剂脱蜡来进行。用于制备异构化的费-托法衍生的塔底产物的加氢异构化也可有利地用来将馏分基础油馏分脱蜡。当从费-托操作回收馏分基础油和倾点下降用基础油调合组分两者时,加氢异构化是特别优选的。通常在这样的操作中,将包含大量蜡的整个基础油馏分异构化,接着在真空蒸馏塔中分馏。
当与VI小于110的馏分基础油一起使用时,本发明是特别有利的,因为不添加显著量的VI改进剂的情况下这样的基础油通常不适合制备高质量润滑剂。由于当应用本发明的倾点下降用基础油调合组分时已观察到的VI优异性,所以不用常规添加剂就可显著改善临界(marginal)基础油的VI。本发明的倾点下降用基础油调合组分通过增大VI,使得可能将VI小于110的II类础油的等级提高到II+类基础油。还可能通过利用本发明将II类基础油的等级提高到III类基础油。
润滑基础油产品
根据本发明的方法制备的润滑基础油调合物在100℃下将具有大于约3cSt的运动粘度。通常,在100℃下的运动粘度将不超过8cSt。润滑基础油调合物还将具有低于约-9℃的倾点以及通常大于约90的VI。优选地,100℃下的运动粘度将是约3cSt~约7cSt,倾点将是约-15℃或更低,而且VI将是约100或更高。甚至更优选地,VI将是110或更高。润滑基础油的浊点优选地将是0℃或更低。润滑基础油调合物的倾点将比该调合物的较低粘度组分的倾点低至少3℃。优选地,该调合物的倾点将比馏分基础油的倾点低至少6℃,而更优选比馏分基础油的倾点低至少9℃。同时,该调合物的VI将优选地比馏分基础油的VI升高至少三个数。应用本发明的方法制备的润滑基础油的性质是通过将馏分基础油与符合产品的所需技术规格需要的最少量的倾点下降用基础油调合组分调合而实现的。
为了达到选定的倾点,倾点下降用基础油调合组分通常将占所述基础油调合物的不多于约15重量%。优选地,它将占7重量%或更少,而最优选地,倾点下降用基础油调合组分将占调合物的3.5重量%或更少。符合倾点和VI所要求的技术规格的最小量倾点下降用基础油调合组分通常是优选的,以免将所述调合物的浊点和/或粘度升高到不可接受的水平。在较低的添加量时,通常可忽略对浊点的影响。
正如已注意到的那样,当将倾点下降用基础油调合组分与馏分基础油调合时,观察到VI优异。术语“VI优异”表示VI增高,其中,调合物的VI显著高于对两馏分的VI仅仅按比例平均化所预期的值。由本发明的实施导致的VI的改善使得可能从II类基础油,即,VI是80~120的基础油,生产III类基础油,即,VI大于120的基础油。还可从VI低于约110的II类基础油生产II+类基础油。
为了符合II类基础油的要求,该基础油必须包含300ppm或更少的硫。就具有临界硫含量的常规的石油衍生的馏分基础油来说,掺入异构化的高沸点费-托产品还可起降低硫含量以符合硫的技术规格的作用。费-托法衍生的烃类包含很低含量的硫,所以,对调合临界的常规的石油衍生的基础油以满足硫技术规格来说是理想的。
本发明的方法又一个优点是,相对于馏分基础油馏分可降低润滑基础油调合物的挥发度。所述倾点下降用基础油调合组分的特征在于很低的Noack挥发度。所以,根据与馏分基础油调合的倾点下降用基础油调合组分的量的多少而定,所述润滑基础油调合物可能具有比单独的馏分基础油馏分更低的Noack挥发度。
根据本发明的方法制备的润滑基础油调合物显示特殊的沸程分布。因此,包含所述馏分基础油和所述倾点下降用基础油调合组分的润滑基础油调合物可被描述为这样的润滑基础油:它在100℃下的粘度是约3cSt~约8cSt,它还包含沸点高于约900℉的高沸点馏分和沸点低于约900℉的低沸点馏分,其中,当蒸馏出高沸点馏分后,所述低沸点馏分将具有比整个润滑基础油更高的倾点。所述低沸点馏分相应于所述馏分基础油,而所述高沸点馏分相应于所述倾点下降用基础油调合组分。
本发明的润滑基础油调合物可应用模拟的蒸馏以测定900℉重量百分点来鉴定。例如,如果某调合物是85重量%低于900℉,人们就会通过本领域技术人员熟知的常规蒸馏方法蒸馏出85重量%的调合物而达到900℉馏出温度。
加氢异构化
加氢异构化,或者为了本公开的目的而简单地称为“异构化”,旨在通过在分子结构中选择性添加分支而改善费-托法衍生的或者石油衍生的蜡的冷流性质。在本发明中,重要的是,在它的加工过程中某阶段将费-托法衍生的塔底产物异构化以便使它适用作倾点下降用基础油调合组分。还可在制备含蜡的石油衍生基础油时将它们有利地异构化供用于本发明。
异构化理想地将实现蜡变成不含蜡的异构烷烃的高转化率,同时使通过裂解的转化最小化。由于蜡转化可能是完全的,或者至少很高,所以该方法通常不需与另外的脱蜡方法结合而生产具有可接受的倾点的高沸点费-托法产品。适用于本发明的异构化操作通常利用一种催化剂,该催化剂包含酸性组分并且可任选地包含具有氢化活性的活性金属组分。催化剂的酸性组分优选包括中孔SAPO,例如SAPO-11、SAPO-31和SAPO-41,其中SAPO-11是特别优选的。中孔沸石,例如ZSM-22、ZSM-23、SSZ-32、ZSM-35和ZSM-48也可用来进行异构化。典型的活性金属包括钼、镍、钒、钴、钨、锌、铂和钯。金属铂和钯特别优选作为活性金属,其中铂是最常用的。
当用于本文时,用语“中孔径”表示,当多孔性无机氧化物呈煅烧的形式时,它的有效孔隙在约4.0~约7.1埃(沿短轴或长轴测定的)范围内。具有在该范围的孔隙的分子筛往往具有独特的分子筛分特性。不像小孔径的沸石例如毛沸石和菱沸石,它们将允许具有一定分支的烃类进入分子筛空隙空间。不像更大孔的沸石,例如八面沸石(faujasites)和丝光沸石,它们能区分正构烷烃和稍微支化的烯烃与具有例如季碳原子的更大的烷烃。参见美国专利No.5,413,695。术语“SAPO”表示硅铝磷酸盐分子筛,例如美国专利Nos.4,440,871和5,208,005中描述的。
在制备包含非沸石类分子筛并且具有氢化组分的那些催化剂时,通常优选的是,利用非水法将金属淀积在催化剂上。非沸石类分子筛包括四面体型配位的[A1O2]和[PO2]氧化物单元,它们可能任选包含二氧化硅。参见美国专利No.5,514,362。其上已利用非水法淀积了金属的包含非沸石类分子筛的催化剂、特别是含SAPO的催化剂,已经表现出比利用水成法淀积活性金属的那些催化剂具有更大的选择性和活性。美国专利No.5,939,349讲授了在非沸石类分子筛上非水淀积活性金属。通常,该方法包括,将活性金属的化合物溶于非水的、非活性溶剂,再通过离子交换或浸渍将它淀积在分子筛上。
溶剂脱蜡
在常规精炼中,在加氢异构化后利用溶剂脱蜡从润滑基础油中除去少量任何残余的含蜡分子。在本发明中,溶剂脱蜡可任选地用于增强异构化的费-托法衍生的塔底产物的倾点下降性质。在这种情况下,发现从溶剂脱蜡步骤回收的含蜡馏分在降低倾点方面比油性馏分更有效。这样进行溶剂脱蜡,即,将费-托法衍生的塔底产物溶于溶剂,例如丁酮、甲基异丁基酮或甲苯。参见美国专利Nos.4,477,333;3,773,650和3,775,288。
如下实施例旨在阐述本发明而不被视为对本发明范围的限制。
实施例
实施例1
将加氢处理的费-托法蜡(具有表I中所示的技术规格)在含15重量%氧化铝粘合剂的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂上加氢异构化。操作条件包括:液体时空速(LHSV)为1.0,总压为1000psig,单程氢流速为5300SCF/bb1,而且反应器温度为680℉。在操作开始时利用溶于十二烷的DMDS在645℉下将催化剂预硫化,对每摩尔Pt供给6摩尔S。来自加氢异构反应器的产物被导向含有Pt-Pd/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂的加氢精制反应器,以2.1的LHSV,450℉的温度,与异构化反应器中相同的压力和氢流速。将该反应器的产物输送到高压分离器,将液体导向汽提塔,然后导向产品收集装置。
650℉+塔底产物(具有表II中所示的技术规格),它具有-19℃的倾点,被分馏为650-750℉馏分、750-850℉馏分、850-950℉馏分和950℉+塔底产物。表II中给出了对这些馏分的检验结果,它表明所有的馏分都具有比全部650℉+塔底产物的-19℃更高的倾点。按照与蒸馏时相同的比率重新合并这些馏分再次给出-19℃倾点的复合物。
制备了85重量%的650-750℉ 2.6cSt馏分和15重量%的950℉+塔底产物的调合物。该调合物具有-27℃的倾点(表III),低于任一单独的馏分的倾点。
表I
加氢处理的FT蜡
比重,°API 40.3
倾点, +79
硫,ppm 2
氮,ppm 1
氧,Wt.% 0.11
Sim.Dist.,Wt.%,℉
ST/5 479/590
10/30 639/728
50 796
70/90 884/1005
95/EP 1062/1187
表II
在1000psig下、在Pt/SAPO-11上异构化的FT蜡的650℉+的检验结
果
比重,°API 42.1
倾点,℃ -19
浊点,℃ +10
粘度,40℃,cSt 17.55
100℃,cSt 4.303
VI 161
650-750℉ 750-850℉ 850-950℉ 950℉+
馏分,Wt.% 37.7 27.8 18.4 16.1
比重,°API 43.9 42.5 40.6 38.0
倾点,℃ -17 -9 -2 +3
浊点,℃ -16 -4 +37 +29
粘度,40℃,cSt 9.032 14.65 27.99 88.13
100℃,cSt 2.648 3.742 5.957 14.19
VI 135 151 166 167
Sim.Dist.,Wt.%,℉
ST/5 612/648 656/693 740/791 884/927
10/30 658/685 711/756 812/849 949/1004
50 710 790 894 1052
70/90 739/791 826/882 929/980 1104/1186
95/EP 819/896 912/990 1003/1061 1221/1285
表III
85/15Wt.%表II的650-750℉/950℉+馏分的调合物的检验结果
倾点,℃ -27
浊点,℃ +6
粘度,40℃,cSt 12.71
100℃,cSt 3.426
VI 154
实施例2
从与实施例1中相同的操作收集了另一份650℉+塔底产物(表IV),不同的是,反应器中的总压是300psig,而且加氢异构化反应器中的温度是670℉。将该产物分馏为650-730℉馏分、730-850℉馏分和850℉+馏分。表IV中给出了对这些馏分的检验结果。
制备了63重量%的730-850℉3.5cSt馏分和37重量%的850℉+馏分的调合物(表V)。该调合物具有-13℃的倾点,低于任一单独的馏分的倾点。
表IV
在300psig下、在Pt/SAPO-11上异构化的FT蜡的650℉+的检验结
果
比重,°API 42.4
倾点,℃ -16
浊点,℃ +13
粘度,40℃,cSt 17.41
100℃,cSt 4.320
VI 166
650-730℉ 730-850℉ 850℉+
馏分,Wt.% 28.7 29.9 41.4
比重,°API 44.4 42.9 39.6
倾点,℃ -19 -8 -5
浊点,℃ -12 -5 +24
粘度,40℃,cSt 8.312 12.99 45.11
100℃,cSt 2.522 3.460 8.584
VI 140 151 171
Sim.Dist.,Wt.%,℉
ST/5 597/636 646/684 767/805
10/30 648/676 701/742 827/886
50 699 773 939
70/90 726/773 805/855 1006/1119
95/EP 799/884 882/963 1180/1322
表V
63/37Wt.%表IV的730-850℉/850℉+馏分的调合物的检验结果
倾点,℃ -13
浊点,℃ +13
粘度,40℃,cSt 20.83
100℃,cSt 4.888
VI 168
实施例3
对类似于表I的进料进行了与实施例2中相似的操作。
将650℉+塔底产物分馏为三个馏分:650-730℉馏分、730-930℉馏分、930-1000℉馏分和1000℉+塔底产物。表VI中给出了对三个最高沸点馏分的检验结果。
表VI
异构化的FT蜡的650℉+的检验结果
730-930℉ 930-1000℉ 1000℉+
倾点,℃ -17 -17 -6
浊点,℃ -10 +1 +20
粘度,40℃,cSt 18.3 46.5 114.0
100℃,cSt 4.3 8.3 16.6
VI 147 156 157
Sim.Dist.,Wt.%,℉
ST/5 665/708 940/978
10/30 727/777 996/1040
50 818 1077
70/90 861/920 1121/1196
95/EP 949/1023 1235/1310
制备了730-930℉馏分和1000℉+馏分的调合物。结果如表VII中所示。这些结果显示,调合物具有比任一单独的馏分更低的倾点。在85/15情况下,VI高于任一单独的馏分。
表VII
对来自表VI的730-930℉馏分和1000℉+馏分的调合物的检验结果
调合物,Wt./Wt.% 85/15 93/7 96.5/3.5
倾点,℃ -28 -28 -22
浊点,℃ +6 0 -4
粘度,40℃,cSt 24.06 20.95 19.57
100℃,cSt 5.282 4.759 4.515
VI 161 154 150
对比例A
制备了来自表VI的930-1000℉馏分和1000℉+馏分的调合物。结果如表VIII中所示。这些结果显示,这些调合物的倾点下降显著小于实施例3中的。
表VIII
对来自表VI的930-1000℉馏分和1000℉+馏分的调合物的检验结果
调合物,Wt./Wt.% 93/7 96.5/3.5
倾点,℃ -15 -12
浊点,℃ -2 +5
粘度,40℃,cSt 49.35 47.91
100℃,cSt 8.753 8.556
VI 157 157
实施例4
在与实施例1中相同的条件下,将表I的加氢处理的FT蜡在Pt/SSZ-32催化剂上异构化,不同的是异构化温度是690℉。
将倾点为-21℃的650℉+塔底产物(表IX)分馏为650-750℉馏分、750-850℉馏分、850-950℉馏分和950℉+塔底产物。表IX中给出了对这些馏分的检验结果,它表明所有的馏分的倾点都比整个650℉+塔底产物的-21℃更高。按照与蒸馏时相同的比率重新合并这些馏分给出-25℃倾点的复合物。制备了85重量%的650-750℉ 3.0cSt馏分和15重量%的950℉+塔底产物的调合物。该调合物具有-26℃的倾点(表X),低于任一单独的馏分的倾点。此外,3.8cSt调合物的VI比仅仅通过异构化生产的3.8cSt馏分大7个数,而倾点低20℃。
表IX
在1000psig下、在Pt/SSZ-32上异构化的FT蜡的650℉+的检验结
果
比重,°API 41.1
倾点,℃ -21
浊点,℃ +15
粘度,40℃,cSt 22.06
100℃,cSt 5.081
VI 169
650-750℉ 750-850℉ 850-950℉ 950℉+
馏分,Wt.% 23.6 36.3 23.6 16.4
比重,°API 43.6 42.3 40.6 37.5
倾点,℃ -13 -6 -8 -1
浊点,℃ -9 -2 +12 +36
粘度,40℃,cSt 10.74 15.36 29.91 87.71
100℃,cSt 3.007 3.876 6.278 13.95
VI 142 153 167 164
Sim.Dist.,Wt.%,℉
ST/5 636/678 675/707 736/801 892/932
10/30 690/716 723/764 822/869 953/1003
50 737 796 902 1047
70/90 764/808 829/880 937/987 1093/1169
95/EP 833/904 906/975 1009/1078 1202/1264
表X
85/15Wt.%表IX的650-750℉/950℉+馏分的调合物的检验结果
倾点,℃ -26
浊点,℃ +10
粘度,40℃,cSt 14.83
100℃,cSt 3.835
VI 160
对比例B
对表VI的1000℉+塔底产物在-30℃下进行溶剂脱蜡而给出14.7重量%的脱蜡的油馏分和84.8重量%的含蜡馏分。将1重量%的脱蜡的油馏分加到表VI的730-930℉馏分中给出-13℃倾点的调合物,高于730-930℉馏分的倾点。
实施例5
对来自对比例B的蜡馏分在-10℃下进行溶剂脱蜡而给出79.3重量%的脱蜡的油馏分和20.2重量%的含蜡馏分。表XI中给出了这些馏分的检验结果。
表XI
对比例B的1000℉+蜡馏分在-10℃下进行溶剂脱蜡得到的馏分
的检验结果
馏分 脱蜡的油 含蜡馏分
倾点,℃ -5 +10
浊点,℃ +18 +30
粘度,40℃,cSt 114.4 127.5
100℃,cSt 16.72 18.74
VI 159 166
含蜡馏分的C-13NMR结果如下所示:
MW 802
碳数 57.29
NMR分析
2-甲基 0.25
3-甲基 0.33
4-甲基 0.55
5+甲基 2.12
内部的乙基 0.92
相邻的甲基 0.17
内部的丙基 0.25
总计 4.60
每分子的烷基支链 4.60
每100个碳的烷基支链 8.03
原始数据
总碳积分 342.5
2-积分 3
3-积分 2
4-积分 4.8
5+积分 16
内乙基积分 5.5
相邻的甲基 1
内丙基 1.5
ε-碳 87
每个碳的单元(Divisions per carbon) 5.98
甲基质子 160.4
总的质子 825.26
制备了与表VI的730-930℉馏分的调合物。结果如表XII中所示。这些结果表明,含蜡馏分在降低倾点方面比脱蜡的油馏分更有效,只需1重量%就将730-930℉馏分的倾点从-17℃降到-24℃。
表XII
表VI的730-930℉馏分与实施例5的1000℉+脱蜡的油(DWO)
或含蜡馏分的调合物的检验结果
调合物,Wt./Wt.% 94/6 97/3 99/1
1000℉+调合物组分 DWO DWO 含蜡的
倾点,℃ -26 -23 -24
浊点,℃ -4 -7 -7
粘度,40℃,cSt 20.42 19.13 18.65
100℃,cSt 4.692 4.481 4.366
VI 155 154 149
实施例6
将高倾点商品化100N基础油(表XIII)与表VI的1000℉+塔底产物以93/7重量比调合。表XIV中给出了结果。这些结果表明,1000℉+塔底产物有效地降低100N基础油的倾点,而且引起VI大致增大11个数。
表XIII
高倾点100N基础油的检验结果
倾点,℃ -10
浊点,℃ -8
粘度,40℃,cSt 19.52
100℃,cSt 4.027
VI 103
表XIV
表XIII的100N基础油与表VI的1000℉+塔底产物
的93/7Wt./Wt.%调合物的检验结果
倾点,℃ -15
浊点,℃ -2
粘度,40℃,cSt 22.30
100℃,cSt 4.487
VI 114
对比例C
应用表II的650-750℉馏分和850-950℉馏分制备了85/15重量%调合物。这得到调合物-16℃的倾点,远远高于表III的650-750℉/950℉+调合物的倾点-27℃。该调合物的VI是141,大为低于表III的调合物的154,尽管850-950℉馏分和950℉+馏分具有大致相同的VI。
对比例D
应用表IX的650-750℉馏分和850-950℉馏分制备了85/15重量%调合物。这得到调合物-8℃的倾点,远远高于表X的650-750℉/950℉+调合物的倾点-26℃。该调合物的VI是149,大为低于表X的调合物的160,尽管850-950℉馏分具有比950℉+馏分更高的VI。
Claims (34)
1.改善一种馏分基础油的润滑性质的方法,所述馏分基础油的特征在于0℃或更低的倾点以及这样的沸程,其10%点落入625℉~790℉之间,90%点落入725℉~950℉之间,所述方法包括,将足量的倾点下降用基础油调合组分与所述馏分基础油调合从而将所得基础油调合物的倾点减小到比所述馏分基础油的倾点低至少3℃,其中,所述倾点下降用基础油调合组分是异构化的费-托法衍生的塔底产物,该塔底产物的倾点比所述馏分基础油的倾点高至少3℃。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述基础油调合物包含15重量%或更少的倾点下降用基础油调合组分。
3.权利要求2的方法,其中,所述基础油调合物包含7重量%或更少的倾点下降用基础油调合组分。
4.权利要求3的方法,其中,所述基础油调合物包含3.5重量%或更少的倾点下降用基础油调合组分。
5.权利要求1的方法,其中,将足量的倾点下降用基础油调合组分与所述馏分基础油调合,从而将基础油调合物的倾点减小到比所述馏分基础油的倾点低至少6℃。
6.权利要求5的方法,其中,将足量的倾点下降用基础油调合组分与所述馏分基础油调合,从而将基础油调合物的倾点减小到比所述馏分基础油的倾点低至少9℃。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述馏分基础油的沸程的90%点落入725℉~900℉范围。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述馏分基础油的VI小于110。
9.权利要求8的方法,其中,所述基础油调合物的VI高于所述馏分基础油的VI。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中,所述基础油调合物的VI比所述馏分基础油的VI高至少3个数。
11.权利要求9的方法,其中,所述基础油调合物的VI高于110。
12.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述倾点下降用基础油调合组分的平均分子量在600~1100之间。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述倾点下降用基础油调合组分的倾点在-9℃~20℃之间。
14.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述倾点下降用基础油调合组分具有这样的沸程,其中10%点落入850℉~1050℉之间。
15.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述基础油调合物的浊点是0℃或更低。
16.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述基础油调合物在100℃时的运动粘度是3cSt~8cSt。
17.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述基础油调合物的沸程的特征在于,其10%点落入625℉~900℉之间,90%点落入725℉~1150℉之间。
18.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述馏分基础油是费-托法衍生的基础油。
19.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述馏分基础油是石油衍生的。
20.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述馏分基础油是VI小于110的II类基础油,而且所述基础油调合物是II+类基础油。
21.权利要求1的方法,其中,所述馏分基础油是II类基础油,而且所述基础油调合物是III类基础油。
22.改善一种馏分基础油的润滑性质的方法,所述馏分基础油的特征在于0℃或更低的倾点以及这样的沸程,其10%点落入625℉~790℉之间,90%点落入725℉~950℉之间,所述方法包括:
(a)通过在异构化条件下将包括沸点高于900℉的烃的费-托法衍生的产物与加氢异构化催化剂在异构化区接触而将所述费-托法衍生的产物异构化;
(b)从异构化区回收异构化的费-托法衍生产物;
(c)从异构化后的费-托法衍生产物中分离一种费-托法塔底产物,所述塔底产物中至少90重量%沸点高于900℉;以及
(d)将步骤(c)中分离的费-托法塔底产物与馏分基础油以合适的比率调合而产生具有比所述馏分基础油更低倾点的润滑基础油调合物。
23.权利要求22的方法,其中,所述馏分基础油是费-托法衍生的基础油。
24.权利要求22的方法,其中,所述馏分基础油的沸程的90%点落入725℉~900℉范围内。
25.权利要求22的方法,其中,所述馏分基础油是石油衍生的。
26.权利要求22的方法,其中,所述润滑基础油调合物包含15重量%或更少的费-托法塔底产物。
27.权利要求26的方法,其中,所述润滑基础油调合物包含7重量%或更少的费-托法塔底产物。
28.权利要求27的方法,其中,所述润滑基础油调合物包含3.5重量%或更少的费-托法塔底产物。
29.权利要求22的方法,其中,所述润滑基础油调合物的倾点比所述馏分基础油的倾点低至少3℃。
30.权利要求29的方法,其中,所述润滑基础油调合物的倾点比所述馏分基础油的倾点低至少6℃。
31.权利要求30的方法,其中,所述润滑基础油调合物的倾点比所述馏分基础油的倾点低至少9℃。
32.权利要求22的方法,其中,所述润滑基础油调合物的浊点是0℃或更低。
33.权利要求22的方法,其中,至少90重量%的费-托法塔底产物沸点高于1000℉。
34.权利要求22的方法,其中,所述费-托法塔底产物分子的平均支化度是每100个碳原子6.5~10个烷基支链。
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