CN100359019C - 胺和氢氧化物的酶促去保护 - Google Patents
胺和氢氧化物的酶促去保护 Download PDFInfo
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- CN100359019C CN100359019C CNB2005101247587A CN200510124758A CN100359019C CN 100359019 C CN100359019 C CN 100359019C CN B2005101247587 A CNB2005101247587 A CN B2005101247587A CN 200510124758 A CN200510124758 A CN 200510124758A CN 100359019 C CN100359019 C CN 100359019C
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Abstract
本发明提供一种用分子式ArC*(R)H-(CH2)n-O-C(=O)-的基团保护的胺或氢氧化物的去保护方法,其中取代基如下文所述,该方法包括;使被保护氢氧化物或胺与有效除去保护基的酶接触;和回收胺。本发明还提供一种分离细菌的方法,该细菌能产生有效除去保护基的酶,所述方法包括:使预期的细菌在培养基上生长,该培养基具有生长选择量的用以上分子式的基团保护的胺化合物;和分离在所述培养基上生长的细菌。
Description
本申请是申请日为2001年12月18日的中国专利申请01821747.8“胺和氢氧化物的酶促去保护”的分案申请。
本发明涉及,并根据35U.S.C.§119(e)要求2001年1月4日申请的美国申请序列No.60/259715的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及除去胺和氢氧化物保护基的温和酶驱动方法。
背景技术
在有机合成过程中,N-苄氧羰基(N-CBZ)基常用于保护氨基和羟基(hydroxide groups)。其它类似的“氨基甲酸酯”保护基也用于保护氨基。通常通过诸如用钯催化剂氢化的方法实现化学去保护。然而,若存在对去保护条件敏感的其它基团(例如,在氢化过程中存在硫),则需要别的去保护方法。现已发现,使用本发明的选择技术,可容易地从土样中分离出微生物,从而产生有效地特异释放这种保护基的酶活性。因此,可使用在温和条件下进行的酶促去保护方法(例如在室温和大气压下,在含水介质中),进而避免损害任何敏感或潜在敏感的基团。
发明内容
本发明提供一种用下式的基团保护的氢氧化物或胺的去保护方法:
ArC*(R)H-(CH2)n-O-C(=O)-
其中取代基如下所述,该方法包括:使被保护的氢氧化物或胺与有效除去保护基的酶接触;并回收胺。本发明还提供一种分离细菌的方法,该细菌可产生有效除去保护基的酶,该方法包括:使预期的细菌在培养基上生长,该培养基具有生长选择量的上述被保护的胺化合物;并分离在所述培养基上生长的细菌。
本发明进一步提供与手性碳相连的胺或氢氧化物的所需对映体的拆分方法。用本发明方法可立体特异地水解用这一基团保护的胺或氢氧化物。所需对映体或者是可水解的对映体或者是耐水解的对映体。
在一个实施方案中,接触步骤实现下述反应:
其中Pr-是上述保护基。在另一实施方案中,接触实现下述反应:
在再一实施方案中,接触实现下述反应:
具体实施方式
可使用本发明除去下式的若干氨基甲酸酯保护基:
ArC*(R)H-(CH2)n-O-C(=O)-
其中R是H或独立地与Ar相同,并且n为0或1-4。Ar是指芳环或杂芳环,其具有5-6个环原子和一个或两个选自O、N或S中的杂原子。Ar可被氨基、烷酰氧基、烷氧基、烷基、烷氨基、烯丙基、羧基、环烷基、卤素、卤代烷基、羟基、羟烷基或硝基取代,或被最多一个下述基团取代:(a)Ar*,其独立地与Ar相同,所不同的是它不被另外的芳基取代,(b)Ar*-烷基-或(c)Ar*O-。与C*相邻的Ar环原子可被-CH2-,-O-,-NH-,-S(O)q-或-P(O)r-取代,从而当R是Ar时,在R上相应位置形成桥接,其中q为0或1-2,并且r为0或1-2。在一个实施方案中,若R为H,则n为0。在另一实施方案中,若R与Ar相同,则n为1。正如实施例所述(参见表2),该方法是立体特异的,因此可用于拆分外消旋混合物。
通过下述化合物例举这些保护基,所述化合物诸如氨基甲酸9-芴基甲酯、氨基甲酸9-(2-磺基)芴基甲酯、氨基甲酸9-(2,7-二溴)芴基甲酯、氨基甲酸2,7-二叔丁基-[9-(10,10-二氧代-10,10,10,10-四氢噻烷基)]甲酯、氨基甲酸苄酯、氨基甲酸对甲氧基苄酯、氨基甲酸对硝基苄酯、氨基甲酸对溴苄酯、氨基甲酸对氯苄酯、氨基甲酸2,4-二氯苄酯、氨基甲酸9-蒽基甲酯、氨基甲酸二苯甲酯、氨基甲酸间氯对酰氧基苄酯、氨基甲酸对(二羟基硼基)苄酯、氨基甲酸5-苯并异唑基甲酯、氨基甲酸2-(三氟甲基)-6-色酮基甲酯、氨基甲酸间硝基苄酯、氨基甲酸3,5-二甲氧基苄酯、氨基甲酸3,4-二甲氧基-6-硝基苄酯、氨基甲酸S-苄硫基酯、氨基甲酸对氰基苄酯、氨基甲酸2-呋喃基甲酯、氨基甲酸4-(三甲铵)苄酯和氨基甲酸2,4,6-三甲基苄酯。在标准教科书如Greene和Wuts的Protective Groups in OrganicSynthesis,John Wiley &Sons,纽约,1991(特别是315-348页)上描述了诸如这些的保护基。
取代的烷基组分是C1-C6或C2-C6,其中C1部分在化学上是不恰当的(例如对于烷酰基来说)。环烷基是C3-C6。卤代烷基优选指全卤代烷基,优选三氟甲基。卤素优选氯或氟。
在一个实施方案中,氨基甲酸酯保护基是苯基甲氧基羰基,其中苯基可被取代。对苯基甲氧基羰基的例示取代包括例如以上Ar所列举的。
可以以具有适当活性的分离细菌形式分离在本发明中使用的酶源。在仅仅可从胺化合物中获得足够生长-支持氮的培养基上生长是优先选择的分离方法,其中在所述胺化合物中,胺受到所讨论的氨基甲酸酯保护基保护或者是有关的氨基甲酸酯保护基。以下的实施例例举了可从非常普通的细菌源,例如环境或土样中分离出这种细菌。
下述实施例例举了采用普通的实验,本发明者发现的选择技术可有效分离合适的细菌,并进而分离合适的酶源。例如通过选择用CBZ-保护的氮源生长而分离的细菌。然而,这一例子证明了申请人的判断,在没有过多实验的情况下,使用相同的方法,利用与所寻求待除去的保护基相匹配的保护基,可收集合适的酶。
在由于拟用的底物抗给定酶的解离而导致在酶法除去中涉及的胺或氢氧化物被确定为最大可能的候选物的情况下,可使用该胺的适当保护的形式(或类似物,或氢氧化物的胺类似物),以选择另一细菌,并进而选择另一酶。可储藏各自产生有用酶的一批单独去保护的酶或细菌培养物,在需要取代酶的事件中筛选。若待保护和去保护的胺或氢氧化物是复合物分子,其中胺或氢氧化物部分连接到相对远距离的部分,则在选择工艺中使用的胺模型可模仿与胺或氢氧化物紧邻的复合物部分。优选倍加小心,以便在复合物分子中被衍生的附近部分被类似地衍生。
如下所述,可使用细菌的全细胞、全细胞的提取物或纯化的酶制剂进行本发明所提供的去保护。酶通过催化起作用,结果典型地使用少量的酶,并且由于酶源(如纯度较低的那些)提供的杂质不应产生显著量的具有目的产品性质的物质,因此,在反应后的综合加工过程中快速选择防止酶原提供的杂质。特别地,在使用提取物的情况下,杂质基本上是大分子,和由于典型的目的产品一般不是大分子,所以从产品中可快速分离杂质。
同样如下所述,在酶选择工艺中使用的底物提供用于测量酶活性,并进而用于分离具有选择微生物富含的酶和常规的蛋白质化学技术的便利工具。
用保护基保护的胺或氢氧化物可以是在任何分子上的胺或氢氧化物。在许多实施方案中,发现在某一分子上,胺或氢氧化物具有的尺寸适合于非重复的合成技术(当然,也可在重复技术,如在肽或核酸合成中使用本发明的去保护技术)。在一个优选的实施方案中,胺或氢氧化物是生物活性剂的一部分,或是这一生物活性剂的前体的一部分,而生物活性剂是在口服摄取之后动物可生物利用的。
一方面,胺优选α-或β-氨基酸,更优选α-氨基酸。
胺可以是例如丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、脯氨酸、4-羟脯氨酸、苯丙氨酸、色氨酸、甲硫氨酸、甘氨酸、丝氨酸、高丝氨酸、苏氨酸、半胱氨酸、高半胱氨酸、酪氨酸、天冬酰胺、谷氨酰胺、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸、α-氨基-ε-己内酰胺(赖氨酸内酰胺)、α-氨基-δ,δ-二甲基-ε-己内酰胺、ε-甲基赖氨酸、鸟氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸或3-甲基组氨酸、或在其烷基部分被羟基或烷基取代的前述任何一种化合物,或在氨基上被最多一个烷基取代的前述任何一种化合物,或在苯基部分被以上Ar所例举的基团取代的前述任何一种化合物。这种氨基酸可以是L或D氨基酸。此外,可通过与胺或羧酸部分的脱水反应形成的键或通过在胺部分形成的碳-氮键,将这种氨基酸衍生成较大分子的一部分。
在本发明中特别有用的另一类α-氨基酸具有下述分子式:
其中m为0或1;Y为CH2、S-(O)t或O,条件是仅当m为1时,Y为S-(O)t或O;X为S-(O)t或O;n为1或2;t为0、1或2;R3为氢、烷基、取代烷基、芳基-(CH2)p-;并且p为0或1-6。在这些胺当中,下述是特别优选的胺:
在美国专利5508272中描述了这些化合物。在其中关于制造和使用这些化合物的教导引入参考。在WO 00/47207和美国专利5552397中描述了本发明特别感兴趣的其余化合物。在其中关于制造和使用所述这些化合物的教导引入参考。
使ArC*(R)H-(CH2)n-O-C(=O)-X与相应的胺或氢氧化物反应典型地形成被保护胺或氢氧化物,其中X是离去基团(如溴、氯、甲苯磺酰基)。例如通过使ArC*(R)H-(CH2)n-OH与光气、carbomyl diaidazole、三光气或相当的试剂反应形成ArC*(R)H-(CH2)n-O-C(=O)-X。
定义
对于本申请来说,下述术语应当具有以下所列的各自含义。
·生物活性剂
生物活性剂是例如在细胞、病毒、组织、器官或生物体上起作用的化学物质,它包括,但不限于杀虫剂或药物(即药品),从而在细胞、病毒、器官或生物体的功能上引起变化。生物体优选哺乳动物,更优选人。
·具有生长选择量的胺化合物的培养基
具有生长选择量的被保护胺化合物的培养基是在生长-介导的选择方法中,该胺化合物之外的任何其它胺量小于有效促进细菌生长量的培养基。被保护胺优选基本上是唯一的氮源。
实施例1:分离微生物的选择技术
使用选择培养技术分离能利用N-α-CBZ-L-赖氨酸作为唯一氮源的微生物。从新泽西州的各地收集土样。将约1g土样悬浮在5ml水中、彻底混合并使样品静置。将来自各样品的上清液接种在含1%N-α-CBZ-L-赖氨酸的培养基A(2%葡萄糖、0.2%KH2PO4、0.2%K2HPO4、0.01%MgSO4、0.001%FeSO4、0.001%ZnSO4,pH7.0)中。在生长4天之后,当培养基变得混浊时,将培养物转移到包含在平板内的含1.5%琼脂的上述培养基上。从这一富集培养技术中分离出八种不同类型的菌落。一种培养物(Z-2)进一步被确定为少动鞘氨醇单胞菌株并作为少动鞘氨醇单胞菌株ATCC 202027保藏在美国典型培养物保藏中心,Rockville,MD中。将这一培养物用作CBZ-去保护酶的原料。
实施例2:少动鞘氨醇单胞菌的生长
使少动鞘氨醇单胞菌在作为唯一氮源的N-α-CBZ-L-苯丙氨酸或[4S-(4α,7α,10a β)-八氢-5-氧-4-[[(苯基甲氧基)羰基]氨基]-7H-吡啶并[2,1-b][1,3]硫氮杂-7-羧酸,甲酯(化合物A)上生长。将少动鞘氨醇单胞菌培养物接种在含1%N-α-CBZ-L-苯丙氨酸或1%化合物A的培养基A中。在生长2天之后,将培养物转移到包含在平板内的含1%N-α-CBZ-L-苯丙氨酸或1%BMS199541和1.5%琼脂的培养基A上。使从平板中分离出的菌落在100ml含1%N-α-CBZ-L-苯丙氨酸和或1%化合物A的培养基B(0.015%酵母提取物、2%葡萄糖、0.2%KH2PO4、0.2%K2HPO4、0.01%MgSO4和0.2%NaCl,pH7.0)中生长。在旋转播动器上,使培养物在28℃和280RPM下生长24小时。由这一培养物制备出一小瓶样品(在2ml小瓶内,1ml培养物)并在-70℃下储存备用。
将一小瓶样品(含有在培养基B内的1ml少动鞘氨醇单胞菌)用于接种100ml培养基B。在旋转摇动器上,使培养物在28℃和280RPM下生长24小时。通过在18,000xg下离心15分钟收集细胞并在-70℃下储存直到进一步使用。
实施例3:使用全细胞的生物转化
在这一方法中,在250ml烧瓶内,使少动鞘氨醇单胞菌在含25mg底物(化合物A或CBZ-L-苯丙氨酸)的25ml培养基B中生长。在摇动器上,在28℃和250rpm下使烧瓶保温。在48小时的生物转化之后,离心除去细胞。通过HPLC分析含产物[4S-(4α,7α,10aβ)-八氢-5-氧-4-氨基-7H-吡啶并[2,1-b][1,3]硫氮杂-7-羧酸,甲酯(化合物B)或L-苯丙氨酸的上清液。结果见表1。
表1
底物 | 产物 | 转化率% |
化合物A | 化合物B | 100 |
CBZ-L-苯丙氨酸 | L-苯丙氨酸 | 100 |
HPLC分析
使用具有Vydac C-18反相柱的Hewlett-Packard(HO)1090仪,进行HPLC分析。流动相溶剂A含有在水中的0.1%三氟乙酸(TFA),溶剂B含有在70%乙腈:30%水中的0.1%TFA。使用溶剂A和B的下述梯度,分离底物和产物:
0分钟:100%A;0-15分钟:50%B;15-25分钟:100%B;25-26分钟:0%B;和26-30分钟:0%B。流速为1ml/min。柱温为室温,检测波长在215mm处。在这些条件下,化合物A、化合物B、CBZ-L-苯丙氨酸和L-苯丙氨酸的保留时间分别为15.48分钟、7.28分钟、16.99分钟和7.35分钟。也使用这些条件分析所有其它含CBZ的化合物。
实施例4:少动鞘氨醇单胞菌ATCC 202027的细胞提取物的制备
在4-7℃下进行细胞提取物的制备。用50mM磷酸钾缓冲液,pH7.0洗涤细胞,并将洗涤过的细胞(100g)悬浮在500ml缓冲液A(50mM含有10%甘油的磷酸盐缓冲液,pH7.0,和2mMDTT)中。向该细胞悬浮液中加入1mM苯基甲基磺酰氯(PMSF)的异丙醇溶液。在12,000psi下使细胞悬浮液(20%W/V,湿细胞)流过微型流化床装置(Microfluidics,Inc)(2次)。并在4℃下,以25,000xg离心30分钟破碎的细胞。离心后获得的上清液称为细胞提取物。
使用细胞提取物的CBZ-去保护
在从各种化合物中除去CBZ-基团保护的过程中使用细胞提取物。它可用于在各种方法中除去CBZ-基团的保护。在42℃下用细胞提取物温育各种D和L-CBZ-保护的氨基酸18-20小时。通过加入2体积含0.4%三氟乙酸(TFA)的50%乙腈来终止反应。表2所示的结果表明从CBZ-保护的氨基酸中水解CBZ-基团的过程中酶是特异的。
表2
底物 | 产物 | 转化率% |
N-α-CBZ-L-酪氨酸 | L-酪氨酸 | 100 |
N-α-CBZ-D-酪氨酸 | D-酪氨酸 | 1.58 |
O-α-CBZ-L-酪氨酸 | L-酪氨酸 | 100 |
N-α-CBZ-L-亮氨酸 | L-亮氨酸 | 100 |
N-α-CBZ-D-亮氨酸 | D-亮氨酸 | 1.2 |
N-α-CBZ-L-苯丙氨酸 | L-苯丙氨酸 | 100 |
N-α-CBZ-D-苯丙氨酸 | D-苯丙氨酸 | 0 |
N-α-CBZ-L-赖氨酸 | L-赖氨酸 | 52 |
N-ε-CBZ-D-赖氨酸 | D-赖氨酸 | 7 |
N-α-ε-(CBZ)<sub>2</sub>-L-赖氨酸 | L-赖氨酸 | 24 |
N-α-CBZ-L-脯氨酸 | L-脯氨酸 | 100 |
N-α-CBZ-D-脯氨酸 | D-脯氨酸 | 0 |
化合物A | 化合物B | 95 |
实施例5:CBZ-去保护酶的纯化和从含Cbz化合物中除去CBZ-基团保护的过程中纯化的酶的用途
酶的测定
在45℃下,在50mM磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7)中,用0.4ml细胞提取物/级分接种0.5mg化合物A或CBZ-苯丙氨酸18小时。通过加入1ml含0.4%TFA的50%乙腈来终止反应。过滤样品并通过HPLC分析产物和起始物质。
蛋白质测定
使用Bio-Rad蛋白质测定来确定蛋白质浓度。根据制造商(Bio-Rad)的规程进行检定。
酶的纯化
在室温下进行所有的纯化步骤。使用CBZ-L-苯丙氨酸作为底物进行酶的纯化。用DEAE-纤维素(用缓冲液A预平衡)分批吸收如上所制备的细胞提取物2小时。在恒定的搅拌下,用硫酸铵(516g/l)沉淀包含活性酶的流出液(follow-through)2小时。将通过离心(在4℃下15,000rpm)获得的所得沉淀溶解在含有1M硫酸铵的缓冲液A中,并加样到苯基琼脂糖凝胶上(20ml柱,用含1M硫酸铵的缓冲液A预平衡)。依次用含1M硫酸铵、0.5M硫酸铵和0.2M硫酸铵的缓冲液A洗涤柱子。最后用缓冲液A洗脱酶。合并含有活性酶的级分(30ml)并用AmiconPM-10膜浓缩(8ml)。然后将酶加样到S-200凝胶-过滤柱(400ml柱)上。用缓冲液A以0.8ml/min的流速洗脱酶。利用这些步骤,酶被大于150倍地纯化,其比活性为13.9单位/mg蛋白质(表3)。该单位定义为μmol所形成的产物/min/mg蛋白质。酶是分子量为约154,000道尔顿的二聚蛋白质,其亚基分子量为45,000道尔顿,这是通过SDS-PAGE测定的。
表3:CBZ-去保护酶的纯化
步骤 | 体积ml | 活性U/ml | 蛋白质mg/ml | 比活性U/mg | 纯化倍数 |
细胞提取物DE-52流出液硫酸铵沉淀苯基琼脂糖凝胶柱 | 5007006028 | 0.1420.1832.4960.117 | 1.80.587.450.13 | 0.080.320.340.90 | 1.004.004.2511.41 |
S-200凝胶-过 | 7 | 0.139 | 0.01 | 13.90 | 176.20 |
滤柱
按照这一部分所述制备的纯化酶用于表4所示的含CBZ化合物的去保护。
表4
底物 | 产物 | 转化率% |
化合物A | 化合物B | 100 |
CBZ-L-苯丙氨酸 | L-苯丙氨酸 | 100 |
实施例6:250mg化合物A的预制批料(Prep Batch)的酶促去保护
根据上述部分所述制备细胞提取物。向250ml细胞提取物中加入250mg化合物A,并在28℃和95rpm下保温。反应40小时之后,加入250ml乙腈。通过HPLC分析底物和产物。化合物B的摩尔产率为87%。
实施例7:含CBZ化合物的酶促去保护
使用根据前述部分所述由少动鞘氨醇单胞菌ATCC 202027制备的细胞提取物,除去[(3S)-八氢-2-氧-1-[2-氧-2-(1-吡咯烷基)乙基]-1 H-氮杂-3-基]氨基甲酸,苯基甲酯(化合物C)的保护,从而导致形成(S)-1-[(3-氨基八氢-2-氧-1H-氮杂-1-基)乙酰基]吡咯烷(化合物D)。
化合物C 化合物D
实施例8:CBZ化合物的酶促去保护
使用根据前述部分所述由少动鞘氨醇单胞菌ATCC 202027制备的细胞提取物,除去6-[(苯基甲氧基)羰基]氨基]八氢-2,2-二甲基-7-氧-1H-氮杂-1-乙酸,乙酯盐酸盐1的保护成6-氨基八氢-2,2-二甲基-7-氧-1H-氮杂-1-乙酸,乙酯,盐酸盐(化合物E)。
1 化合物E
如上所述,在本说明书中例举的出版物和参考文献,其中包括,但不限于专利和专利申请,在此全部引入其例举的所有部分作为参考,就如同全部列出各单独的出版物或参考文献,具体并独立地指出在此引入它们参考一样。被该申请要求优先权的任何专利申请也按照以上出版物和参考文献所述的方式在此引入参考。
尽管着重用优选实施方案来描述本发明,但本领域的技术人员可显而易见地使用优选设备和方法中的各种变化,和意味着可不同于此处所具体描述的方式实施本发明。因此,本发明包括在所附权利要求定义的本发明精神和范围内囊括的所有修饰。
Claims (1)
1.一种具有与手性碳直接键合的羟基或氨基部分的化合物的外消旋混合物的拆分方法,该方法包括:
提供一种化合物的衍生物,该化合物中的氢氧化物或胺被式ArC*(R)H-(CH2)n-O-C(=O)-的基团保护,其中R是H或独立地与Ar相同,并且n为0或1-4,Ar是指芳环或杂芳环,其具有5-6个环原子和一个或两个选自O、N或S中的杂原子,Ar可被氨基、烷酰氧基、烷氧基、烷基、烷氨基、烯丙基、羧基、环烷基、卤素、卤代烷基、羟基、羟烷基或硝基取代,或被最多一个下述基团取代:(i)Ar*,其独立地与Ar相同,所不同的是它不被另外的芳基取代,(ii)Ar*-烷基-或(iii)Ar*O-,与C*相邻的Ar环原子可被-CH2-,-O-,-NH-,-S(O)q-或-P(O)r-取代,从而当R是Ar时,在R上相应位置形成桥接,q为0或1-2,并且r为0或1-2;
使被保护化合物与有效除去保护基的酶接触;和
在富含所需对映体的组合物中分离该化合物或该化合物的被保护衍生物。
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CN1127301A (zh) * | 1991-02-22 | 1996-07-24 | 埃莫里大学 | 核苷对映体的外消旋混合物的拆分方法 |
US5552397A (en) * | 1992-05-18 | 1996-09-03 | E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. | Substituted azepinone dual inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme and neutral exdopeptidase |
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US5445959A (en) * | 1994-07-15 | 1995-08-29 | Eli Lilly And Company | Enzyme from microbial source: phthalyl amidase |
US5571796A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1996-11-05 | Alberta Research Council | Administration of valienamine-related disaccharide compounds in reducing inflammation in a sensitized mammal arising from exposure to an antigen |
US5981267A (en) * | 1996-01-24 | 1999-11-09 | The Scripps Research Institute | Enantioselection of amines using homocarbonates with hydrolase |
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US5552397A (en) * | 1992-05-18 | 1996-09-03 | E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. | Substituted azepinone dual inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzyme and neutral exdopeptidase |
US5508272A (en) * | 1993-06-15 | 1996-04-16 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Compounds containing a fused bicycle ring and processes therefor |
CN1246157A (zh) * | 1996-12-27 | 2000-03-01 | 史密丝克莱恩比彻姆有限公司 | 用脂酶进行苯并二氮杂䓬-乙酸酯的酶拆分 |
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