CH496632A - Verfahren zum vakuumdichten Verbinden eines Metallkörpers mit einem keramischen Körper - Google Patents
Verfahren zum vakuumdichten Verbinden eines Metallkörpers mit einem keramischen KörperInfo
- Publication number
- CH496632A CH496632A CH817666A CH817666A CH496632A CH 496632 A CH496632 A CH 496632A CH 817666 A CH817666 A CH 817666A CH 817666 A CH817666 A CH 817666A CH 496632 A CH496632 A CH 496632A
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- metal
- molybdenum
- vacuum
- aqueous suspension
- covered
- Prior art date
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 title claims description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 claims 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000005078 molybdenum compound Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002752 molybdenum compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum trioxide Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O JKQOBWVOAYFWKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 tungsten or rhenium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
- C04B37/02—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles
- C04B37/023—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating with metallic articles characterised by the interlayer used
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
- C04B35/626—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B
- C04B35/63—Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches ; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B using additives specially adapted for forming the products, e.g.. binder binders
- C04B35/632—Organic additives
- C04B35/636—Polysaccharides or derivatives thereof
- C04B35/6365—Cellulose or derivatives thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/65—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes
- C04B2235/656—Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment
- C04B2235/6567—Treatment time
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- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/02—Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/04—Ceramic interlayers
- C04B2237/06—Oxidic interlayers
- C04B2237/068—Oxidic interlayers based on refractory oxides, e.g. zirconia
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- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
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- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
- C04B2237/32—Ceramic
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- C04B2237/341—Silica or silicates
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- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
- C04B2237/32—Ceramic
- C04B2237/34—Oxidic
- C04B2237/343—Alumina or aluminates
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- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
- C04B2237/40—Metallic
- C04B2237/403—Refractory metals
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- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/59—Aspects relating to the structure of the interlayer
- C04B2237/592—Aspects relating to the structure of the interlayer whereby the interlayer is not continuous, e.g. not the whole surface of the smallest substrate is covered by the interlayer
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- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/70—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness
- C04B2237/704—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness of one or more of the ceramic layers or articles
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- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/70—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness
- C04B2237/706—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness of one or more of the metallic layers or articles
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- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/50—Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
- C04B2237/76—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc
- C04B2237/765—Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc at least one member being a tube
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
- Y10S428/936—Chemical deposition, e.g. electroless plating
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- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12535—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.] with additional, spatially distinct nonmetal component
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- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
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- Y10T428/12611—Oxide-containing component
- Y10T428/12618—Plural oxides
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- Y10T428/12639—Adjacent, identical composition, components
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- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12778—Alternative base metals from diverse categories
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- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
- Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
- Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
- Y10T428/12806—Refractory [Group IVB, VB, or VIB] metal-base component
- Y10T428/12826—Group VIB metal-base component
- Y10T428/12833—Alternative to or next to each other
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- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
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- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249953—Composite having voids in a component [e.g., porous, cellular, etc.]
- Y10T428/249967—Inorganic matrix in void-containing component
- Y10T428/24997—Of metal-containing material
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- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/249921—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component
- Y10T428/249994—Composite having a component wherein a constituent is liquid or is contained within preformed walls [e.g., impregnant-filled, previously void containing component, etc.]
- Y10T428/249999—Differentially filled foam, filled plural layers, or filled layer with coat of filling material
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US46304165 US3366409A (en) | 1965-06-10 | 1965-06-10 | Ceramic-to-metal seal |
| US69816068A | 1968-01-16 | 1968-01-16 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CH496632A true CH496632A (de) | 1970-09-30 |
Family
ID=27040527
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH817666A CH496632A (de) | 1965-06-10 | 1966-06-07 | Verfahren zum vakuumdichten Verbinden eines Metallkörpers mit einem keramischen Körper |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US3366409A (OSRAM) |
| JP (1) | JPS4833010B1 (OSRAM) |
| BE (1) | BE682281A (OSRAM) |
| CH (1) | CH496632A (OSRAM) |
| GB (1) | GB1137746A (OSRAM) |
| NL (1) | NL6607851A (OSRAM) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113237926A (zh) * | 2021-03-30 | 2021-08-10 | 中国石油大学(华东) | 一种NiCo2O4/WO3纳米复合材料及其制备方法和应用 |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3464725A (en) * | 1967-11-07 | 1969-09-02 | Philips Corp | Hermetic electrical lead-in assembly |
| US3590468A (en) * | 1969-02-19 | 1971-07-06 | Sperry Rand Corp | Glassy phase method for making pure alumina-to-metal hermetic seals |
| US3766634A (en) * | 1972-04-20 | 1973-10-23 | Gen Electric | Method of direct bonding metals to non-metallic substrates |
| US4055451A (en) * | 1973-08-31 | 1977-10-25 | Alan Gray Cockbain | Composite materials |
| US3839779A (en) * | 1973-09-07 | 1974-10-08 | Atomic Energy Commission | Ceramic brazing method |
| DE3014645C2 (de) * | 1980-04-16 | 1982-12-02 | MTU Motoren- und Turbinen-Union München GmbH, 8000 München | Metall-Keramik-Bauteil und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung |
| US5094200A (en) * | 1991-05-28 | 1992-03-10 | Ford Motor Company | Lightweight composite engine valve |
| CN103212958A (zh) * | 2013-05-10 | 2013-07-24 | 江苏永昊高强度螺栓有限公司 | 航空发动机用连接件的加工方法 |
Family Cites Families (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2282106A (en) * | 1939-07-14 | 1942-05-05 | Gen Electric | Ceramic-to-metal seal |
| US2339392A (en) * | 1942-10-06 | 1944-01-18 | Rca Corp | Cathode |
| US2776472A (en) * | 1952-07-24 | 1957-01-08 | Gen Electric | Method of making a ceramic-to-metal bond |
| US2996401A (en) * | 1955-09-30 | 1961-08-15 | Eitel Mccullough Inc | Method of making ceramic structures for electron tubes |
| US3023492A (en) * | 1958-11-19 | 1962-03-06 | Gen Electric | Metalized ceramic member and composition and method for manufacturing same |
| US3281309A (en) * | 1961-12-12 | 1966-10-25 | Gen Electric | Ceramic bonding |
| US3331731A (en) * | 1962-11-14 | 1967-07-18 | Owens Illinois Inc | Method of and article formed by sealing alumina ceramic to a metal with a sealant glass |
| US3275358A (en) * | 1963-03-14 | 1966-09-27 | Gen Electric | Glass-to-metal and glass-to-ceramic seals |
| US3317298A (en) * | 1963-04-11 | 1967-05-02 | Philips Corp | Process for joining surfaces of refractory material with a mno-sio2-al2o3 system |
| US3291586A (en) * | 1963-04-16 | 1966-12-13 | Owens Illinois Inc | Solder glass compositions and method of sealing therewith |
| US3340025A (en) * | 1964-05-04 | 1967-09-05 | Philips Corp | Refractory metal-to-ceramic seal |
-
1965
- 1965-06-10 US US46304165 patent/US3366409A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1966
- 1966-06-07 JP JP3631366A patent/JPS4833010B1/ja active Pending
- 1966-06-07 CH CH817666A patent/CH496632A/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1966-06-07 GB GB2534566A patent/GB1137746A/en not_active Expired
- 1966-06-07 NL NL6607851A patent/NL6607851A/xx unknown
- 1966-06-08 BE BE682281D patent/BE682281A/xx unknown
-
1968
- 1968-01-16 US US3438118D patent/US3438118A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN113237926A (zh) * | 2021-03-30 | 2021-08-10 | 中国石油大学(华东) | 一种NiCo2O4/WO3纳米复合材料及其制备方法和应用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US3366409A (en) | 1968-01-30 |
| US3438118A (en) | 1969-04-15 |
| DE1646786B2 (OSRAM) | 1975-11-13 |
| NL6607851A (OSRAM) | 1966-12-12 |
| JPS4833010B1 (OSRAM) | 1973-10-11 |
| GB1137746A (en) | 1968-12-27 |
| DE1646786A1 (de) | 1971-08-12 |
| BE682281A (OSRAM) | 1966-12-08 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL | Patent ceased |