BG61644B1 - Метод за намаляване на отпадъчните материали припроизводството на акрилонитрил - Google Patents
Метод за намаляване на отпадъчните материали припроизводството на акрилонитрил Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- BG61644B1 BG61644B1 BG98453A BG9845394A BG61644B1 BG 61644 B1 BG61644 B1 BG 61644B1 BG 98453 A BG98453 A BG 98453A BG 9845394 A BG9845394 A BG 9845394A BG 61644 B1 BG61644 B1 BG 61644B1
- Authority
- BG
- Bulgaria
- Prior art keywords
- ammonia
- reactor
- methanol
- oxygen
- fluidized bed
- Prior art date
Links
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 28
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title description 10
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 237
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 174
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 87
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 38
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 67
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 33
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 15
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 15
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 15
- 239000001166 ammonium sulphate Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen cyanide Chemical compound N#C LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 5
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrolein Chemical compound C=CC=O HGINCPLSRVDWNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutanol Chemical compound CC(C)CO ZXEKIIBDNHEJCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N m-xylene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1 IVSZLXZYQVIEFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010815 organic waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- AVMSWPWPYJVYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methylpropyl formate Chemical compound CC(C)COC=O AVMSWPWPYJVYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylacrylonitrile Chemical compound CC(=C)C#N GYCMBHHDWRMZGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BYUANIDVEAKBHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mo].[Bi] Chemical compound [Mo].[Bi] BYUANIDVEAKBHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010835 comparative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001934 cyclohexanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013355 food flavoring agent Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011389 fruit/vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000010795 gaseous waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017053 inorganic salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XQZYPMVTSDWCCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalonitrile Chemical compound N#CC1=CC=CC=C1C#N XQZYPMVTSDWCCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
- B01D53/54—Nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/58—Ammonia
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C253/24—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by ammoxidation of hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons
- C07C253/26—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by ammoxidation of hydrocarbons or substituted hydrocarbons containing carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds, e.g. unsaturated aldehydes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
- C07C255/01—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C255/06—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic and unsaturated carbon skeleton
- C07C255/07—Mononitriles
- C07C255/08—Acrylonitrile; Methacrylonitrile
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US08/104,752 US5457223A (en) | 1992-10-09 | 1993-08-11 | Process for elimination of waste material during manufacture of acrylonitrile |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| BG98453A BG98453A (bg) | 1995-05-31 |
| BG61644B1 true BG61644B1 (bg) | 1998-02-27 |
Family
ID=22302180
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| BG98453A BG61644B1 (bg) | 1993-08-11 | 1994-02-11 | Метод за намаляване на отпадъчните материали припроизводството на акрилонитрил |
Country Status (13)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5457223A (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP0638546B1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JPH0753494A (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR100308435B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1037767C (zh) |
| BG (1) | BG61644B1 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR9400642A (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE69414660T2 (zh) |
| ES (1) | ES2125401T3 (zh) |
| MY (1) | MY115778A (zh) |
| RO (1) | RO113343B1 (zh) |
| RU (1) | RU2124476C1 (zh) |
| TW (2) | TW496857B (zh) |
Families Citing this family (19)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1997025307A1 (fr) * | 1994-07-08 | 1997-07-17 | Asahi Kasei Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | PROCEDE POUR LA PRODUCTION DE NITRILE α.β-INSATURE |
| IN184881B (zh) * | 1995-01-31 | 2000-10-07 | Asahi Chemical Ind | |
| AU4869296A (en) * | 1995-02-17 | 1996-09-04 | Monsanto Company | Reduction of ammonia wastes associated with ammoxidation processes |
| CN1055916C (zh) * | 1997-06-06 | 2000-08-30 | 中国石油化工总公司 | 烃类氨氧化流化床反应器 |
| CN1055917C (zh) * | 1997-06-06 | 2000-08-30 | 中国石油化工总公司 | 丙烯腈吸收塔 |
| CN1056601C (zh) * | 1997-06-06 | 2000-09-20 | 中国石油化工总公司 | 丙烯腈生产工艺 |
| US5883281A (en) * | 1997-07-25 | 1999-03-16 | Praxair Technology, Inc. | Oxygen addition to reduce inerts in an acrylonitrile reactor |
| CN1086152C (zh) * | 1997-09-03 | 2002-06-12 | 中国石油化工总公司 | 烯烃氨氧化生产丙烯腈催化剂 |
| CN1055918C (zh) * | 1997-11-13 | 2000-08-30 | 中国石油化工总公司 | 烯腈急冷工艺 |
| CN1059897C (zh) * | 1997-11-13 | 2000-12-27 | 中国石油化工总公司 | 烯腈的回收和精制工艺 |
| CN1055285C (zh) * | 1997-12-11 | 2000-08-09 | 中国石油化工总公司 | 丙烯、异丁烯氨氧化流化床催化剂 |
| US6197855B1 (en) | 1998-09-29 | 2001-03-06 | Solutia Inc. | Nucleation of Polyamides in the presence of hypophosphite |
| US6238574B1 (en) * | 1998-10-30 | 2001-05-29 | The Standard Oil Company | Oxidation and ammoxidation of acrylonitrile process waste water organics |
| US6358483B1 (en) | 1999-07-13 | 2002-03-19 | The Standard Oil Company | Sparger for oxygen injection into a fluid bed reactor |
| US6262290B1 (en) * | 2000-08-07 | 2001-07-17 | The Standard Oil Company | Amelioration of ammonia breakthrough in an alkane ammoxidation process |
| JP4573970B2 (ja) * | 2000-08-29 | 2010-11-04 | ダイヤニトリックス株式会社 | アクリロニトリルの製造方法 |
| ES2335573T3 (es) * | 2001-03-05 | 2010-03-30 | Ineos Usa Llc | Amoxidacion de una mezcla de alcoholes a una mezcla de nitrilos, en particular a acetonitrilo y hcn. |
| RU2481890C1 (ru) * | 2011-10-18 | 2013-05-20 | Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Министерство промышленности и торговли Российской Федерации (Минпромторг России) | Способ селективной каталитической очистки выхлопных и топочных газов от оксидов азота |
| CN114146535B (zh) * | 2021-12-20 | 2022-10-14 | 蒲城清洁能源化工有限责任公司 | 一种用于处理低温甲醇洗系统含氨甲醇的工艺 |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3472892A (en) * | 1967-05-10 | 1969-10-14 | Standard Oil Co | Fluid bed process for synthesis of nitriles by ammoxidation and the recycling of ammonia-rich catalyst from a quench zone to a reaction zone |
| US4246190A (en) * | 1972-10-02 | 1981-01-20 | The Standard Oil Company | Ammoxidation with tellurium catalysts |
| US3911089A (en) * | 1972-10-06 | 1975-10-07 | Sumitomo Chemical Co | Process for preparing hydrogen cyanide |
| JPS548655B2 (zh) * | 1974-08-01 | 1979-04-17 | ||
| JPS5499773A (en) * | 1978-01-25 | 1979-08-06 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Removing method for ammonia in combustion exhaust gas |
| US4719092A (en) * | 1985-10-04 | 1988-01-12 | Fuel Tech, Inc. | Reduction of nitrogen-based pollutants through the use of urea solutions containing oxygenated hydrocarbon solvents |
| US5288473A (en) * | 1992-10-09 | 1994-02-22 | The Standard Oil Company | Process for elimination of waste material during manufacture of acrylonitrile |
-
1993
- 1993-08-11 US US08/104,752 patent/US5457223A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1994
- 1994-02-04 EP EP94300858A patent/EP0638546B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-02-04 DE DE69414660T patent/DE69414660T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-02-04 ES ES94300858T patent/ES2125401T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-02-09 RU RU94003820/25A patent/RU2124476C1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-02-11 BG BG98453A patent/BG61644B1/bg unknown
- 1994-02-17 KR KR1019940002840A patent/KR100308435B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-02-21 JP JP6021714A patent/JPH0753494A/ja active Pending
- 1994-02-21 CN CN94101370A patent/CN1037767C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-02-21 RO RO94-00257A patent/RO113343B1/ro unknown
- 1994-02-22 MY MYPI94000413A patent/MY115778A/en unknown
- 1994-02-22 BR BR9400642A patent/BR9400642A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-03-15 TW TW083102250A patent/TW496857B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-03-15 TW TW091113379A patent/TW555737B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BG98453A (bg) | 1995-05-31 |
| CN1107464A (zh) | 1995-08-30 |
| BR9400642A (pt) | 1995-03-28 |
| MY115778A (en) | 2003-09-30 |
| ES2125401T3 (es) | 1999-03-01 |
| JPH0753494A (ja) | 1995-02-28 |
| KR100308435B1 (ko) | 2001-11-30 |
| KR950005804A (ko) | 1995-03-20 |
| CN1037767C (zh) | 1998-03-18 |
| DE69414660D1 (de) | 1998-12-24 |
| DE69414660T2 (de) | 1999-04-08 |
| TW555737B (en) | 2003-10-01 |
| RU2124476C1 (ru) | 1999-01-10 |
| RO113343B1 (ro) | 1998-06-30 |
| EP0638546B1 (en) | 1998-11-18 |
| TW496857B (en) | 2002-08-01 |
| US5457223A (en) | 1995-10-10 |
| EP0638546A1 (en) | 1995-02-15 |
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