AU594661B2 - Cell corrosion reduction - Google Patents
Cell corrosion reduction Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU594661B2 AU594661B2 AU53248/86A AU5324886A AU594661B2 AU 594661 B2 AU594661 B2 AU 594661B2 AU 53248/86 A AU53248/86 A AU 53248/86A AU 5324886 A AU5324886 A AU 5324886A AU 594661 B2 AU594661 B2 AU 594661B2
- Authority
- AU
- Australia
- Prior art keywords
- anode
- cell
- polycrystalline
- zinc
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 title claims description 37
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title description 6
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 79
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- -1 phosphate ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 12
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002877 alkyl aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003014 phosphoric acid esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002762 monocarboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 59
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910000497 Amalgam Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 8
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000005267 amalgamation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UKWHYYKOEPRTIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Hg]=O UKWHYYKOEPRTIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BGUILKOLBPOILU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 2-cyclohexyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(O)(C(=O)OCCN(C)C)C1CCCCC1 BGUILKOLBPOILU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001077857 Grais Species 0.000 description 1
- XNQCXEBZBVDKAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N OSSS Chemical compound OSSS XNQCXEBZBVDKAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium oxide Inorganic materials [Cd]=O CXKCTMHTOKXKQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Cd+2] CFEAAQFZALKQPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000003850 cellular structure Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000005690 diesters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015110 jellies Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008274 jelly Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940101209 mercuric oxide Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002467 phosphate group Chemical group [H]OP(=O)(O[H])O[*] 0.000 description 1
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012255 powdered metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010583 slow cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US70083685A | 1985-02-12 | 1985-02-12 | |
| US700836 | 1985-02-12 | ||
| US06/749,688 US4632890A (en) | 1985-06-28 | 1985-06-28 | Anode metal treatment and use of said anode in cell |
| US749688 | 1985-06-28 | ||
| US06/764,454 US4585716A (en) | 1984-07-09 | 1985-08-12 | Cell corrosion reduction |
| US764454 | 1985-08-12 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU5324886A AU5324886A (en) | 1986-08-21 |
| AU594661B2 true AU594661B2 (en) | 1990-03-15 |
Family
ID=27418711
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU53248/86A Ceased AU594661B2 (en) | 1985-02-12 | 1986-02-06 | Cell corrosion reduction |
Country Status (16)
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1267189A (en) * | 1985-06-28 | 1990-03-27 | Jerrold Winger | Alkaline cell employing a zinc electrode with reduced mercury additive |
| FR2634594B1 (fr) * | 1988-07-25 | 1993-06-18 | Cipel Wonder | Generateur electrochimique a electrolyte alcalin et a electrode negative de zinc |
| EP0352604A1 (fr) * | 1988-07-25 | 1990-01-31 | Cipel | Générateur électrochimique primaire à électrolyte alcalin et à électrode négative de zinc |
| DE3902650A1 (de) * | 1989-01-30 | 1990-08-02 | Varta Batterie | Galvanisches primaerelement |
| CA2046148C (en) * | 1990-08-14 | 1997-01-07 | Dale R. Getz | Alkaline cells that are substantially free of mercury |
| US5626988A (en) * | 1994-05-06 | 1997-05-06 | Battery Technologies Inc. | Sealed rechargeable cells containing mercury-free zinc anodes, and a method of manufacture |
| CN101366135B (zh) | 2006-06-28 | 2010-12-22 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | 碱性干电池 |
| JP4516092B2 (ja) * | 2007-05-10 | 2010-08-04 | パナソニック株式会社 | アルカリ乾電池 |
| CN112928236A (zh) * | 2021-01-21 | 2021-06-08 | 福建南平南孚电池有限公司 | 一种碱性电池 |
| CN115874086B (zh) * | 2021-09-22 | 2025-02-18 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种高活性铝基牺牲阳极及其制备方法和应用 |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU2249683A (en) * | 1982-12-18 | 1984-06-21 | Varta Batterie A.G. | Conductor for zn electrode |
| AU567857B2 (en) * | 1984-07-09 | 1987-12-03 | Duracell International Inc. | Electrochemical cell with metal single crystal anode for reduced corrosion and gassing |
| AU575516B2 (en) * | 1983-04-06 | 1988-07-28 | Duracell International Inc. | Single crystal anodes with irregular metal particles |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE347906C (de) * | 1918-11-16 | 1922-01-25 | Alfred Eichhoff | Galvanisches Element |
| US2233578A (en) * | 1937-11-04 | 1941-03-04 | Western Cartridge Co | Method of making battery cans |
| US3623911A (en) * | 1969-03-03 | 1971-11-30 | Leesona Corp | High-rate consumable metal electrodes |
| US3853625A (en) * | 1970-04-03 | 1974-12-10 | Union Carbide Corp | Zinc fibers and needles and galvanic cell anodes made therefrom |
| BE789556A (fr) * | 1971-10-01 | 1973-03-29 | Union Carbide Corp | Element alcain de pile au zinc |
| CA1086988A (en) * | 1978-02-14 | 1980-10-07 | Maheswar Sahoo | Magnesium-lithium alloy |
| US4195120A (en) * | 1978-11-03 | 1980-03-25 | P. R. Mallory & Co. Inc. | Hydrogen evolution inhibitors for cells having zinc anodes |
| JPS56143662A (en) * | 1980-04-07 | 1981-11-09 | Tamagawa Kikai Kinzoku Kk | High strength zinc alloy for dry cell |
| DE3272350D1 (en) * | 1981-11-20 | 1986-09-04 | Varta Batterie | Galvanic primary element with a negative electroless zinc-plated electrode collector |
| JPS58218760A (ja) * | 1982-06-11 | 1983-12-20 | Toshiba Battery Co Ltd | アルカリ電池 |
| JPS59186253A (ja) * | 1983-04-01 | 1984-10-23 | インタ−ナショナル ビジネス マシ−ンズ コ−ポレ−ション | 電池の電極 |
| JPS61131363A (ja) * | 1984-11-28 | 1986-06-19 | Fuji Elelctrochem Co Ltd | アルカリ電池 |
| JPS61131366A (ja) * | 1984-11-30 | 1986-06-19 | Fuji Elelctrochem Co Ltd | アルカリ電池用粒状亜鉛合金の処理方法 |
| JPS61131367A (ja) * | 1984-11-30 | 1986-06-19 | Fuji Elelctrochem Co Ltd | アルカリ電池用粒状亜鉛合金の処理方法 |
-
1986
- 1986-01-23 IE IE198/86A patent/IE57432B1/en unknown
- 1986-02-04 DE DE19863603342 patent/DE3603342A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1986-02-06 AU AU53248/86A patent/AU594661B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1986-02-07 BR BR8600570A patent/BR8600570A/pt unknown
- 1986-02-10 ES ES551801A patent/ES8706854A1/es not_active Expired
- 1986-02-11 DK DK66886A patent/DK66886A/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-02-11 FR FR868601826A patent/FR2577351B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1986-02-11 CH CH572/86A patent/CH671304A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-02-11 NO NO860475A patent/NO169098C/no unknown
- 1986-02-11 BE BE0/216257A patent/BE904216A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-02-11 SE SE8600606A patent/SE8600606L/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-02-12 CA CA000501694A patent/CA1271217A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-02-12 GB GB8603413A patent/GB2170946B/en not_active Expired
- 1986-02-12 IT IT8619386A patent/IT1204791B/it active
- 1986-02-12 NL NL8600347A patent/NL8600347A/nl not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-02-12 MX MX1516A patent/MX163835B/es unknown
- 1986-02-12 GB GB8802013A patent/GB2200791B/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU2249683A (en) * | 1982-12-18 | 1984-06-21 | Varta Batterie A.G. | Conductor for zn electrode |
| AU575516B2 (en) * | 1983-04-06 | 1988-07-28 | Duracell International Inc. | Single crystal anodes with irregular metal particles |
| AU567857B2 (en) * | 1984-07-09 | 1987-12-03 | Duracell International Inc. | Electrochemical cell with metal single crystal anode for reduced corrosion and gassing |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES8706854A1 (es) | 1987-07-01 |
| GB2200791B (en) | 1989-11-29 |
| DK66886A (da) | 1986-08-13 |
| IT1204791B (it) | 1989-03-10 |
| BE904216A (fr) | 1986-05-29 |
| NO169098B (no) | 1992-01-27 |
| AU5324886A (en) | 1986-08-21 |
| GB2170946B (en) | 1989-11-22 |
| FR2577351A1 (fr) | 1986-08-14 |
| FR2577351B1 (fr) | 1989-09-29 |
| ES551801A0 (es) | 1987-07-01 |
| NL8600347A (nl) | 1986-09-01 |
| SE8600606D0 (sv) | 1986-02-11 |
| GB8603413D0 (en) | 1986-03-19 |
| NO860475L (no) | 1986-08-13 |
| DK66886D0 (da) | 1986-02-11 |
| DE3603342A1 (de) | 1986-08-14 |
| GB2200791A (en) | 1988-08-10 |
| IE860198L (en) | 1986-08-12 |
| GB2170946A (en) | 1986-08-13 |
| SE8600606L (sv) | 1986-08-13 |
| GB8802013D0 (en) | 1988-02-24 |
| NO169098C (no) | 1992-05-06 |
| IT8619386A0 (it) | 1986-02-12 |
| CA1271217A (en) | 1990-07-03 |
| BR8600570A (pt) | 1986-10-21 |
| MX163835B (es) | 1992-06-25 |
| IE57432B1 (en) | 1992-09-09 |
| CH671304A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1989-08-15 |
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