ATE366807T1 - Fehlpaarungsendonukleasen und verwendungsverfahren - Google Patents
Fehlpaarungsendonukleasen und verwendungsverfahrenInfo
- Publication number
- ATE366807T1 ATE366807T1 AT03706015T AT03706015T ATE366807T1 AT E366807 T1 ATE366807 T1 AT E366807T1 AT 03706015 T AT03706015 T AT 03706015T AT 03706015 T AT03706015 T AT 03706015T AT E366807 T1 ATE366807 T1 AT E366807T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- heteroduplex
- complementarity
- polynucleotide
- mismatches
- increased
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract 4
- 108091027305 Heteroduplex Proteins 0.000 abstract 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract 3
- 108091033319 polynucleotide Proteins 0.000 abstract 3
- 102000040430 polynucleotide Human genes 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000002157 polynucleotide Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 102000004533 Endonucleases Human genes 0.000 abstract 1
- 108010042407 Endonucleases Proteins 0.000 abstract 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 abstract 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 abstract 1
- 108010010677 Phosphodiesterase I Proteins 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
- C12N15/102—Mutagenizing nucleic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/005—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
- C12N15/102—Mutagenizing nucleic acids
- C12N15/1027—Mutagenizing nucleic acids by DNA shuffling, e.g. RSR, STEP, RPR
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8201—Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation
- C12N15/8202—Methods for introducing genetic material into plant cells, e.g. DNA, RNA, stable or transient incorporation, tissue culture methods adapted for transformation by biological means, e.g. cell mediated or natural vector
- C12N15/8203—Virus mediated transformation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
- C12N15/8257—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits for the production of primary gene products, e.g. pharmaceutical products, interferon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
- C12N9/22—Ribonucleases [RNase]; Deoxyribonucleases [DNase]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2770/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses positive-sense
- C12N2770/00011—Details
- C12N2770/00022—New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Enzymes And Modification Thereof (AREA)
- Micro-Organisms Or Cultivation Processes Thereof (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Disintegrating Or Milling (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US35372202P | 2002-02-01 | 2002-02-01 | |
| US10/098,155 US20030157495A1 (en) | 2002-02-01 | 2002-03-14 | Nucleic acid molecules encoding CEL I endonuclease and methods of use thereof |
| US10/211,079 US7078211B2 (en) | 2002-02-01 | 2002-08-01 | Nucleic acid molecules encoding endonucleases and methods of use thereof |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ATE366807T1 true ATE366807T1 (de) | 2007-08-15 |
Family
ID=27739010
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AT03706015T ATE366807T1 (de) | 2002-02-01 | 2003-01-31 | Fehlpaarungsendonukleasen und verwendungsverfahren |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (4) | US7078211B2 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1565557B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP4395632B2 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE366807T1 (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2003207776B2 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2473187C (de) |
| DE (1) | DE60314902T2 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2003066809A2 (de) |
Families Citing this family (29)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7838219B2 (en) * | 2001-02-02 | 2010-11-23 | Novici Biotech Llc | Method of increasing complementarity in a heteroduplex |
| US20110111413A1 (en) * | 2001-02-02 | 2011-05-12 | Padgett Hal S | Method of optimizing codon usage through dna shuffling |
| ATE447019T1 (de) * | 2001-02-02 | 2009-11-15 | Large Scale Biology Corp | Methode zur erhöhung der komplementarität in einem heteroduplex-polynucleotid |
| US7078211B2 (en) * | 2002-02-01 | 2006-07-18 | Large Scale Biology Corporation | Nucleic acid molecules encoding endonucleases and methods of use thereof |
| EP1574570A1 (de) * | 2004-03-12 | 2005-09-14 | Universität Regensburg | Verfahren zur Verringerung der Anzahl von fehlgepaarten Nukleotiden in doppelsträngigen Polynukleotiden |
| ES2292270B1 (es) * | 2004-04-14 | 2009-02-16 | Oryzon Genomics, S.A. | Procedimiento para detectar selectivamente acidos nucleicos con estructuras atipicas convertibles en muescas. |
| US20060029612A1 (en) * | 2004-04-15 | 2006-02-09 | Large Scale Biology Corporation | Prevention and treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis |
| US7729761B2 (en) * | 2004-07-14 | 2010-06-01 | Cardiac Pacemakers, Inc. | Method and apparatus for controlled gene or protein delivery |
| ATE495243T1 (de) * | 2004-07-30 | 2011-01-15 | Genoplante Valor | Verfahren zur herstellung von hochempfindlichen endonukleasen, neuartige zubereitungen von nukleasen und ihre verwendung |
| EP2484768A3 (de) * | 2005-07-18 | 2012-11-21 | Protalix Ltd. | Mukosale oder enterale Verabreichung biologisch aktiver Makromoleküle |
| EP1934335A4 (de) * | 2005-09-08 | 2010-05-05 | Large Scale Biology Corp | Modifizierte tabak-mosaikvirus-teilchen als gerüste zur anzeige von protein-antigenen für impfstoff-anwendungen |
| WO2007101028A2 (en) * | 2006-02-24 | 2007-09-07 | Transgenomic, Inc. | Method to produce enzymatically active recombinant endonucleases |
| US7888475B2 (en) * | 2008-09-15 | 2011-02-15 | Padgett Hal S | Interferon alpha and interferon kappa fusion protein |
| WO2011102802A1 (en) * | 2010-02-18 | 2011-08-25 | Agency For Science, Technology And Research | Method for reducing mismatches in double-stranded dna molecules |
| EP2768607B1 (de) | 2011-09-26 | 2021-08-18 | Thermo Fisher Scientific GENEART GmbH | Multiwell-platte für die hocheffiziente kleinvolumige nukleinsäuresynthese |
| WO2013116771A1 (en) * | 2012-02-01 | 2013-08-08 | Synthetic Genomics, Inc. | Materials and methods for the synthesis of error-minimized nucleic acid molecules |
| US20130274129A1 (en) | 2012-04-04 | 2013-10-17 | Geneart Ag | Tal-effector assembly platform, customized services, kits and assays |
| US10563240B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2020-02-18 | Life Technologies Corporation | High efficiency, small volume nucleic acid synthesis |
| US20150119260A1 (en) * | 2013-10-18 | 2015-04-30 | National Taiwan University | Circulating cancer biomarker and its use |
| EP3169781B1 (de) | 2014-07-15 | 2020-04-08 | Life Technologies Corporation | Zusammensetzungen und verfahren zur nukleinsäureassemblierung |
| CN115927293A (zh) | 2014-12-09 | 2023-04-07 | 生命技术公司 | 高效小体积核酸合成 |
| WO2017007925A1 (en) | 2015-07-07 | 2017-01-12 | Thermo Fisher Scientific Geneart Gmbh | Enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acid sequences |
| EP3763818A1 (de) | 2015-10-06 | 2021-01-13 | Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. | Vorrichtungen und verfahren zur herstellung von proteinen |
| WO2017125893A1 (en) * | 2016-01-22 | 2017-07-27 | Vyome Biosciences Pvt. Ltd. | Method of detecting and treating p. acnes and kit thereof |
| WO2020001783A1 (en) | 2018-06-29 | 2020-01-02 | Thermo Fisher Scientific Geneart Gmbh | High throughput assembly of nucleic acid molecules |
| GB201905303D0 (en) | 2019-04-15 | 2019-05-29 | Thermo Fisher Scient Geneart Gmbh | Multiplex assembly of nucleic acid molecules |
| JP2023516827A (ja) | 2020-03-06 | 2023-04-20 | ライフ テクノロジーズ コーポレイション | 高配列忠実度の核酸合成およびアセンブリ |
| US11667968B2 (en) | 2021-05-27 | 2023-06-06 | New England Biolabs, Inc. | Fragmentation of DNA |
| WO2024132094A1 (en) | 2022-12-19 | 2024-06-27 | Thermo Fisher Scientific Geneart Gmbh | Retrieval of sequence-verified nucleic acid molecules |
Family Cites Families (33)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US45175A (en) * | 1864-11-22 | Improved grinding-plate | ||
| US48268A (en) * | 1865-06-20 | Improved process for preparing coffee | ||
| US17477A (en) * | 1857-06-09 | allerton | ||
| AU4434585A (en) * | 1985-03-30 | 1986-10-23 | Marc Ballivet | Method for obtaining dna, rna, peptides, polypeptides or proteins by means of a dna recombinant technique |
| US4994368A (en) * | 1987-07-23 | 1991-02-19 | Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. | Amplification method for polynucleotide assays |
| US5459039A (en) * | 1989-05-12 | 1995-10-17 | Duke University | Methods for mapping genetic mutations |
| US5556750A (en) * | 1989-05-12 | 1996-09-17 | Duke University | Methods and kits for fractionating a population of DNA molecules based on the presence or absence of a base-pair mismatch utilizing mismatch repair systems |
| US5556747A (en) * | 1990-07-09 | 1996-09-17 | E. R. Squibb & Sons, Inc. | Method for site-directed mutagenesis |
| DE4112440C1 (de) | 1991-04-16 | 1992-10-22 | Diagen Institut Fuer Molekularbiologische Diagnostik Gmbh, 4000 Duesseldorf, De | |
| US5795747A (en) * | 1991-04-16 | 1998-08-18 | Evotec Biosystems Gmbh | Process for manufacturing new biopolymers |
| AU3919293A (en) * | 1992-03-27 | 1993-11-08 | University Of Maryland At Baltimore | Detection of gene mutations with mismatch repair enzymes |
| US6165793A (en) * | 1996-03-25 | 2000-12-26 | Maxygen, Inc. | Methods for generating polynucleotides having desired characteristics by iterative selection and recombination |
| DE69633723T2 (de) | 1995-06-07 | 2006-02-02 | Trevigen, Inc. | Methode zur detektion von punktmutanten mittels nukleinsäurereperaturenzym und in vitro mutagenese |
| US6057103A (en) * | 1995-07-18 | 2000-05-02 | Diversa Corporation | Screening for novel bioactivities |
| JP2000501615A (ja) * | 1995-12-15 | 2000-02-15 | アマーシャム・ライフ・サイエンス・インコーポレーテッド | 酵素増幅中に生じる変異配列の検出および除去のためのミスマッチ修復系を用いる方法 |
| WO1997037011A1 (en) | 1996-04-01 | 1997-10-09 | Setratech S.A.R.L. | Meiotic recombination in vivo of partially homologous dna sequences |
| US5869245A (en) * | 1996-06-05 | 1999-02-09 | Fox Chase Cancer Center | Mismatch endonuclease and its use in identifying mutations in targeted polynucleotide strands |
| JP4213214B2 (ja) | 1996-06-05 | 2009-01-21 | フォックス・チェイス・キャンサー・センター | ミスマッチエンドヌクレアーゼおよび標的ポリヌクレオチド鎖中突然変異の同定におけるその使用 |
| FR2772048B1 (fr) | 1997-12-04 | 2001-12-21 | Biomethodes | Procede de clonage par digestion multiple, vecteurs pour sa mise en oeuvre et ses applications |
| DK2270234T3 (da) | 1997-12-08 | 2013-06-03 | California Inst Of Techn | Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af polynukleotid- og polypeptidsekvenser |
| US6846655B1 (en) * | 1998-06-29 | 2005-01-25 | Phylos, Inc. | Methods for generating highly diverse libraries |
| FR2789696A1 (fr) | 1999-02-12 | 2000-08-18 | Biomethodes | Procede de mutagenese d'un fragment d'acide nucleique par clonage et polymerisation-ligation |
| FR2793807B1 (fr) | 1999-05-20 | 2003-05-16 | Biomethodes | Methode d'insertion d'un fragment d'acide nucleique dans un vecteur, ses applications et les kits pour sa mise en oeuvre |
| DE19953854C2 (de) | 1999-11-09 | 2002-01-17 | Max Planck Gesellschaft | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Biopolymeren mit veränderten Eigenschaften |
| US6391557B1 (en) * | 2000-02-22 | 2002-05-21 | Fox Chase Cancer Center | Nucleic acid molecule encoding a mismatch endonuclease and methods of use thereof |
| AU2001247212B2 (en) | 2000-02-22 | 2005-12-22 | Fox Chase Cancer Center | Nucleic acid molecule encoding a mismatch endonuclease and methods of use thereof |
| AU2001263411A1 (en) * | 2000-05-23 | 2001-12-03 | California Institute Of Technology | Gene recombination and hybrid protein development |
| FR2813314B1 (fr) | 2000-08-25 | 2004-05-07 | Biomethodes | Procede de mutagenese dirigee massive |
| US20040091886A1 (en) | 2000-09-21 | 2004-05-13 | Moore Jeffrey C. | Method for generating recombinant polynucleotides |
| US6783941B2 (en) * | 2000-12-06 | 2004-08-31 | Novozymes A/S | Method for producing a polynucleotide library in vitro by mismatch repair of heteroduplexes |
| ATE447019T1 (de) | 2001-02-02 | 2009-11-15 | Large Scale Biology Corp | Methode zur erhöhung der komplementarität in einem heteroduplex-polynucleotid |
| US7078211B2 (en) * | 2002-02-01 | 2006-07-18 | Large Scale Biology Corporation | Nucleic acid molecules encoding endonucleases and methods of use thereof |
| DE10248258A1 (de) | 2002-10-16 | 2004-05-06 | Biopsytec Analytik Gmbh | Mutierte Nukleinsäure einer Cel I-Endonuklease und Verfahren zur Herstellung des rekombinanten vollständigen Cel I-Proteins |
-
2002
- 2002-08-01 US US10/211,079 patent/US7078211B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2003
- 2003-01-31 AU AU2003207776A patent/AU2003207776B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-01-31 US US10/356,708 patent/US7056740B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-31 WO PCT/US2003/002958 patent/WO2003066809A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-01-31 CA CA2473187A patent/CA2473187C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-01-31 AT AT03706015T patent/ATE366807T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-01-31 EP EP03706015A patent/EP1565557B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-31 DE DE60314902T patent/DE60314902T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-01-31 JP JP2003566160A patent/JP4395632B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2006
- 2006-05-03 US US11/417,448 patent/US7273739B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2007
- 2007-09-24 US US11/860,465 patent/US20080145913A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US7056740B2 (en) | 2006-06-06 |
| US20080145913A1 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
| US7078211B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 |
| DE60314902D1 (de) | 2007-08-23 |
| US7273739B2 (en) | 2007-09-25 |
| AU2003207776B2 (en) | 2008-12-11 |
| AU2003207776A1 (en) | 2003-09-02 |
| DE60314902T2 (de) | 2008-04-10 |
| EP1565557A4 (de) | 2005-11-30 |
| JP2005529586A (ja) | 2005-10-06 |
| WO2003066809A2 (en) | 2003-08-14 |
| US20030157682A1 (en) | 2003-08-21 |
| JP4395632B2 (ja) | 2010-01-13 |
| CA2473187A1 (en) | 2003-08-14 |
| US20060194288A1 (en) | 2006-08-31 |
| CA2473187C (en) | 2012-07-31 |
| WO2003066809A3 (en) | 2005-06-30 |
| US20030148315A1 (en) | 2003-08-07 |
| EP1565557B1 (de) | 2007-07-11 |
| EP1565557A2 (de) | 2005-08-24 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| RER | Ceased as to paragraph 5 lit. 3 law introducing patent treaties |