ATE255950T1 - Flüssig-gekühlter einspritzer - Google Patents
Flüssig-gekühlter einspritzerInfo
- Publication number
- ATE255950T1 ATE255950T1 AT99960107T AT99960107T ATE255950T1 AT E255950 T1 ATE255950 T1 AT E255950T1 AT 99960107 T AT99960107 T AT 99960107T AT 99960107 T AT99960107 T AT 99960107T AT E255950 T1 ATE255950 T1 AT E255950T1
- Authority
- AT
- Austria
- Prior art keywords
- orifice
- fluid
- injector
- plunger
- valve
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
- A61P5/06—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the anterior pituitary hormones, e.g. TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/8621—Removing nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/8625—Nitrogen oxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/74—General processes for purification of waste gases; Apparatus or devices specially adapted therefor
- B01D53/86—Catalytic processes
- B01D53/90—Injecting reactants
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2260/00—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for
- F01N2260/02—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for cooling the device
- F01N2260/024—Exhaust treating devices having provisions not otherwise provided for for cooling the device using a liquid
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/11—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance or part of the dosing system being cooled
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
- F01N2610/1453—Sprayers or atomisers; Arrangement thereof in the exhaust apparatus
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
- Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
- Y02C20/10—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of nitrous oxide (N2O)
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/6416—With heating or cooling of the system
- Y10T137/6552—With diversion of part of fluid to heat or cool the device or its contents
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/6416—With heating or cooling of the system
- Y10T137/6579—Circulating fluid in heat exchange relationship
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Diabetes (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Endocrinology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
- Nozzles (AREA)
- Magnetically Actuated Valves (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
- Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Jet Pumps And Other Pumps (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/164,304 US6279603B1 (en) | 1998-10-01 | 1998-10-01 | Fluid-cooled injector |
PCT/US1999/022386 WO2000018491A1 (en) | 1998-10-01 | 1999-09-27 | Fluid-cooled injector |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
ATE255950T1 true ATE255950T1 (de) | 2003-12-15 |
Family
ID=22593890
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
AT99960107T ATE255950T1 (de) | 1998-10-01 | 1999-09-27 | Flüssig-gekühlter einspritzer |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6279603B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1117469B1 (de) |
JP (2) | JP3851775B2 (de) |
CN (2) | CN1137750C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE255950T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU1704500A (de) |
CA (1) | CA2345807C (de) |
DE (1) | DE69913549T2 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2209531T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000018491A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (128)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
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DE10107618A1 (de) * | 2001-02-17 | 2002-08-29 | Pierburg Ag | Ventilanordnung zur Druckregelung der Kraftstoffzufuhr bei einer Brennkraftmaschine |
US6669057B2 (en) * | 2001-10-31 | 2003-12-30 | Nordson Corporation | High-speed liquid dispensing modules |
DE60226070T2 (de) * | 2001-11-09 | 2009-06-25 | Clean Diesel Technologies Inc., Stamford | Stufenlos einstellbare steuerung von umweltverschmutzung verringernden chemikalien für verbrennungsquellen |
US6996976B2 (en) * | 2002-04-03 | 2006-02-14 | Cleaire Advanced Emmision Controls | Apparatus and method for mounting a device to a pipe |
WO2003084647A1 (en) * | 2002-04-03 | 2003-10-16 | Cleaire Advanced Emission Controls, Llc. | Fluid-cooled mount for an injector |
WO2003100225A1 (en) * | 2002-05-07 | 2003-12-04 | Extengine Transport Systems | Emission control system |
US7497076B2 (en) * | 2002-05-07 | 2009-03-03 | Extengine Transport Systems | Emission control system |
US6887284B2 (en) * | 2002-07-12 | 2005-05-03 | Dannie B. Hudson | Dual homogenization system and process for fuel oil |
US6941746B2 (en) * | 2002-11-21 | 2005-09-13 | Combustion Components Associates, Inc. | Mobile diesel selective catalytic reduction systems and methods |
EP1644619A2 (de) * | 2003-06-12 | 2006-04-12 | Donaldson Company, Inc. | Verfahren zur abgabe von kraftstoff in den instationären fluss eines abgassystems |
DE10332114A1 (de) * | 2003-07-09 | 2005-01-27 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Gekühlte Vorrichtung zur Dosierung von Reduktionsmittel zum Abgas eines Verbrennungsmotors |
WO2005028827A1 (ja) * | 2003-09-19 | 2005-03-31 | Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd. | エンジンの排気浄化装置 |
EP2426329B1 (de) * | 2003-09-19 | 2013-05-01 | Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd. | Abgasentgiftungsvorrichtung für Motor |
WO2005033479A1 (ja) * | 2003-09-30 | 2005-04-14 | Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd. | エンジンの排気浄化装置 |
US7186396B2 (en) * | 2003-11-26 | 2007-03-06 | Asemblon, Inc. | Method for hydrogen storage and delivery |
WO2005073529A1 (ja) * | 2004-02-02 | 2005-08-11 | Nissan Diesel Motor Co., Ltd. | エンジンの排気浄化装置 |
EP1712754A4 (de) * | 2004-02-02 | 2010-09-29 | Nissan Diesel Motor Co | Vorrichtung zur abgasreinigung eines verbrennungsmotors |
DE102004015805B4 (de) * | 2004-03-29 | 2007-07-26 | J. Eberspächer GmbH & Co. KG | Vorrichtung zum Einbringen einer Flüssigkeit in einen Abgasstrang |
US7467749B2 (en) * | 2004-04-26 | 2008-12-23 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Methods and apparatus for injecting atomized reagent |
US8047452B2 (en) | 2004-04-26 | 2011-11-01 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Method and apparatus for injecting atomized fluids |
DE102004025062B4 (de) | 2004-05-18 | 2006-09-14 | Hydraulik-Ring Gmbh | Gefriertaugliches Dosierventil |
DE102004048336A1 (de) * | 2004-10-01 | 2006-04-13 | J. Eberspächer GmbH & Co. KG | Abgasanlage für eine Brennkraftmaschine |
JP3714559B1 (ja) * | 2004-11-05 | 2005-11-09 | 日産ディーゼル工業株式会社 | 排気浄化装置 |
DE102004056791B4 (de) * | 2004-11-24 | 2007-04-19 | J. Eberspächer GmbH & Co. KG | Abgasanlage |
DE102004058542A1 (de) * | 2004-12-03 | 2006-06-08 | Nordson Corporation, Westlake | Rotationsauftragskopf und Etikettieranlage zum Aufbringen von Etiketten |
CN100593074C (zh) * | 2005-03-02 | 2010-03-03 | 液压环有限公司 | 用于机动车废气处理的喷射设备 |
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JP2007032472A (ja) * | 2005-07-28 | 2007-02-08 | Hitachi Ltd | 尿素水を用いた排気処理装置 |
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JP4804242B2 (ja) * | 2006-06-26 | 2011-11-02 | Udトラックス株式会社 | エンジンの排気浄化装置 |
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US7497077B2 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2009-03-03 | Southwest Research Institute | System and method for dispensing an aqueous urea solution into an exhaust gas stream |
JP4888171B2 (ja) * | 2006-07-27 | 2012-02-29 | 株式会社デンソー | 排気浄化装置 |
US8109077B2 (en) * | 2006-10-11 | 2012-02-07 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Dual injector system for diesel emissions control |
JP4656039B2 (ja) * | 2006-10-19 | 2011-03-23 | 株式会社デンソー | エンジンの排気浄化装置 |
US9151201B2 (en) * | 2006-11-08 | 2015-10-06 | Continental Automotive Systems, Inc. | Laser welded automotive diesel exhaust HC dosing valve |
DE102006053485A1 (de) * | 2006-11-14 | 2008-05-15 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Reagenzmittel-Dosierventils und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
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US8171721B2 (en) | 2007-01-22 | 2012-05-08 | International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc | Closed loop control of exhaust system fluid dosing |
DE102007004687B4 (de) | 2007-01-25 | 2012-03-01 | Hydraulik-Ring Gmbh | Volumensmengenabgabeeinheit und Verfahren zur Kalibrierung der Druckausgangssignal-Volumensmenge-Charakteristik |
EP2121144B1 (de) * | 2007-03-08 | 2012-11-21 | Mack Trucks, Inc. | Antifouling-vorrichtung eines nachbehandlungsinjektors |
US7818960B2 (en) | 2007-03-14 | 2010-10-26 | Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. | SCR cold start heating system for a diesel exhaust |
EP2538048B1 (de) * | 2007-03-30 | 2015-03-04 | Continental Automotive Systems US, Inc. | Reduktionsmittelabgabeeinheit für selektive katalytische Reduktion |
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JP5001793B2 (ja) * | 2007-11-13 | 2012-08-15 | 三菱ふそうトラック・バス株式会社 | 排気浄化装置 |
US20090137350A1 (en) * | 2007-11-26 | 2009-05-28 | Jason Lenig | Game Ball with Enhanced in Flight Movement |
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BRPI1007301A2 (pt) * | 2009-02-02 | 2016-02-10 | Tenneco Automotive Operating | sistema de montagem de injetor |
US8517284B2 (en) | 2009-05-13 | 2013-08-27 | Caterpillar Inc. | System and method for internal cooling of a fuel injector |
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US9683472B2 (en) | 2010-02-10 | 2017-06-20 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Electromagnetically controlled injector having flux bridge and flux break |
US8740113B2 (en) | 2010-02-10 | 2014-06-03 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company, Inc. | Pressure swirl flow injector with reduced flow variability and return flow |
US8973895B2 (en) | 2010-02-10 | 2015-03-10 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Electromagnetically controlled injector having flux bridge and flux break |
SE534974C2 (sv) * | 2010-06-21 | 2012-03-06 | Scania Cv Ab | Förfarande och anordning för att baserat på en doseringsenhets kylbehov bestämma miniminivån i en reduktionsmedelsbehållare i ett SCR-system |
SE536873C2 (sv) * | 2010-06-21 | 2014-10-14 | Scania Cv Ab | HC-doseringssystem för avgasrening samt förfarande för kylning därav |
US8438839B2 (en) | 2010-10-19 | 2013-05-14 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Exhaust gas stream vortex breaker |
US8549840B2 (en) | 2010-11-12 | 2013-10-08 | Cummins Cal Pacific, Llc | Fluid injector |
CN101988412A (zh) * | 2010-11-12 | 2011-03-23 | 无锡市凯龙汽车设备制造有限公司 | 柴油机scr喷射头 |
DE102010061222B4 (de) | 2010-12-14 | 2015-05-07 | Cummins Ltd. | SCR-Abgasnachbehandlungseinrichtung |
RU2013148822A (ru) * | 2011-04-04 | 2015-05-10 | Мак Тракс, Инк. | Форсунка, охлаждаемая жидкой средой, система последующей обработки отработавших газов, транспортное средство и способ применения такой форсунки |
DE102011075381A1 (de) * | 2011-05-06 | 2012-11-08 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Injektor zur Dosierung von Reduktionsmittel zum Abgas einer Brennkraftmaschine |
US8910882B2 (en) | 2011-06-23 | 2014-12-16 | Caterpillar Inc. | Fuel injector having reduced armature cavity pressure |
US9726063B2 (en) | 2011-09-08 | 2017-08-08 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | In-line flow diverter |
US8677738B2 (en) | 2011-09-08 | 2014-03-25 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Pre-injection exhaust flow modifier |
US9347355B2 (en) | 2011-09-08 | 2016-05-24 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | In-line flow diverter |
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US8978364B2 (en) | 2012-05-07 | 2015-03-17 | Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. | Reagent injector |
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-
1998
- 1998-10-01 US US09/164,304 patent/US6279603B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1999
- 1999-09-27 JP JP2000572005A patent/JP3851775B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-09-27 DE DE1999613549 patent/DE69913549T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-27 CN CNB99813726XA patent/CN1137750C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-09-27 ES ES99960107T patent/ES2209531T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-27 CA CA 2345807 patent/CA2345807C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-09-27 EP EP19990960107 patent/EP1117469B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-27 AT AT99960107T patent/ATE255950T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-09-27 WO PCT/US1999/022386 patent/WO2000018491A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1999-09-27 AU AU17045/00A patent/AU1704500A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-09-27 CN CNA03106339XA patent/CN1483924A/zh active Pending
-
2001
- 2001-07-09 US US09/901,180 patent/US20020001554A1/en not_active Abandoned
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CA2345807A1 (en) | 2000-04-06 |
US6279603B1 (en) | 2001-08-28 |
EP1117469A1 (de) | 2001-07-25 |
CN1483924A (zh) | 2004-03-24 |
US20020001554A1 (en) | 2002-01-03 |
EP1117469A4 (de) | 2002-06-05 |
JP2002525491A (ja) | 2002-08-13 |
CN1328479A (zh) | 2001-12-26 |
JP3863120B2 (ja) | 2006-12-27 |
CA2345807C (en) | 2007-01-09 |
EP1117469B1 (de) | 2003-12-10 |
DE69913549T2 (de) | 2004-11-18 |
WO2000018491A9 (en) | 2000-10-19 |
CN1137750C (zh) | 2004-02-11 |
ES2209531T3 (es) | 2004-06-16 |
AU1704500A (en) | 2000-04-17 |
JP2003328735A (ja) | 2003-11-19 |
JP3851775B2 (ja) | 2006-11-29 |
WO2000018491A1 (en) | 2000-04-06 |
DE69913549D1 (de) | 2004-01-22 |
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