WO2023284057A1 - 一种s-尼古丁的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种s-尼古丁的制备方法 Download PDF

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WO2023284057A1
WO2023284057A1 PCT/CN2021/112793 CN2021112793W WO2023284057A1 WO 2023284057 A1 WO2023284057 A1 WO 2023284057A1 CN 2021112793 W CN2021112793 W CN 2021112793W WO 2023284057 A1 WO2023284057 A1 WO 2023284057A1
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nicotine
amino
pyridine
butanone
preparation
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PCT/CN2021/112793
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English (en)
French (fr)
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邹军
邹阳
刘梅森
罗维贤
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深圳市真味生物科技有限公司
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Priority to EP21810886.8A priority Critical patent/EP4140992B1/en
Publication of WO2023284057A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023284057A1/zh

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/167—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes in liquid or vaporisable form, e.g. liquid compositions for electronic cigarettes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/12—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of reconstituted tobacco
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
    • A24B15/18—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
    • A24B15/28—Treatment of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes by chemical substances

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of chemical synthesis, in particular to a preparation method of S-nicotine.
  • S-nicotine is basically obtained by chiral resolution, but chiral resolution reagents are expensive and unfavorable for industrial production.
  • the patent with the publication number CN104341390A discloses a preparation method of S-nicotine, which uses cyclic imine as the starting material, requires expensive chiral catalysts, and requires high-pressure hydrogen equipment. The production cost is relatively high, and it is not suitable for large-scale industrialization. Production.
  • the patent with the publication number CN11233829A discloses a preparation method of optically active nicotine, using nitrogen-containing or phosphorus-containing chiral ligands to prepare organometallic catalysts, using imide salt derivatives as starting materials to prepare S-nicotine, The preparation of organometallic catalysts is more complicated, the production cost is higher, and the yield of S-nicotine is lower.
  • the present application provides a method for preparing S-nicotine, which uses cheaper and easily available raw materials, and the yield of the prepared S-nicotine is higher.
  • the present application provides a preparation method of S-nicotine.
  • the present application provides a method for preparing S-nicotine, which is realized by the following technical scheme:
  • a preparation method of S-nicotine comprising the steps of:
  • nicotinic acid ester and ⁇ -butyrolactone are used as raw materials, both of which are cheap and easy-to-obtain raw materials, and (+)-B-diisopinepinyl chloride boron
  • the alkane reduces the carbonyl group of the intermediate and obtains the target chiral center
  • (+)-B-diisopinocampylchloroborane induces a chiral hydroxyl group, and then performs chlorocyclization to construct a chiral S-demethylation Nicotine, and finally amine methylation to give photochemically active S-nicotine.
  • the preparation method of S-nicotine provided by the present application has the advantages of high purity, simple steps, easy operation, high yield and mild reaction conditions, and obtains S-nicotine in a single configuration with high ee value, which is suitable for industrial production.
  • the nicotinic acid ester is methyl nicotinate or ethyl nicotinate.
  • the molar ratio of the nicotinic acid ester, ⁇ -butyrolactone and the basic catalyst is 1:(1 ⁇ 2):(1.2 ⁇ 3); more preferably, the nicotinic acid
  • the molar ratio of ester, ⁇ -butyrolactone and basic catalyst is 1:1:2.
  • the basic catalyst is selected from alkali metal alkoxides, alkaline earth metal hydrides, alkaline earth metal oxides, amines, metal salts of amines, hydroxides, carbonates and bicarbonates one or more of them.
  • the alkali metal alkoxide includes but not limited to any one of sodium tert-butoxide, sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide and potassium tert-butoxide.
  • the alkaline earth metal hydride includes but not limited to one or more of NaH, LiH and KH.
  • the alkaline earth metal oxide includes but not limited to one or more of Na 2 O, Li 2 O and K 2 O.
  • the amines include but not limited to triethylamine and/or diisopropylethylamine.
  • the metal salt of the amine includes but not limited to sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and/or lithium diisopropylamide.
  • the hydroxide includes but not limited to one or more of sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide.
  • the carbonate includes but not limited to one or more of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and cesium carbonate.
  • the bicarbonate includes but not limited to sodium bicarbonate and/or potassium bicarbonate.
  • the basic catalyst is selected from any one of sodium tert-butoxide, NaH and potassium tert-butoxide.
  • the organic solvent I is selected from one or more of tetrahydrofuran, methyl tert-butyl ether, dimethyltetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane; preferably, The organic solvent I is 1,4-dioxane.
  • the reaction needs to be carried out under N2 atmosphere, and the order of adding the nicotinic acid ester, ⁇ -butyrolactone and the basic catalyst is: first add ⁇ -butyrolactone, then add the alkali Sexual catalyst, and finally add nicotinic acid ester.
  • the reaction temperature of the gamma-butyrolactone and the basic catalyst is 0°C, and the reaction time is 30 minutes; the reaction temperature of the nicotinic acid ester with the gamma-butyrolactone and the basic catalyst is 25°C .
  • the hydrochloric acid is concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the concentration of the concentrated hydrochloric acid is 12mol/L.
  • the molar ratio of the condensation product to HCl in hydrochloric acid is 1:(1-6); preferably, the molar ratio of the condensation product to HCl in hydrochloric acid is 1:1.
  • the reaction time of the condensation product and hydrochloric acid at 70-90°C is 0.5-1.5h; preferably, the reaction time of the condensation product and hydrochloric acid at 80°C is 1h.
  • the post-treatment operation is : first dilute with brine, and extract after neutralization with alkaline substances, take the organic phase, and spin the solvent to get 4-chloro-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone.
  • the 4-chloro-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone obtained in the step S1 needs to be dissolved with a solvent before the reaction in the step S2.
  • the solvent includes but not limited to one or more of acetonitrile, 1,4-dioxane, dichloromethane, DMF and tetrahydrofuran; preferably, the solvent is acetonitrile.
  • the reaction temperature of the 4-chloro-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone and the amination reagent under alkaline conditions is 60-100° C., and the time is 6-100° C. 10 h; preferably, the reaction temperature of 4-chloro-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone and amination reagent under alkaline conditions is 80° C. and the time is 8 h.
  • the molar ratio of the 4-chloro-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone to the amination reagent is 1:(1-3); more preferably, the 4
  • the molar ratio of -chloro-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone to aminating reagent is 1:2.
  • the amination reagent is ammonia water or formamide; more preferably, the amination reagent is formamide.
  • the pH of the alkaline environment in the reaction of the 4-chloro-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone and the amination reagent under alkaline conditions is 8-12; preferably , the pH of the alkaline environment in the reaction of the 4-chloro-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone and the amination reagent under alkaline conditions is 9.
  • the alkaline environment can be obtained by adjusting 52wt% NaOH aqueous solution.
  • the S2 step also includes a post-processing step.
  • the post-processing step is: adding acid to adjust the pH to 6-7, extracting, and spin-drying the organic phase to obtain 4-amino-1-(3-pyridine)-1 - butanone.
  • the 4-amino-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone prepared in the step S2 needs to be dissolved with the organic solvent II.
  • the organic solvent II is selected from one or more of tetrahydrofuran, dimethyltetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane; more preferably, the organic solvent II is tetrahydrofuran .
  • the mol ratio of the 4-amino-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone to (+)-B-diisopinepinylchloroborane is 1:(1 ⁇ 3); More preferably, the mol ratio of described 4-amino-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone and (+)-B-diisopinepinyl chloride borane is 1:(1.5 ⁇ 2).
  • the reaction temperature of the 4-amino-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone and (+)-B-diisopine pinocampylchloroborane is 0°C, and the reaction The time is 2h.
  • the step S3 also includes an extraction step.
  • the extraction agent is dichloromethane, and the solvent is spin-dried after extraction to obtain (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-ol.
  • the (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-ol prepared in the step S3 needs to be dissolved in a solvent before reacting with the chlorination reagent.
  • the solvent includes, but is not limited to, 1,4-dioxane.
  • the reaction temperature of the step S4 is -10-10°C; more preferably, the reaction temperature of the step S4 is 0°C.
  • the reaction time of the step S4 is 20-40 minutes; preferably, the reaction time of the step S4 is 30 minutes.
  • the chlorination reagent is selected from oxalyl chloride, thionyl chloride, PCl 3 and PCl 5 ; more preferably, the chlorination reagent is oxalyl chloride.
  • the molar ratio of (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-ol to oxalyl chloride is 1:(1 ⁇ 2); more preferably , the molar ratio of (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-ol to oxalyl chloride is 1:1.5.
  • (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-alcohol needs to be quenched after reacting with oxalyl chloride, and the quenching reagent can be selected from water , A mixture containing (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-chloride was obtained.
  • the mixture containing (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-chloride prepared in the S4 step is ring-closed under the action of a base to form S-desmethylnicotine.
  • the alkali is hydroxide or carbonate.
  • the hydroxide includes but not limited to one or more of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, barium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide.
  • the carbonate includes but not limited to one or more of sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate and cesium carbonate.
  • the base is sodium hydroxide.
  • the molar ratio of (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-chloride to sodium hydroxide is 1:(1.5 ⁇ 2.5);
  • the molar ratio of (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-chloride to sodium hydroxide is 1:2.
  • the reaction temperature of the mixture containing (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-chloride prepared in the S4 step and the base is 55-65 °C
  • the reaction time is 2 to 3 hours; preferably, the reaction temperature of the mixture containing (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-chloride prepared in the S4 step and the base is 60 °C, the reaction time is 2h.
  • step S5 what is obtained in the step S5 is a mixture containing S-desmethylnicotine.
  • the amine methylating reagent is methyl iodide.
  • the molar ratio of S-desmethylnicotine and methyl iodide in the mixture containing S-desmethylnicotine is 1:(1.1 ⁇ 1.4); preferably, the S-demethylnicotine-containing mixture -
  • the molar ratio of S-desmethylnicotine and methyl iodide in the mixture of desmethylnicotine is 1:1.2.
  • the reaction temperature of the mixture containing S-desmethylnicotine and the amine methylating reagent is 20-30°C, and the reaction time is 2-4 hours; preferably, the mixture containing S- - The reaction temperature of the mixture of demethylnicotine and the amine methylating reagent is 25° C., and the reaction time is 3 hours.
  • the purification is distillation purification, and its specific operation is: carry out atmospheric distillation extraction twice, and the obtained product is a high-purity levorotatory sample.
  • This application uses cheap and easy-to-obtain nicotinic acid ester and gamma-butyrolactone as starting materials, and the cost is relatively low.
  • This application provides a new route for synthesizing S-nicotine. Sequentially condense under the action of a basic catalyst, react with concentrated hydrochloric acid to reflux and open the ring to obtain 4-chloro-1-(3-pyridine)-1-butanone, and react with an aminating reagent under basic conditions to obtain 4-amino-1- (3-pyridine)-1-butanone, induced by (+)-B-diisopinocampylchloroborane to generate chiral hydroxyl to obtain (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butanol -1-alcohol, then chlorination, ring closure under the action of alkali to obtain S-desmethylnicotine, and finally amine methylation to obtain S-nicotine.
  • the reaction route is simple, the reaction conditions are mild, easy to operate, and a single configuration of S-nicotine is obtained with high selectivity.
  • the yield of S-nicotine is high, the purity is high, and the steps are simple, and it is especially suitable for the production of industrialized S-nicotine. .
  • the raw materials used in this application can all be obtained from the market. Unless otherwise specified, the raw materials not mentioned in this application were all purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
  • Embodiments 1-20 provide a method for preparing S-nicotine, which will be described below by taking Embodiment 1 as an example.
  • step S2 Dissolve the 4-chloro-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-butanone obtained in step S1 with 1L of acetonitrile, then use 52wt% NaOH aqueous solution to make the pH of the system 9, and then add 90.1g (2mol, 2eq) Formamide, reacted at 80°C for 8 hours, adjusted the pH to 6 with 4mol/L hydrochloric acid after the reaction, extracted with ethyl acetate, took the organic phase and removed the solvent by rotary evaporation to obtain 4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl) -1-Butanone.
  • step S3 Dissolve the 4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)-1-butanone obtained in step S2 with 5L tetrahydrofuran, and add 641.5g (2mol, 2eq)(+)-B-diphenone at 0°C after dissolving Isocampaneyl chloride borane, reacted at 0°C for 2h, extracted three times with dichloromethane, and spin-dried the solvent to obtain (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-ol.
  • step S4 Add 2L of 1,4-dioxane to the (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-ol obtained in step S3, add 190.4g ( 1.5mol, 1.5eq) oxalyl chloride, and react at 0°C for 30min, add 10mL of water to quench the reaction, and obtain a mixture containing (S)-4-amino-1-(pyridin-3-yl)butan-1-chloride .
  • step S6 Add 170.3g (1.2mol, 1.2eq) methyl iodide to the mixture containing S-desmethylnicotine prepared in step S5, react at 25°C for 3h, adjust the pH of the system to 6 with 12mol/L hydrochloric acid, and use dichloromethane Extraction, take the organic phase, add Na 2 SO 4 to the organic phase to dry, concentrate under reduced pressure to remove the solvent, and obtain the crude S-nicotine; the crude S-nicotine is then purified by atmospheric distillation to obtain S-nicotine, with a yield of 52%.
  • the ee value is 98%, and the purity is 99%.
  • each mass and specific molar weight in the examples of the application can be selected according to the size of the industrially produced container, as long as the equivalent ratio between the reaction raw materials needs to be kept consistent.
  • Example 2-3 The only difference between Example 2-3 and Example 1 is that in the S1 step reaction, the type of the basic catalyst is adjusted, as shown in Table 1 for details.
  • Example 4 differs from Example 1 only in that in the S2 step reaction, the type of amination reagent is adjusted, as shown in Table 2 for details.
  • Examples 5-6 differ from Example 1 only in that: in the S2 step reaction, the amount of amination reagent is adjusted, as shown in Table 3.
  • Example 7-9 The only difference between Examples 7-9 and Example 1 is that in the reaction of step S3, the amount of (+)-B-diisopinocampylchloroborane is adjusted, as shown in Table 4.
  • Example 10-12 The only difference between Examples 10-12 and Example 1 is that in the S3 step reaction, the type of organic solvent II is adjusted, as shown in Table 5.
  • Example 1 Tetrahydrofuran 52
  • Example 10 1,4-dioxane 50
  • Example 11 methyl tert-butyl ether 25
  • Example 12 Anhydrous ether 48
  • Examples 13-15 differ from Example 1 only in that: in the S3 step reaction, the reaction temperature is adjusted, as shown in Table 6.
  • Examples 16-17 differ from Example 1 only in that the reaction temperature is adjusted in the step S4, as shown in Table 7.
  • Example 18-19 The only difference between Examples 18-19 and Example 1 is that in the S4 step reaction, the amount of oxalyl chloride is adjusted, as shown in Table 8.
  • Example 20 the only difference from Example 1 is that in the S1 step, the equimolar replacement of methyl nicotinate with ethyl nicotinate (CAS No. 614-18-6), the yield of the obtained S-nicotine The yield is 52%, the ee value is 98%, and the purity is 99%.

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Abstract

一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，以烟酸酯和γ-丁内酯为起始原料，依次在碱性催化剂作用下缩合，与浓盐酸回流反应开环得4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮，与胺化试剂在碱性条件反应得4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮，经(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷诱导产生手性羟基得(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇，再进行氯代，在碱的作用下关环得S-去甲基尼古丁，最后胺甲基化得S-尼古丁。该反应条件温和、易操作，能高选择性的得到单一构型的S-尼古丁，S-尼古丁的产率高、纯度高，步骤简单，起始原料成本较低，特别适用于工业化S-尼古丁的生产。

Description

一种S-尼古丁的制备方法 技术领域
本发明涉及化学合成技术领域，尤其是涉及一种S-尼古丁的制备方法。
背景技术
随着电子烟行业的迅猛发展，尼古丁作为电子烟的重要活性成分之一，需求日益增大，其中具有光学活性的单一构型的尼古丁受到人们的广泛关注。S-尼古丁，分子式C 10H 14N 2，CAS号为54-11-5，结构式为
Figure PCTCN2021112793-appb-000001
目前S-尼古丁的制备方法研究较少。S-尼古丁基本是通过手性拆分的方法获得的，但手性拆分试剂昂贵，不利于工业化生产。
公开号为CN104341390A的专利公开了一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，以环状亚胺为起始原料，需要昂贵的手性催化剂，且需要高压氢气设备，生产成本较高，不适合大规模工业化生产。公开号为CN11233829A的专利公开了一种光学活性的尼古丁的制备方法，采用含氮或含磷的手性配体制备有机金属催化剂，以亚胺盐衍生物为起始原料制备了S-尼古丁，有机金属催化剂的制备较复杂，生产成本较高，S-尼古丁的产率较低。
因此，本申请提供一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，采用更廉价易得的原料，制备的S-尼古丁的产率更高。
发明内容
为了提高S-尼古丁的产率，本申请提供一种S-尼古丁的制备方法。
第一方面，本申请提供一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，采用如下技术方案实现：
一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
S1、烟酸酯和γ-丁内酯加入有机溶剂I中，在碱性催化剂作用下缩合，得缩合产物，缩合产物在盐酸条件下开环得4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮；
S2、4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与胺化试剂在碱性条件反应得4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮；
S3、4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷在有机溶剂II中，在-30～10℃反应得(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇；
S4、(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇与氯代试剂反应，得(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-氯；
S5、(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-氯在碱的作用下环合得S-去甲基尼古丁；
S6、S-去甲基尼古丁与胺甲基化试剂反应得S-尼古丁粗品，纯化后得S-尼古丁。
通过采取上述技术方案，采用烟酸酯和γ-丁内酯为原材料，烟酸酯和γ-丁内酯均是廉价易得的原料，利用(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷对中间体的羰基进行还原并得到目标手性中心，(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷诱导产生手性羟基，再进行氯代关环构建手性的S-去甲基尼古丁，最后胺甲基化得到光化学活性的S-尼古丁。本申请提供的S-尼古丁的制备方法，具有纯度高、步骤简单、易操作、高产率和反应条件温和的优点，且得到了单一构型的S-尼古丁，ee值高，适用于工业化生产。
本申请中，所述烟酸酯为烟酸甲酯或烟酸乙酯。
优选的，所述S1步骤中，所述烟酸酯、γ-丁内酯和碱性催化剂的摩尔比为1:(1～2):(1.2～3)；更优选的，所述烟酸酯、γ-丁内酯和碱性催化剂的摩尔比为1:1:2。
优选的，所述S1步骤中，所述碱性催化剂选自碱金属烷氧化物、碱土金属氢化物、碱土金属氧化物、胺、胺的金属盐、氢氧化物、碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐中的一种或几种。
本申请中，所述碱金属烷氧化物包括但不限于叔丁醇钠、甲醇钠、乙醇钠和叔丁醇钾中任一种。
本申请中，所述碱土金属氢化物包括但不限于NaH、LiH和KH中的一种或多种。
本申请中，所述碱土金属氧化物包括但不限于Na 2O、Li 2O和K 2O中的一种或多种。
本申请中，所述胺包括但不限于三乙胺和/或二异丙基乙基胺。
本申请中，所述胺的金属盐包括但不限于二(三甲基硅基)氨基钠和/或二异丙基氨基锂。
本申请中，所述氢氧化物包括但不限于氢氧化钠、氢氧化锂和氢氧化镁中的一种或多种。
本申请中，所述碳酸盐包括但不限于碳酸钠、碳酸钾和碳酸铯中的一种或多种。
本申请中，所述碳酸氢盐包括但不限于碳酸氢钠和/或碳酸氢钾。
更优选的，所述碱性催化剂选自叔丁醇钠、NaH和叔丁醇钾中的任一种。
本申请中，所述S1步骤中，所述有机溶剂I选自四氢呋喃、甲基叔丁基醚、二甲基四氢呋喃和1,4-二氧六环中的一种或多种；优选的，所述有机溶剂I为1,4-二氧六环。
本申请中，所述S1步骤中，反应需要在N 2氛围下进行，所述烟酸酯、γ-丁内酯和碱性催化剂的加料顺序是：先加入γ-丁内酯，再加碱性催化剂，最后加烟酸酯。
本申请中，所述γ-丁内酯和碱性催化剂的反应温度为0℃，反应时间为30min；所述 烟酸酯加入后与γ-丁内酯和碱性催化剂的反应温度为25℃。
本申请中，所述S1步骤中，所述盐酸为浓盐酸，浓盐酸的浓度为12mol/L。
本申请中，所述S1步骤中，所述缩合产物和盐酸中HCl的摩尔比为1:(1～6)；优选的，所述缩合产物和盐酸中HCl的摩尔比为1:1。
本申请中，所述S1步骤中，所述缩合产物与盐酸在70～90℃回流反应时间为0.5～1.5h；优选的，所述缩合产物与盐酸在80℃回流反应时间为1h。
本申请中，所述S1步骤中，所述缩合产物在盐酸条件下开环后还需要进行后处理才能得到4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮；后处理的操作为：先用盐水稀释，并用碱性物质进行中和后萃取，取有机相，旋干溶剂，得4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮。
本申请中，所述S2步骤反应前需要用溶剂溶解S1步骤得到的4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮。所述溶剂包括但不限于乙腈、1,4-二氧六环、二氯甲烷、DMF和四氢呋喃中的一种或多种；优选的，所述溶剂为乙腈。
本申请中，所述S2步骤中，所述4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与胺化试剂在碱性条件下反应的温度为60～100℃，时间为6～10h；优选的，4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与胺化试剂在碱性条件下反应的温度为80℃，时间为8h。
优选的，所述S2步骤中，所述4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与胺化试剂的摩尔比为1:(1～3)；更优选的，所述4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与胺化试剂的摩尔比为1:2。
优选的，所述S2步骤中，所述胺化试剂为氨水或甲酰胺；更优选的，所述胺化试剂为甲酰胺。
本申请中，所述S2步骤中，所述4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与胺化试剂在碱性条件反应中碱性环境的pH为8～12；优选的，所述4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与胺化试剂在碱性条件反应中碱性环境的pH为9。所述碱性环境可以由52wt％NaOH水溶液调节得到。
本申请中，所述S2步骤还包括后处理步骤，后处理步骤为：加酸调节pH为6～7，萃取，有机相旋干溶剂，得4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮。
本申请中，所述S3步骤中，需要用有机溶剂II溶解S2步骤制得的4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮。
优选的，所述S3步骤中，所述有机溶剂II选自四氢呋喃、二甲基四氢呋喃和1,4-二氧六环中的一种或多种；更优选的，所述有机溶剂II为四氢呋喃。
优选的，所述S3步骤中，所述4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷的摩尔比为1:(1～3)；更优选的，所述4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯 硼烷的摩尔比为1:(1.5～2)。
优选的，所述S3步骤中，所述4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷的反应温度为0℃，反应时间为2h。
本申请中，所述S3步骤还包括萃取步骤，萃取剂为二氯甲烷，萃取后旋干溶剂，得(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇。
本申请中，所述S4步骤中，所述S3步骤制备的(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇需要溶剂溶解后再与氯代试剂反应。所述溶剂包括但不限于1,4-二氧六环。
优选的，所述S4步骤的反应温度为-10～10℃；更优选的，所述S4步骤的反应温度为0℃。
本申请中，所述S4步骤的反应时间为20～40min；优选的，所述S4步骤的反应时间为30min。
优选的，所述S4步骤中，所述氯代试剂选自草酰氯、二氯亚砜、PCl 3和PCl 5；更优选的，所述氯代试剂为草酰氯。
优选的，所述S4步骤中，所述(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇和草酰氯的摩尔比为1:(1～2)；更优选的，所述(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇和草酰氯的摩尔比为1:1.5。
本申请中，所述S4步骤中，(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇与草酰氯反应后还需要进行猝灭反应，猝灭试剂可以选择水，得含(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-氯的混合物。
本申请中，所述S5步骤中，所述S4步骤制备的含(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-氯的混合物在碱的作用下关环，形成S-去甲基尼古丁。
优选的，所述S5步骤中，所述碱为氢氧化物或碳酸盐。
本申请中，所述氢氧化物包括但不限于氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、氢氧化锂、氢氧化铯、氢氧化钡和氢氧化镁中的一种或多种。
本申请中，所述碳酸盐包括但不限于碳酸钠、碳酸钾和碳酸铯中的一种或多种。
更优选的，所述碱为氢氧化钠。
本申请中，所述S5步骤中，所述(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-氯和氢氧化钠的摩尔比为1:(1.5～2.5)；优选的，所述(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-氯和氢氧化钠的摩尔比为1:2。
本申请中，所述S5步骤中，所述S4步骤制备的含(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁- 1-氯的混合物与碱的反应温度为55～65℃，反应时间为2～3h；优选的，所述S4步骤制备的含(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-氯的混合物与碱的反应温度为60℃，反应时间为2h。
本申请中，所述S5步骤得到的是含S-去甲基尼古丁的混合物。
本申请中，所述S6步骤中，所述胺甲基化试剂为碘甲烷。
本申请中，所述S6步骤中，所述含S-去甲基尼古丁的混合物中S-去甲基尼古丁和碘甲烷的摩尔比为1:(1.1～1.4)；优选的，所述含S-去甲基尼古丁的混合物中S-去甲基尼古丁和碘甲烷的摩尔比为1:1.2。
本申请中，所述S6步骤中，所述含S-去甲基尼古丁的混合物与胺甲基化试剂反应的温度为20～30℃，反应时间为2～4h；优选的，所述含S-去甲基尼古丁的混合物与胺甲基化试剂反应的温度为25℃，反应时间为3h。
本申请中，所述S6步骤中，所述含S-去甲基尼古丁的混合物与胺甲基化试剂反应后需要用酸调节pH为6，萃取，有机相经Na 2SO 4干燥，减压浓缩得S-尼古丁粗品。
本申请中，所述S6步骤中，所述纯化为蒸馏纯化，其具体操作为：分两次进行常压蒸馏提取，所得的产物为高纯度的左旋样品。
综上所述，本申请具有以下有益效果：
本申请通过廉价易得的烟酸酯和γ-丁内酯为起始原料，成本较低，本申请提供了一种合成S-尼古丁的新路线。依次在碱性催化剂作用下缩合，与浓盐酸回流反应开环得4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮，与胺化试剂在碱性条件反应得4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮，经(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷诱导产生手性羟基得(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇，再进行氯代，在碱的作用下关环得S-去甲基尼古丁，最后胺甲基化得S-尼古丁。该反应路线简单，反应条件温和、易操作，高选择性的得到了单一构型的S-尼古丁，S-尼古丁的产率高、纯度高，具有步骤简单，特别适用于工业化S-尼古丁的生产。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本申请作进一步详细说明。
本申请使用的原料均可通过市售获得，若无特殊说明，本申请未提及的原料均购买自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
实施例1-20提供了一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，以下以实施例1为例进行说明。
实施例1提供的S-尼古丁的制备方法，其中，所述烟酸酯为烟酸甲酯，其合成路线如反应式1所示：
Figure PCTCN2021112793-appb-000002
具体的制备步骤为：
S1、0℃下，将86.1g(1mol，1eq)γ-丁内酯(CAS号96-48-0)加至1L 1,4-二氧六环中，混合后加入48g(2mol，2eq)氢化钠，在0℃反应0.5h，再加入137.1g(1mol)烟酸甲酯(CAS号93-60-7)在25℃进行缩合反应，TCL监测反应至反应结束，得缩合产物；向缩合产物中加入0.083L 12mol/L(1mol，1eq)盐酸，80℃回流反应1h，再加入饱和食盐水萃取，加入碳酸氢钠使体系pH为7，用二氯甲烷萃取3次，合并有机相，旋干除去溶剂，得4-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1-丁酮。
S2、用1L乙腈溶解S1步骤得到的4-氯-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1-丁酮，再用52wt％NaOH水溶液使体系pH为9，再加入90.1g(2mol，2eq)甲酰胺，在80℃反应8h，反应后用4mol/L盐酸调节pH为6，用乙酸乙酯萃取，取有机相并旋蒸除去溶剂，得4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1-丁酮。
S3、用5L四氢呋喃溶解S2步骤得到的4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)-1-丁酮，溶解后在0℃下加入641.5g(2mol，2eq)(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷，并在0℃反应2h，用二氯甲烷萃取三次，旋干溶剂，得(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇。
S4、向S3步骤得到的(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇中加入2L 1,4-二氧六环，混合后在0℃加入190.4g(1.5mol，1.5eq)草酰氯，并在0℃反应30min，反应加10mL水猝灭反应，得含(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-氯的混合物。
S5、向S4步骤制备的含(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-氯的混合物中加入80g(2mol，2eq)NaOH，在60℃边搅拌溶解边反应2h，得含S-去甲基尼古丁的混合物；
S6、向S5步骤制备的含S-去甲基尼古丁的混合物中加入170.3g(1.2mol，1.2eq)碘甲烷，25℃反应3h，用12mol/L盐酸调节体系pH为6，用二氯甲烷萃取，取有机相，有机相中加入Na 2SO 4干燥，减压浓缩除去溶剂，得S-尼古丁粗品；S-尼古丁粗品再经过一次常压蒸馏纯化，得S-尼古丁，收率52％，ee值98％，纯度99％。
值得注意的是，本申请中实施例中各质量和具体的摩尔量可以根据工业化生产的容 器的大小进行选择，只需要保持各反应原料之间的当量比一致即可。
实施例2-3，与实施例1不同之处仅在于：所述S1步骤反应中，对碱性催化剂的种类进行调整，具体如表1所示。
表1碱性催化剂选择对S-尼古丁收率的影响
编号 碱性催化剂选择 S-尼古丁的收率(％)
实施例1 氢化钠 52
实施例2 叔丁醇钠 42
实施例3 叔丁醇钾 43
实施例4，与实施例1不同之处仅在于：所述S2步骤反应中，对胺化试剂的种类进行调整，具体如表2所示。
表2胺化试剂选择对S-尼古丁收率的影响
编号 胺化试剂选择 S-尼古丁的收率(％)
实施例1 甲酰胺 52
实施例4 氨水 48
实施例5-6，与实施例1不同之处仅在于：所述S2步骤反应中，对胺化试剂的用量进行调整，具体如表3所示。
表3胺化试剂用量对S-尼古丁收率的影响
编号 胺化试剂的当量数(eq) S-尼古丁的收率(％)
实施例1 2 52
实施例5 3 48
实施例6 1 45
实施例7-9，与实施例1不同之处仅在于：所述S3步骤反应中，对(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷的用量进行调整，具体如表4所示。
表4(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷用量对S-尼古丁收率的影响
Figure PCTCN2021112793-appb-000003
实施例10-12，与实施例1不同之处仅在于：所述S3步骤反应中，对有机溶剂II的种类进行调整，具体如表5所示。
表5有机溶剂II选择对S-尼古丁收率的影响
编号 有机溶剂II选择 S-尼古丁的收率(％)
实施例1 四氢呋喃 52
实施例10 1,4-二氧六环 50
实施例11 甲基叔丁基醚 25
实施例12 无水乙醚 48
实施例13-15，与实施例1不同之处仅在于：所述S3步骤反应中，对反应温度进行调整，具 体如表6所示。
表6反应温度对S-尼古丁收率的影响
编号 反应温度(℃) S-尼古丁的收率(％)
实施例1 0 52
实施例13 -30 50
实施例14 10 45
实施例15 5 48
实施例16-17，与实施例1不同之处仅在于：所述S4步骤反应中，对反应温度进行调整，具体如表7所示。
表7反应温度对S-尼古丁收率的影响
编号 反应温度(℃) S-尼古丁的收率(％)
实施例1 0 52
实施例16 10 43
实施例17 -10 48
实施例18-19，与实施例1不同之处仅在于：所述S4步骤反应中，对草酰氯的用量进行调整，具体如表8所示。
表8草酰氯的用量对S-尼古丁收率的影响
编号 草酰氯的当量数(eq) S-尼古丁的收率(％)
实施例1 1.5 52
实施例18 1 48
实施例19 2 35
实施例20，与实施例1不同之处仅在于：所述S1步骤中，烟酸甲酯等摩尔替换为烟酸乙酯(CAS号614-18-6)，制得的S-尼古丁的收率52％，ee值98％，纯度99％。
本具体实施例仅仅是对本申请的解释，其并不是对本申请的限制，本领域技术人员在阅读完本说明书后可以根据需要对本实施例做出没有创造性贡献的修改，但只要在本申请的权利要求范围内都受到专利法的保护。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
    S1、烟酸酯和γ-丁内酯加入有机溶剂I中，在碱性催化剂作用下缩合，得缩合产物，缩合产物在盐酸条件下开环得4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮；
    S2、4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与胺化试剂在碱性条件下反应得4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮；
    S3、4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮和(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷在有机溶剂II中，在-30～10℃反应得(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇；
    S4、(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇与氯代试剂反应，得(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-氯；
    S5、(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-氯在碱的作用下环合得S-去甲基尼古丁；
    S6、S-去甲基尼古丁与胺甲基化试剂反应得S-尼古丁粗品，纯化后得S-尼古丁。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，其特征在于，所述S3步骤中，所述4-氨基-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与(+)-B-二异松蒎基氯硼烷的摩尔比为1:(1～3)。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，其特征在于，所述S3步骤中，所述有机溶剂II选自四氢呋喃、二甲基四氢呋喃和1,4-二氧六环中的一种或多种。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，其特征在于，所述S4步骤中，所述氯代试剂为草酰氯；所述(S)-4-氨基-1-(吡啶-3-基)丁-1-醇和草酰氯的摩尔比为1:(1～3)。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，其特征在于，所述S4步骤中的反应温度为-10～10℃。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，其特征在于，所述S2步骤中，所述胺化试剂为氨水或甲酰胺。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，其特征在于，所述S2步骤中，所述4-氯-1-(3-吡啶)-1-丁酮与胺化试剂的摩尔比为1:(1～3)。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，其特征在于，所述S1步骤中，所述烟酸酯、γ-丁内酯和碱性催化剂的摩尔比为1:(1～2):(1.2～3)。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，其特征在于，所述S1步骤中，所述碱性催化剂选自碱金属烷氧化物、碱土金属氢化物、碱土金属氧化物、胺、胺的金属盐、氢氧化物、碳酸盐和碳酸氢盐中的一种或几种。
  10. 根据权利要求1所述的一种S-尼古丁的制备方法，其特征在于，所述S5步骤中，所述碱为氢氧化物或碳酸盐。
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