WO2023144654A1 - 電子装置、電子装置の作製方法、半導体装置、半導体装置の作製方法、記憶装置 - Google Patents
電子装置、電子装置の作製方法、半導体装置、半導体装置の作製方法、記憶装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023144654A1 WO2023144654A1 PCT/IB2023/050376 IB2023050376W WO2023144654A1 WO 2023144654 A1 WO2023144654 A1 WO 2023144654A1 IB 2023050376 W IB2023050376 W IB 2023050376W WO 2023144654 A1 WO2023144654 A1 WO 2023144654A1
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- conductor
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- oxide
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- H01L29/66007—Multistep manufacturing processes
- H01L29/66075—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials
- H01L29/66227—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials the devices being controllable only by the electric current supplied or the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. three-terminal devices
- H01L29/66409—Unipolar field-effect transistors
- H01L29/66477—Unipolar field-effect transistors with an insulated gate, i.e. MISFET
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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- H01L29/66969—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having semiconductor bodies not comprising group 14 or group 13/15 materials
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
- H01L29/7869—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film having a semiconductor body comprising an oxide semiconductor material, e.g. zinc oxide, copper aluminium oxide, cadmium stannate
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/786—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film
- H01L29/78696—Thin film transistors, i.e. transistors with a channel being at least partly a thin film characterised by the structure of the channel, e.g. multichannel, transverse or longitudinal shape, length or width, doping structure, or the overlap or alignment between the channel and the gate, the source or the drain, or the contacting structure of the channel
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/76—Unipolar devices, e.g. field effect transistors
- H01L29/772—Field effect transistors
- H01L29/78—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate
- H01L29/792—Field effect transistors with field effect produced by an insulated gate with charge trapping gate insulator, e.g. MNOS-memory transistors
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- H10B41/00—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates
- H10B41/70—Electrically erasable-and-programmable ROM [EEPROM] devices comprising floating gates the floating gate being an electrode shared by two or more components
Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to electronic devices, transistors, semiconductor devices, memory devices, and electronic devices. Alternatively, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing an electronic device and a semiconductor device. Alternatively, one aspect of the present invention relates to semiconductor wafers and modules.
- a semiconductor device refers to all devices that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- a semiconductor element such as a transistor, a semiconductor circuit, an arithmetic device, and a memory device are examples of semiconductor devices.
- a display device (such as a liquid crystal display device or a light-emitting display device), a projection device, a lighting device, an electro-optical device, a power storage device, a memory device, a semiconductor circuit, an imaging device, an electronic device, or the like can be said to include a semiconductor device in some cases.
- One aspect of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field.
- One embodiment of the invention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to a product, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- One aspect of the invention also relates to a process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter.
- a CPU is a semiconductor device having semiconductor integrated circuits formed into chips by processing a semiconductor wafer and having electrodes as connection terminals formed thereon.
- a semiconductor integrated circuit can also be said to be an assembly of semiconductor elements.
- Semiconductor devices such as CPUs and memories are mounted on circuit boards, such as printed wiring boards, and used as one of the components of various electronic devices.
- transistor is widely applied to electronic devices such as integrated circuits (ICs) and image display devices (also simply referred to as display devices).
- ICs integrated circuits
- image display devices also simply referred to as display devices.
- Silicon-based semiconductor materials are widely known as semiconductor thin films applicable to transistors, but oxide semiconductors are attracting attention as other materials.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a low-power-consumption CPU and the like that utilize a characteristic that a transistor including an oxide semiconductor has a small leakage current.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a memory device or the like that can retain stored data for a long period of time by utilizing the characteristic that a transistor including an oxide semiconductor has low leakage current.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a technique for increasing the density of integrated circuits.
- An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide an electronic device or a semiconductor device that can be miniaturized or highly integrated. Another object is to provide an electronic device or a semiconductor device that operates at high speed. Another object is to provide a semiconductor device with favorable electrical characteristics. Another object is to provide a semiconductor device with little variation in electrical characteristics of transistors. Another object is to provide a highly reliable semiconductor device. Another object is to provide a semiconductor device with high on-state current. Another object is to provide a semiconductor device with low power consumption. Another object is to provide a novel semiconductor device. Another object is to provide a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device in which the number of steps is reduced. Another object is to provide a memory device including a novel semiconductor device.
- One embodiment of the present invention is an electronic device including a first conductor, a second conductor, a first insulator, a second insulator, and a connection electrode.
- a first insulator is provided on the first conductor and has a first opening overlapping the first conductor.
- a second conductor is provided on the first insulator and has a second opening overlapping the first conductor.
- a second insulator is provided on the second conductor and has a third opening overlapping the first conductor. The second opening has a smaller width than the third opening.
- the connection electrode is positioned inside the first opening, inside the second opening, and inside the third opening, and is in contact with the upper surface of the first conductor.
- the connection electrode has a region in contact with part of the top surface and part of the side surface of the second conductor.
- the second opening preferably has a portion with a width smaller than that of the first opening.
- the connection electrode has a region in contact with part of the lower surface of the second conductor.
- connection electrode preferably has a third conductor and a fourth conductor.
- a third conductor is positioned inside the first opening, inside the second opening, and inside the third opening.
- the fourth conductor is between the third conductor and the first insulator, between the third conductor and the second conductor, and between the third conductor and the second insulator. It preferably has a region located between and in contact with part of the top surface and part of the side surface of the second conductor.
- the third conductor preferably contains tantalum, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, or copper.
- the fourth conductor preferably contains tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, or titanium nitride.
- the first insulator preferably has a portion where the inner wall of the first opening is a concave surface. Furthermore, it is preferable that the third conductor has a portion with a convex curved side surface.
- the width of the first opening is preferably smaller than the width of the second opening. Furthermore, it is preferable that the width of the third conductor located inside the third opening is smaller than that of the part located inside the first opening.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing an electronic device, which includes the following steps. That is, a first conductor is formed, a first insulator is formed over the first conductor, and a second insulator having a second opening overlapping the first conductor is formed over the first insulator. forming a conductor; forming a second insulator over the second conductor; forming a first opening in the first insulator overlying the first conductor and the second opening; A third opening overlapping the first conductor and the second opening is formed in the body by an anisotropic first etching process, and an isotropic second etching process is performed to form the first opening and the second opening.
- a connection electrode is formed in contact with the upper surface of the body and in contact with the upper surface and side surfaces of the second conductor.
- dry etching is preferably used for the first etching treatment and the second etching treatment. At this time, it is preferable that the first etching treatment and the second etching treatment are continuously performed by the same apparatus without exposure to the air.
- dry etching is preferably used for the first etching treatment, and wet etching is preferably used for the second etching treatment.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a transistor and a capacitor.
- the transistor includes an oxide, a first conductor and a second conductor on the oxide, a first insulator on the first conductor and the second conductor, and a first insulator on the oxide.
- the second insulator has a first opening and a second opening.
- the first insulator has a third opening overlapping the first opening.
- the first opening and the third opening have regions that overlap with the oxide.
- a third insulator and a third conductor are disposed within the first opening.
- the third conductor has a region overlapping with the oxide with the third insulator interposed therebetween.
- the third insulator has regions respectively contacting the top surface of the oxide and the sidewalls of the first opening.
- the capacitive element comprises a second conductor, a first insulator on the second conductor, a fourth insulator on the first insulator, and a fourth conductor on the fourth insulator. have a body A fourth insulator and a fourth conductor are positioned within the second opening. In a cross-sectional view of the transistor in the channel length direction, the distance between the first conductor and the second conductor is smaller than the width of the first opening.
- the second opening has a region overlapping with the second conductor, and the fourth conductor is connected to the second conductor through the first insulator and the fourth insulator.
- the fourth insulator has a region that overlaps the body, and the fourth insulator has regions that contact the upper surface of the first insulator and the sidewalls of the second opening, respectively.
- the third insulator has a fifth insulator and a sixth insulator on the fifth insulator
- the fourth insulator has a seventh insulator.
- an eighth insulator on a seventh insulator the fifth insulator having the same insulating material as the seventh insulator
- the sixth insulator comprising: Preferably, it has the same insulating material as the eighth insulator, and the third conductor has the same conductive material as the fourth conductor.
- mutually facing side surfaces of the first conductor and the second conductor are substantially perpendicular to the upper surface of the oxide.
- the first conductor includes a fifth conductor and a sixth conductor on the fifth conductor
- the second conductor includes a seventh conductor.
- the oxide preferably contains indium, zinc, and one or more selected from gallium, aluminum, and tin.
- Another embodiment of the present invention includes a transistor including an oxide, first to third conductors, and first to third insulators, and a second conductor. , a first insulator, a fourth insulator, and a fourth conductor; forming a first insulator; forming a second insulator over the first insulator; forming a first opening and a first insulator in the second insulator, exposing a top surface of the first insulator; forming two openings, forming a second insulator and a masking layer overlying the second opening, the masking layer having a fourth opening having a region overlapping the first opening, the channel of the transistor; In a cross-sectional view in the longitudinal direction, the width of the fourth opening is smaller than the width of the first opening.
- a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising forming a body and a third conductor, and forming a fourth insulator and a fourth conductor in the second opening.
- One embodiment of the present invention includes multiple layers each including a memory cell, each memory cell having a transistor and a capacitor, the multiple layers being stacked, and the transistor functioning as one of a source electrode and a drain electrode. It has one conductor, a second conductor functioning as the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode, and a third conductor functioning as the gate electrode, and the capacitor functions as one of the pair of electrodes. and a fourth conductor functioning as the other of the pair of electrodes, the plurality of layers each having a first wiring electrically connected to the third conductor; and a second wiring electrically connected to the fourth conductor, wherein the openings of the plurality of layers each have an overlapping region, and the openings of the plurality of layers each include a fifth wiring.
- a conductor is disposed, and the fifth conductor is electrically connected to the first conductor of each of the plurality of layers in the storage device.
- the fifth conductor has a sixth conductor and a seventh conductor on the sixth conductor, the sixth conductor comprising titanium, nitrogen, and the seventh conductor preferably comprises tungsten.
- the above storage device has a driving circuit, and that the plurality of layers be provided over the driving circuit.
- an electronic device or a semiconductor device that can be miniaturized or highly integrated can be provided.
- an electronic device or semiconductor device with high operating speed can be provided.
- a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with little variation in electrical characteristics of transistors can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with favorable electrical characteristics can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with large on-current can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- a novel semiconductor device can be provided.
- a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device in which the number of steps is reduced can be provided.
- a memory device having a novel semiconductor device can be provided.
- FIG. 1A and 1B are diagrams showing configuration examples of the apparatus.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a configuration example of an apparatus.
- 3A and 3B are diagrams showing configuration examples of the apparatus.
- 4A to 4D are diagrams illustrating an example of a method for manufacturing a device.
- 5A and 5B are diagrams illustrating an example of a method for manufacturing a device.
- 6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating an example of a method for manufacturing a device.
- 7A and 7B are diagrams illustrating an example of a method for manufacturing a device.
- 8A and 8B are diagrams showing configuration examples of the apparatus.
- FIG. 9A is a top view of a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9B to 9D are cross-sectional views of semiconductor devices that are embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram illustrating a structure of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 11A to 11C are cross-sectional views of semiconductor devices that are one embodiment of the present invention.
- 12A and 12B are cross-sectional views of a semiconductor device that is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 13A and 13B are cross-sectional views of semiconductor devices that are one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15B to 15D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 16B to 16D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 17A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 17B to 17D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18B to 18D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 19B to 19D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 20B to 20D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21B to 21D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 22B to 22D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 23B to 23D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 24B to 24D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 25A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 25B to 25D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 26A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 26B to 26D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 27A is a top view illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 27B to 27D are cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 28 is a top view illustrating a microwave processing apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram illustrating a microwave processing apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram illustrating a microwave processing apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram illustrating a microwave processing device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 32A is a top view of a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- 32B to 32D are cross-sectional views of semiconductor devices that are embodiments of the present invention.
- 33A and 33B are cross-sectional views of semiconductor devices according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 34A and 34B are a block diagram and a schematic diagram illustrating the structure of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 35A and 35B are schematic diagrams illustrating the structure of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 36A and 36B are layout diagrams illustrating the structure of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 37 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a structure of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 38 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a structure of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 39A and 39B are schematic diagrams of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 40A and 40B are diagrams illustrating an example of an electronic component.
- 41A to 41E are schematic diagrams of a memory device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- 42A to 42H are diagrams illustrating electronic devices according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 43 is a diagram showing an example of space equipment.
- FIG. 44 is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- top views also referred to as “plan views”
- perspective views also referred to as “plan views”.
- description of some hidden lines may be omitted.
- the ordinal numbers such as first and second are used for convenience and do not indicate the order of steps or the order of stacking. Therefore, for example, “first” can be appropriately replaced with “second” or “third”. Also, the ordinal numbers described in this specification and the like may not match the ordinal numbers used to specify one aspect of the present invention.
- X and Y are connected means that X and Y are electrically connected.
- X and Y are electrically connected means an object (an element such as a switch, a transistor element, or a diode, or a circuit including the element and wiring) between X and Y. ) is present, the connection through which electrical signals can be transmitted between X and Y.
- the case where X and Y are electrically connected includes the case where X and Y are directly connected.
- the fact that X and Y are directly connected means that an electric signal is transmitted between X and Y via a wiring (or electrode) or the like between X and Y without passing through the object.
- a direct connection means a connection that can be regarded as the same circuit diagram when represented by an equivalent circuit.
- a transistor is an element having at least three terminals including a gate, a drain, and a source.
- a region in which a channel is formed (hereinafter also referred to as a channel formation region) is provided between the drain (drain terminal, drain region, or drain electrode) and the source (source terminal, source region, or source electrode).
- a current can flow between the source and the drain through the formation region.
- a channel formation region means a region where current mainly flows.
- the function of the source or drain may be switched when using transistors of different polarities or when the direction of current changes in circuit operation. Therefore, in this specification and the like, the terms “source” and “drain” can be used interchangeably in some cases.
- the channel length is, for example, a region in which a semiconductor (or a portion of the semiconductor in which current flows when the transistor is on) overlaps with a gate electrode in a top view of a transistor, or the source length in a channel formation region.
- channel lengths in one transistor do not always have the same value in all regions. That is, the channel length of one transistor may not be fixed to one value. Therefore, in this specification, the channel length is any one value, maximum value, minimum value, or average value in the channel forming region.
- the channel width is, for example, a region in which a semiconductor (or a portion of the semiconductor in which current flows when the transistor is on) overlaps with a gate electrode in a top view of a transistor, or a channel formation region in the channel length direction.
- a channel width in a region where a channel is actually formed (hereinafter also referred to as an “effective channel width”) and a channel width shown in a top view of a transistor ( hereinafter also referred to as “apparent channel width”) may be different.
- the effective channel width becomes larger than the apparent channel width, and its influence cannot be ignored.
- the proportion of the channel formation region formed on the side surface of the semiconductor may be large. In that case, the effective channel width is larger than the apparent channel width.
- channel width may refer to the apparent channel width.
- channel width may refer to the effective channel width.
- the channel length, channel width, effective channel width, or apparent channel width can be determined by analyzing cross-sectional TEM images, for example.
- impurities in a semiconductor refer to, for example, substances other than the main components that constitute the semiconductor.
- an element whose concentration is less than 0.1 atomic percent can be said to be an impurity.
- the inclusion of impurities may cause, for example, an increase in the defect level density of the semiconductor, a decrease in crystallinity, and the like.
- impurities that change the characteristics of the semiconductor include, for example, group 1 elements, group 2 elements, group 13 elements, group 14 elements, group 15 elements, and oxide semiconductors.
- transition metals other than the main component such as hydrogen, lithium, sodium, silicon, boron, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen.
- water may also function as an impurity.
- oxygen vacancies also referred to as V 2 O 3
- silicon oxynitride contains more oxygen than nitrogen as its composition.
- Silicon nitride oxide contains more nitrogen than oxygen in its composition.
- aluminum oxynitride has a higher content of oxygen than nitrogen as its composition.
- aluminum oxynitride has a composition in which the content of nitrogen is higher than that of oxygen.
- hafnium oxynitride has a higher content of oxygen than nitrogen as its composition.
- hafnium oxynitride has a composition in which the content of nitrogen is higher than that of oxygen.
- film can be interchanged.
- conductive layer or “insulating layer” may be interchangeable with the terms “conductive film” or “insulating film” or “conductor” or “insulator.”
- parallel means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of -10 degrees or more and 10 degrees or less. Therefore, the case of ⁇ 5 degrees or more and 5 degrees or less is also included.
- substantially parallel means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of -30 degrees or more and 30 degrees or less.
- Perfect means that two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 80 degrees or more and 100 degrees or less. Therefore, the case of 85 degrees or more and 95 degrees or less is also included.
- substantially perpendicular means a state in which two straight lines are arranged at an angle of 60 degrees or more and 120 degrees or less.
- a metal oxide is a metal oxide in a broad sense.
- Metal oxides are classified into oxide insulators, oxide conductors (including transparent oxide conductors), oxide semiconductors (also referred to as oxide semiconductors or simply OSs), and the like.
- oxide semiconductors also referred to as oxide semiconductors or simply OSs
- an OS transistor can be referred to as a transistor including a metal oxide or an oxide semiconductor.
- the term “normally-off” means that the drain current per 1 ⁇ m of the channel width flowing through the transistor when no potential is applied to the gate or when a ground potential is applied to the gate is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 at room temperature. 20 A or less, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 18 A or less at 85° C., or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 16 A or less at 125° C.
- Voltage is a potential difference from a reference potential.
- the reference potential is ground potential
- “voltage” can be replaced with “potential”. Note that the ground potential does not necessarily mean 0V.
- the potential is relative, and when the reference potential changes, the potential applied to the wiring, the potential applied to the circuit, etc., and the potential output from the circuit etc. also change.
- the heights are the same or approximately the same” refers to a configuration in which the heights from a reference surface (for example, a flat surface such as a substrate surface) are equal in cross-sectional view.
- planarization processing typically CMP processing
- CMP processing may expose the surface of a single layer or multiple layers.
- the surfaces to be CMP-processed have the same height from the reference surface.
- the heights of the layers may differ depending on the processing equipment, processing method, or material of the surface to be processed during the CMP processing. In this specification and the like, this case is also treated as "the height matches or roughly matches".
- the height of the top surface of the first layer and the height of the second layer When the difference in height from the upper surface of the layer is 20 nm or less, it is also said that the heights are the same or approximately the same.
- the ends match or roughly match means that at least part of the outline overlaps between the laminated layers when viewed from the top.
- the upper layer and the lower layer may be processed with the same mask pattern, or partially with the same mask pattern.
- the contours do not overlap, and the upper contour may be positioned inside the lower contour, or the upper contour may be positioned outside the lower contour. “match or approximate match”.
- connection portion 1 a structure example of a connection portion having a connection electrode of one embodiment of the present invention and an example of a method for manufacturing a device having the connection portion will be described.
- One aspect of the present invention relates to an electronic device having a multilayer wiring structure connected by a connection portion.
- an electronic device refers to a device that utilizes electrical action.
- FIG. 1A is a top schematic view of a device 10 having a connection 20 according to one aspect of the invention
- FIG. 1B is a perspective schematic view.
- the device 10 has a multilayer wiring structure in which a plurality of wiring layers are laminated. As an example, a configuration in which four wiring layers are laminated is shown here, but a configuration having two or three wiring layers may be used, or five or more wiring layers may be laminated.
- the orientations X, Y, Z are indicated by arrows in FIGS. 1A and 1B.
- a plurality of wirings 11 are provided on an insulator 31, a plurality of wirings 12_1 are provided thereon via an insulator 31_1, and a plurality of wirings 12_2 are provided thereon via an insulator 31_2.
- a plurality of wirings 12_3 are provided thereon via an insulator 31_3, and an insulator 31_4 is provided thereon.
- the insulators 31_1, 31_2, 31_3, and 31_4 each function as an interlayer insulating film.
- Each wiring 11 extends in the Y direction.
- the wiring 12_1, the wiring 12_2, and the wiring 12_3 each extend in the X direction. Note that the above is just an example, and the extending directions of the wiring 11, the wiring 12_1, the wiring 12_2, and the wiring 12_3 are not limited thereto.
- the wiring 11, the wiring 12_1, the wiring 12_2, and the wiring 12_3 can also be called electrodes or conductors.
- the wiring 11, the wiring 12_1, the wiring 12_2, and the wiring 12_3 are electrically connected at the connecting portion 20.
- the connecting portion 20 has a conductor 21 and a conductor 22 functioning as connection electrodes, respectively.
- a combination of the conductors 21 and 22 can also be called a connection electrode.
- FIG. 1A and the like show the case where the outlines of the top surfaces of the conductors 21 and 22 are quadrilaterals with rounded corners, but are not limited to this, and can take various shapes such as rectangles, circles, and ellipses. .
- FIG. 1B shows the conductor 21, the conductor 22, and a part of the periphery thereof cut away.
- the conductor 21 is provided along the inner walls of the openings provided in the insulators 31_1, 31_2, 31_3, and 31_4 and the wirings 12_1, 12_2, and 12_3 so as to cover the inner walls. be done. Further, the conductor 21 is provided so that the bottom portion is in contact with a portion of the upper surface of the wiring 11 .
- the conductor 22 is provided so as to be embedded in the recess of the conductor 21 .
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic cross-sectional view along the dashed-dotted line A-B in FIG. 1A.
- two connecting portions 20 are clearly shown side by side.
- the wiring 12_3 has an opening in a region overlapping with the wiring 11 .
- the wiring 12_3 has a portion where the size of the opening is the width Wm .
- An insulator 31_4 located directly above the wiring 12_3 is also provided with an opening in a region overlapping with the wiring 11 .
- the insulator 31_4 has a portion where the size of the opening is the width Wi .
- a region that is not covered with the insulator 31_4 is formed in part of the upper surface of the wiring 12_3. can be done.
- the conductor 21 is provided along the inner wall of the opening of the insulator 31_4 and the wiring 12_3, the wiring 12_3 can be in contact with the conductor 21 not only on the side surface but also on the top surface. can be reduced. Furthermore, it is more preferable that the conductor 21 is in contact with not only the upper surface and side surfaces of the wiring 12_3 but also the lower surface thereof.
- the wiring 12_2 has a portion whose opening width is smaller than that of the insulator 31_3, and part of the upper surface of the portion not covered with the insulator 31_3 is in contact with the conductor 21.
- the wiring 12_1 has a portion whose opening width is smaller than that of the insulator 31_2, and part of the upper surface of the portion not covered with the insulator 31_2 is in contact with the conductor 21 .
- the conductor 22 has a shape in which large-diameter portions and small-diameter portions are alternately laminated in the thickness direction.
- the number of small-diameter portions corresponds to the number of layers of wiring.
- the reduced diameter portion can also be referred to as a thin portion, a recessed portion, or a constriction.
- the conductors 21 are provided between the insulators 31_1 to 31_4, the wirings 12_1 to 12_3, the wirings 11, and the conductors 22; It has a shape that looks like it's been enlarged. In other words, it can be said that the outer shape of the conductor 21 and the shape formed by the inner walls of the openings of the insulators 31_1 to 31_4 and the wirings 12_1 to 12_3 are substantially the same.
- the conductor 21 can be formed so as to cover the openings of the insulators 31_1 to 31_4 and the wirings 12_1 to 12_3 by forming the conductor 21 by a film formation method having higher step coverage than the wirings 12_1 to 12_3.
- the conductor 21 is shown to have a uniform thickness in FIG. 2 and the like, there may be a thin portion or a non-film-formed portion in a portion blocked by the wirings 12_1 to 12_3.
- connection electrodes that connect the multiple stacked wirings 12_1 to 12_3 contact not only the side surfaces of the wirings 12_1 to 12_3 but also the top surfaces of the wirings 12_1 to 12_3, which is preferable because the contact resistance is reduced. Furthermore, contact resistance can be reduced more effectively by adopting a structure in which not only the side surfaces and top surfaces of the wirings 12_1 to 12_3 but also the bottom surfaces are in contact with the connection electrodes.
- connection electrodes having a constricted shape so as to penetrate the laminated structure the mechanical strength of the device using the connection electrodes can be increased, the yield of the manufacturing process can be increased, and the reliability of the device can be improved. can enhance sexuality.
- the insulator 32 is provided on the insulator 31_4.
- the insulator 32 functions as a protective layer and has a function of preventing impurities from diffusing into the device from the outside.
- impurities for example, since water or hydrogen affects the electrical characteristics of an oxide semiconductor or the like, when an oxide semiconductor is applied to a device, water and hydrogen are difficult to diffuse into the insulator 32 (also referred to as having a barrier property). ) membrane is preferably used.
- the insulator 32 is provided to cover the upper surfaces of the conductors 21 and 22, and not only insulates these upper surfaces, but also has the function of protecting these upper surfaces from corrosion.
- insulators 33_1, 33_2, and 33_3 are provided in addition to the insulator 32.
- the insulator 33_1 is provided between the insulator 31_1 and the insulator 31_2, and the wiring 12_1 is provided over the insulator 33_1.
- the insulator 33_2 is provided between the insulators 31_2 and 31_3, and the insulator 33_3 is provided between the insulators 31_3 and 31_4.
- the insulators 33_1 to 33_3 function as protective layers in the same manner as the insulator 32. As a result, when manufacturing a device having a multilayer structure, the structure below the protective layer can be protected from the contamination of impurities and the occurrence of damage during the manufacturing process above the protective layer.
- connection electrode of one embodiment of the present invention and the connection portion including the connection electrode can be used in electronic devices such as devices using various electronic circuits (including semiconductor devices). Examples include flash memory, DRAM (Dynamic RAM), SRAM (Static RAM), MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory), PRAM (Phasechange RAM), ReRAM (Resistive RAM), FeRAM (Ferroelectric RAM), DOSRAM (Dynam IC Oxide Storage devices such as Semiconductor RAM) (registered trademark) and NOSRAM (Nonvolatile Oxide Semiconductor RAM) (registered trademark).
- flash memory DRAM (Dynamic RAM), SRAM (Static RAM), MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory), PRAM (Phasechange RAM), ReRAM (Resistive RAM), FeRAM (Ferroelectric RAM), DOSRAM (Dynam IC Oxide Storage devices such as Semiconductor RAM) (registered trademark) and NOSRAM (Nonvolatile Oxide Semiconduct
- microprocessors such as CPU (Central Processing Unit), GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), TPU (Tensor Processing Unit), NPU (Neural Processing Unit), and DSP (Digital Signal Processor), as well as FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and PLD (Programmable Logic Device) such as FPAA (Field Programmable Analog Array).
- FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
- PLD Programmable Logic Device
- Force, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, number of revolutions, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substances, sound, time, hardness, electric field, current, voltage, power, radiation, flow rate, humidity, Sensor devices include sensing, detecting or measuring tilt, vibration, odor or infrared radiation.
- Display devices such as OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) displays, LED (Light Emitting Diode) displays, and liquid crystal displays, or imaging devices such as image sensors may also be used.
- Peripheral circuits such as a drive circuit, a signal generation circuit, a control circuit, a timing circuit, a power supply circuit, an interface circuit, and a conversion circuit for driving devices using the various electronic circuits described above are also included.
- FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2 An example of a method for manufacturing a device provided with a connection electrode of one embodiment of the present invention is described below with reference to drawings.
- the apparatus 10 shown in FIGS. 1A, 1B and 2 will be described as an example.
- 4A to 6B are cross-sectional schematic diagrams in each step of the manufacturing method illustrated below.
- the thin films (insulating film, semiconductor film, conductive film, etc.) that make up the device can be formed by sputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), vacuum deposition, pulsed laser deposition (PLD). method, atomic layer deposition (ALD: Atomic Layer Deposition) method, or the like.
- the CVD method includes a plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD) method, a thermal CVD method, and the like. Also, one of the thermal CVD methods is the metal organic CVD (MOCVD) method.
- the ALD method includes a thermal ALD method or a plasma enhanced ALD (PEALD) method.
- the thin films (insulating film, semiconductor film, conductive film, etc.) that make up the device can be applied by spin coating, dipping, spray coating, inkjet, dispensing, screen printing, offset printing, doctor knife method, slit coating, roll coating, curtain coating, etc. , knife coating, or the like.
- the thin film may be processed by a nanoimprint method, a sandblast method, a lift-off method, or the like.
- an island-shaped thin film may be directly formed by a film formation method using a shielding mask such as a metal mask.
- a photolithography method there are typically the following two methods.
- One is a method of forming a resist mask on a thin film to be processed, processing the thin film by etching or the like, and removing the resist mask.
- the other is a method of forming a photosensitive thin film, then performing exposure and development to process the thin film into a desired shape.
- the light used for exposure can be, for example, i-line (wavelength 365 nm), g-line (wavelength 436 nm), h-line (wavelength 405 nm), or a mixture of these.
- ultraviolet rays KrF laser light (wavelength: 248 nm), ArF laser light (wavelength: 193 nm), or the like can also be used.
- extreme ultraviolet (EUV: Extreme Ultra-violet) light with a wavelength of 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less, or X-rays may be used.
- An electron beam can also be used instead of the light used for exposure.
- the use of extreme ultraviolet light, X-rays, or electron beams is preferable because extremely fine processing is possible.
- a photomask is not necessary when exposure is performed by scanning a beam such as an electron beam.
- a dry etching method, a wet etching method, a sandblasting method, or the like can be used to etch the thin film.
- an insulator 31 is formed on a substrate (not shown), and wiring 11 is formed on the insulator 31 (FIG. 4A).
- a substrate having heat resistance that can withstand at least the subsequent heat treatment can be used.
- a substrate having heat resistance that can withstand at least the subsequent heat treatment can be used.
- a substrate having heat resistance that can withstand at least the subsequent heat treatment can be used.
- a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a sapphire substrate, a ceramic substrate, an organic resin substrate, or the like can be used.
- a semiconductor substrate such as a single crystal semiconductor substrate, a polycrystalline semiconductor substrate, a compound semiconductor substrate made of silicon germanium or the like, or an SOI substrate can be used.
- the insulator 31 functions as an interlayer insulating layer or a base insulating layer.
- the insulator 31 for example, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, silicon oxide having vacancies, or the like whose dielectric constant is relatively high.
- a low inorganic insulating film can be used.
- Various conductive materials can be used for the wiring 11 depending on the required electrical properties.
- a metal film, an alloy film, a conductive oxide film, a conductive nitride film, or a laminated film of these can be used.
- Metal materials that can be used for the wiring 11 include aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, strontium, or lanthanum.
- nitrides of the above metals can also be used.
- the wiring 11 can be formed by first forming a conductive film that will become the wiring 11 on the insulator 31 and then processing it by a photolithographic method.
- an insulator 31_1 is formed to cover the insulator 31 and the wiring 11 .
- a material similar to that of the insulator 31 can be used for the insulator 31_1.
- a flattening process After the insulator 31_1 is formed.
- a CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) method can be typically used.
- a conductive film 12f is formed on the insulator 31_1 (FIG. 4B), and the wiring 12_1 is formed by processing the conductive film 12f by photolithography (FIG. 4C).
- a conductive material that can be used for the wiring 11 can be used.
- the insulator 31_2, the wiring 12_2, the insulator 31_3, the wiring 12_3, and the insulator 31_4 are formed by the same method as the insulator 31_1 and the wiring 12_1 (FIG. 4D).
- insulators and wiring may be alternately laminated by the same method as described above.
- a resist mask 35 is formed on the insulator 31_4, and parts of the insulators 31_1 to 31_4 are etched by anisotropic etching to form openings 25 reaching the wirings 11 (FIG. 5A).
- the opening width of the opening 25 (that is, the opening width of the resist mask 35) can be approximately the same as the opening widths of the wirings 12_1 to 12_3.
- a part (side surface) of the insulators 31_1 to 31_4 is etched by an isotropic etching method to widen the opening width of the insulators 31_1 to 31_4 inside the opening 25 (FIG. 5B).
- the opening widths of the insulators 31_1 to 31_4 can be widened while maintaining the opening widths of the wirings 12_1 to 12_3 by using a condition in which the wirings 12_1 to 12_3 are not etched or are not easily etched.
- the anisotropic etching and the isotropic etching be performed continuously without exposure to the atmosphere by changing the conditions in the same etching apparatus.
- the dry etching method is used for both anisotropic etching and isotropic etching, one of the conditions such as power supply power, bias power, etching gas flow rate, etching gas type, or pressure
- one of the conditions such as power supply power, bias power, etching gas flow rate, etching gas type, or pressure
- etching methods may be used for anisotropic etching and isotropic etching.
- a dry etching method can be used for anisotropic etching
- a wet etching method can be used for isotropic etching.
- a conductive film 21f is formed so as to cover the inner wall of the opening 25 and the upper surface of the insulator 31_4 (FIG. 6A).
- the conductive film 21f is preferably formed using a film formation method with high step coverage.
- a film formation method such as thermal ALD or PEALD.
- the thermal ALD method is preferred because it exhibits extremely high step coverage.
- the PEALD method is preferable because it exhibits high step coverage and enables low-temperature film formation.
- connection portion 20 having the conductors 21 and 22. can be formed (FIG. 6B).
- a conductive material that can be used for the wiring 11 can be applied.
- a metal nitride such as tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, or titanium nitride.
- a film containing these metal nitrides has a barrier property against water, hydrogen, and the like, and is therefore suitable for a semiconductor device using an oxide semiconductor whose electric characteristics change due to water and hydrogen.
- a stacked film of a film containing the metal nitride and a film containing tantalum, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, copper, or a molybdenum-tungsten alloy may be used.
- the conductive film that becomes the conductor 22 is formed using a film forming method that has a high embedding property in the concave portion. Specifically, it is preferable to use a CVD method such as a thermal CVD method or an MOCVD method.
- the conductor 22 it is preferable to use a conductive material containing one or more of tantalum, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, or copper.
- the connecting portion 20 and a device having the connecting portion 20 can be manufactured.
- the shape shown in FIG. 5B is an ideal shape formed by isotropic etching. It may be a three-dimensional curved surface such as a concave curved surface or a convex curved surface.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B show an example in which the insulators 31_1 to 31_3 are processed into a shape such that the opening diameter increases toward the bottom.
- the conductor 22 has portions that are convex curved surfaces.
- the conductor 22 has portions with concave surfaces.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B An example of the cross-sectional shape in that case is shown in FIGS. 8A and 8B.
- 8A corresponds to a variant of the configuration shown in FIG. 2
- FIG. 8B corresponds to a variant of the configuration shown in FIG. 7B.
- the insulator 31_1 has a smaller opening width than the insulator 31_2, and the conductor 22 is located inside the opening of the insulator 31_1 more than the portion of the insulator 31_2 located inside the opening.
- the width (thickness, diameter) of the part that touches is small.
- This embodiment can be implemented by appropriately combining at least part of it with other embodiments described herein.
- a semiconductor device which is one embodiment of the present invention includes a transistor and a capacitor.
- FIG. 9A to 9D are a top view and cross-sectional views of a semiconductor device including a transistor 200a, a transistor 200b, a capacitor 100a, and a capacitor 100b.
- FIG. 9A is a top view of the semiconductor device.
- 9B to 9D are cross-sectional views of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view of the portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line A1-A2 in FIG. 9A, and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistors 200a and 200b in the channel length direction.
- FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional view of the portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line A1-A2 in FIG. 9A, and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistors 200a and 200b in the channel length direction.
- FIG. 9C is a cross-sectional view of the portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line A3-A4 in FIG. 9A, and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 200a in the channel width direction.
- FIG. 9D is a cross-sectional view of the portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line A5-A6 in FIG. 9A. Note that some elements are omitted in the top view of FIG. 9A for clarity of illustration.
- FIG. 9A is parallel to the channel length direction of the transistor 200a and the channel length direction of the transistor 200b, the Y direction is perpendicular to the X direction, and the Z direction is perpendicular to the X and Y directions. be. Note that the X direction, Y direction, and Z direction shown in FIG. 9A are also shown in FIGS. 9B to 9D.
- a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention includes an insulator 214 over a substrate (not illustrated), a transistor 200a, a transistor 200b, a capacitor 100a, and a capacitor 100b over the insulator 214, and the transistors 200a and 200b.
- the insulator 214, the insulator 280, the insulator 282, and the insulator 285 function as interlayer films. At least part of each of the transistor 200a, the transistor 200b, the capacitor 100a, and the capacitor 100b is embedded in the insulator 280 as illustrated in FIG. 9B.
- the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b each have an oxide 230 functioning as a semiconductor layer, a conductor 260 functioning as a first gate (also referred to as a top gate) electrode, and a second gate (also referred to as a back gate). It has a conductor 205 functioning as an electrode, a conductor 242a functioning as one of a source electrode and a drain electrode, and a conductor 242b functioning as the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode. It also has an insulator 253 and an insulator 254 that function as a first gate insulator. It also has an insulator 222 and an insulator 224 that act as a second gate insulator. Note that the gate insulator is sometimes called a gate insulating layer or a gate insulating film.
- the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b have the same structure, the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b are hereinafter referred to as the transistor 200 in the description of items common to the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b. sometimes.
- the first gate electrode and the first gate insulating film are arranged in openings 258 formed in insulators 280 and 275 . That is, conductor 260 , insulator 254 , and insulator 253 are positioned within opening 258 .
- Each of the capacitor 100a and the capacitor 100b includes a conductor 242b functioning as a lower electrode, an insulator 275, an insulator 153, and an insulator 154 functioning as a dielectric, and a conductor 160 functioning as an upper electrode.
- the capacitive element 100a and the capacitive element 100b each constitute an MIM (Metal-Insulator-Metal) capacitor.
- the capacitive element 100a and the capacitive element 100b have the same configuration, hereinafter, when describing matters common to the capacitive element 100a and the capacitive element 100b, the symbols added to the reference numerals are omitted, and the capacitive element 100b may be described as
- the upper electrode and part of the dielectric of the capacitive element 100 are arranged within the opening 158 formed in the insulator 280 . That is, conductor 160 , insulator 154 , and insulator 153 are positioned within opening 158 .
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention also includes conductors 240 (the conductors 240a and 240b) that are electrically connected to the transistor 200 and function as plugs.
- the conductor 240 has a region in contact with the conductor 242a.
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention includes the insulator 210 and the conductor 209 between the substrate (not shown) and the insulator 214 .
- the conductor 209 is arranged to be embedded in the insulator 210 .
- Conductor 209 has a region in contact with conductor 240 .
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention may include an insulator 212 between the insulator 210 and the conductor 209 and the insulator 214 .
- a semiconductor device including the transistor 200 and the capacitor 100 described in this embodiment can be used as a memory cell of a memory device.
- the conductor 240 may be electrically connected to the sense amplifier.
- FIG. 9A at least part of the capacitor 100 overlaps with the oxide 230 included in the transistor 200 . Therefore, since the capacitive element 100 can be provided without greatly increasing the occupied area in plan view, the semiconductor device according to the present embodiment can be miniaturized or highly integrated.
- the semiconductor device shown in the present embodiment has a line-symmetrical configuration with the dashed-dotted line A7-A8 shown in FIG. 9A as an axis of symmetry.
- the conductor 242a serves also as one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 200a and one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 200b.
- FIG. 1 A circuit diagram of the case where the semiconductor device described in this embodiment is used for a memory device is shown in FIG.
- a semiconductor device including the transistor 200a and the capacitor 100a can be used as a memory cell of a memory device. Further, a semiconductor device including the transistor 200b and the capacitor 100b can be used as a memory cell of a memory device.
- the semiconductor device shown in FIGS. 9A to 9D can be rephrased as a memory device including two memory cells.
- One memory cell has a transistor Tra and a capacitor Ca.
- the other memory cell has a transistor Trb and a capacitive element Cb.
- the transistor Tra, the transistor Trb, the capacitor Ca, and the capacitor Cb correspond to the transistor 200a, the transistor 200b, the capacitor 100a, and the capacitor 100b, respectively.
- one of the source and drain of the transistor Tra is connected to the wiring BL.
- the other of the source and drain of the transistor Tra is connected to one of the pair of electrodes of the capacitive element Ca.
- a gate of the transistor Tra is connected to the wiring WL.
- the other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitive element Ca is connected to the wiring PL.
- one of the source and drain of the transistor Trb is connected to the wiring BL.
- the other of the source and drain of the transistor Trb is connected to one of the pair of electrodes of the capacitive element Cb.
- a gate of the transistor Trb is connected to the wiring WL.
- the other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitive element Cb is connected to the wiring PL.
- the transistor 200 includes an insulator 216 over an insulator 214, conductors 205 (a conductor 205a and a conductor 205b) embedded in the insulator 216, Insulator 222 over insulator 216 and over conductor 205, insulator 224 over insulator 222, oxide 230a over insulator 224, oxide 230b over oxide 230a, and oxide 230b
- the conductor 242a (the conductor 242a1 and the conductor 242a2) and the conductor 242b (the conductor 242b1 and the conductor 242b2), the insulator 253 over the oxide 230b, the insulator 254 over the insulator 253, and the insulator 254
- Conductor 260 (conductor 260a and conductor 260b) that overlies and overlaps part of oxide 230b, insulator 222, insulator 224, oxide 230a, oxide 230b, and conductors and an insulator
- the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b are collectively referred to as the oxide 230 in some cases.
- the conductor 242a and the conductor 242b are collectively referred to as the conductor 242 in some cases.
- the insulator 280 and the insulator 275 are provided with openings 258 reaching the oxide 230b. That is, it can be said that the opening 258 has a region that overlaps with the oxide 230b. In addition, it can be said that the insulator 275 has an opening that overlaps with the opening of the insulator 280 . That is, the opening 258 includes the opening of the insulator 280 and the opening of the insulator 275 . Also, an insulator 253 , an insulator 254 and a conductor 260 are arranged in the opening 258 . That is, the conductor 260 has a region overlapping with the oxide 230b with the insulators 253 and 254 interposed therebetween.
- a conductor 260 , an insulator 253 , and an insulator 254 are provided between the conductor 242 a and the conductor 242 b in the channel length direction of the transistor 200 .
- the insulator 254 has a region in contact with the side surface of the conductor 260 and a region in contact with the bottom surface of the conductor 260 . Note that opening 258 reaches insulator 222 in areas that do not overlap oxide 230, as shown in FIG. 9C.
- the oxide 230 preferably has an oxide 230a overlying the insulator 224 and an oxide 230b overlying the oxide 230a.
- the oxide 230a By having the oxide 230a under the oxide 230b, diffusion of impurities from a structure formed below the oxide 230a to the oxide 230b can be suppressed.
- the oxide 230 has a structure in which two layers of the oxide 230a and the oxide 230b are stacked; however, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the oxide 230b may have a single layer structure, or may have a stacked structure of three or more layers, and the oxides 230a and 230b each have a stacked structure. good too.
- the conductor 260 functions as a first gate electrode, and the conductor 205 functions as a second gate electrode.
- Insulators 253 and 254 function as first gate insulators, and insulators 222 and 224 function as second gate insulators.
- the conductor 242a functions as one of the source electrode and the drain electrode, and the conductor 242b functions as the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode.
- At least part of the region of the oxide 230 overlapping with the conductor 260 functions as a channel formation region.
- FIG. 11A shows an enlarged view of the vicinity of the channel forming region in FIG. 9B.
- the distance L2 between the conductors 242a and 242b is preferably smaller than the width of the opening 258.
- the width of the opening 258 is the distance L1 between the interface of the insulator 280 and the insulator 253 on the conductor 242a side and the interface of the insulator 280 and the insulator 253 on the conductor 242b side shown in FIG. 11A. handle.
- channel etching of the conductors 242a and 242b is performed after the opening 258 is formed in this embodiment mode.
- the distance L2 between the conductor 242a and the conductor 242b can be relatively easily adjusted to a very fine structure (for example, 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, 40 nm or less, 30 nm or less, 20 nm or less). , or 10 nm or less, and 1 nm or more, or 5 nm or more).
- the conductor 260 since the conductor 260 has a region with a distance L1 that is longer than the distance L2, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the conductivity of the conductor 260 located in the region with the distance L1 and allow the conductor 260 to function as a wiring. can.
- the width of the opening of the insulator 280 in the opening 258 is equal to the distance L1
- the width of the opening of the insulator 275 in the opening 258 is equal to the distance L2.
- the insulator 224, the oxide 230, the conductor 242, and the insulator 275 are formed in the opening having the insulator 222 as the bottom surface and the insulator 280 as the side surface. It can also be regarded as a shape in which a part of the structure protrudes. Further, in the structure including the insulator 224, the oxide 230, the conductor 242, and the insulator 275, it can be considered that the region of the oxide 230 between the conductors 242a and 242b is exposed.
- an insulator 253 is provided in contact with the bottom surface and inner walls (also referred to as sidewalls) of the opening 258 .
- the insulator 253 has a top surface of the insulator 222, side surfaces of the insulator 224, side surfaces of the oxide 230a, top and side surfaces of the oxide 230b, side surfaces of the conductors 242a and 242b, and side and top surfaces of the insulator 275. , the side surface of insulator 280 , and the bottom surface of insulator 254 .
- An insulator 254 and a conductor 260 are stacked over the insulator 253 . Therefore, an insulator 253 , an insulator 254 , and a conductor 260 are provided to cover the conductor 242 and the insulator 275 partially protruding into the opening 258 .
- a channel forming region is formed in the region of distance L2 in oxide 230b. Therefore, the channel formation region of the transistor 200 has a very fine structure. As a result, the ON current of the transistor 200 is increased, and the frequency characteristics can be improved.
- opening 258 is not limited to the shape shown in FIG. 11A.
- opening 258 may have a shape with equal distance L1 and distance L2.
- the side surface of the conductor 242a and the side surface of the insulator 275 in the opening 258 match or substantially match the side surface of the insulator 280.
- the side surface of the conductor 242b and the side surface of the insulator 275 in the opening 258 match or substantially match the side surface of the insulator 280.
- manufacturing steps of a semiconductor device can be simplified and productivity can be improved.
- the area can be reduced and the density can be increased.
- FIG. 11B shows a configuration in which the side walls of the opening 258 are substantially perpendicular to the upper surface of the insulator 222
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the sidewalls of opening 258 may be tapered. By tapering the side wall of the opening 258, coverage with the insulator 253 or the like is improved in subsequent steps, and defects such as voids can be reduced.
- a tapered shape refers to a shape in which at least part of the side surface of the structure is inclined with respect to the substrate surface. For example, it is preferable to have a region where the angle formed by the inclined side surface and the substrate surface (hereinafter sometimes referred to as taper angle) is less than 90°. Note that the side surfaces of the structure and the substrate surface are not necessarily completely flat, and may be substantially planar with a fine curvature or substantially planar with fine unevenness.
- the oxide 230b includes a region 230bc functioning as a channel formation region of the transistor 200, and regions 230ba and 230bb functioning as a source region or a drain region and provided to sandwich the region 230bc. have. At least a portion of the region 230bc overlaps the conductor 260 . In other words, the region 230bc is provided in a region between the conductors 242a and 242b. The region 230ba is provided so as to overlap with the conductor 242a, and the region 230bb is provided so as to overlap with the conductor 242b.
- region 230bc functioning as a channel forming region is a high-resistance region with a lower carrier concentration because it has less oxygen vacancies or a lower impurity concentration than the regions 230ba and 230bb.
- region 230bc can be said to be i-type (intrinsic) or substantially i-type.
- the region 230ba and the region 230bb functioning as a source region or a drain region have many oxygen vacancies or have a high impurity concentration such as hydrogen, nitrogen, or a metal element, so that the carrier concentration is increased and the resistance is lowered.
- the regions 230ba and 230bb are n-type regions having a higher carrier concentration and a lower resistance than the region 230bc.
- the opposing sides of the conductors 242a and 242b are preferably substantially perpendicular to the top surface of the oxide 230b.
- the side end portion of the region 230ba formed under the conductor 242a on the side of the region 230bc is prevented from excessively receding from the side end portion of the conductor 242a on the side of the region 230bc. can.
- the side end portion of the region 230ba on the side of the region 230bc recedes means that the side end portion of the region 230ba is located closer to the conductor 240 than the side surface of the conductor 242a on the side of the region 230bc.
- the fact that the side end portion of the region 230bb on the side of the region 230bc recedes means that the side end portion of the region 230bb is positioned closer to the conductor 160 than the side surface of the conductor 242b on the side of the region 230bc.
- the frequency characteristics of the transistor 200 can be improved, and the operation speed of the semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention can be improved.
- the semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention is used as a memory cell of a memory device, the writing speed and the reading speed can be improved.
- the carrier concentration of the region 230bc functioning as a channel formation region is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or less, more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 , and 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 . It is more preferably less than 3 , more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 , even more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 12 cm ⁇ 3 . Also, the lower limit of the carrier concentration of the region 230bc functioning as a channel formation region is not particularly limited, but can be set to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 cm ⁇ 3 , for example.
- the carrier concentration is equal to or lower than the carrier concentration of the region 230ba and the region 230bb, and equal to or higher than the carrier concentration of the region 230bc.
- a region may be formed. That is, the region functions as a junction region between the region 230bc and the region 230ba or the region 230bb.
- the bonding region may have a hydrogen concentration equal to or lower than that of the regions 230ba and 230bb and equal to or higher than that of the region 230bc.
- the bonding region may have oxygen vacancies equal to or less than those of the regions 230ba and 230bb and equal to or greater than those of the region 230bc.
- FIG. 11A shows an example in which the regions 230ba, 230bb, and 230bc are formed in the oxide 230b
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- each of the above regions may be formed up to oxide 230a as well as oxide 230b.
- the concentrations of metal elements and impurity elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen detected in each region are not limited to stepwise changes for each region, and may change continuously within each region. In other words, it is sufficient if the concentration of impurity elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen is reduced in a region closer to the channel formation region.
- metal oxides functioning as semiconductors are preferably used for the oxides 230 (the oxides 230a and 230b) including a channel formation region.
- the bandgap of the metal oxide that functions as a semiconductor is preferably 2 eV or more, more preferably 2.5 eV or more.
- the off-state current of the transistor can be reduced by using a metal oxide with a large bandgap.
- oxide 230 it is preferable to use, for example, metal oxides such as indium oxide, gallium oxide, and zinc oxide. Moreover, as the oxide 230, it is preferable to use, for example, a metal oxide containing two or three elements selected from indium, the element M, and zinc.
- Element M includes gallium, aluminum, silicon, boron, yttrium, tin, copper, vanadium, beryllium, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, and magnesium.
- the element M is preferably one or more selected from aluminum, gallium, yttrium, and tin.
- a metal oxide containing indium, the element M, and zinc is sometimes referred to as an In-M-Zn oxide.
- the oxide 230 preferably has a laminated structure of multiple oxide layers with different chemical compositions.
- the atomic ratio of the element M to the main component metal element is the same as the atomic ratio of the element M to the main component metal element in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230b. Larger is preferable.
- the atomic ratio of the element M to In is preferably higher than the atomic ratio of the element M to In in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230b. With this structure, diffusion of impurities and oxygen from structures formed below the oxide 230a to the oxide 230b can be suppressed.
- the atomic ratio of In to the element M is preferably higher than the atomic ratio of In to the element M in the metal oxide used for the oxide 230a.
- the transistor 200 can have high on-state current and high frequency characteristics.
- the oxides 230a and 230b have a common element other than oxygen as a main component, the defect level density at the interface between the oxides 230a and 230b can be reduced. Therefore, the influence of interface scattering on carrier conduction is reduced, and the transistor 200 can obtain a large on-current and high frequency characteristics.
- the neighboring composition includes a range of ⁇ 30% of the desired atomic number ratio.
- the element M it is preferable to use gallium.
- a metal oxide that can be used for the oxide 230a may be used as the oxide 230b.
- the above atomic ratio is not limited to the atomic ratio of the deposited metal oxide, and the atomic ratio of the sputtering target used for the deposition of the metal oxide. may be
- the oxide 230b preferably has crystallinity.
- CAAC-OS c-axis aligned crystal oxide semiconductor
- CAAC-OS is a metal oxide that has a dense structure with high crystallinity and few impurities and defects (such as oxygen vacancies).
- heat treatment is performed at a temperature at which the metal oxide is not polycrystallized (for example, 400° C. or more and 600° C. or less), so that the CAAC-OS has a dense structure with higher crystallinity.
- a temperature at which the metal oxide is not polycrystallized for example, 400° C. or more and 600° C. or less
- the oxide 230b by using a crystalline oxide such as CAAC-OS as the oxide 230b, extraction of oxygen from the oxide 230b by the source electrode or the drain electrode can be suppressed. Accordingly, extraction of oxygen from the oxide 230b can be reduced even if heat treatment is performed, so that the transistor 200 is stable against high temperatures (so-called thermal budget) in the manufacturing process.
- a crystalline oxide such as CAAC-OS
- a transistor including an oxide semiconductor tends to have electrical characteristics that fluctuate, and reliability may be degraded.
- hydrogen in the vicinity of oxygen vacancies may form defects in which hydrogen enters oxygen vacancies (hereinafter sometimes referred to as V OH ) to generate electrons serving as carriers. Therefore, if oxygen vacancies are included in the channel formation region in the oxide semiconductor, the transistor has normally-on characteristics (a channel exists even if no voltage is applied to the gate electrode, and a current flows through the transistor). easy to become. Therefore, impurities, oxygen vacancies, and VOH are preferably reduced as much as possible in the channel formation region in the oxide semiconductor.
- the channel formation region in the oxide semiconductor preferably has a reduced carrier concentration and is i-type (intrinsic) or substantially i-type.
- an insulator containing oxygen that is released by heating (hereinafter sometimes referred to as excess oxygen) is provided in the vicinity of the oxide semiconductor, and heat treatment is performed so that the oxide semiconductor is converted from the insulator.
- Oxygen can be supplied and oxygen vacancies and VOH can be reduced.
- the on-state current or the field-effect mobility of the transistor 200 might decrease.
- variations in the amount of oxygen supplied to the source region or the drain region within the substrate surface cause variations in the characteristics of the semiconductor device having transistors.
- oxygen supplied from the insulator to the oxide semiconductor diffuses into a conductor such as a gate electrode, a source electrode, or a drain electrode, the conductor is oxidized and the conductivity is impaired. It may adversely affect the electrical characteristics and reliability of the transistor.
- the region 230bc functioning as a channel formation region preferably has a reduced carrier concentration and is i-type or substantially i-type.
- Region 230bb has a high carrier concentration and is preferably n-type.
- oxygen vacancies and V OH in the oxide semiconductor region 230bc are preferably reduced.
- the semiconductor device is configured such that the hydrogen concentration in the region 230bc is reduced, the oxidation of the conductors 242a, 242b, and 260 is suppressed, and the regions 230ba and 230bb are The configuration is such that the decrease in the hydrogen concentration is suppressed.
- the insulator 253 preferably has a function of trapping hydrogen and fixing hydrogen. As shown in FIG. 9C, insulator 253 has a region that contacts region 230bc of oxide 230b. With this structure, the concentration of hydrogen in the region 230bc of the oxide 230b can be reduced. Therefore, the VOH in the region 230bc can be reduced and the region 230bc can be i-type or substantially i-type.
- a metal oxide with an amorphous structure is an example of an insulator that has the function of capturing and fixing hydrogen.
- metal oxides such as magnesium oxide or oxides containing one or both of aluminum and hafnium. Oxygen atoms in metal oxides having such an amorphous structure have dangling bonds, and the dangling bonds sometimes have the property of capturing or fixing hydrogen. That is, it can be said that a metal oxide having an amorphous structure has a high ability to capture or fix hydrogen.
- the insulator 253 and the insulator 153 of the capacitor 100 are formed using the same insulating film. That is, the insulator 253 and the insulator 153 have the same material. Also, the insulator 153 functions as a dielectric of the capacitor 100 . Therefore, insulator 153 preferably uses a high dielectric constant (high-k) material. At this time, the insulator 253 has a high-k material.
- a high-k material is an oxide containing one or both of aluminum and hafnium.
- an oxide containing one or both of aluminum and hafnium is preferably used as the insulator 253, and an oxide having an amorphous structure and containing one or both of aluminum and hafnium is more preferably used. It is more preferable to use hafnium oxide having a structure.
- hafnium oxide is used as the insulator 253 .
- the insulator 253 contains at least oxygen and hafnium.
- the hafnium oxide has an amorphous structure.
- insulator 253 has an amorphous structure.
- barrier insulators against oxygen are preferably provided near the conductors 242a, 242b, and 260, respectively.
- the insulators are the insulators 253, 254, and 275, for example.
- a barrier insulator refers to an insulator having a barrier property.
- the term "barrier property” refers to a function of suppressing diffusion of a corresponding substance (also referred to as low permeability).
- the corresponding substance has the function of capturing and fixing (also called gettering).
- Barrier insulators against oxygen include oxides containing one or both of aluminum and hafnium, magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide, silicon nitride, and silicon nitride oxide.
- oxides of one or both of aluminum and hafnium include aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, oxides containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), and oxides containing hafnium and silicon (hafnium silicate).
- each of the insulator 253, the insulator 254, and the insulator 275 may be a single layer or a stacked layer of barrier insulators against oxygen.
- the insulator 253 preferably has a barrier property against oxygen. Note that the insulator 253 should be at least less permeable to oxygen than the insulator 280 .
- the insulator 253 has regions in contact with the side surface of the conductor 242a and the side surface of the conductor 242b. Since the insulator 253 has a barrier property against oxygen, the side surfaces of the conductors 242a and 242b are oxidized and formation of an oxide film on the side surfaces can be suppressed. Accordingly, a decrease in on-state current or a decrease in field-effect mobility of the transistor 200 can be suppressed.
- the insulator 253 is provided in contact with the top surface and side surfaces of the oxide 230b, the side surface of the oxide 230a, the side surface of the insulator 224, and the top surface of the insulator 222. Since the insulator 253 has a barrier property against oxygen, oxygen can be suppressed from being released from the region 230bc of the oxide 230b when heat treatment or the like is performed. Therefore, formation of oxygen vacancies in the oxides 230a and 230b can be reduced.
- the insulator 280 contains an excessive amount of oxygen, excessive supply of the oxygen to the oxides 230a and 230b can be suppressed. Therefore, it is possible to suppress excessive oxidation of the regions 230ba and 230bb to reduce the on current of the transistor 200 or reduce the field effect mobility.
- An oxide containing one or both of aluminum and hafnium has a barrier property against oxygen and can be suitably used as the insulator 253 .
- the insulator 254 preferably has a barrier property against oxygen. Insulator 254 is provided between region 230 bc of oxide 230 b and conductor 260 and between insulator 280 and conductor 260 . With this structure, diffusion of oxygen contained in the region 230bc of the oxide 230b into the conductor 260 and formation of oxygen vacancies in the region 230bc of the oxide 230b can be suppressed. In addition, oxygen contained in the oxide 230b and oxygen contained in the insulator 280 diffuse into the conductor 260, so that oxidation of the conductor 260 can be suppressed. Note that the insulator 254 should be at least less permeable to oxygen than the insulator 280 . For example, silicon nitride is preferably used as the insulator 254 . In this case, insulator 254 comprises at least nitrogen and silicon.
- the insulator 275 preferably has a barrier property against oxygen.
- the insulator 275 is provided between the insulator 280 and the conductors 242a and 242b. With this structure, diffusion of oxygen contained in the insulator 280 to the conductors 242a and 242b can be suppressed. Therefore, the oxygen contained in the insulator 280 can prevent the conductors 242a and 242b from being oxidized to increase the resistivity and reduce the on-current.
- the insulator 275 may be at least less permeable to oxygen than the insulator 280 .
- silicon nitride is preferably used as the insulator 275 . In this case, insulator 275 comprises at least nitrogen and silicon.
- the barrier insulator against hydrogen is the insulator 275, for example.
- Barrier insulators against hydrogen include oxides such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, and tantalum oxide, and nitrides such as silicon nitride.
- the insulator 275 may be a single layer or a stacked layer of the above barrier insulators against hydrogen.
- the insulator 275 preferably has a barrier property against hydrogen.
- the insulator 275 is arranged in contact with the side surface of the region 230ba of the oxide 230b and the side surface of the region 230bb of the oxide 230b. Also, the insulator 275 is arranged between the insulator 253 and the side surface of the region 230ba of the oxide 230b and the side surface of the region 230bb of the oxide 230b.
- the insulator 275 having a barrier property against hydrogen can prevent the insulator 253 from capturing and fixing hydrogen in the regions 230ba and 230bb. Therefore, the regions 230ba and 230bb can be n-type.
- the region 230bc functioning as a channel forming region can be i-type or substantially i-type, and the regions 230ba and 230bb functioning as a source region or a drain region can be n-type.
- a semiconductor device having electrical characteristics can be provided. Further, with the above structure, even if the semiconductor device is miniaturized or highly integrated, it can have good electrical characteristics. For example, good electrical characteristics can be obtained even if the distance L2 shown in FIG. 11A is 20 nm or less, 15 nm or less, 10 nm or less, or 7 nm or less, and is 2 nm or more, 3 nm or more, or 5 nm or more.
- miniaturization of the transistor 200 can improve high-frequency characteristics. Specifically, the cutoff frequency can be improved.
- the cutoff frequency of the transistor can be, for example, 50 GHz or higher, or 100 GHz or higher in a room temperature environment.
- the insulator 253 functions as part of the gate insulator. As shown in FIG. 9B, the insulator 253 is provided in contact with a portion of the top surface and side surfaces of the insulator 275 and the side surfaces of the insulator 280 .
- the thickness of the insulator 253 is preferably thin.
- the thickness of the insulator 253 is 0.1 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less, preferably 0.5 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less, more preferably 1.0 nm or more and less than 5.0 nm, further preferably 1.0 nm or more and 3.0 nm or less.
- at least part of the insulator 253 may have a region with the thickness as described above.
- the ALD method includes a thermal ALD (thermal ALD) method in which a precursor and a reactant react with only thermal energy, a PEALD (plasma enhanced ALD) method using a plasma-excited reactant, and the like.
- thermal ALD thermal ALD
- PEALD plasma enhanced ALD
- film formation can be performed at a lower temperature by using plasma, which is preferable in some cases.
- the ALD method can deposit atoms one layer at a time, it is possible to form extremely thin films, to form structures with a high aspect ratio, to form films with few defects such as pinholes, and to improve coverage. There are effects such as excellent film formation and low temperature film formation. Therefore, the insulator 253 can be formed with a thin film thickness as described above with good coverage over the side surfaces of the opening formed in the insulator 280 and the like, the side ends of the conductor 242, and the like.
- a film formed by the ALD method may contain more impurities such as carbon than films formed by other film formation methods.
- quantification of impurities secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS: Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), or Auger electron spectroscopy (AES: Auger Electron Spectroscopy) can be performed using
- the insulator 254 functions as part of the gate insulator.
- the insulator 254 preferably has a barrier property against hydrogen. Accordingly, impurities such as hydrogen contained in the conductor 260 can be prevented from diffusing into the oxide 230b.
- the insulator 254 along with the insulator 253 and conductor 260, must be provided in an opening formed in the insulator 280 or the like.
- the thickness of the insulator 254 is preferably thin.
- the insulator 254 has a thickness of 0.1 nm to 5.0 nm, preferably 0.5 nm to 3.0 nm, more preferably 1.0 nm to 3.0 nm. In this case, at least part of the insulator 254 may have a region with the thickness as described above.
- silicon nitride deposited by the PEALD method may be used as the insulator 254 .
- the insulator 253 can also function as the insulator 254 .
- the structure without the insulator 254 can simplify the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device and improve productivity.
- the insulator 275 is provided to cover the insulator 224 , the oxides 230 a and 230 b , and the conductor 242 . Specifically, the insulator 275 has regions in contact with the side surfaces of the oxide 230b, the conductor 242a, and the conductor 242b.
- the insulator 275 overlaps the conductor 242 in the region overlapping the opening 258 .
- the physical distance between the conductor 242 and the conductor 260 can be increased, and the parasitic capacitance between the conductor 242 and the conductor 260 can be reduced. Therefore, a semiconductor device having good electrical characteristics can be provided.
- the conductors 242a, 242b, and 260 it is preferable to use a conductive material that is difficult to oxidize, a conductive material that has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen, or the like.
- the conductive material include a conductive material containing nitrogen and a conductive material containing oxygen. Accordingly, a decrease in the conductivity of the conductors 242a, 242b, and 260 can be suppressed.
- the conductors 242a, 242b, and 260 contain at least metal and nitrogen.
- One or both of the conductor 242 and the conductor 260 may have a laminated structure.
- each of the conductors 242a and 242b may have a laminated structure of two layers.
- a conductive material that is difficult to oxidize, a conductive material that has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen, or the like is preferably used for the layers (the conductors 242a1 and 242b1) in contact with the oxide 230b. Further, for example, as shown in FIG.
- the conductor 260a is made of a conductive material that is difficult to oxidize or has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen. It is preferable to use a conductive material having
- a crystalline oxide such as CAAC-OS as the oxide 230b in order to prevent the conductivity of the conductor 242 from decreasing.
- a metal oxide that can be applied to the oxide 230 described above is preferably used.
- CAAC-OS is an oxide having crystals, and the c-axis of the crystals is substantially perpendicular to the surface of the oxide or the formation surface. Accordingly, extraction of oxygen from the oxide 230b by the conductor 242a or the conductor 242b can be suppressed. In addition, it is possible to suppress the decrease in conductivity of the conductors 242a and 242b.
- microwave treatment is performed in an atmosphere containing oxygen in a state where the conductors 242a and 242b are provided over the oxide 230b, so that oxygen vacancies in the region 230bc and VOH are reduced.
- the microwave treatment refers to treatment using an apparatus having a power supply for generating high-density plasma using microwaves, for example.
- microwaves refer to electromagnetic waves having a frequency of 300 MHz or more and 300 GHz or less.
- oxygen gas By performing microwave treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen, oxygen gas can be converted into plasma using microwaves or high frequencies such as RF, and the oxygen plasma can act. At this time, the region 230bc can also be irradiated with microwaves or high frequencies such as RF.
- V OH in the region 230bc can be divided into oxygen vacancies and hydrogen, the hydrogen can be removed from the region 230bc, and the oxygen vacancies can be compensated with oxygen. Therefore, the hydrogen concentration, oxygen vacancies, and VOH in the region 230bc can be reduced, and the carrier concentration can be lowered.
- the effects of microwaves, high frequencies such as RF, oxygen plasma, etc. are shielded by the conductors 242a and 242b and do not reach the regions 230ba and 230bb.
- the effect of oxygen plasma can be reduced by insulators 275 and 280 provided over oxide 230b and conductor 242.
- FIG. 1 V 2 O 4 is reduced and an excessive amount of oxygen is not supplied in the regions 230ba and 230bb during the microwave treatment, so that a decrease in carrier concentration can be prevented.
- microwave treatment is preferably performed in an atmosphere containing oxygen.
- oxygen can be efficiently injected into the region 230bc.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 253 so as to be in contact with the side surface of the conductor 242 and the surface of the region 230bc, injection of more than a necessary amount of oxygen into the region 230bc is suppressed. Oxidation can be suppressed.
- the oxygen injected into the region 230bc includes oxygen atoms, oxygen molecules, oxygen ions (charged oxygen atoms or oxygen molecules), and oxygen radicals (also called O radicals, atoms and molecules with unpaired electrons). , or ions).
- oxygen injected into the region 230bc may be one or more of the forms described above, and oxygen radicals are particularly preferable.
- the film quality of the insulator 253 can be improved, the reliability of the transistor 200 is improved.
- oxygen vacancies and V OH can be selectively removed from the oxide semiconductor region 230bc to make the region 230bc i-type or substantially i-type. Furthermore, excessive supply of oxygen to the regions 230ba and 230bb functioning as the source region or the drain region can be suppressed, and the state of the n-type region before the microwave treatment can be maintained. As a result, variations in the electrical characteristics of the transistor 200 can be suppressed, and variation in the electrical characteristics of the transistor 200 within the substrate surface can be suppressed.
- a semiconductor device with little variation in transistor characteristics can be provided by adopting the configuration described above.
- a semiconductor device with favorable frequency characteristics can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with high operating speed can be provided.
- a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided.
- a semiconductor device having favorable electrical characteristics can be provided.
- a semiconductor device that can be miniaturized or highly integrated can be provided.
- a curved surface may be provided between the side surface of the oxide 230b and the top surface of the oxide 230b. That is, the end of the side surface and the end of the upper surface may be curved (hereinafter also referred to as round shape).
- the radius of curvature of the curved surface is preferably larger than 0 nm and smaller than the film thickness of the oxide 230b in the region overlapping with the conductor 242, or smaller than half the length of the region without the curved surface.
- the radius of curvature of the curved surface is greater than 0 nm and less than or equal to 20 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 1 nm and less than or equal to 15 nm, and more preferably greater than or equal to 2 nm and less than or equal to 10 nm.
- the heat treatment may be performed at, for example, 100° C. to 600° C., more preferably 350° C. to 550° C.
- the heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen gas atmosphere, an inert gas atmosphere, or an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas.
- heat treatment is preferably performed in an oxygen atmosphere. Accordingly, oxygen can be supplied to the oxide 230 to reduce oxygen vacancies.
- the heat treatment may be performed in an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas in order to compensate for desorbed oxygen after the heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen gas or inert gas atmosphere. good.
- heat treatment may be continuously performed in a nitrogen gas or inert gas atmosphere.
- oxygen vacancies in the oxide 230 can be repaired with supplied oxygen. Furthermore, the supplied oxygen reacts with the hydrogen remaining in the oxide 230, so that the hydrogen can be removed as H 2 O (dehydrated). This can suppress recombination of hydrogen remaining in the oxide 230 with oxygen vacancies to form VOH .
- the indium contained in the oxide 230 and the vicinity of the interface between the oxide 230 and the insulator 253 are dispersed. may be unevenly distributed.
- the vicinity of the surface of the oxide 230 has an atomic ratio close to that of indium oxide or an atomic ratio close to that of In—Zn oxide.
- the semiconductor device preferably has a structure in which entry of hydrogen into the transistor 200 is suppressed.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing diffusion of hydrogen is preferably provided so as to cover the transistor 200 .
- the insulator is the insulator 212, for example.
- An insulator having a function of suppressing diffusion of hydrogen is preferably used as the insulator 212 . Accordingly, diffusion of hydrogen into the transistor 200 from below the insulator 212 can be suppressed. Note that an insulator that can be used for the insulator 275 described above may be used as the insulator 212 .
- At least one of the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 282, and the insulator 285 is a barrier that prevents impurities such as water and hydrogen from diffusing from the substrate side or from above the transistor 200 into the transistor 200. It preferably functions as an insulating film. Therefore, at least one of the insulators 212, 214, 282, and 285 includes hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, water molecules, nitrogen atoms, nitrogen molecules, and nitrogen oxide molecules (N 2 O, NO, NO 2 etc.), it is preferable to use an insulating material that has a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as copper atoms (that is, the above-described impurities are less likely to permeate). Alternatively, it is preferable to use an insulating material that has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen (for example, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules) (through which oxygen hardly permeates).
- oxygen for example, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules
- an insulator having a function of suppressing diffusion of water, impurities such as hydrogen, and oxygen is preferably used; Magnesium, hafnium oxide, gallium oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide, silicon nitride, silicon nitride oxide, or the like can be used.
- the insulator 212 is preferably made of silicon nitride or the like, which has a higher hydrogen barrier property.
- the insulators 214, 282, and 285 are preferably made of aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, or the like, which have high functions of capturing and fixing hydrogen.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen can be prevented from diffusing from the substrate side to the transistor 200 side through the insulators 212 and 214 .
- impurities such as water and hydrogen can be prevented from diffusing toward the transistor 200 from an interlayer insulating film or the like arranged outside the insulator 285 .
- diffusion of oxygen contained in the insulator 224 or the like to the substrate side through the insulators 212 and 214 can be suppressed.
- oxygen contained in the insulator 280 or the like can be prevented from diffusing upward from the transistor 200 through the insulator 282 or the like.
- the transistor 200 is preferably surrounded by the insulators 212, 214, 282, and 285 which have a function of suppressing diffusion of water, impurities such as hydrogen, and oxygen.
- an oxide having an amorphous structure is preferably used for the insulators 212, 214, 282, and 285.
- metal oxides such as AlO x (x is any number greater than 0) or MgO y (y is any number greater than 0).
- Oxygen atoms in metal oxides having such an amorphous structure have dangling bonds, and the dangling bonds sometimes have the property of capturing or fixing hydrogen.
- hydrogen contained in the transistor 200 or hydrogen existing around the transistor 200 is captured or fixed. be able to.
- the transistor 200 and the semiconductor device with favorable characteristics and high reliability can be manufactured.
- the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 282, and the insulator 285 preferably have an amorphous structure, but may partially have a polycrystalline region.
- the insulator 212, the insulator 214, the insulator 282, and the insulator 285 may have a multilayer structure in which an amorphous layer and a polycrystalline layer are stacked. For example, a laminated structure in which a layer of polycrystalline structure is formed on a layer of amorphous structure may be used.
- the insulators 212, 214, 282, and 285 may be deposited by sputtering, for example. Since the sputtering method does not require molecules containing hydrogen in the deposition gas, the hydrogen concentrations of the insulators 212, 214, 282, and 285 can be reduced. Note that the film formation method is not limited to the sputtering method, and a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like may be used as appropriate.
- the resistivity of the insulator 212 may be lower.
- the resistivity of the insulator 212 may be set to approximately 1 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ cm.
- the insulator 212 reduces charge build-up of the conductor 205 or the conductor 240 in processing using plasma or the like in the semiconductor device manufacturing process. sometimes it is possible.
- the insulator 212 preferably has a resistivity of 1 ⁇ 10 10 ⁇ cm or more and 1 ⁇ 10 15 ⁇ cm or less.
- the insulator 216, the insulator 280, and the insulator 285 preferably have a lower dielectric constant than the insulator 214.
- the parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced.
- the insulator 216, the insulator 280, and the insulator 285 include silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, and vacancies. Silicon oxide or the like may be used as appropriate.
- the conductor 205 is arranged so as to overlap with the oxide 230 and the conductor 260 .
- the conductor 205 is preferably embedded in an opening formed in the insulator 216 . Also, part of the conductor 205 is embedded in the insulator 214 in some cases.
- the conductor 205 has a conductor 205a and a conductor 205b.
- the conductor 205a is provided in contact with the bottom and side walls of the opening.
- the conductor 205b is provided so as to be embedded in a recess formed in the conductor 205a.
- the height of the top surface of the conductor 205 b matches or substantially matches the height of the top surface of the conductor 205 a and the height of the top surface of the insulator 216 .
- the conductor 205a has a function of suppressing diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, water molecules, nitrogen atoms, nitrogen molecules, nitrogen oxide molecules (such as N 2 O, NO, NO 2 ), and copper atoms. It is preferable to use a conductive material having a Alternatively, a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen (eg, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules) is preferably used.
- the conductor 205a When a conductive material having a function of reducing diffusion of hydrogen is used for the conductor 205a, impurities such as hydrogen contained in the conductor 205b enter the oxide 230 through the insulators 216, 224, and the like. You can prevent it from spreading.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen for the conductor 205a, it is possible to suppress a decrease in conductivity due to oxidation of the conductor 205b.
- the conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, or the like is preferably used, for example. Therefore, the conductor 205a may be a single layer or a laminate of the above conductive materials.
- the conductor 205a may be titanium nitride.
- a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component is preferably used for the conductor 205b.
- tungsten may be used for the conductor 205b.
- the conductor 205 may function as a second gate electrode.
- the threshold voltage (Vth) of the transistor 200 can be controlled by changing the potential applied to the conductor 205 independently of the potential applied to the conductor 260 .
- Vth of the transistor 200 can be increased and off-state current can be reduced. Therefore, applying a negative potential to the conductor 205 can make the drain current smaller when the potential applied to the conductor 260 is 0 V than when no potential is applied.
- the electric resistivity of the conductor 205 is designed in consideration of the potential applied to the conductor 205, and the film thickness of the conductor 205 is set according to the electric resistivity. Also, the thickness of the insulator 216 is almost the same as that of the conductor 205 . Here, it is preferable to reduce the film thickness of the conductor 205 and the insulator 216 within the range allowed by the design of the conductor 205 . By reducing the thickness of the insulator 216, the absolute amount of impurities such as hydrogen contained in the insulator 216 can be reduced, so that diffusion of the impurities into the oxide 230 can be reduced. .
- the conductor 205 is preferably provided larger than a region of the oxide 230 that does not overlap with the conductors 242a and 242b, as shown in FIG. 9A.
- the conductor 205 preferably extends also in regions outside the ends of the oxides 230a and 230b in the channel width direction.
- the conductor 205 and the conductor 260 preferably overlap with each other with an insulator interposed therebetween on the outside of the side surface of the oxide 230 in the channel width direction.
- a transistor structure in which a channel formation region is electrically surrounded by an electric field of at least a first gate electrode is called a surrounded channel (S-channel) structure.
- the S-channel structure disclosed in this specification and the like has a structure different from the Fin type structure and the planar type structure.
- the S-channel structure disclosed in this specification etc. can also be regarded as a type of Fin structure.
- a Fin structure indicates a structure in which a gate electrode is arranged so as to cover at least two sides (specifically, two sides, three sides, four sides, etc.) of a channel.
- the channel formation region can be electrically surrounded. Since the S-channel structure is a structure that electrically surrounds the channel forming region, it is substantially equivalent to a GAA (Gate All Around) structure or a LGAA (Lateral Gate All Around) structure. It can also be said.
- the transistor 200 has an S-channel structure, a GAA structure, or an LGAA structure, a channel formation region formed at or near the interface between the oxide 230 and the gate insulator is the entire bulk of the oxide 230. can be done. Therefore, since the density of the current flowing through the transistor can be increased, it can be expected that the on-state current of the transistor or the field-effect mobility of the transistor can be increased.
- transistor 200 in FIG. 9B is an S-channel transistor
- the semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto.
- a transistor structure that can be used in one embodiment of the present invention may be one or more selected from a planar structure, a Fin structure, and a GAA structure.
- the conductor 205 is extended to function as wiring.
- a structure in which a conductor functioning as a wiring is provided under the conductor 205 may be employed.
- one conductor 205 does not necessarily have to be provided for each transistor.
- the conductor 205 may be shared by a plurality of transistors.
- the conductor 205 has a structure in which the conductor 205a and the conductor 205b are stacked in the transistor 200, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductor 205 may be provided as a single layer or a laminated structure of three or more layers.
- the insulator 222 and the insulator 224 function as gate insulators.
- the insulator 222 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of hydrogen (for example, at least one of hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules). Further, the insulator 222 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen (eg, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules). For example, the insulator 222 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of one or both of hydrogen and oxygen more than the insulator 224 does.
- hydrogen for example, at least one of hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules
- oxygen eg, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules
- the insulator 222 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of one or both of hydrogen and oxygen more than the insulator 224 does.
- the insulator 222 it is preferable to use an insulator containing oxides of one or both of aluminum and hafnium, which are insulating materials.
- the insulator aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), or the like is preferably used.
- the conductor 205 can be prevented from reacting with oxygen contained in the insulator 224 and the oxide 230 .
- aluminum oxide, bismuth oxide, germanium oxide, niobium oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, tungsten oxide, yttrium oxide, or zirconium oxide may be added to the insulator.
- these insulators may be nitrided.
- the insulator 222 may be formed by stacking silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or silicon nitride on the above insulator.
- the insulator 222 may be a single layer or a stack of insulators containing so-called high-k materials such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, and hafnium zirconium oxide.
- high-k materials such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, and hafnium zirconium oxide.
- thinning of gate insulators may cause problems such as leakage current.
- a high-k material for an insulator that functions as a gate insulator it is possible to reduce the gate potential during transistor operation while maintaining the physical film thickness.
- a substance with a high dielectric constant such as lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), (Ba, Sr)TiO 3 (BST) may be used in some cases.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or the like may be used as appropriate.
- the insulator 222 and the insulator 224 may have a laminated structure of two or more layers. In that case, it is not limited to a laminated structure made of the same material, and a laminated structure made of different materials may be used.
- the insulator 224 may be formed in an island shape so as to overlap with the oxide 230a. In this case, the insulator 275 is in contact with the side surface of the insulator 224 and the top surface of the insulator 222 .
- an island shape indicates a state in which two or more layers using the same material formed in the same step are physically separated.
- the conductors 242a and 242b are provided in contact with the top surface of the oxide 230b.
- the conductors 242a and 242b function as the source and drain electrodes of the transistor 200, respectively.
- Examples of the conductor 242 include nitride containing tantalum, nitride containing titanium, nitride containing molybdenum, nitride containing tungsten, nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, and titanium. and a nitride containing aluminum is preferably used.
- nitrides containing tantalum are particularly preferred.
- ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, an oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, an oxide containing lanthanum and nickel, or the like may be used. These materials are preferable because they are conductive materials that are difficult to oxidize or materials that maintain conductivity even after absorbing oxygen.
- hydrogen contained in the oxide 230b and the like might diffuse into the conductor 242a or the conductor 242b.
- hydrogen contained in the oxide 230b or the like easily diffuses into the conductor 242a or the conductor 242b, and the diffused hydrogen 242a or the conductor 242b. That is, hydrogen contained in the oxide 230b or the like might be absorbed by the conductor 242a or the conductor 242b.
- the conductor 242 without the curved surface, the cross-sectional area of the conductor 242 in the cross section in the channel width direction as shown in FIG. 9D can be increased. Accordingly, the conductivity of the conductor 242 can be increased, and the on current of the transistor 200 can be increased.
- the conductor 242a has an opening in the region between the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b.
- a conductor 240 is arranged so as to overlap with the opening. Note that the size of the opening is preferably smaller than the size of the conductor 240 when the transistor 200 is viewed from above. With this structure, a region where the conductor 242a and the conductor 240 are in contact can be provided. Thereby, the conductor 242a and the conductor 240 are electrically connected.
- the sheet resistance of the oxide 230b in a region overlapping with the conductor 242a (the conductor 242b) is reduced.
- the carrier concentration may increase. Therefore, the resistance of the oxide 230b in the region overlapping with the conductor 242a (the conductor 242b) can be reduced in a self-aligning manner.
- the conductors 242a and 242b are preferably formed using a conductive film having compressive stress.
- a strain expanding in the direction of tension (hereinafter sometimes referred to as tensile strain) can be formed in the regions 230ba and 230bb.
- the compressive stress of the conductor 242a is the stress that tends to relax the compressed shape of the conductor 242a, and is the stress that has a vector in the direction from the center to the end of the conductor 242a. The same applies to the compressive stress of the conductor 242b.
- the magnitude of the compressive stress of the conductor 242a is, for example, 500 MPa or more, preferably 1000 MPa or more, more preferably 1500 MPa or more, and even more preferably 2000 MPa or more. Note that the magnitude of the stress of the conductor 242a may be determined by measuring the stress of a sample obtained by forming a conductive film used for the conductor 242a over a substrate. The same applies to the magnitude of the compressive stress that the conductor 242b has. Nitride containing tantalum is an example of a conductor having the magnitude of compressive stress described above.
- Strains are formed in the regions 230ba and 230bb by the action of the compressive stresses of the conductors 242a and 242b.
- the strain is a strain (tensile strain) expanded in the direction of tension by the action of the compressive stress of the conductors 242a and 242b.
- the strain corresponds to stretching of the CAAC structure in a direction perpendicular to the c-axis.
- oxygen vacancies are likely to be formed in the strain.
- VOH since hydrogen is likely to be incorporated into the strain, VOH is likely to be formed. Therefore, in the strain, oxygen vacancies and VOH are likely to be formed, and these tend to have a stable structure.
- the regions 230ba and 230bb become stable n-type regions with high carrier concentrations.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- a similar strain may form in oxide 230a.
- the conductor 242 has a laminated structure of two layers. Specifically, the conductor 242a has a conductor 242a1 and a conductor 242a2 on the conductor 242a1. Similarly, conductor 242b has conductor 242b1 and conductor 242b2 above conductor 242b1. At this time, the conductor 242a1 and the conductor 242b1 are arranged on the side in contact with the oxide 230b.
- the conductors 242a1 and 242a2 can be formed using the same material and in the same steps as the conductors 242b1 and 242b2, respectively. Therefore, the conductor 242a1 preferably has the same conductive material as the conductor 242b1. Also, the conductor 242a2 preferably has the same conductive material as the conductor 242b2.
- the conductor 242a1 and the conductor 242b1 may be collectively referred to as the lower layer of the conductor 242. Further, the conductor 242a2 and the conductor 242b2 may be collectively referred to as an upper layer of the conductor 242 in some cases.
- the lower layers of the conductor 242 are preferably made of a conductive material that is resistant to oxidation. Accordingly, it is possible to prevent the lower layer of the conductor 242 from being oxidized and the conductivity of the conductor 242 from decreasing. Note that the lower layer of the conductor 242 may have a property of easily absorbing (releasing) hydrogen. As a result, hydrogen in the oxide 230 diffuses into the lower layer of the conductor 242, so that the hydrogen concentration in the oxide 230 can be reduced. Therefore, the transistor 200 can have stable electrical characteristics.
- the lower layer of the conductor 242 preferably has a large compressive stress as described above, and preferably has a larger compressive stress than the upper layer of the conductor 242 .
- the regions 230ba and 230bb in contact with the lower layer of the conductor 242 can be made stable n-type regions with high carrier concentration.
- the upper layers of the conductor 242 (the conductor 242a2 and the conductor 242b2) preferably have higher conductivity than the lower layers of the conductor 242 (the conductor 242a1 and the conductor 242b1).
- the thickness of the upper layer of the conductor 242 may be larger than the thickness of the lower layer of the conductor 242 .
- at least part of the upper layer of the conductor 242 may have a region with higher conductivity than the lower layer of the conductor 242 .
- the upper layer of the conductor 242 is preferably made of a conductive material with a lower resistivity than the lower layer of the conductor 242 . Thereby, a semiconductor device in which wiring delay is suppressed can be manufactured.
- the upper layer of the conductor 242 may have the property of easily absorbing hydrogen. As a result, hydrogen absorbed in the lower layer of the conductor 242 diffuses into the upper layer of the conductor 242, so that the hydrogen concentration in the oxide 230 can be further reduced. Therefore, the transistor 200 can have stable electrical characteristics.
- one or more selected from constituent elements, chemical compositions, and film formation conditions may be different for the lower layer of the conductor 242 and the upper layer of the conductor 242. .
- tantalum nitride or titanium nitride can be used as the lower layers of the conductors 242 (the conductors 242a1 and 242b1), and tungsten can be used as the upper layers of the conductors 242 (the conductors 242a2 and 242b2).
- the conductor 242a1 and the conductor 242b1 contain tantalum or titanium and nitrogen.
- the conductor 242a2 is surrounded by the insulator 275 having a barrier property against oxygen and the conductor 242a1 having a property that is not easily oxidized, and the insulator 275 having a barrier property against oxygen surrounds the conductor 242b2. , and a conductor 242b1 that is resistant to oxidation. Therefore, a semiconductor device in which the conductor 242a2 and the conductor 242b2 are prevented from being oxidized and wiring delay is suppressed can be manufactured. By using tungsten for the upper layer of the conductor 242, the conductor 242 can function as a wiring.
- a nitride containing tantalum eg, tantalum nitride
- a nitride containing titanium eg, titanium nitride
- titanium nitride titanium nitride
- the top layer of conductor 242 can be more conductive than the bottom layer of conductor 242 . Therefore, since the contact resistance with the conductor 240 provided in contact with the top surface of the conductor 242 can be reduced, a semiconductor device in which wiring delay is suppressed can be manufactured.
- the lower layer of the conductor 242 and the upper layer of the conductor 242 may use conductive materials having the same constituent elements and different chemical compositions. At this time, the lower layer of the conductor 242 and the upper layer of the conductor 242 can be continuously formed without being exposed to the atmospheric environment. By forming the film without exposure to the atmosphere, impurities or moisture from the atmospheric environment can be prevented from adhering to the surface of the lower layer of the conductor 242, and the vicinity of the interface between the lower layer and the upper layer of the conductor 242 can be prevented. can be kept clean.
- a nitride containing tantalum with a high nitrogen to tantalum atomic ratio is used for the lower layer of the conductor 242
- a tantalum containing nitride with a low nitrogen to tantalum atomic ratio is used for the upper layer of the conductor 242 .
- the lower layer of the conductor 242 tantalum with an atomic ratio of nitrogen to tantalum of 1.0 to 2.0, preferably 1.1 to 1.8, more preferably 1.2 to 1.5
- the upper layer of the conductor 242 has an atomic ratio of nitrogen to tantalum of 0.3 to 1.5, preferably 0.5 to 1.3, more preferably 0.6 to 1.0. of tantalum-containing nitride is used.
- the oxidation of the nitride containing tantalum can be suppressed.
- the oxidation resistance of the nitride containing tantalum can be enhanced.
- diffusion of oxygen into the nitride containing tantalum can be suppressed. Therefore, it is preferable to use a nitride containing tantalum, which has a high atomic ratio of nitrogen to tantalum, for the lower layer of the conductor 242 . This can prevent the formation of an oxide layer between the lower layer of the conductor 242 and the oxide 230 or reduce the thickness of the oxide layer.
- a nitride containing tantalum by lowering the atomic ratio of nitrogen to tantalum, the resistivity of the nitride can be lowered. Therefore, it is preferable to use a nitride containing tantalum, which has a low atomic ratio of nitrogen to tantalum, for the top layer of the conductor 242 . Accordingly, a semiconductor device in which wiring delay is suppressed can be manufactured.
- the concentrations of tantalum and nitrogen detected in each layer are not limited to stepwise changes in each layer, but are continuously changed in the region between the upper layer and the lower layer ( (also called gradation). That is, the closer the region of the conductor 242 to the oxide 230, the higher the atomic ratio of nitrogen to tantalum. Therefore, the atomic ratio of nitrogen to tantalum in the region below conductor 242 is preferably higher than the atomic ratio of nitrogen to tantalum in the region above conductor 242 .
- the transistor 200 shows a structure in which two layers of the conductors 242 are stacked, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the conductor 242 may be provided as a single layer or a laminated structure of three or more layers.
- an ordinal number may be assigned in order of formation for distinction.
- the conductor 260 is arranged so that its top surface is level with or substantially level with the top of the insulator 254 , the top of the insulator 253 , and the top of the insulator 280 .
- a conductor 260 functions as a first gate electrode of the transistor 200 .
- the conductor 260 preferably has a conductor 260a and a conductor 260b disposed over the conductor 260a.
- conductor 260a is preferably arranged to wrap the bottom and side surfaces of conductor 260b.
- the conductor 260 has a two-layer structure of conductors 260a and 260b, but may have a single-layer structure or a laminated structure of three or more layers.
- the conductor 260a preferably uses a conductive material that has a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, water molecules, nitrogen atoms, nitrogen molecules, nitrogen oxide molecules, and copper atoms.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen eg, at least one of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules is preferably used.
- the conductor 260a has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen, it is possible to prevent the conductor 260b from being oxidized by oxygen contained in the insulator 280 or the like, thereby reducing the conductivity.
- the conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, or the like is preferably used, for example.
- the conductor 260 is formed so as to fill the opening 258 provided extending in the channel width direction, and the conductor 260 is also provided extending in the channel width direction. Accordingly, when a plurality of transistors 200 are provided, the conductor 260 can also function as a wiring. In this case, the insulators 253 and 254 are also provided to extend along with the conductor 260 .
- the conductor 260 since the conductor 260 also functions as wiring, it is preferable to use a conductor with high conductivity.
- the conductor 260b can use a conductive material whose main component is tungsten, copper, or aluminum. Further, the conductor 260b may have a layered structure, for example, a layered structure of titanium or titanium nitride and any of the above conductive materials.
- the conductor 260 is formed in a self-aligned manner so as to fill the opening 258 formed in the insulator 280 or the like. By forming the conductor 260 in this manner, the conductor 260 can be reliably placed in the region between the conductors 242a and 242b without being aligned.
- the height of the bottom surface of the region of the conductor 260 where the conductor 260 and the oxide 230b do not overlap with each other is based on the bottom surface of the insulator 222 in the channel width direction of the transistor 200.
- the height is preferably less than the height of the bottom surface of oxide 230b.
- the conductor 260 functioning as a gate electrode covers the side surface and top surface of the channel formation region of the oxide 230b with the insulator 253 or the like interposed therebetween. Easier to work on the whole. Therefore, the on current of the transistor 200 can be increased and the frequency characteristics can be improved.
- the height of the bottom surface of the conductor 260 and the height of the bottom surface of the oxide 230b in a region where the oxides 230a and 230b do not overlap with the conductor 260 is 0 nm or more and 100 nm or less, preferably 3 nm or more and 50 nm or less, more preferably 5 nm or more and 20 nm or less.
- the insulator 280 is provided on the insulator 275, and openings are formed in regions where the insulator 253, the insulator 254, and the conductor 260 are provided. Also, the upper surface of the insulator 280 may be flattened.
- the insulator 280 functioning as an interlayer film preferably has a low dielectric constant. By using a material with a low dielectric constant as the interlayer film, the parasitic capacitance generated between wirings can be reduced.
- the insulator 280 is preferably provided using a material similar to that of the insulator 216, for example.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are preferable because they are thermally stable.
- a material such as silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, or silicon oxide having vacancies is preferable because a region containing oxygen released by heating can be easily formed.
- the concentration of impurities such as water and hydrogen in the insulator 280 is preferably reduced.
- an oxide containing silicon such as silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride may be used as appropriate for the insulator 280 .
- the insulator 282 is arranged so as to be in contact with at least part of the top surface of each of the conductor 260 , the insulator 253 , the insulator 254 and the insulator 280 .
- the insulator 282 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film that suppresses diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen into the insulator 280 from above, and preferably has a function of capturing impurities such as hydrogen. Further, the insulator 282 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film that suppresses permeation of oxygen.
- an insulator such as a metal oxide having an amorphous structure such as aluminum oxide may be used. In this case, the insulator 282 contains at least oxygen and aluminum.
- impurities such as hydrogen contained in the insulator 280 and the like can be captured.
- the insulator 282 it is preferable to form an aluminum oxide film by a sputtering method, and it is more preferable to form an aluminum oxide film by a pulse DC sputtering method using an aluminum target in an atmosphere containing oxygen gas.
- a pulse DC sputtering method By using the pulse DC sputtering method, the film thickness distribution can be made more uniform, and the sputtering rate and film quality can be improved.
- RF (Radio Frequency) power may be applied to the substrate.
- the amount of oxygen injected into layers below the insulator 282 can be controlled by the amount of RF power applied to the substrate.
- the smaller the RF power the smaller the amount of oxygen injected into a layer below the insulator 282, and the oxygen amount is likely to be saturated even if the thickness of the insulator 282 is thin. Also, the amount of oxygen injected into the layer below the insulator 282 increases as the RF power increases.
- RF power is, for example, 0 W/cm 2 or more and 1.86 W/cm 2 or less.
- the amount of oxygen suitable for the characteristics of the transistor can be changed and implanted depending on the RF power when the insulator 282 is formed. Therefore, the amount of oxygen suitable for improving the reliability of the transistor can be implanted.
- the RF frequency is preferably 10 MHz or higher. It is typically 13.56 MHz. The higher the RF frequency, the smaller the damage to the substrate.
- FIGS. 9A to 9D and the like show a structure in which the insulator 282 is a single layer, the present invention is not limited to this, and a laminated structure of two or more layers may be used.
- the insulator 282 may have a laminated structure of two layers.
- the upper and lower layers of insulator 282 may be formed of the same material by different methods.
- the RF power applied to the substrate when forming the lower layer of the insulator 282 and the the RF power applied to the substrate when depositing the upper layer of the insulator 282 is preferably different, and the RF power applied to the substrate when depositing the lower layer of the insulator 282 is different from the RF power applied to the substrate when depositing the upper layer of the insulator 282. It is more preferably lower than the RF power applied to the substrate during film formation.
- the lower layer of the insulator 282 is deposited with RF power applied to the substrate of 0 W/cm 2 or more and 0.62 W/cm 2 or less, and the RF power of the upper layer of the insulator 282 applied to the substrate is 1.0 W/cm 2 or more.
- a film is formed at 86 W/cm 2 or less.
- the lower layer of the insulator 282 is deposited with an RF power of 0 W/cm 2 applied to the substrate, and the upper layer of the insulator 282 is deposited with an RF power of 0.31 W/cm 2 applied to the substrate. do.
- the insulator 282 can have an amorphous structure and the amount of oxygen supplied to the insulator 280 can be adjusted.
- the RF power applied to the substrate when forming the lower layer of the insulator 282 may be higher than the RF power applied to the substrate when forming the upper layer of the insulator 282 .
- the lower layer of the insulator 282 is deposited with RF power applied to the substrate of 1.86 W/cm 2 or less
- the upper layer of the insulator 282 is deposited with the RF power applied to the substrate of 0 W/cm 2 or more.
- a film is formed at 62 W/cm 2 or less.
- the lower layer of the insulator 282 is deposited with an RF power of 1.86 W/cm 2 applied to the substrate, and the upper layer of the insulator 282 is deposited with an RF power of 0.62 W/cm 2 applied to the substrate. form a film.
- the amount of oxygen supplied to the insulator 280 can be increased.
- the thickness of the lower layer of the insulator 282 is 1 nm to 20 nm, preferably 1.5 nm to 15 nm, more preferably 2 nm to 10 nm, further preferably 3 nm to 8 nm.
- the lower layer of the insulator 282 can have an amorphous structure regardless of RF power.
- the upper layer of the insulator 282 tends to have an amorphous structure, and the insulator 282 can have an amorphous structure.
- the lower layer of the insulator 282 and the upper layer of the insulator 282 have a laminated structure made of the same material, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the lower layer of the insulator 282 and the upper layer of the insulator 282 may be laminated structures made of different materials.
- Capacitor 100 12A shows an enlarged view of the capacitor 100 and its vicinity in FIG. 9B, and FIG. 12B shows an enlarged view of the capacitor 100 and its vicinity in FIG. 9D.
- the capacitive element 100 has a conductor 242b, an insulator 275, an insulator 153, an insulator 154, and a conductor 160 (a conductor 160a and a conductor 160b).
- the conductor 242b functions as one of a pair of electrodes (also referred to as a lower electrode) of the capacitor 100, the conductor 160 functions as the other of the pair of electrodes (also referred to as an upper electrode) of the capacitor 100, and the insulator 275,
- the insulators 153 and 154 function as dielectrics of the capacitor 100 .
- the insulator 153 , the insulator 154 , the conductor 160 a and the conductor 160 b are arranged in an opening 158 provided in the insulator 280 .
- the insulator 153 is provided over the insulator 275
- the insulator 154 is provided over the insulator 153
- the conductor 160a is provided over the insulator 154
- the conductor 160b is provided over the conductor 160a.
- the insulator 153, the insulator 154, the conductor 160a, and the conductor 160b that constitute the capacitor 100 constitute the transistor 200, respectively. and the conductor 260b can be formed using the same material and in the same process. Therefore, the insulator 153 preferably contains the same insulating material as the insulator 253, and the description of the insulator 253 can be referred to for details.
- the insulator 154 preferably has the same insulating material as the insulator 254, and the description of the insulator 254 can be referred to for details.
- the conductor 160a preferably contains the same conductive material as the conductor 260a, and the description of the conductor 260a can be referred to for details.
- the conductor 160b preferably has the same conductive material as the conductor 260b, and the description of the conductor 260b can be referred to for details.
- the insulator 153, the insulator 154, the conductor 160a, and the conductor 160b are formed using the same material and in the same process as the insulator 253, the insulator 254, the conductor 260a, and the conductor 260b, respectively, so that the semiconductor device can be manufactured. , the number of steps can be reduced.
- the opening 158 is provided in the insulator 280 so as to reach the insulator 275 . That is, it can be said that the opening 158 has a region overlapping with the insulator 275 . Alternatively, it can be said that the opening 158 has a region overlapping with the conductor 242b with the insulator 275 interposed therebetween. At this time, the conductor 160 has a region overlapping with the conductor 242b with the insulators 275, 153, and 154 interposed therebetween.
- the insulator 280 is provided with the opening 258 . That is, the insulator 280 has a first opening forming part of the opening 258 and a second opening forming the opening 158 .
- a region where the conductor 160 in the opening 158 and the conductor 242b intersect functions as the capacitive element 100.
- This region has an overlapping region with oxide 230 b that functions as transistor 200 . That is, the capacitor 100 can be provided without excessively increasing the area occupied by the transistor 200 .
- miniaturization or high integration of the semiconductor device can be achieved. For example, when the semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention is used as a memory cell of a memory device, memory capacity per unit area can be increased.
- the conductor 242b can also serve as the lower electrode of the capacitor 100 and the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor 200 . Therefore, part of the manufacturing process of the transistor 200 can be used in the manufacturing process of the capacitor 100, so that the semiconductor device can be manufactured with high productivity.
- the end of the conductor 242b on the capacitive element 100 side is preferably located outside the end of the oxide 230.
- the conductor 242b covers the side surface of the oxide 230 on the capacitor 100 side. Since the conductor 242b functions as one of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 100, the area over which the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 100 overlap can be increased. Therefore, the capacitance value of the capacitive element 100 can be increased.
- the opening 158 has an insulator 222 as a bottom surface and an insulator 280 as a side surface. It can also be regarded as a shape in which a part of the structure consisting of 275 protrudes. Note that in the opening 158, unlike the opening 258, the top surface of the oxide 230b is covered with the conductor 242b and the insulator 275;
- an insulator 153 is provided in contact with the bottom and inner walls of the opening 158 . Therefore, the insulator 153 is in contact with the top surface of the insulator 275 and the side surface of the insulator 280 .
- An insulator 154 is provided over the insulator 153 in contact with the top surface of the insulator 153 , and a conductor 160 is provided in contact with the top surface of the insulator 154 . Therefore, the insulator 153 , the insulator 154 , and the conductor 160 are provided to cover the conductor 242 b and the insulator 275 partially protruding into the opening 158 .
- the upper surface of the conductor 242b and the side surface of the conductor 242b on the side different from the conductor 242a (A1 side of the capacitor 100b), the side of the conductor 242b on the A5 side, and the side of the conductor 242b on the A6 side. and the insulator 154 are provided to face each other. Accordingly, since the capacitive element 100 can be formed on the four surfaces of the conductor 242b, the capacitance per unit area of the capacitive element 100 can be increased. Therefore, miniaturization or high integration of the semiconductor device can be achieved.
- the capacitive element 100 may have, for example, the shape shown in FIG. 13A. Specifically, the side surface of the opening 158 on the side different from the conductor 242a (the side surface on the A1 side in the capacitor 100a and the side surface on the A2 side in the capacitor 100b) overlaps with the oxide 230b. may In addition, the conductor 160 is provided to face the top surface of the conductor 242b, the side surface of the conductor 242b on the A5 side, and the side surface of the conductor 242b on the A6 side with the insulators 153 and 154 interposed therebetween.
- the capacitive element 100 can be formed on the above three surfaces of the conductor 242b.
- the capacitive element 100 may have the shape shown in FIG. 13B, for example.
- opening 158 may be provided in a region that does not overlap oxide 230b.
- the sidewalls of opening 158 may be tapered. Although the details will be described later, the opening 258 and the opening 158 are formed in the same process. For example, as shown in FIG. 11C, if the sidewalls of opening 258 are tapered, the sidewalls of opening 158 are also tapered. By tapering the side wall of the opening 158, coverage with the insulator 153 or the like is improved in subsequent steps, and defects such as voids can be reduced.
- the conductor 160 is formed to fill an opening 158 extending in the channel width direction of the transistor 200, and the conductor 160 is also provided extending in the channel width direction of the transistor 200. there is Accordingly, when a plurality of transistors 200 and capacitors 100 are provided, the conductor 160 can also function as a wiring. In this case, the insulators 153 and 154 are also provided to extend along with the conductor 160 .
- the insulator 275 , the insulator 153 and the insulator 154 function as dielectrics of the capacitive element 100 .
- a region of the insulator 153 functioning as a dielectric of the capacitor 100 is sandwiched between the insulator 275 and the insulator 154 .
- a region 230bb of the oxide 230b is a region with reduced resistance. Therefore, the region 230bb of the oxide 230b may function as the bottom electrode of the capacitive element 100.
- FIG. At this time, the area where the pair of electrodes of the capacitor 100 overlap can be increased. Therefore, the capacitance value of the capacitive element 100 can be increased.
- the conductor 240 is provided in contact with the inner walls of the openings of the insulator 285, the insulator 282, the insulator 280, the insulator 275, the conductor 242a, the insulator 222, the insulator 216, the insulator 214, and the insulator 212. ing. In addition, the conductor 240 has a region in contact with the top surface of the conductor 209 .
- the conductor 240 functions as a plug or wiring for electrically connecting the transistor 200 with circuit elements such as switches, transistors, capacitive elements, inductors, resistive elements, and diodes, wiring, electrodes, or terminals.
- the conductor 240 preferably has a laminated structure of conductors 240a and 240b.
- the conductor 240 can have a structure in which a conductor 240a is provided in contact with the inner wall of the opening, and a conductor 240b is provided inside. That is, the conductor 240 a is arranged near the insulator 285 , the insulator 282 , the insulator 280 , the insulator 275 , the conductor 242 a , the insulator 222 , the insulator 216 , the insulator 214 , and the insulator 212 .
- the conductor 240a it is preferable to use a conductive material having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen it is preferable to use tantalum, tantalum nitride, titanium, titanium nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, or the like.
- the conductive material having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen may be used in a single layer or stacked layers.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in layers above the insulator 282 can be prevented from entering the oxide 230 through the conductor 240 .
- the conductor 240 since the conductor 240 also functions as wiring, it is preferable to use a conductor with high conductivity.
- the conductor 240b can use a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as its main component.
- conductor 240a contains titanium and nitrogen
- conductor 240b contains tungsten
- the transistor 200 shows the structure in which the conductor 240a and the conductor 240b are stacked as the conductor 240
- the conductor 240 may be provided as a single layer or a laminated structure of three or more layers.
- an ordinal number may be assigned in order of formation for distinction.
- the height of the top surface of the conductor 240 may be higher than the height of the top surface of the insulator 285 .
- FIG. 14 shows an enlarged view of a region where the conductor 240 and the conductor 242a are in contact with each other and its vicinity.
- conductor 240 in the A1-A2 direction, has a region with width W1 and a region with width W2.
- the width W1 corresponds to, for example, the distance between the interface between the insulator 280 and the conductor 240a on the transistor 200a side and the interface between the insulator 280 and the conductor 240a on the transistor 200b side.
- the width W2 corresponds to the width of the opening of the conductor 242a.
- the width W1 corresponds to the width W i described in the first embodiment
- the width W2 corresponds to the width W m described in the first embodiment.
- width W1 is preferably larger than width W2.
- the conductor 240 is in contact with at least part of the top surface and part of the side surface of the conductor 242a. Therefore, the area of the region where the conductor 240 and the conductor 242a are in contact can be increased.
- the contact between the conductor 240 and the conductor 242a is sometimes called a top side contact.
- the conductor 240 may contact a portion of the lower surface of the conductor 242a. With this structure, the area of the region where the conductor 240 and the conductor 242a are in contact can be further increased.
- the conductor 209 functions as part of circuit elements such as switches, transistors, capacitive elements, inductors, resistive elements, and diodes, wiring, electrodes, or terminals.
- the insulator 210 functions as an interlayer film.
- an insulator that can be used for the insulators 214, 216, or the like may be used.
- an insulator substrate, a semiconductor substrate, or a conductor substrate may be used, for example.
- insulator substrates include glass substrates, quartz substrates, sapphire substrates, stabilized zirconia substrates (yttria stabilized zirconia substrates, etc.), and resin substrates.
- Semiconductor substrates include, for example, semiconductor substrates made of silicon or germanium, or compound semiconductor substrates made of silicon carbide, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, zinc oxide, or gallium oxide. Further, there is a semiconductor substrate having an insulator region inside the semiconductor substrate, such as an SOI (Silicon On Insulator) substrate.
- SOI Silicon On Insulator
- Examples of conductive substrates include graphite substrates, metal substrates, alloy substrates, and conductive resin substrates. Alternatively, there are a substrate having a metal nitride, a substrate having a metal oxide, and the like. Furthermore, there are substrates in which an insulator substrate is provided with a conductor or a semiconductor, a substrate in which a semiconductor substrate is provided with a conductor or an insulator, a substrate in which a conductor substrate is provided with a semiconductor or an insulator, and the like. Alternatively, these substrates provided with elements may be used. Elements provided on the substrate include a capacitor element, a resistance element, a switch element, a light emitting element, a memory element, and the like.
- Insulators with a high relative dielectric constant include gallium oxide, hafnium oxide, zirconium oxide, oxides containing aluminum and hafnium, oxynitrides containing aluminum and hafnium, oxides containing silicon and hafnium, and silicon and hafnium. oxynitrides with silicon, or nitrides with silicon and hafnium.
- Insulators with a low relative dielectric constant include silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, and an empty silicon oxide. There are silicon oxide with pores, resin, and the like.
- insulators having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen include boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, and zirconium. Insulators including lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, or tantalum may be used in single layers or in stacks.
- insulators having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen
- Metal oxides such as tantalum oxide, and metal nitrides such as aluminum nitride, silicon nitride oxide, and silicon nitride can be used.
- An insulator that functions as a gate insulator preferably has a region containing oxygen that is released by heating. For example, by forming a structure in which silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride having a region containing oxygen released by heating is in contact with the oxide 230, oxygen vacancies in the oxide 230 can be compensated.
- Conductors include aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, strontium, and lanthanum. It is preferable to use a metal element selected from among the above, an alloy containing the above-described metal elements as a component, or an alloy or the like in which the above-described metal elements are combined.
- tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten, nitride containing titanium and aluminum, nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, oxide containing lanthanum and nickel, and the like are used. is preferred. Also, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, nitrides containing titanium and aluminum, nitrides containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, oxides containing strontium and ruthenium, and oxides containing lanthanum and nickel are difficult to oxidize.
- a conductive material or a material that maintains conductivity even after absorbing oxygen.
- a semiconductor with high electrical conductivity typified by polycrystalline silicon containing an impurity element such as phosphorus, or a silicide such as nickel silicide may be used.
- a plurality of conductive layers formed of the above materials may be laminated and used.
- a laminated structure in which the material containing the metal element described above and the conductive material containing oxygen are combined may be used.
- a laminated structure may be employed in which the material containing the metal element described above and the conductive material containing nitrogen are combined.
- a laminated structure may be employed in which the material containing the metal element described above, the conductive material containing oxygen, and the conductive material containing nitrogen are combined.
- a stacked-layer structure in which the above-described material containing the metal element and a conductive material containing oxygen are combined is used for a conductor functioning as a gate electrode.
- a conductive material containing oxygen is preferably provided on the channel formation region side.
- a conductor functioning as a gate electrode it is preferable to use a conductive material containing oxygen and a metal element contained in a metal oxide in which a channel is formed.
- a conductive material containing the metal element and nitrogen described above may be used.
- a conductive material containing nitrogen such as titanium nitride or tantalum nitride may be used.
- indium tin oxide, indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium zinc oxide, and silicon were added.
- Indium tin oxide may also be used.
- indium gallium zinc oxide containing nitrogen may be used.
- a metal oxide (oxide semiconductor) that functions as a semiconductor is preferably used as the oxide 230 .
- Metal oxides applicable to the oxide 230 according to the present invention are described below.
- the metal oxide preferably contains at least indium or zinc. In particular, it preferably contains indium and zinc. In addition to these, it is preferable that aluminum, gallium, yttrium, tin, and the like are contained. Further, one or more selected from boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, cobalt, etc. may be contained.
- the metal oxide is an In-M-Zn oxide having indium, the element M and zinc.
- the element M is aluminum, gallium, yttrium, or tin.
- Other elements applicable to element M include boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, and cobalt.
- the element M there are cases where a plurality of the above elements may be combined.
- the element M is preferably one or more selected from gallium, aluminum, yttrium, and tin.
- an oxide containing indium (In), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn) is preferably used for a semiconductor layer of a transistor.
- an oxide containing indium (In), aluminum (Al), and zinc (Zn) also referred to as IAZO
- IAZO indium (In), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), and zinc
- IAGZO or IGAZO oxide containing indium (In), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn) may be used for the semiconductor layer.
- nitrogen-containing metal oxides may also be collectively referred to as metal oxides.
- a metal oxide containing nitrogen may also be referred to as a metal oxynitride.
- oxides containing indium (In), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn) will be described as examples of metal oxides. Note that an oxide containing indium (In), gallium (Ga), and zinc (Zn) is sometimes called an In--Ga--Zn oxide.
- Crystal structures of oxide semiconductors include amorphous (including completely amorphous), CAAC (c-axis-aligned crystalline), nc (nanocrystalline), CAC (cloud-aligned composite), single crystal, and polycrystal. (poly crystal) and the like.
- the crystal structure of the film or substrate can be evaluated using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- it can be evaluated using an XRD spectrum obtained by GIXD (Grazing-Incidence XRD) measurement.
- GIXD Gram-Incidence XRD
- the GIXD method is also called a thin film method or a Seemann-Bohlin method.
- the XRD spectrum obtained by the GIXD measurement may be simply referred to as the XRD spectrum.
- the shape of the peak of the XRD spectrum is almost bilaterally symmetrical.
- the shape of the peak of the XRD spectrum is left-right asymmetric.
- the asymmetric shape of the peaks in the XRD spectra demonstrates the presence of crystals in the film or substrate. In other words, the film or substrate cannot be said to be in an amorphous state unless the shape of the peaks in the XRD spectrum is symmetrical.
- the crystal structure of the film or substrate can be evaluated by a diffraction pattern (also referred to as a nano beam electron diffraction pattern) observed by nano beam electron diffraction (NBED).
- a diffraction pattern also referred to as a nano beam electron diffraction pattern
- NBED nano beam electron diffraction
- a halo is observed in the diffraction pattern of a quartz glass substrate, and it can be confirmed that the quartz glass is in an amorphous state.
- a spot-like pattern is observed instead of a halo. For this reason, it is presumed that it cannot be concluded that the In-Ga-Zn oxide deposited at room temperature is in an intermediate state, neither single crystal nor polycrystal, nor amorphous state, and is in an amorphous state. be done.
- oxide semiconductors may be classified differently from the above when their structures are focused. For example, oxide semiconductors are classified into single-crystal oxide semiconductors and non-single-crystal oxide semiconductors. Examples of non-single-crystal oxide semiconductors include the above CAAC-OS and nc-OS. Non-single-crystal oxide semiconductors include polycrystalline oxide semiconductors, amorphous-like oxide semiconductors (a-like OS), amorphous oxide semiconductors, and the like.
- CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor that includes a plurality of crystal regions, and the c-axes of the plurality of crystal regions are oriented in a specific direction. Note that the specific direction is the thickness direction of the CAAC-OS film, the normal direction to the formation surface of the CAAC-OS film, or the normal direction to the surface of the CAAC-OS film.
- a crystalline region is a region having periodicity in atomic arrangement. If the atomic arrangement is regarded as a lattice arrangement, the crystalline region is also a region with a uniform lattice arrangement.
- CAAC-OS has a region where a plurality of crystal regions are connected in the a-b plane direction, and the region may have strain.
- the strain refers to a portion where the orientation of the lattice arrangement changes between a region with a uniform lattice arrangement and another region with a uniform lattice arrangement in a region where a plurality of crystal regions are connected. That is, CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor that is c-axis oriented and has no obvious orientation in the ab plane direction.
- each of the plurality of crystal regions is composed of one or more minute crystals (crystals having a maximum diameter of less than 10 nm).
- the maximum diameter of the crystalline region is less than 10 nm.
- the maximum diameter of the crystal region may be about several tens of nanometers.
- the CAAC-OS includes a layer containing indium (In) and oxygen (hereinafter referred to as an In layer) and a layer containing gallium (Ga), zinc (Zn), and oxygen (
- In layer a layer containing indium (In) and oxygen
- Ga gallium
- Zn zinc
- oxygen oxygen
- it tends to have a layered crystal structure (also referred to as a layered structure) in which (Ga, Zn) layers are laminated.
- the (Ga, Zn) layer may contain indium.
- the In layer may contain gallium.
- the In layer may contain zinc.
- the layered structure is observed as a lattice image in, for example, a high-resolution TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) image.
- a plurality of bright points are observed in the electron beam diffraction pattern of the CAAC-OS film.
- a certain spot and another spot are observed at point-symmetrical positions with respect to the spot of the incident electron beam that has passed through the sample (also referred to as a direct spot) as the center of symmetry.
- the lattice arrangement in the crystal region is basically a hexagonal lattice, but the unit cell is not always a regular hexagon and may be a non-regular hexagon. Moreover, the distortion may have a lattice arrangement such as a pentagon or a heptagon. Note that in CAAC-OS, no clear crystal grain boundary can be observed even near the strain. That is, it can be seen that the distortion of the lattice arrangement suppresses the formation of grain boundaries. This is because the CAAC-OS can tolerate strain due to the fact that the arrangement of oxygen atoms is not dense in the ab plane direction and the bond distance between atoms changes due to the substitution of metal atoms. it is conceivable that.
- a crystal structure in which clear grain boundaries are confirmed is called a polycrystal.
- a grain boundary becomes a recombination center, traps carriers, and is highly likely to cause a decrease in on-current of a transistor, a decrease in field-effect mobility, and the like. Therefore, a CAAC-OS in which no clear grain boundaries are observed is one of crystalline oxides having a crystal structure suitable for a semiconductor layer of a transistor.
- a structure containing Zn is preferable for forming a CAAC-OS.
- In--Zn oxide and In--Ga--Zn oxide are preferable because they can suppress the generation of grain boundaries more than In oxide.
- CAAC-OS is an oxide semiconductor with high crystallinity and no clear crystal grain boundaries. Therefore, it can be said that the decrease in electron mobility due to grain boundaries is less likely to occur in CAAC-OS.
- CAAC-OS since the crystallinity of an oxide semiconductor may be deteriorated due to contamination of impurities, generation of defects, or the like, CAAC-OS can be said to be an oxide semiconductor with few impurities and defects (such as oxygen vacancies). Therefore, an oxide semiconductor including CAAC-OS has stable physical properties. Therefore, an oxide semiconductor including CAAC-OS is resistant to heat and has high reliability.
- CAAC-OS is also stable against high temperatures (so-called thermal budget) in the manufacturing process. Therefore, when a CAAC-OS is used for a transistor including a metal oxide in a channel formation region (sometimes referred to as an OS transistor), the degree of freedom in the manufacturing process can be increased.
- nc-OS has periodic atomic arrangement in a minute region (eg, a region of 1 nm to 10 nm, particularly a region of 1 nm to 3 nm).
- the nc-OS has minute crystals.
- the size of the minute crystal is, for example, 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, particularly 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less, the minute crystal is also called a nanocrystal.
- nc-OS does not show regularity in crystal orientation between different nanocrystals. Therefore, no orientation is observed in the entire film.
- an nc-OS may be indistinguishable from an a-like OS or an amorphous oxide semiconductor depending on the analysis method.
- an nc-OS film is subjected to structural analysis using an XRD apparatus, out-of-plane XRD measurement using ⁇ /2 ⁇ scanning does not detect a peak indicating crystallinity.
- an nc-OS film is subjected to electron beam diffraction (also referred to as selected area electron beam diffraction) using an electron beam with a probe diameter larger than that of nanocrystals (for example, 50 nm or more), a diffraction pattern like a halo pattern is obtained. Observed.
- an electron beam diffraction pattern is obtained in which a plurality of spots are observed within a ring-shaped area centered on the spot.
- An a-like OS is an oxide semiconductor having a structure between an nc-OS and an amorphous oxide semiconductor.
- An a-like OS has void or low density regions. That is, the a-like OS has lower crystallinity than the nc-OS and CAAC-OS. In addition, the a-like OS has a higher hydrogen concentration in the film than the nc-OS and the CAAC-OS.
- CAC-OS relates to material composition.
- CAC-OS is, for example, one structure of a material in which elements constituting a metal oxide are unevenly distributed with a size of 0.5 nm or more and 10 nm or less, preferably 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less, or in the vicinity thereof.
- the metal oxide one or more metal elements are unevenly distributed, and the region having the metal element has a size of 0.5 nm or more and 10 nm or less, preferably 1 nm or more and 3 nm or less, or a size in the vicinity thereof.
- the mixed state is also called mosaic or patch.
- CAC-OS is a structure in which the material is separated into a first region and a second region to form a mosaic shape, and the first region is distributed in the film (hereinafter, also referred to as a cloud shape). is called). That is, CAC-OS is a composite metal oxide in which the first region and the second region are mixed.
- the atomic ratios of In, Ga, and Zn to the metal elements constituting the CAC-OS in the In--Ga--Zn oxide are denoted by [In], [Ga], and [Zn], respectively.
- the first region is a region where [In] is larger than [In] in the composition of the CAC-OS film.
- the second region is a region where [Ga] is greater than [Ga] in the composition of the CAC-OS film.
- the first region is a region in which [In] is larger than [In] in the second region and [Ga] is smaller than [Ga] in the second region.
- the second region is a region in which [Ga] is larger than [Ga] in the first region and [In] is smaller than [In] in the first region.
- the first region is a region whose main component is indium oxide, indium zinc oxide, or the like.
- the second region is a region containing gallium oxide, gallium zinc oxide, or the like as a main component. That is, the first region can be rephrased as a region containing In as a main component. Also, the second region can be rephrased as a region containing Ga as a main component.
- a clear boundary between the first region and the second region may not be observed.
- the CAC-OS in the In—Ga—Zn oxide means a region containing Ga as a main component and a region containing In as a main component in a material structure containing In, Ga, Zn, and O. Each region is a mosaic, and refers to a configuration in which these regions exist randomly. Therefore, CAC-OS is presumed to have a structure in which metal elements are unevenly distributed.
- the CAC-OS can be formed, for example, by sputtering under the condition that the substrate is not heated.
- an inert gas typically argon
- oxygen gas oxygen gas
- nitrogen gas may be used as the film forming gas. good.
- the flow rate ratio of the oxygen gas to the total flow rate of the film forming gas during film formation is preferably as low as possible.
- the flow ratio of the oxygen gas to the total flow rate of the film forming gas during film formation is 0% or more and less than 30%, preferably 0% or more and 10% or less.
- an EDX mapping obtained using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy shows that a region containing In as a main component It can be confirmed that the (first region) and the region (second region) containing Ga as the main component are unevenly distributed and have a mixed structure.
- the first region is a region with higher conductivity than the second region. That is, when carriers flow through the first region, conductivity as a metal oxide is developed. Therefore, by distributing the first region in the form of a cloud in the metal oxide, a high field effect mobility ( ⁇ ) can be realized.
- the second region is a region with higher insulation than the first region.
- the leakage current can be suppressed by distributing the second region in the metal oxide.
- CAC-OS when used for a transistor, the conductivity caused by the first region and the insulation caused by the second region act complementarily to provide a switching function (on/off). functions) can be given to the CAC-OS.
- a part of the material has a conductive function
- a part of the material has an insulating function
- the whole material has a semiconductor function.
- CAC-OS is most suitable for various semiconductor devices including display devices.
- Oxide semiconductors have a variety of structures, each with different characteristics.
- An oxide semiconductor of one embodiment of the present invention includes two or more of an amorphous oxide semiconductor, a polycrystalline oxide semiconductor, an a-like OS, a CAC-OS, an nc-OS, and a CAAC-OS. may
- an oxide semiconductor with low carrier concentration is preferably used for a transistor.
- the carrier concentration of the oxide semiconductor is 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 13 cm ⁇ 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 11 cm ⁇ 3 or less . 3 or less, more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 10 cm ⁇ 3 and 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the impurity concentration in the oxide semiconductor film may be lowered to lower the defect level density.
- a low impurity concentration and a low defect level density are referred to as high-purity intrinsic or substantially high-purity intrinsic.
- an oxide semiconductor with a low carrier concentration is sometimes referred to as a highly purified intrinsic or substantially highly purified intrinsic oxide semiconductor.
- the trap level density may also be low.
- the charge trapped in the trap level of the oxide semiconductor takes a long time to disappear, and may behave as if it were a fixed charge. Therefore, a transistor whose channel formation region is formed in an oxide semiconductor with a high trap level density might have unstable electrical characteristics.
- Impurities include hydrogen, nitrogen, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, iron, nickel, silicon, and the like.
- the impurities in the oxide semiconductor refer to, for example, substances other than the main components of the oxide semiconductor. For example, an element whose concentration is less than 0.1 atomic percent can be said to be an impurity.
- the concentration of silicon or carbon in the oxide semiconductor is set to 2 ⁇ 10 18 atoms/cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 17 atoms/cm 3 or less.
- the concentration of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal in the oxide semiconductor obtained by SIMS is set to 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms/cm 3 or less, preferably 2 ⁇ 10 16 atoms/cm 3 or less.
- the nitrogen concentration in the oxide semiconductor obtained by SIMS is less than 5 ⁇ 10 19 atoms/cm 3 , preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms/cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms/cm 3 or less. , more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 17 atoms/cm 3 or less.
- the oxide semiconductor reacts with oxygen that bonds to a metal atom to form water, which may cause oxygen vacancies.
- oxygen vacancies When hydrogen enters the oxygen vacancies, electrons, which are carriers, may be generated.
- part of hydrogen may bond with oxygen that bonds with a metal atom to generate an electron, which is a carrier. Therefore, a transistor including an oxide semiconductor containing hydrogen is likely to have normally-on characteristics. Therefore, hydrogen in the oxide semiconductor is preferably reduced as much as possible.
- the hydrogen concentration in the oxide semiconductor obtained by SIMS is less than 1 ⁇ 10 20 atoms/cm 3 , preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 19 atoms/cm 3 , more preferably 5 ⁇ 10 18 atoms/cm. Less than 3 , more preferably less than 1 ⁇ 10 18 atoms/cm 3 .
- the oxide 230 can be called a semiconductor layer including a channel formation region of the transistor 200 .
- the semiconductor material that can be used for the semiconductor layer is not limited to the above metal oxides.
- a semiconductor material having a bandgap (a semiconductor material that is not a zero-gap semiconductor) may be used as the semiconductor layer.
- a layered substance that functions as a semiconductor as the semiconductor material it is preferable to use a layered substance that functions as a semiconductor as the semiconductor material.
- a layered substance is a general term for a group of materials having a layered crystal structure.
- a layered crystal structure is a structure in which layers formed by covalent or ionic bonds are stacked via bonds such as van der Waals forces that are weaker than covalent or ionic bonds.
- a layered material has high electrical conductivity within a unit layer, that is, high two-dimensional electrical conductivity.
- Layered substances include graphene, silicene, and chalcogenides.
- Chalcogenides are compounds that contain chalcogens.
- Chalcogen is a general term for elements belonging to Group 16, and includes oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium, and livermorium.
- Chalcogenides include transition metal chalcogenides and Group 13 chalcogenides.
- transition metal chalcogenide that functions as a semiconductor.
- transition metal chalcogenides applicable as semiconductor layers include molybdenum sulfide (typically MoS 2 ), molybdenum selenide (typically MoSe 2 ), molybdenum tellurium (typically MoTe 2 ), Tungsten sulfide (typically WS 2 ), tungsten selenide (typically WSe 2 ), tungsten tellurium (typically WTe 2 ), hafnium sulfide (typically HfS 2 ), hafnium selenide (typically HfSe 2 ), zirconium sulfide (typically ZrS 2 ), zirconium selenide (typically ZrSe 2 ), and the like.
- a in each figure shows a top view.
- B in each figure is a cross-sectional view corresponding to a portion indicated by a dashed line A1-A2 in A in each figure, and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 200 in the channel length direction.
- C in each figure is a cross-sectional view corresponding to the portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line A3-A4 in A in each figure, and is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 200 in the channel width direction.
- D in each figure is a cross-sectional view of a portion indicated by a dashed line A5-A6 in A in each figure.
- some elements are omitted for clarity of the drawing.
- an insulating material for forming an insulator, a conductive material for forming a conductor, or a semiconductor material for forming a semiconductor is a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, or an ALD method. etc. can be used as appropriate for film formation.
- Sputtering methods include an RF sputtering method using a high-frequency power source as a power source for sputtering, a DC sputtering method using a DC power source, and a pulse DC sputtering method in which the voltage applied to the electrodes is changed in pulses.
- the RF sputtering method is mainly used for forming an insulating film
- the DC sputtering method is mainly used for forming a metal conductive film.
- the pulse DC sputtering method is mainly used when forming a film of a compound such as an oxide, a nitride, or a carbide by a reactive sputtering method.
- the CVD method can be classified into a plasma CVD (PECVD) method using plasma, a thermal CVD (TCVD) method using heat, a photo CVD (Photo CVD) method using light, and the like. Furthermore, it can be divided into a metal CVD (MCVD) method and an organic metal CVD (MOCVD) method depending on the raw material gas used.
- PECVD plasma CVD
- TCVD thermal CVD
- Photo CVD photo CVD
- MCVD metal CVD
- MOCVD organic metal CVD
- the plasma CVD method can obtain high-quality films at relatively low temperatures.
- the thermal CVD method does not use plasma, it is a film formation method capable of reducing plasma damage to the object to be processed.
- wiring, electrodes, elements (transistors, capacitive elements, etc.) included in a semiconductor device may be charged up by receiving charges from plasma. At this time, the accumulated charges may destroy wiring, electrodes, elements, and the like included in the semiconductor device.
- a thermal CVD method that does not use plasma does not cause such plasma damage, so that the yield of semiconductor devices can be increased.
- the thermal CVD method does not cause plasma damage during film formation, a film with few defects can be obtained.
- the ALD method a thermal ALD method in which the precursor and the reactant react with only thermal energy, a PEALD method using a plasma-excited reactant, or the like can be used.
- the CVD method and ALD method are different from the sputtering method, in which particles emitted from a target or the like are deposited. Therefore, it is a film forming method which is not easily affected by the shape of the object to be processed and which has good step coverage.
- the ALD method has excellent step coverage and excellent thickness uniformity, and is therefore suitable for coating the surface of an opening with a high aspect ratio.
- the ALD method since the ALD method has a relatively slow film formation rate, it may be preferable to use it in combination with another film formation method, such as the CVD method, which has a high film formation rate.
- a film of any composition can be deposited depending on the flow rate ratio of the raw material gases.
- the CVD method it is possible to form a film whose composition is continuously changed by changing the flow rate ratio of source gases while forming a film.
- the time required for film formation is reduced compared to film formation using a plurality of film formation chambers, as the time required for transportation or pressure adjustment is not required. can do. Therefore, productivity of semiconductor devices can be improved in some cases.
- a film of any composition can be formed by simultaneously introducing different types of precursors.
- a film of any composition can be formed by controlling the number of cycles for each precursor.
- a substrate (not shown) is prepared, and insulators 210 and conductors 209 are formed on the substrate (see FIGS. 15A to 15D).
- an insulator 212 is formed over the insulator 210 and the conductor 209 (see FIGS. 15A to 15D).
- the insulator 212 is preferably deposited by a sputtering method.
- the hydrogen concentration in the insulator 212 can be reduced by using a sputtering method that does not require molecules containing hydrogen in the deposition gas.
- the film formation of the insulator 212 is not limited to the sputtering method, and a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like may be used as appropriate.
- silicon nitride is deposited as the insulator 212 by a pulse DC sputtering method using a silicon target in an atmosphere containing nitrogen gas.
- a pulse DC sputtering method it is possible to suppress the generation of particles due to arcing on the target surface, so that the film thickness distribution can be made more uniform.
- the rise and fall of the discharge can be steeper than the high-frequency voltage. As a result, power can be supplied to the electrodes more efficiently, and the sputtering rate and film quality can be improved.
- an insulator such as silicon nitride
- impurities such as water and hydrogen
- diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in layers below the insulator 212 can be suppressed.
- an insulator such as silicon nitride through which copper is difficult to permeate as the insulator 212, even if a metal such as copper that is easily diffused is used as a conductor (not shown) below the insulator 212, the metal does not easily pass through. The upward diffusion through the insulator 212 can be suppressed.
- an insulator 214 is formed over the insulator 212 (see FIGS. 15A to 15D).
- the insulator 214 is preferably deposited by a sputtering method.
- the hydrogen concentration in the insulator 214 can be reduced by using a sputtering method that does not require molecules containing hydrogen in the deposition gas.
- the film formation of the insulator 214 is not limited to the sputtering method, and a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like may be used as appropriate.
- aluminum oxide is deposited as the insulator 214 by a pulse DC sputtering method using an aluminum target in an atmosphere containing an oxygen gas.
- the pulse DC sputtering method By using the pulse DC sputtering method, the film thickness distribution can be made more uniform, and the sputtering rate and film quality can be improved.
- RF power may now be applied to the substrate.
- the amount of oxygen injected into layers below insulator 214 can be controlled by the amount of RF power applied to the substrate.
- the RF power is 0 W/cm 2 or more and 1.86 W/cm 2 or less.
- the amount of oxygen suitable for the characteristics of the transistor can be changed and implanted according to the RF power when the insulator 214 is formed. Therefore, the amount of oxygen suitable for improving the reliability of the transistor can be implanted.
- the RF frequency is preferably 10 MHz or higher. It is typically 13.56 MHz. The higher the RF frequency, the smaller the damage to the substrate.
- the insulator 214 it is preferable to use a metal oxide having an amorphous structure, such as aluminum oxide, which has a high function of trapping and fixing hydrogen. Accordingly, hydrogen contained in the insulator 216 or the like can be captured or fixed, and diffusion of the hydrogen to the oxide 230 can be prevented.
- a metal oxide having an amorphous structure such as aluminum oxide
- aluminum oxide having an amorphous structure aluminum oxide having an amorphous structure as the insulator 214 because hydrogen can be captured or fixed more effectively in some cases. Accordingly, the transistor 200 and the semiconductor device with favorable characteristics and high reliability can be manufactured.
- an insulator 216 is deposited on the insulator 214 .
- the insulator 216 is preferably deposited by a sputtering method.
- the hydrogen concentration in the insulator 216 can be reduced by using a sputtering method that does not require molecules containing hydrogen in the deposition gas.
- the film formation of the insulator 216 is not limited to the sputtering method, and a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like may be used as appropriate.
- a silicon oxide film is formed as the insulator 216 by a pulse DC sputtering method using a silicon target in an atmosphere containing oxygen gas.
- the pulse DC sputtering method the film thickness distribution can be made more uniform, and the sputtering rate and film quality can be improved.
- the insulators 212, 214, and 216 are preferably formed continuously without being exposed to the atmosphere.
- a multi-chamber film deposition apparatus may be used. Accordingly, the insulator 212, the insulator 214, and the insulator 216 can be formed by reducing hydrogen in the films, and furthermore, entry of hydrogen into the films between film formation steps can be reduced.
- Openings include, for example, grooves and slits. Also, an area in which an opening is formed may be referred to as an opening. Wet etching may be used to form the openings, but dry etching is preferable for fine processing.
- the insulator 214 it is preferable to select an insulator that functions as an etching stopper film when the insulator 216 is etched to form a groove. For example, when silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride is used for the insulator 216 forming the groove, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, or hafnium oxide is preferably used for the insulator 214 .
- a capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) etching apparatus having parallel plate electrodes can be used as a dry etching apparatus.
- a capacitively coupled plasma etching apparatus having parallel plate electrodes may be configured to apply a high frequency voltage to one electrode of the parallel plate electrodes. Alternatively, a plurality of different high-frequency voltages may be applied to one of the parallel plate electrodes. Alternatively, a high-frequency voltage having the same frequency may be applied to each of the parallel plate electrodes. Alternatively, high-frequency voltages having different frequencies may be applied to parallel plate electrodes.
- a dry etching apparatus having a high density plasma source can be used.
- a dry etching apparatus having a high-density plasma source can be, for example, an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching apparatus.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- the conductive film preferably contains a conductor having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen.
- a conductor having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen for example, tantalum nitride, tungsten nitride, titanium nitride, or the like can be used.
- a stacked film of a conductor having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen and tantalum, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, copper, or a molybdenum-tungsten alloy can be used.
- the conductive film can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a titanium nitride film is formed as a conductive film to be the conductor 205a.
- a metal nitride as a lower layer of the conductor 205b, oxidation of the conductor 205b by the insulator 216 or the like can be suppressed.
- the metal can be prevented from diffusing out of the conductor 205a.
- a conductive film to be the conductor 205b is formed.
- the conductive film tantalum, tungsten, titanium, molybdenum, aluminum, copper, a molybdenum-tungsten alloy, or the like can be used.
- the conductive film can be formed by a plating method, a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like. In this embodiment mode, tungsten is deposited as the conductive film.
- CMP treatment is performed to remove part of the conductive film to be the conductor 205a and the conductive film to be the conductor 205b, thereby exposing the insulator 216 (see FIGS. 15A to 15D). As a result, conductors 205a and 205b remain only in the openings. Note that part of the insulator 216 is removed by the CMP treatment in some cases.
- an insulator 222 is formed over the insulator 216 and the conductor 205 (see FIGS. 15A to 15D).
- an insulator containing an oxide of one or both of aluminum and hafnium is preferably deposited.
- the insulator containing oxides of one or both of aluminum and hafnium aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, an oxide containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate), or the like is preferably used.
- hafnium-zirconium oxide is preferably used.
- Insulators containing oxides of one or both of aluminum and hafnium have barrier properties against oxygen, hydrogen, and water. Since the insulator 222 has barrier properties against hydrogen and water, diffusion of hydrogen and water contained in structures provided around the transistor 200 into the transistor 200 through the insulator 222 is suppressed. , the generation of oxygen vacancies in the oxide 230 can be suppressed.
- the film formation of the insulator 222 can be performed using a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the insulator 222 is formed using hafnium oxide by an ALD method.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 250° C. or higher and 650° C. or lower, preferably 300° C. or higher and 500° C. or lower, more preferably 320° C. or higher and 450° C. or lower.
- the heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen gas atmosphere, an inert gas atmosphere, or an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas.
- oxygen gas may be about 20%.
- heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or an inert gas, and then heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas in order to compensate for desorbed oxygen.
- the gas used in the heat treatment is preferably highly purified.
- the amount of water contained in the gas used in the heat treatment may be 1 ppb or less, preferably 0.1 ppb or less, more preferably 0.05 ppb or less.
- the heat treatment after the insulator 222 is formed, treatment is performed at a temperature of 400° C. for 1 hour at a flow ratio of nitrogen gas to oxygen gas of 4:1. Impurities such as water and hydrogen contained in the insulator 222 can be removed by the heat treatment. In the case where an oxide containing hafnium is used as the insulator 222, the insulator 222 may be partly crystallized by the heat treatment. Further, the heat treatment can be performed at a timing such as after the insulator 224 is formed.
- an insulating film 224Af is formed on the insulator 222 (see FIGS. 15A to 15D).
- the insulating film 224Af can be formed using a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a silicon oxide film is formed as the insulating film 224Af by a sputtering method.
- the hydrogen concentration in the insulating film 224Af can be reduced by using a sputtering method that does not require molecules containing hydrogen in the deposition gas. Since the insulating film 224Af will be in contact with the oxide 230a in a later step, it is preferable that the hydrogen concentration is reduced in this way.
- an oxide film 230Af and an oxide film 230Bf are formed in order on the insulating film 224Af (see FIGS. 15A to 15D).
- the oxide film 230Af and the oxide film 230Bf are preferably formed continuously without being exposed to the atmospheric environment. By forming the oxide film 230Af and the oxide film 230Bf without being exposed to the atmosphere, it is possible to prevent impurities or moisture from the atmospheric environment from adhering to the oxide film 230Af and the oxide film 230Bf. can be kept clean.
- the oxide film 230Af and the oxide film 230Bf can be formed using a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the sputtering method is used to form the oxide films 230Af and 230Bf.
- the oxide film 230Af and the oxide film 230Bf are formed by sputtering
- oxygen or a mixed gas of oxygen and noble gas is used as the sputtering gas.
- the sputtering gas By increasing the proportion of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas, excess oxygen in the formed oxide film can be increased.
- the above oxide film is formed by a sputtering method, the above In-M-Zn oxide target or the like can be used.
- part of the oxygen contained in the sputtering gas may be supplied to the insulator 224 when forming the oxide film 230Af. Therefore, the percentage of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas should be 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, and more preferably 100%.
- the oxide film 230Bf is formed by a sputtering method, if the ratio of oxygen contained in the sputtering gas is set to more than 30% and 100% or less, preferably 70% or more and 100% or less, the oxide film 230Bf is oxygen-excessive oxidation. A material semiconductor is formed. A transistor in which an oxygen-excess oxide semiconductor is used for a channel formation region has relatively high reliability. However, one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this.
- an oxygen-deficient oxide semiconductor is formed by setting the oxygen content in the sputtering gas to 1% or more and 30% or less, preferably 5% or more and 20% or less. be.
- a transistor in which an oxygen-deficient oxide semiconductor is used for a channel formation region has relatively high field-effect mobility. In addition, the crystallinity of the oxide film can be improved by forming the film while heating the substrate.
- the insulating film 224Af, the oxide film 230Af, and the oxide film 230Bf are preferably formed by a sputtering method without being exposed to the atmosphere.
- a multi-chamber film deposition apparatus may be used.
- the insulating film 224Af, the oxide film 230Af, and the oxide film 230Bf can be prevented from being mixed with hydrogen between the film formation steps.
- the ALD method may be used to form the oxide films 230Af and 230Bf.
- films having a uniform thickness can be formed even in trenches or openings with a large aspect ratio.
- the oxide films 230Af and 230Bf can be formed at a lower temperature than the thermal ALD method.
- the heat treatment may be performed within a temperature range in which the oxide films 230Af and 230Bf are not polycrystallized, and may be performed at 250° C. or higher and 650° C. or lower, preferably 400° C. or higher and 600° C. or lower.
- the heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen gas atmosphere, an inert gas atmosphere, or an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas.
- oxygen gas may be about 20%.
- heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or an inert gas, and then heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas in order to compensate for desorbed oxygen.
- the gas used in the heat treatment is preferably highly purified.
- the amount of water contained in the gas used in the heat treatment may be 1 ppb or less, preferably 0.1 ppb or less, more preferably 0.05 ppb or less.
- the heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 400° C. for 1 hour with a flow rate ratio of nitrogen gas and oxygen gas of 4:1.
- Such heat treatment including oxygen gas can reduce impurities such as carbon, water and hydrogen in the oxide films 230Af and 230Bf.
- the crystallinity of the oxide film 230Bf can be improved, and the structure can be made denser with higher density.
- the crystal regions in the oxide films 230Af and 230Bf can be increased, and the in-plane variation of the crystal regions in the oxide films 230Af and 230Bf can be reduced. Therefore, in-plane variations in electrical characteristics of the transistor 200 can be reduced.
- hydrogen in the insulator 216, the insulating film 224Af, the oxide film 230Af, and the oxide film 230Bf moves to the insulator 222 and is absorbed into the insulator 222.
- hydrogen in the insulator 216 , the insulating film 224Af, the oxide film 230Af, and the oxide film 230Bf diffuses into the insulator 222 . Therefore, although the hydrogen concentration in the insulator 222 increases, the hydrogen concentrations in the insulator 216, the insulating film 224Af, the oxide film 230Af and the oxide film 230Bf decrease.
- the insulating film 224Af functions as a gate insulator of the transistor 200, and the oxide films 230Af and 230Bf function as channel formation regions of the transistor 200. Therefore, the transistor 200 including the insulating film 224Af, the oxide film 230Af, and the oxide film 230Bf with reduced hydrogen concentration is preferable because it has high reliability.
- the insulating film 224Af, the oxide film 230Af, and the oxide film 230Bf are processed into strips by a lithography method to form the insulating layer 224A, the oxide layer 230A, and the oxide layer 230B (FIGS. 16A to 16B). 16D).
- the insulating layer 224A, the oxide layer 230A, and the oxide layer 230B extend in a direction parallel to the dashed-dotted line A3-A4 (the channel width direction of the transistor 200 or the Y direction shown in FIG. 9A).
- the insulating layer 224A, the oxide layer 230A, and the oxide layer 230B are formed so as to overlap with the conductor 205 at least partially.
- a dry etching method or a wet etching method can be used for the above processing. Processing by the dry etching method is suitable for fine processing. Also, the insulating film 224Af, the oxide film 230Af, and the oxide film 230Bf may be processed under different conditions.
- the resist is first exposed through a mask.
- the exposed regions are then removed or left behind using a developer to form a resist mask.
- a conductor, a semiconductor, an insulator, or the like can be processed into a desired shape by etching treatment through the resist mask.
- a resist mask may be formed by exposing a resist using KrF excimer laser light, ArF excimer laser light, EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) light, or the like.
- a liquid immersion technique may be used in which a liquid (for example, water) is filled between the substrate and the projection lens for exposure.
- an electron beam or an ion beam may be used instead of the light described above.
- the resist mask can be removed by dry etching treatment such as ashing, wet etching treatment, dry etching treatment followed by wet etching treatment, or wet etching treatment followed by dry etching treatment.
- a hard mask made of an insulator or conductor may be used under the resist mask.
- an insulating film or a conductive film serving as a hard mask material is formed on the oxide film 230Bf, a resist mask is formed thereon, and the hard mask material is etched to form a hard mask having a desired shape. can do.
- the etching of the oxide film 230Bf or the like may be performed after removing the resist mask, or may be performed with the resist mask left. In the latter case, the resist mask may disappear during etching.
- the hard mask may be removed by etching after etching the oxide film 230Bf.
- the hard mask material does not affect the post-process, or if it can be used in the post-process, it is not always necessary to remove the hard mask.
- a conductive film 242Af and a conductive film 242Bf are formed in this order over the insulator 222 and the oxide layer 230B (see FIGS. 17A to 17D).
- the conductive films 242Af and 242Bf can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- tantalum nitride may be deposited by a sputtering method as the conductive film 242Af, and tungsten may be deposited as the conductive film 242Bf. Note that heat treatment may be performed before the conductive film 242Af is formed.
- the heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure to continuously form the conductive film 242Af without exposure to the air. By performing such treatment, moisture and hydrogen adsorbed on the surface of the oxide layer 230B can be removed, and the moisture concentration and hydrogen concentration in the oxide layers 230A and 230B can be reduced. can.
- the temperature of the heat treatment is preferably 100° C. or higher and 400° C. or lower. In this embodiment mode, the temperature of the heat treatment is set to 200.degree.
- the insulating layer 224A, the oxide layer 230A, the oxide layer 230B, the conductive film 242Af, and the conductive film 242Bf are processed by a lithography method to form an island-like insulator 224, oxide layer 230a, and oxide layer 230B.
- An object 230b and island-shaped conductive layers 242A and 242B having openings are formed (see FIGS. 18A to 18D).
- the insulating layer 224A, the oxide layer 230A, the oxide layer 230B, the conductive film 242Af, and the conductive film 242Bf are processed to form island-shaped insulators 224, oxides 230a, and 230b, and the dashed-dotted line A1.
- the conductive layers 242A and 242B are formed.
- an island-shaped conductive layer 242A and a conductive layer 242B having openings are formed.
- the insulating layer 224A, the oxide layer 230A, the oxide layer 230B, the conductive film 242Af, and the conductive film 242Bf are processed into an island shape, and the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, the conductive layer 242A, After the conductive layers 242A and 242B are formed, openings may be formed in the conductive layers 242A and 242B.
- the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, the conductive layer 242A, and the conductive layer 242B are formed so as to overlap with the conductor 205 at least partially.
- the openings in the conductive layers 242A and 242B are formed so as not to overlap with the oxide 230b.
- a dry etching method or a wet etching method can be used for the above processing. Processing by the dry etching method is suitable for fine processing.
- the insulating layer 224A, the oxide layer 230A, the oxide layer 230B, the conductive film 242Af, and the conductive film 242Bf may be processed under different conditions.
- side surfaces of the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, the conductive layer 242A, and the conductive layer 242B may be tapered.
- the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, the conductive layer 242A, and the conductive layer 242B may have a taper angle of, for example, 60° or more and less than 90°.
- the structure is not limited to the above, and side surfaces of the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, the conductive layer 242A, and the conductive layer 242B may be substantially perpendicular to the top surface of the insulator 222.
- the area can be reduced and the density can be increased.
- by-products generated in the above etching step are formed in layers on side surfaces of the insulator 224, the oxides 230a and 230b, the conductive layers 242A, and the conductive layers 242B in some cases.
- the layered byproduct is formed between the insulator 224 , the oxide 230 a , the oxide 230 b , the conductive layers 242 A and 242 B, and the insulator 275 . Therefore, the layered byproduct formed in contact with the top surface of the insulator 222 is preferably removed.
- an insulator 275 is formed to cover the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, the conductive layer 242A, and the conductive layer 242B (see FIGS. 19A to 19D).
- insulator 275 preferably contacts the top surface of insulator 222 and the side surface of insulator 224 .
- the insulator 275 can be deposited by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- An insulating film having a function of suppressing permeation of oxygen is preferably used as the insulator 275 .
- silicon nitride may be deposited by ALD.
- the insulator 275 aluminum oxide is deposited by a sputtering method, and silicon nitride is deposited thereover by a PEALD method.
- the function of suppressing diffusion of water, impurities such as hydrogen, and oxygen may be improved.
- the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, the conductive layer 242A, and the conductive layer 242B can be covered with the insulator 275, which has a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen. Accordingly, direct diffusion of oxygen from the insulator 280 or the like to the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, the conductive layer 242A, and the conductive layer 242B in a later step can be reduced.
- an insulating film to be the insulator 280 is formed on the insulator 275 .
- the insulating film can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- a silicon oxide film may be formed by a sputtering method.
- the insulator 280 containing excess oxygen can be formed.
- the hydrogen concentration in the insulator 280 can be reduced by using a sputtering method that does not require molecules containing hydrogen in the deposition gas. Note that heat treatment may be performed before the insulating film is formed.
- the heat treatment may be performed under reduced pressure, and the insulating film may be formed continuously without exposure to the air.
- moisture and hydrogen adsorbed to the surface of the insulator 275 or the like can be removed, and the moisture and hydrogen concentrations in the oxides 230a and 230b and the insulator 224 can be reduced.
- the heat treatment conditions described above can be used for the heat treatment.
- the insulating film to be the insulator 280 is subjected to CMP treatment to form the insulator 280 with a flat upper surface (see FIGS. 19A to 19D).
- CMP treatment to form the insulator 280 with a flat upper surface.
- a silicon nitride film may be formed over the insulator 280 by a sputtering method, for example, and CMP treatment may be performed until the silicon nitride reaches the insulator 280 .
- part of the insulator 280 is processed to form openings 258 and 158 that reach the insulator 275 (see FIGS. 20A to 20D).
- the top surface of insulator 275 is exposed in openings 258 and 158, respectively.
- the width of the opening 258 in the cross-sectional view in the channel length direction of the transistor is defined as the distance L1.
- the opening 258 and the opening 158 should be configured to extend in a direction parallel to the dashed-dotted line A3-A4 (the channel width direction of the transistor or the Y direction shown in FIG. 9A). is preferred.
- the openings 258 and 158 in this manner, the conductors 260 and 160, which are formed later, can be extended in the above direction and function as wirings.
- the opening 258 is preferably formed so as to overlap with the conductor 205 .
- the sides of the insulator 280 that form the inner walls of the openings 258 and 158 are preferably substantially vertical and do not have a tapered shape.
- a dry etching method or a wet etching method can be used for processing part of the insulator 280 . Processing by the dry etching method is suitable for fine processing.
- a mask layer 259 is formed covering the insulator 280 and the openings 158 (see FIGS. 21A-21D).
- Mask layer 259 has an opening 263 that overlaps a portion of opening 258 .
- Mask layer 259 also has openings 263 that have areas that overlap openings 258 .
- a resist may be used as the mask layer 259.
- an organic coating film such as an SOG (Spin On Glass) film or an SOC (Spin On Carbon) film under the resist.
- a hard mask made of an insulator or a conductor may be used under the resist.
- the width of the opening 263 in the cross-sectional view in the channel length direction of the transistor is defined as the distance L2.
- distance L2 is shorter than distance L1
- opening 263 is formed inside opening 258 . Therefore, part of the lower surface of the mask layer 259 is in contact with the upper surface of the conductive layer 242B inside the opening 258 .
- the distance L2 is preferably minute.
- the distance L2 is 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, 40 nm or less, 30 nm or less, 20 nm or less, or 10 nm or less, and preferably 1 nm or more, or 5 nm or more.
- a lithography method using short-wavelength light such as EUV light or an electron beam.
- the opening 263 can be provided with a margin. Thereby, a transistor with a short channel length can be formed relatively easily.
- the width of the opening 258 in the cross-sectional view in the channel length direction of the transistor is equal to or equal to the distance L2.
- An opening 258 is formed to be smaller than .
- Mask layer 259 is then used to remove portions of insulator 275, conductive layer 242B, and conductive layer 242A exposed from mask layer 259 to expose oxide 230b. Accordingly, the conductors 242a1 and 242b1 can be formed from the conductive layer 242A, and the conductors 242a2 and 242b2 can be formed from the conductive layer 242B (see FIGS. 21A to 21D).
- a part of the insulator 275, a part of the conductive layer 242B, and a part of the conductive layer 242A are preferably processed by anisotropic etching.
- processing by dry etching is preferable because it is suitable for fine processing. Further, the processing may be performed under different conditions.
- Anisotropic etching is used to process the insulator 275, the conductive layer 242B, and the conductive layer 242A so that the opposing sides of the conductor 242a and the conductor 242b are roughly aligned with the top surface of the oxide 230b. It can be formed to be vertical. Such a configuration can reduce the formation of so-called Loff regions between the regions 230ba and 230bc and between the regions 230bb and 230bc. Therefore, the frequency characteristics of the transistor 200 can be improved, and the operation speed of the semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention can be improved.
- the mask layer 259 may be removed after the conductors 242a and 242b are formed.
- dry etching treatment such as ashing, wet etching treatment, dry etching treatment followed by wet etching treatment, or wet etching treatment followed by dry etching treatment can be performed to remove the mask.
- Layer 259 can be removed.
- the impurity might adhere to the side surface of the oxide 230a, the top and side surfaces of the oxide 230b, the side surface of the conductor 242, the side surface of the insulator 280, or the like, or diffuse into these. be.
- a step of removing such impurities may be performed.
- the dry etching may form a damaged region on the surface of the oxide 230b. Such damaged areas may be removed.
- the impurities include components contained in the insulator 280, the insulator 275, the conductive layer 242B, and the conductive layer 242A, components contained in members used in an apparatus used for forming the opening, and substances used in etching. caused by the components contained in the gas or liquid to be discharged. Examples of such impurities include hafnium, aluminum, silicon, tantalum, fluorine, and chlorine.
- impurities such as aluminum and silicon may reduce the crystallinity of the oxide 230b. Therefore, impurities such as aluminum and silicon are preferably removed from the surface of oxide 230b and its vicinity. Further, it is preferable that the concentration of the impurity is reduced.
- the concentration of aluminum atoms on and near the surface of the oxide 230b may be 5.0 atomic % or less, preferably 2.0 atomic % or less, more preferably 1.5 atomic % or less, and 1.0 atomic % or less. Atom % or less is more preferable, and less than 0.3 atomic % is even more preferable.
- the regions with low crystallinity of the oxide 230b are preferably reduced or removed.
- the oxide 230b have a layered CAAC structure.
- the conductor 242a or the conductor 242b and its vicinity function as a drain. That is, it is preferable that the oxide 230b near the lower end of the conductor 242a (conductor 242b) has a CAAC structure. In this manner, even at the drain end portion, which significantly affects the drain breakdown voltage, the region with low crystallinity of the oxide 230b is removed and the CAAC structure is provided. can. In addition, reliability of the transistor 200 can be improved.
- a cleaning process is performed to remove impurities adhered to the surface of the oxide 230b in the etching process.
- a cleaning method there are wet cleaning using a cleaning solution (also referred to as wet etching treatment), plasma treatment using plasma, cleaning by heat treatment, and the like, and the above cleaning may be performed in combination as appropriate. Note that the cleaning process may deepen the groove.
- Wet cleaning may be performed using an aqueous solution obtained by diluting ammonia water, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or the like with carbonated water or pure water, pure water, carbonated water, or the like.
- aqueous solution obtained by diluting ammonia water, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, hydrofluoric acid, or the like with carbonated water or pure water, pure water, carbonated water, or the like.
- ultrasonic cleaning may be performed using these aqueous solutions, pure water, or carbonated water.
- these washings may be appropriately combined.
- an aqueous solution obtained by diluting hydrofluoric acid with pure water is sometimes referred to as diluted hydrofluoric acid
- an aqueous solution obtained by diluting ammonia water with pure water is sometimes referred to as diluted ammonia water.
- concentration, temperature, and the like of the aqueous solution may be adjusted as appropriate depending on impurities to be removed, the configuration of the semiconductor device to be cleaned, and the like.
- the ammonia concentration of the diluted ammonia water should be 0.01% or more and 5% or less, preferably 0.1% or more and 0.5% or less.
- the concentration of hydrogen fluoride in the diluted hydrofluoric acid should be 0.01 ppm or more and 100 ppm or less, preferably 0.1 ppm or more and 10 ppm or less.
- a frequency of 200 kHz or higher is preferably used for ultrasonic cleaning, and a frequency of 900 kHz or higher is more preferably used. By using the frequency, damage to the oxide 230b and the like can be reduced.
- the above cleaning treatment may be performed multiple times, and the cleaning liquid may be changed for each cleaning treatment.
- a treatment using diluted hydrofluoric acid or diluted ammonia water may be performed as the first cleaning treatment
- a treatment using pure water or carbonated water may be performed as the second cleaning treatment.
- wet cleaning is performed using diluted ammonia water.
- impurities attached to the surfaces of the oxides 230a and 230b or diffused inside can be removed. Furthermore, the crystallinity of the oxide 230b can be improved.
- a heat treatment may be performed after the above etching or after the above cleaning.
- the heat treatment may be performed at 100° C. or higher and 450° C. or lower, preferably 350° C. or higher and 400° C. or lower.
- the heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen gas atmosphere, an inert gas atmosphere, or an atmosphere containing 10 ppm or more, 1% or more, or 10% or more of an oxidizing gas.
- heat treatment is preferably performed in an oxygen atmosphere. Accordingly, oxygen can be supplied to the oxides 230a and 230b, and oxygen vacancies can be reduced. Further, by performing such heat treatment, the crystallinity of the oxide 230b can be improved.
- after heat treatment in an oxygen atmosphere heat treatment may be continuously performed in a nitrogen atmosphere without exposure to the air.
- the insulating film 253A is an insulating film that becomes the insulator 253 and the insulator 153 in a later step.
- the insulating film 253A can be formed using a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the insulating film 253A is preferably formed using the ALD method.
- the insulating film 253A is preferably formed with a thin film thickness, and it is necessary to reduce variations in film thickness.
- the ALD method is a method of forming a film by alternately introducing a precursor and a reactant (for example, an oxidizing agent). Film thickness can be adjusted.
- the insulating film 253A needs to be deposited on the bottom and side surfaces of the opening 258 and the opening 158 with good coverage.
- the opening 258 it is preferable to form a film with good coverage on the top surface and side surfaces of the oxide 230 and the side surfaces of the conductor 242.
- ozone (O 3 ), oxygen (O 2 ), water (H 2 O), or the like can be used as an oxidizing agent.
- oxygen (O 2 ), or the like that does not contain hydrogen can be used as an oxidizing agent.
- hafnium oxide is deposited by thermal ALD as the insulating film 253A.
- Dotted lines shown in FIGS. 22B to 22D indicate microwaves, high frequencies such as RF, oxygen plasma, or oxygen radicals.
- a microwave treatment apparatus having a power supply for generating high-density plasma using microwaves, for example.
- the frequency of the microwave processing device may be 300 MHz or more and 300 GHz or less, preferably 2.4 GHz or more and 2.5 GHz or less, for example, 2.45 GHz.
- High-density oxygen radicals can be generated by using high-density plasma.
- the power of the power source for applying microwaves in the microwave processing apparatus may be 1000 W or more and 10000 W or less, preferably 2000 W or more and 5000 W or less.
- the microwave processing apparatus may have a power supply for applying RF to the substrate side. Further, by applying RF to the substrate side, oxygen ions generated by high-density plasma can be efficiently guided into the oxide 230b.
- the above microwave treatment is preferably performed under reduced pressure, and the pressure should be 10 Pa or more and 1000 Pa or less, preferably 300 Pa or more and 700 Pa or less.
- the treatment temperature may be 750°C or lower, preferably 500°C or lower, for example, about 250°C.
- heat treatment may be continuously performed without exposure to the outside air.
- the temperature may be 100° C. or higher and 750° C. or lower, preferably 300° C. or higher and 500° C. or lower.
- the microwave treatment may be performed using oxygen gas and argon gas.
- the oxygen flow rate ratio (O 2 /(O 2 +Ar)) is greater than 0% and 100% or less, preferably greater than 0% and 50% or less, more preferably 10% or more and 40% or less, further preferably 10%. % or more and 30% or less.
- microwave treatment is performed in an oxygen-containing atmosphere to turn oxygen gas into plasma using microwaves or high frequencies such as RF. It can act on the region between 242a and conductor 242b.
- the region 230bc can also be irradiated with microwaves or high frequencies such as RF.
- the region 230bc shown in FIG. 11A can be exposed to microwaves, high frequencies such as RF, oxygen plasma, or the like.
- the V OH in region 230bc can be disrupted and hydrogen can be removed from region 230bc. That is, VOH contained in the region 230bc can be reduced.
- oxygen vacancies and VOH in the region 230bc can be reduced, and the carrier concentration can be lowered.
- the oxygen radicals generated by the oxygen plasma to the oxygen vacancies formed in the region 230bc, the oxygen vacancies in the region 230bc can be further reduced and the carrier concentration can be lowered.
- conductors 242a and 242b are provided over the regions 230ba and 230bb shown in FIG.
- the conductor 242 preferably functions as a shielding film against the action of microwaves, high frequencies such as RF, oxygen plasma, and the like when microwave treatment is performed in an oxygen-containing atmosphere. Therefore, the conductor 242 preferably has a function of shielding electromagnetic waves of 300 MHz or more and 300 GHz or less, for example, 2.4 GHz or more and 2.5 GHz or less.
- the conductors 242a and 242b block the effects of microwaves, high frequencies such as RF, and oxygen plasma, so that these effects do not reach the regions 230ba and 230bb. do not have.
- reduction of V OH and supply of an excessive amount of oxygen do not occur in the regions 230ba and 230bb due to the microwave treatment, so that a decrease in carrier concentration can be prevented.
- An insulator 253 having a barrier property against oxygen is provided in contact with side surfaces of the conductors 242a and 242b. Accordingly, formation of an oxide film on the side surfaces of the conductors 242a and 242b due to microwave treatment can be suppressed.
- the film quality of the insulator 253 can be improved, the reliability of the transistor 200 is improved.
- oxygen vacancies and V OH can be selectively removed from the oxide semiconductor region 230bc to make the region 230bc i-type or substantially i-type. Furthermore, excessive supply of oxygen to the regions 230ba and 230bb functioning as a source region or a drain region can be suppressed, and conductivity can be maintained. As a result, variations in the electrical characteristics of the transistor 200 can be suppressed, and variation in the electrical characteristics of the transistor 200 within the substrate surface can be suppressed.
- heat energy may be directly transmitted to the oxide 230b due to the electromagnetic interaction between the microwave and the molecules in the oxide 230b. This thermal energy may heat the oxide 230b.
- Such heat treatment is sometimes called microwave annealing. By performing the microwave treatment in an atmosphere containing oxygen, an effect equivalent to that of oxygen annealing may be obtained. Further, when hydrogen is contained in the oxide 230b, it is conceivable that this thermal energy is transmitted to hydrogen in the oxide 230b and thus activated hydrogen is released from the oxide 230b.
- the microwave treatment may be performed before the insulating film 253A is formed without performing the microwave treatment after the insulating film 253A is formed.
- the heat treatment may be performed while the reduced pressure state is maintained.
- hydrogen in the insulating film 253A, the oxide 230b, and the oxide 230a can be removed efficiently.
- part of the hydrogen may be gettered by the conductors 242 (the conductors 242a and 242b).
- the step of performing the heat treatment may be repeated a plurality of times while the reduced pressure state is maintained. By repeating the heat treatment, hydrogen in the insulating film 253A, the oxide 230b, and the oxide 230a can be removed more efficiently.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 300° C. or higher and 500° C. or lower.
- the above-described microwave treatment that is, microwave annealing may serve as the heat treatment. When the oxide 230b and the like are sufficiently heated by microwave annealing, the heat treatment may not be performed.
- the diffusion of hydrogen, water, impurities, etc. can be suppressed by modifying the film quality of the insulating film 253A by performing microwave processing. Therefore, in a post-process such as formation of a conductive film to be the conductor 260 or a post-treatment such as heat treatment, hydrogen, water, impurities, or the like are diffused into the oxide 230b, the oxide 230a, or the like through the insulator 253. can be suppressed.
- the insulating film can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the insulating film is preferably formed using an ALD method similarly to the insulating film 253A.
- the insulating film can be formed with a thin film thickness and good coverage.
- silicon nitride is deposited as the insulating film by the PEALD method.
- a conductive film to be the conductors 260a and 160a, and a conductive film to be the conductors 260b and 160b are formed in this order.
- the conductive films to be the conductors 260a and 160a and the conductive films to be the conductors 260b and 160b can be formed by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like. can.
- a titanium nitride film is formed as a conductive film to be the conductors 260a and 160a by an ALD method
- tungsten is formed by a CVD method as a conductive film to be the conductors 260b and 160b. form a film.
- the insulating film 253A, the insulating films to be the insulators 254 and 154, the conductive films to be the conductors 260a and 160a, and the conductive films to be the conductors 260b and 160b are insulated. Grind until body 280 is exposed. That is, from the opening 258 and the opening 158 of the insulating film 253A, the insulating film to be the insulator 254 and the insulator 154, the conductive film to be the conductor 260a and the conductor 160a, and the conductive film to be the conductor 260b and the conductor 160b. Remove exposed parts.
- a conductor 160 (a conductor 160a and a conductor 160b) is formed (see FIGS. 23A to 23D).
- the insulator 253 is provided in contact with the inner walls and side surfaces of the opening 258 overlapping the oxide 230b.
- Conductor 260 is arranged to fill opening 258 with insulator 253 and insulator 254 interposed therebetween.
- transistor 200 is formed.
- the insulator 153 is provided in contact with the inner walls and side surfaces of the opening 158 overlapping the conductor 242b.
- Conductor 160 is arranged to fill opening 158 with insulator 153 and insulator 154 interposed therebetween.
- the capacitive element 100 is formed.
- the transistor 200 and the capacitor 100 can be manufactured in parallel in the same process.
- the insulators 253 and 153, the insulators 254 and 154, the conductors 260a and 160a, and the conductors 260b and 160b can be formed using the same material. can. Accordingly, the number of steps in manufacturing a semiconductor device including the transistor 200 and the capacitor 100 can be reduced.
- heat treatment may be performed under the same conditions as the above heat treatment.
- the treatment is performed at a temperature of 400° C. for one hour in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the concentration of moisture and the concentration of hydrogen in the insulator 280 can be reduced.
- the insulator 282 may be formed continuously without exposure to the air.
- an insulator 282 is formed over the insulator 253, the insulator 254, the conductor 260, the insulator 153, the insulator 154, the conductor 160, and the insulator 280 (FIGS. 24A to 24D). See Figure 24D).
- the insulator 282 can be deposited by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the insulator 282 is preferably deposited by a sputtering method.
- the concentration of hydrogen in the insulator 282 can be reduced by using a sputtering method that does not require molecules containing hydrogen in the deposition gas.
- aluminum oxide is deposited as the insulator 282 by a pulse DC sputtering method using an aluminum target in an atmosphere containing an oxygen gas.
- the pulse DC sputtering method By using the pulse DC sputtering method, the film thickness distribution can be made more uniform, and the sputtering rate and film quality can be improved.
- the RF power applied to the substrate is 1.86 W/cm 2 or less. Preferably, it is 0 W/cm 2 or more and 0.62 W/cm 2 or less. By reducing the RF power, the amount of oxygen injected into the insulator 280 can be suppressed.
- the insulator 282 may be formed to have a two-layer structure.
- the lower layer of the insulator 282 is deposited with an RF power of 0 W/cm 2 applied to the substrate, and the upper layer of the insulator 282 is deposited with an RF power of 0.62 W/cm 2 applied to the substrate. .
- the insulator 282 in an oxygen-containing atmosphere by a sputtering method, oxygen can be added to the insulator 280 while the insulator 280 is being formed.
- the insulator 280 can contain excess oxygen.
- the insulator 282 is preferably formed while heating the substrate.
- an insulator 285 is formed over the insulator 282 (see FIGS. 24A to 24D).
- the insulator 285 can be deposited by a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- the insulator 285 is preferably deposited by a sputtering method.
- the concentration of hydrogen in the insulator 285 can be reduced by using a sputtering method that does not require molecules containing hydrogen in the deposition gas.
- silicon oxide is deposited as the insulator 285 by a sputtering method.
- openings are formed in the insulators 212, 214, 216, 222, 275, 280, 282, and 285 to reach the conductor 209 (FIGS. 25A to 25D). See Figure 25D).
- the formation of the opening may be performed using a lithography method.
- the shape of the opening may be square when viewed from above, but is not limited to this.
- the opening may have a circular shape, a substantially circular shape such as an ellipse, a polygonal shape such as a quadrangle, or a polygonal shape such as a quadrangle with rounded corners when viewed from above.
- a conductive film to be the conductor 240a and a conductive film to be the conductor 240b are formed in this order.
- the conductive film to be the conductor 240a preferably has a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen.
- tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, or the like can be used, for example.
- tungsten, molybdenum, copper, or the like can be used, for example.
- These conductive films can be formed using a sputtering method, a CVD method, an MBE method, a PLD method, an ALD method, or the like.
- part of the conductive film to be the conductor 240a and part of the conductive film to be the conductor 240b are removed, and the top surface of the insulator 285 is exposed.
- the conductors 240 (conductors 240a and 240b) with flat top surfaces can be formed by leaving these conductive films only in the openings (see FIGS. 9A to 9D). Note that part of the top surface of the insulator 285 is removed by the CMP treatment in some cases.
- a semiconductor device including the transistor 200 illustrated in FIGS. 9A to 9D can be manufactured.
- 15A to 25D by using the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device described in this embodiment, the capacitor 100 and the transistor 200 can be manufactured in the same process. Accordingly, the manufacturing steps of the semiconductor device including the capacitor 100 and the transistor 200 can be reduced.
- the method for forming the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, the oxide 230b, the conductive layer 242A, and the conductive layer 242B is not limited to the above. Alternative methods of forming insulator 224, oxide 230a, oxide 230b, conductive layer 242A, and conductive layer 242B are described below.
- the steps up to forming the insulating film 224Af, the oxide film 230Af, and the oxide film 230Bf are the same as above.
- the insulating film 224Af, the oxide film 230Af, and the oxide film 230Bf are processed into an island shape by a lithography method to form the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, and the oxide layer 230B (FIGS. 26A to 26B). 26D).
- the insulator 224, the oxide 230a, and the oxide 230b are formed so as to overlap with the conductor 205 at least partially.
- a dry etching method or a wet etching method can be used for the above processing. Processing by the dry etching method is suitable for fine processing.
- the insulating film 224Af, the oxide film 230Af, and the oxide film 230Bf may be processed under different conditions.
- a conductive film 242Af and a conductive film 242Bf are formed in this order over the insulator 222 and the oxide 230b (see FIGS. 27A to 27D).
- the description of FIGS. 17A to 17D can be referred to.
- the conductive films 242Af and 242Bf are processed by lithography to form island-shaped conductive layers 242A and 242B (see FIGS. 18A to 18D). Note that openings may be formed when the conductive films 242Af and 242Bf are processed into an island shape.
- processing of the insulator 224, the oxides 230a, and 230b and processing of the conductive layers 242A and 242B can be performed independently.
- ⁇ Microwave processing device> A microwave processing apparatus that can be used in the above method for manufacturing a semiconductor device is described below.
- FIG. 28 the configuration of a manufacturing apparatus in which impurities are less mixed when manufacturing a semiconductor device or the like will be described with reference to FIGS. 28 to 31.
- FIG. 28 the configuration of a manufacturing apparatus in which impurities are less mixed when manufacturing a semiconductor device or the like will be described with reference to FIGS. 28 to 31.
- FIG. 28 schematically shows a top view of a single-wafer multi-chamber manufacturing apparatus 2700.
- the manufacturing apparatus 2700 includes an atmosphere-side substrate supply chamber 2701 having a cassette port 2761 for accommodating substrates and an alignment port 2762 for aligning substrates, and an atmosphere-side substrate transfer chamber for transferring substrates from the atmosphere-side substrate supply chamber 2701 .
- the atmospheric side substrate transfer chamber 2702 is connected to the load lock chamber 2703a and the unload lock chamber 2703b, the load lock chamber 2703a and the unload lock chamber 2703b are connected to the transfer chamber 2704, and the transfer chamber 2704 is connected to the chamber 2706a. , chamber 2706b, chamber 2706c and chamber 2706d.
- a gate valve GV is provided at the connecting portion of each chamber, and each chamber can be independently held in a vacuum state except for the atmosphere-side substrate supply chamber 2701 and the atmosphere-side substrate transfer chamber 2702 .
- the atmosphere-side substrate transfer chamber 2702 is provided with a transfer robot 2763a
- the transfer chamber 2704 is provided with a transfer robot 2763b. The substrate can be transported within the manufacturing apparatus 2700 by the transport robot 2763a and the transport robot 2763b.
- the back pressure (total pressure) of the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber is, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 Pa or less, preferably 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less.
- the partial pressure of gas molecules (atoms) having a mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of 18 in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber is, for example, 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less. and more preferably 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa or less.
- the partial pressure of gas molecules (atoms) having an m/z of 28 in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber is, for example, 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less. ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa or less.
- the partial pressure of gas molecules (atoms) with m/z of 44 in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber is, for example, 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less, more preferably 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 Pa or less. ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 Pa or less.
- the total pressure and partial pressure in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber can be measured using an ionization vacuum gauge, a mass spectrometer, or the like.
- the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber have a configuration with little external or internal leakage.
- the leak rate of the transfer chamber 2704 is 1 ⁇ 10 0 Pa/min or less, preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 Pa/min or less.
- the leak rate of each chamber is 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 Pa/min or less, preferably 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 Pa/min or less.
- the leak rate can be derived from the total pressure and partial pressure measured using an ionization vacuum gauge, mass spectrometer, or the like. For example, it may be derived from the total pressure 10 minutes after the start of vacuuming with a vacuum pump such as a turbo-molecular pump and the total pressure 10 minutes after the valve is closed.
- the total pressure after 10 minutes from the start of the evacuation may be an average value obtained by measuring the total pressure a plurality of times.
- the leak rate depends on external and internal leaks.
- An external leak is an inflow of gas from outside the vacuum system due to a minute hole, poor seal, or the like.
- Internal leaks result from leaks from partitions such as valves in the vacuum system or from released gas from internal components. In order to keep the leak rate below the above numerical value, it is necessary to take measures against both external and internal leaks.
- the transfer chamber 2704 and the opening/closing parts of each chamber may be sealed with metal gaskets.
- Metal gaskets are preferably made of metal coated with iron fluoride, aluminum oxide, or chromium oxide. Metal gaskets have higher adhesion than O-rings and can reduce external leaks.
- passivated metal coated with iron fluoride, aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, or the like it is possible to suppress released gas containing impurities released from the metal gasket, thereby reducing internal leaks.
- aluminum, chromium, titanium, zirconium, nickel, or vanadium, which emits less gas containing impurities is used as a member constituting the manufacturing apparatus 2700 .
- an alloy containing iron, chromium, nickel, or the like may be coated with the aforementioned metal containing impurities and emitting less gas. Alloys containing iron, chromium, nickel, and the like are rigid, heat resistant, and workable.
- the surface unevenness of the member is reduced by polishing or the like in order to reduce the surface area, the emitted gas can be reduced.
- the members of the manufacturing apparatus 2700 described above may be coated with iron fluoride, aluminum oxide, chromium oxide, or the like.
- the members of the manufacturing apparatus 2700 are preferably made of metal as much as possible. It is advisable to thinly coat with chromium or the like.
- the adsorbate existing in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber does not affect the pressure of the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber because it is adsorbed on the inner wall or the like, but it is a cause of gas release when the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber is evacuated. becomes. Therefore, although there is no correlation between the leak rate and the evacuation speed, it is important to use a pump with a high evacuation capacity to desorb as much as possible the adsorbate existing in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber and to evacuate them in advance.
- the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber may be baked in order to facilitate the desorption of the adsorbate. By baking, the desorption speed of the adsorbate can be increased by about ten times. Baking may be performed at 100° C.
- the desorption speed of water and the like which is difficult to desorb only by exhausting, can be further increased.
- the desorption speed of the adsorbate can be further increased.
- an inert gas such as a heated noble gas, oxygen, or the like to increase the pressure in the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber, and then evacuate the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber again after a certain period of time.
- an inert gas or oxygen having a temperature of 40° C. or more and 400° C. or less, preferably 50° C. or more and 200° C.
- the pressure is preferably 1 Pa or more and 1 kPa or less, more preferably 5 Pa or more and 100 Pa or less, and the pressure is maintained for 1 minute or more and 300 minutes or less, preferably 5 minutes or more and 120 minutes or less.
- the transfer chamber 2704 and each chamber are evacuated for a period of 5 to 300 minutes, preferably 10 to 120 minutes.
- the chamber 2706b and the chamber 2706c are, for example, chambers capable of subjecting an object to be processed to microwave processing. Note that the chamber 2706b and the chamber 2706c are different only in the atmosphere when the microwave treatment is performed. Since other configurations are common, they will be collectively described below.
- the chamber 2706b and the chamber 2706c have a slot antenna plate 2808, a dielectric plate 2809, a substrate holder 2812 and an exhaust port 2819. Further, outside the chambers 2706b and 2706c, etc., there are a gas supply source 2801, a valve 2802, a high frequency generator 2803, a waveguide 2804, a mode converter 2805, a gas pipe 2806, and a waveguide 2807. , a matching box 2815 , a high frequency power supply 2816 , a vacuum pump 2817 and a valve 2818 are provided.
- a high frequency generator 2803 is connected to a mode converter 2805 via a waveguide 2804 .
- Mode converter 2805 is connected to slot antenna plate 2808 via waveguide 2807 .
- Slot antenna plate 2808 is placed in contact with dielectric plate 2809 .
- gas supply source 2801 is connected to mode converter 2805 via valve 2802 .
- Gas is sent to chambers 2706b and 2706c by gas pipe 2806 passing through mode converter 2805, waveguide 2807 and dielectric plate 2809.
- the vacuum pump 2817 has a function of exhausting gas and the like from the chambers 2706b and 2706c through the valve 2818 and the exhaust port 2819 .
- the high-frequency power supply 2816 is connected to the substrate holder 2812 through the matching box 2815 .
- the substrate holder 2812 has a function of holding the substrate 2811. For example, it has a function of electrostatically chucking or mechanically chucking the substrate 2811 . It also functions as an electrode to which power is supplied from the high frequency power supply 2816 . It also has a heating mechanism 2813 inside and has a function of heating the substrate 2811 .
- the vacuum pump 2817 for example, a dry pump, a mechanical booster pump, an ion pump, a titanium sublimation pump, a cryopump, a turbomolecular pump, or the like can be used. Also, in addition to the vacuum pump 2817, a cryotrap may be used. The use of a cryopump and a cryotrap is particularly preferable because water can be discharged efficiently.
- the heating mechanism 2813 for example, a heating mechanism that heats using a resistance heating element or the like may be used.
- a heating mechanism that heats by heat conduction or heat radiation from a medium such as heated gas may be used.
- RTA Rapid Thermal Annealing
- GRTA Gas Rapid Thermal Annealing
- LRTA Low Rapid Thermal Annealing
- GRTA performs heat treatment using high temperature gas.
- An inert gas is used as the gas.
- the gas supply source 2801 may be connected to the refiner via a mass flow controller. It is preferable to use a gas having a dew point of ⁇ 80° C. or lower, preferably ⁇ 100° C. or lower.
- a gas having a dew point of ⁇ 80° C. or lower preferably ⁇ 100° C. or lower.
- oxygen gas, nitrogen gas, and noble gas such as argon gas may be used.
- dielectric plate 2809 for example, silicon oxide (quartz), aluminum oxide (alumina), yttrium oxide (yttria), or the like may be used. Further, another protective layer may be formed on the surface of dielectric plate 2809 . As the protective layer, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, zirconium oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, or the like may be used. Since the dielectric plate 2809 will be exposed to a particularly high-density region of the high-density plasma 2810, which will be described later, damage can be mitigated by providing a protective layer. As a result, an increase in particles during processing can be suppressed.
- the high-frequency generator 2803 has a function of generating microwaves of, for example, 0.3 GHz to 3.0 GHz, 0.7 GHz to 1.1 GHz, or 2.2 GHz to 2.8 GHz.
- a microwave generated by the high frequency generator 2803 is transmitted to the mode converter 2805 via the waveguide 2804 .
- the microwave transmitted as TE mode is converted into TEM mode.
- the microwave is transmitted to slot antenna plate 2808 via waveguide 2807 .
- Slot antenna plate 2808 is provided with a plurality of slot holes, and microwaves pass through the slot holes and dielectric plate 2809 .
- an electric field can be generated below the dielectric plate 2809 to generate high density plasma 2810 .
- Ions and radicals according to the gas species supplied from the gas supply source 2801 are present in the high-density plasma 2810 . For example, there are oxygen radicals.
- the ions and radicals generated by the high-density plasma 2810 can modify the film on the substrate 2811 .
- the high-frequency power supply 2816 for example, an RF (Radio Frequency) power supply with frequencies such as 13.56 MHz and 27.12 MHz may be used.
- RF Radio Frequency
- oxygen radical treatment using high-density plasma 2810 can be performed.
- the chamber 2706a and the chamber 2706d are, for example, chambers capable of irradiating an object to be processed with electromagnetic waves.
- the only difference between the chamber 2706a and the chamber 2706d is the type of electromagnetic wave. Since there are many common parts in other configurations, they will be collectively described below.
- the chambers 2706 a and 2706 d have one or more lamps 2820 , substrate holders 2825 , gas inlets 2823 and exhaust ports 2830 . Also, a gas supply source 2821, a valve 2822, a vacuum pump 2828, and a valve 2829 are provided outside the chambers 2706a and 2706d.
- a gas supply source 2821 is connected to a gas inlet 2823 via a valve 2822 .
- Vacuum pump 2828 is connected to exhaust port 2830 through valve 2829 .
- the lamp 2820 is arranged facing the substrate holder 2825 .
- the substrate holder 2825 has the function of holding the substrate 2824 . Further, the substrate holder 2825 has a heating mechanism 2826 inside and has a function of heating the substrate 2824 .
- a light source having a function of emitting electromagnetic waves such as visible light or ultraviolet light
- a light source having a function of emitting an electromagnetic wave having a peak wavelength of 10 nm to 2500 nm, 500 nm to 2000 nm, or 40 nm to 340 nm may be used.
- a light source such as a halogen lamp, a metal halide lamp, a xenon arc lamp, a carbon arc lamp, a high pressure sodium lamp, or a high pressure mercury lamp may be used.
- the electromagnetic waves radiated from the lamp 2820 can be partially or wholly absorbed by the substrate 2824 to modify the film or the like on the substrate 2824 .
- defects can be created or reduced, or impurities can be removed. Note that if the substrate 2824 is heated while the substrate 2824 is heated, defects can be efficiently generated or reduced, or impurities can be removed.
- electromagnetic waves radiated from the lamps 2820 may cause the substrate holder 2825 to generate heat to heat the substrate 2824 .
- the heating mechanism 2826 may not be provided inside the substrate holder 2825 .
- the vacuum pump 2828 refers to the description of the vacuum pump 2817.
- the heating mechanism 2826 the description of the heating mechanism 2813 is referred to.
- the gas supply source 2821 the description of the gas supply source 2801 is referred to.
- the microwave processing device that can be used in this embodiment is not limited to the above.
- a microwave processing device 2900 shown in FIG. 31 can be used.
- Microwave processing apparatus 2900 has quartz tube 2901 , exhaust port 2819 , gas supply source 2801 , valve 2802 , high frequency generator 2803 , waveguide 2804 , gas pipe 2806 , vacuum pump 2817 and valve 2818 .
- the microwave processing apparatus 2900 also has a substrate holder 2902 that holds a plurality of substrates 2811 (2811_1 to 2811_n, where n is an integer of 2 or more) inside the quartz tube 2901 . Further, the microwave processing apparatus 2900 may have heating means 2903 outside the quartz tube 2901 .
- the microwave generated by the high-frequency generator 2803 is applied to the substrate provided inside the quartz tube 2901 through the waveguide 2804 .
- a vacuum pump 2817 is connected to an exhaust port 2819 via a valve 2818 and can adjust the pressure inside the quartz tube 2901 .
- a gas supply source 2801 is also connected to a gas pipe 2806 via a valve 2802 so that a desired gas can be introduced into the quartz pipe 2901 .
- the heating means 2903 can heat the substrate 2811 in the quartz tube 2901 to a desired temperature. Alternatively, the heating means 2903 may heat the gas supplied from the gas supply source 2801 .
- the microwave treatment apparatus 2900 heat treatment and microwave treatment can be performed on the substrate 2811 at the same time. Further, microwave treatment can be performed after the substrate 2811 is heated. Further, heat treatment can be performed after microwave treatment is performed on the substrate 2811 .
- All of the substrates 2811_1 to 2811_n may be processing substrates for forming semiconductor devices or memory devices, or some of the substrates may be dummy substrates.
- the substrates 2811_1 and 2811_n may be dummy substrates, and the substrates 2811_2 to 2811_n ⁇ 1 may be processing substrates.
- the substrates 2811_1, 2811_2, 2811_n ⁇ 1, and 2811_n may be dummy substrates, and the substrates 2811_3 to 2811_n ⁇ 2 may be processing substrates.
- the use of a dummy substrate is preferable because a plurality of substrates to be processed can be uniformly processed during microwave treatment or heat treatment, and variations among the substrates to be processed can be reduced.
- placing a dummy substrate on the processing substrate closest to the high-frequency generator 2803 and the waveguide 2804 is preferable because direct exposure of the processing substrate to microwaves can be suppressed.
- FIG. 32A shows a top view of the semiconductor device.
- FIG. 32B is a cross-sectional view corresponding to the portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line of A1-A2 shown in FIG. 32A.
- FIG. 32C is a cross-sectional view corresponding to the portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line A3-A4 in FIG. 32A.
- FIG. 32D is a cross-sectional view corresponding to the portion indicated by the dashed-dotted line A5-A6 in FIG. 32A.
- the top view of FIG. 32A omits some elements for clarity of illustration.
- the semiconductor device shown in FIGS. 32A to 32D is a modification of the semiconductor device shown in FIGS. 9A to 9D.
- the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 32A to 32D are different from the semiconductor devices shown in FIGS. 9A to 9D in that insulators 283 and 221 are provided.
- the insulator 283 is provided between the insulator 282 and the insulator 285 .
- An insulator having a function of suppressing diffusion of hydrogen is preferably used as the insulator 283 . Accordingly, diffusion of hydrogen into the transistor 200 from above the insulator 283 can be suppressed.
- an insulator that can be used for the insulator 275 described above may be used as the insulator 283 .
- silicon nitride deposited by a sputtering method may be used as the insulator 283 .
- a silicon nitride film with high density can be formed.
- silicon nitride deposited by a PEALD method or a CVD method may be stacked over silicon nitride deposited by a sputtering method.
- the insulator 282 having a function of capturing impurities such as hydrogen in contact with the insulator 280 in a region sandwiched between the insulator 212 and the insulator 283, hydrogen and the like contained in the insulator 280 and the like can be removed. Impurities can be trapped and the amount of hydrogen in the region can be made constant.
- the transistor 200 shown in FIGS. 32A to 32D shows a structure in which the insulator 283 is provided as a single layer, the present invention is not limited to this.
- the insulator 283 may be provided as a stacked structure of two or more layers.
- a silicon nitride film is formed as a lower layer of the insulator 283 by a sputtering method, and a silicon nitride film is formed as an upper layer of the insulator 283 by an ALD method.
- the hydrogen concentration in the lower layer of the insulator 282 can be reduced by using a sputtering method that does not require the use of molecules containing hydrogen in the deposition gas.
- a film formed by an ALD method with good coverage is used to block the overlapping portion of the pinhole or discontinuity. be able to.
- the insulator 283 has a two-layer laminated structure, part of the top surface of the upper layer of the insulator 283 may be removed. Also, it may be difficult to clearly detect the boundary between the upper layer and the lower layer of the insulator 283 .
- the insulator 221 is provided between the insulator 216 and the conductor 205 and the insulator 222 .
- the insulator 221 preferably has a function of suppressing diffusion of hydrogen. Accordingly, diffusion of hydrogen into the transistor 200 from below the insulator 221 can be suppressed.
- the insulator 221 can also function as the insulator 212 . In such a case, the structure without the insulator 212 can simplify the manufacturing process of the semiconductor device and improve productivity.
- an insulator that can be used for the insulator 275 described above may be used as the insulator 221 .
- silicon nitride deposited by an ALD method especially a PEALD method
- the insulator 221 can be deposited with good coverage even when unevenness is formed between the insulator 216 and the conductor 205.
- FIG. Therefore, formation of a pinhole, a disconnection, or the like in the insulator 222 formed over the insulator 221 can be suppressed.
- An insulator having a function of suppressing diffusion of hydrogen may be provided between the insulator 222 and the insulator 224 . Accordingly, diffusion of hydrogen into the transistor 200 from below the insulator can be suppressed.
- the conductor 205 may have a three-layer laminated structure of a conductor 205a, a conductor 205b, and a conductor 205c.
- the conductor 205c is provided in contact with the upper surface of the conductor 205b.
- a structure in which the side surface of the conductor 205c is in contact with the conductor 205a may be employed.
- the upper surface of the conductor 205c and the uppermost portion of the conductor 205a may be aligned or substantially aligned.
- the conductor 205c preferably uses a conductive material that has a function of reducing the diffusion of hydrogen.
- the conductor 205b can be wrapped with the conductor 205a and the conductor 205c, so that impurities such as hydrogen contained in the conductor 205b diffuse into the oxide 230 through the insulators 216, 224, and the like. can prevent you from doing it.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing diffusion of oxygen for the conductors 205a and 205c, it is possible to suppress oxidation of the conductor 205b and a decrease in conductivity.
- OS transistor such as the transistor 200 has little change in electrical characteristics due to radiation irradiation, that is, it has high resistance to radiation, so it can be suitably used in an environment where radiation may be incident.
- OS transistors can be suitably used when used in outer space.
- the OS transistor can be used as a transistor included in a semiconductor device provided in a space shuttle, an artificial satellite, a space probe, or the like.
- Radiation includes, for example, X-rays, neutron beams, and the like.
- outer space refers to, for example, an altitude of 100 km or more, but the outer space described in this specification may include the thermosphere, the mesosphere, and the stratosphere.
- the OS transistor can be used as a transistor that constitutes a semiconductor device provided in a nuclear power plant, a radioactive waste disposal site, or a working robot in a disposal site.
- it can be suitably used for a transistor that constitutes a semiconductor device provided in a remote-controlled robot that is remotely controlled for dismantling a nuclear reactor facility, retrieving nuclear fuel or fuel debris, and conducting a field survey of a space with a large amount of radioactive materials.
- a novel transistor can be provided according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a semiconductor device that can be miniaturized or highly integrated can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with favorable frequency characteristics can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with high operating speed can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with little variation in transistor characteristics can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with favorable electrical characteristics can be provided.
- a highly reliable semiconductor device can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with large on-current can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with high field effect mobility can be provided.
- a semiconductor device with low power consumption can be provided.
- a semiconductor device including the transistor 200 and the capacitor 100 described in this embodiment can be used as a memory cell of a memory device.
- the transistor 200 is a transistor whose channel is formed in a semiconductor layer including an oxide semiconductor (hereinafter also referred to as an OS transistor). Since the transistor 200 has a low off-state current, when it is used for a memory device, stored data can be retained for a long time. That is, since the refresh operation is not required or the frequency of the refresh operation is extremely low, the power consumption of the memory device can be sufficiently reduced. Further, since the transistor 200 has high frequency characteristics, reading and writing of the memory device can be performed at high speed.
- a memory cell array can be formed by arranging semiconductor devices each including the transistor 200 and the capacitor 100, which can be used as memory cells, in a matrix.
- FIG. 33A shows an example in which a plurality of memory cells are arranged in the A1-A2 direction.
- FIG. 33A shows a configuration in which a capacitor included in a memory cell and a capacitor included in a memory cell adjacent to the memory cell without the conductor 240 interposed therebetween are provided independently. It is not limited to this.
- FIG. 44 shows a semiconductor device having a configuration different from that of the semiconductor device shown in FIG. 33A.
- the upper electrode (the other of a pair of electrodes) of a capacitor included in a memory cell is connected to the upper electrode (a pair of electrodes) of a capacitor included in a memory cell adjacent to the memory cell without a conductor 240 interposed therebetween. (the other electrode).
- FIG. 33B shows a cross-sectional view of a structure in which a plurality of layers having the memory cells are stacked.
- the memory device has a structure in which a plurality of layers including memory cells are included, each memory cell includes the transistor 200 and the capacitor 100, and the plurality of layers are stacked.
- the memory device has a structure in which a plurality of layers each having at least two memory cells are included and the layers are stacked.
- a memory cell including the transistor 200a and the capacitor 100a is sometimes referred to as a first memory cell
- a memory cell including the transistor 200b and the capacitor 100b is sometimes referred to as a second memory cell.
- FIG. 33B shows a structure in which a plurality of layers having memory cells are stacked
- the structure is not limited to this.
- a plurality of layers including the memory cell array shown in FIG. 33A may be stacked.
- the memory device has a plurality of layers including memory cell arrays, the memory cell arrays are provided with memory cells each having the transistor 200 and the capacitor 100, and the plurality of layers are stacked.
- each of the multiple layers of the storage device has openings. Specifically, each of the multiple layers of the memory device has an opening between the first memory cell and the second memory cell. More specifically, each of a plurality of layers included in the memory device has an opening between the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b. In addition, the openings of each of the multiple layers have overlapping regions. Note that since the openings of the plurality of layers each have an overlapping region, the openings of the plurality of layers can be formed collectively. Therefore, manufacturing steps of the memory device can be simplified and productivity can be improved.
- conductors 240 are arranged in the openings of each of the plurality of layers. At this time, the conductor 240 is electrically connected to the transistors 200a and 200b included in each of the layers. Note that in this embodiment, the transistor 200a and the transistor 200b share the conductor 242a. Therefore, it can be said that the conductor 240 is electrically connected to the conductor 242a included in each of the plurality of layers.
- a 3D memory cell array can be constructed.
- a memory device having a memory cell array will be described in detail in later embodiments.
- FIG. 34A shows a block diagram showing a configuration example of the storage device 50 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a memory device 50 shown in FIG. 34A has a drive circuit 71 and a memory cell array 70 .
- the memory cell array 70 has multiple memory cells 60 .
- FIG. 34A shows an example in which a memory cell array 70 has a plurality of memory cells 60 arranged in a matrix of m rows and n columns (m and n are each independently an integer of 2 or more).
- rows and columns extend in directions orthogonal to each other.
- the X direction (direction along the X axis) is defined as “row”
- the Y direction (direction along Y axis) is defined as “column”. It can also be called “line”.
- the memory cell 60 in row 1, column 1 is indicated as memory cell 60[1,1], and the memory cell 60 in row m, column n is indicated as memory cell 60[m,n].
- an arbitrary row may be referred to as i row.
- j column when indicating an arbitrary column, it may be described as j column. Therefore, i is an integer of 1 or more and m or less, and j is an integer of 1 or more and n or less.
- the memory cell 60 in the i-th row and the j-th column is indicated as a memory cell 60[i,j].
- the memory cell array 70 also includes m wirings WL extending in the row direction, m wirings PL extending in the row direction, and n wirings BL extending in the column direction.
- the wiring WL provided in the first line (first row) is indicated as the wiring WL[1]
- the wiring WL provided in the m-th line (m-th row) is indicated as the wiring WL[m].
- the wiring PL provided in the first line (first row) is indicated as a wiring PL[1]
- the wiring PL provided in the m-th line (m-th row) is indicated as a wiring PL[m].
- the wiring BL provided in the first line (first column) is referred to as the wiring BL[1]
- the wiring BL provided in the nth line (nth column) is referred to as the wiring BL[n].
- a plurality of memory cells 60 provided in the i-th row are electrically connected to the i-th wiring WL (wiring WL[i]) and the i-th wiring PL (wiring PL[i]).
- a plurality of memory cells 60 provided in the j-th column are electrically connected to the j-th column wiring BL (wiring BL[j]).
- DOSRAM (registered trademark) can be applied to the memory cell array 70 .
- a DOSRAM is a RAM having 1T (transistor) and 1C (capacitor) type memory cells, and is a memory in which an access transistor is a transistor (hereinafter also referred to as an “OS transistor”) having an oxide semiconductor in a channel formation region. say. The current flowing between the source and the drain of the OS transistor in the off state, that is, the leak current is extremely small.
- a DOSRAM can hold charge corresponding to data held in a capacitor for a long time by turning off (non-conducting) an access transistor. Therefore, a DOSRAM can reduce the frequency of refresh operations compared to a DRAM configured with a transistor having silicon in a channel formation region (hereinafter also referred to as a "Si transistor"). As a result, low power consumption can be achieved.
- the wiring BL functions as a bit line for writing and reading data.
- the wiring WL functions as a word line for controlling on/off (conducting state or non-conducting state) of an access transistor functioning as a switch.
- the wiring PL has a function of transmitting a backgate potential to the backgate of the OS transistor, which is an access transistor, in addition to functioning as a constant potential line connected to the capacitor. Note that a wiring BGL (not shown) can be separately provided as a wiring for transmitting the back gate potential.
- the drive circuit 71 has a PSW 72 (power switch), a PSW 73, and a peripheral circuit 81.
- the peripheral circuit 81 has a peripheral circuit 41 , a control circuit 82 and a voltage generation circuit 83 .
- each circuit, each signal and each voltage can be appropriately discarded as necessary. Alternatively, other circuits or other signals may be added.
- Signal BW, signal CE, signal GW, signal CLK, signal WAKE, signal ADDR, signal WDA, signal PON1, and signal PON2 are input signals from the outside, and signal RDA is an output signal to the outside.
- Signal CLK is a clock signal.
- the signal BW, the signal CE, and the signal GW are control signals.
- Signal CE is a chip enable signal
- signal GW is a global write enable signal
- signal BW is a byte write enable signal.
- Signal ADDR is an address signal.
- the signal WDA is write data and the signal RDA is read data.
- a signal PON1 and a signal PON2 are power gating control signals. The signal PON1 and the signal PON2 may be generated by the control circuit 82.
- the control circuit 82 is a logic circuit having a function of controlling the overall operation of the storage device 50.
- the control circuit logically operates the signal CE, the signal GW and the signal BW to determine the operation mode (for example, write operation, read operation) of the storage device 50 .
- control circuit 82 generates a control signal for peripheral circuit 41 so that this operation mode is executed.
- the voltage generation circuit 83 has a function of generating a negative voltage.
- Signal WAKE has a function of controlling the input of signal CLK to voltage generation circuit 83 . For example, when an H level signal is applied to signal WAKE, signal CLK is input to voltage generation circuit 83, and voltage generation circuit 83 generates a negative voltage.
- the peripheral circuit 41 is a circuit for writing data to and reading data from the memory cell 60 .
- the peripheral circuit 41 includes a row decoder 42 (Row Decoder), a column decoder 44 (Column Decoder), a row driver 43 (Row Driver), a column driver 45 (Column Driver), an input circuit 47 (Input Circuit), an output circuit 48 ( Output Circuit) and a sense amplifier 46 (Sense Amplifier).
- the row decoder 42 and column decoder 44 have the function of decoding the signal ADDR.
- Row decoder 42 is a circuit for specifying a row to be accessed
- column decoder 44 is a circuit for specifying a column to be accessed.
- Row driver 43 has a function of selecting line WL designated by row decoder 42 .
- the column driver 45 has a function of writing data to the memory cells 60, a function of reading data from the memory cells 60, a function of holding the read data, and the like.
- the input circuit 47 has a function of holding the signal WDA. Data held by the input circuit 47 is output to the column driver 45 . Output data of the input circuit 47 is data (Din) to be written to the memory cell 60 . Data (Dout) read from the memory cells 60 by the column driver 45 is output to the output circuit 48 .
- the output circuit 48 has a function of holding Dout. Also, the output circuit 48 has a function of outputting Dout to the outside of the storage device 50 . Data output from the output circuit 48 is the signal RDA.
- the PSW 72 has the function of controlling the supply of VDD to the peripheral circuit 81.
- PSW 73 has the function of controlling the supply of VHM to row driver 43 .
- the high power supply voltage of the memory device 50 is VDD
- the low power supply voltage is GND (ground potential).
- VHM is a high power supply voltage used to drive word lines to a high level and is higher than VDD.
- On/off of the PSW 72 is controlled by the signal PON1, and on/off of the PSW 73 is controlled by the signal PON2.
- the number of power supply domains to which VDD is supplied is set to one, but it can be set to a plurality. In this case, a power switch may be provided for each power domain.
- the memory cell array 70 can be provided over the driving circuit 71 .
- the signal propagation distance between the driving circuit 71 and the memory cell array 70 can be shortened. Therefore, resistance and parasitic capacitance between drive circuit 71 and memory cell array 70 are reduced, and power consumption and signal delay can be reduced.
- miniaturization of the storage device 50 can be realized.
- the memory cell array 70 can be provided by stacking a plurality of layers of the memory cell array 70 on the driving circuit 71 . By stacking multiple layers of memory cell arrays 70, the memory density of the memory cells 60 can be increased.
- FIG. 34B shows an example in which memory cell arrays 70 of k layers (where k is an integer equal to or greater than 2) are stacked on the drive circuit 71 .
- the memory cell array 70 provided in the first layer is indicated as memory cell array 70[1]
- the memory cell array 70 provided in the second layer is indicated as memory cell array 70[2]
- the memory cell array 70 provided in the k-th layer is indicated as memory cell array 70[2].
- the resulting memory cell array 70 is denoted as memory cell array 70[k].
- 35A and 35B are schematic diagrams illustrating a configuration example of the memory cell 60 connected to the wiring BL in the memory cell arrays 70[1] to 70[k] provided in multiple layers. Note that a structure in which a plurality of memory cells (memory cells 60) are electrically connected to one wiring BL is also called a “memory string”.
- FIG. 35A shows the wiring BL[1] connected to the memory cells 60 included in the memory cell array 70 of each layer.
- a wiring BL[ 1 ] connects a plurality of memory cells 60 in each layer and is connected to the sense amplifier 46 included in the driver circuit 71 .
- the memory cell 60[1] provided in the memory cell array 70[1] of the first layer, the memory cell 60[2] provided in the memory cell array 70[2] of the second layer, and the memory cell 60[2] of the third layer A memory cell 60[3] provided in a memory cell array 70[3] is shown.
- Each layer of the memory cell array 70 includes a plurality of memory cells 60[1], 60[2], and 60[3] arranged in a matrix, and wirings WL and PL extending in the X direction.
- the wirings WL and the wirings PL included in each memory cell array 70 of each layer are omitted for the sake of clarity of the drawing.
- FIG. 35B also shows a circuit diagram of the memory cells 60[1] to 60[3] connected to the wiring BL[1].
- the circuit diagram of the memory cells 60[1] to 60[3] is shown in FIG. 35B.
- the memory cell 60[1] has a transistor Tr1 and a capacitive element C1.
- Memory cell 60[2] has transistor Tr2 and capacitive element C2.
- Memory cell 60[3] has transistor Tr3 and capacitive element C3.
- the memory cells of each layer may be referred to as memory cells 60 .
- the transistor Tr, the capacitor C, and each wiring (the wiring BL, the wiring WL, and the like), the wiring BL[1] and the wiring WL[1] may be referred to as the wiring BL and the wiring WL, for example.
- one of the source and the drain of the transistor Tr1 is connected to the wiring BL[1].
- the other of the source and drain of the transistor Tr1 is connected to one of the pair of electrodes of the capacitive element C1.
- the other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor C1 is connected to the wiring PL[1].
- a gate of the transistor Tr1 is connected to the wiring WL[1].
- a back gate of the transistor Tr1 is connected to the wiring BGL.
- one of the source and the drain of the transistor Tr2 is connected to the wiring BL[1].
- the other of the source and drain of the transistor Tr2 is connected to one of the pair of electrodes of the capacitive element C2.
- the other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor C2 is connected to the wiring PL[2].
- a gate of the transistor Tr2 is connected to the wiring WL[2].
- a back gate of the transistor Tr2 is connected to the wiring BGL.
- one of the source and the drain of the transistor Tr3 is connected to the wiring BL[1].
- the other of the source and drain of the transistor Tr3 is connected to one of the pair of electrodes of the capacitive element C3.
- the other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitor C3 is connected to the wiring PL[3].
- a gate of the transistor Tr3 is connected to the wiring WL[3].
- a back gate of the transistor Tr3 is connected to the wiring BGL.
- the same configuration as the second layer is repeated for the fourth and subsequent layers.
- the memory cell 60[j] provided in the j-th layer (j is an integer satisfying 2 ⁇ j ⁇ k) memory cell array 70[j] one of the source and the drain of the transistor Trj is connected to the wiring BL[1]. be.
- the other of the source and drain of transistor Trj is connected to one of the pair of electrodes of capacitive element Cj.
- the other of the pair of electrodes of the capacitive element Cj is connected to the wiring PL[j].
- a gate of the transistor Trj is connected to the wiring WL[j].
- a back gate of the transistor Trj is connected to the wiring BGL.
- the wiring PL is a wiring that gives a constant potential for holding the potential of the capacitive element C.
- a constant potential applied to the wiring PL is GND (ground potential).
- FIG. 36A is a layout diagram for explaining an arrangement example of wirings and semiconductor layers in the memory cell 60 described above.
- FIG. 36A illustrates the wiring WL and the wiring PL extending in the X direction, the semiconductor layers 61a and 61b, the conductive layer 62, and the wiring BL extending in the Z direction.
- Each of the semiconductor layers 61a and 61b shown in FIG. 36A is provided so as to intersect with one wiring WL and one wiring PL, and the semiconductor layers 61a and 61b are connected to each other with the conductive layer 62 interposed therebetween.
- 2 shows a state in which two memory cells 60 are arranged by being connected to the wiring BL of .
- the memory cell 60 having the semiconductor layer 61a is denoted as a memory cell 60a
- the memory cell 60 having the semiconductor layer 61b is denoted as a memory cell 60b. can be distinguished.
- the wiring WL, the wiring PL, and the conductive layer 62 are provided so as to overlap on the semiconductor layer 61a.
- a transistor Tra is provided in a region where the wiring WL and the semiconductor layer 61a overlap.
- a capacitive element Ca is provided in a region where the wiring PL and the semiconductor layer 61a overlap.
- the conductive layer 62 is a conductive layer for connecting the transistor Tra to the wiring BL.
- the wiring WL, the wiring PL, and the conductive layer 62 are provided so as to overlap with each other over the semiconductor layer 61b.
- a transistor Trb is provided in a region where the wiring WL and the semiconductor layer 61b overlap.
- a capacitive element Cb is provided in a region where the wiring PL and the semiconductor layer 61b overlap.
- the conductive layer 62 is a conductive layer for connecting the transistor Trb to the wiring BL.
- the transistor Tra, the transistor Trb, the capacitor Ca, and the capacitor Cb correspond to the transistor 200a, the transistor 200b, the capacitor 100a, and the capacitor 100b described in Embodiment 2, respectively.
- the semiconductor layer 61a and the semiconductor layer 61b correspond to the oxide 230 described in the second embodiment.
- the conductive layer 62 corresponds to the conductor 242a described in the second embodiment.
- the wiring WL and the wiring PL correspond to the conductor 260 and the conductor 160 described in Embodiment 2, respectively. Therefore, in memory cell 60, since the detailed description of the cross-sectional view is the same as that in the second embodiment, the above description is referred to.
- the wiring PL in the upper layer and the wiring PL in the lower layer are provided so as to overlap, and the wiring WL in the upper layer and the wiring WL in the lower layer are provided so as to overlap. configuration.
- the layout diagrams of the two-layered memory cell arrays 70 overlap each other.
- FIG. 36A illustrates a configuration in which the semiconductor layers 61a and 61b extending in the Y direction are provided so as to intersect the wirings WL and PL at right angles
- the configuration is not limited to this.
- one end of the semiconductor layer 61a and one end of the semiconductor layer 61b extending in the Y direction are arranged to be inclined in the X direction, and the wiring WL and the wiring PL are arranged. It is good also as a structure provided so that it may cross. With this structure, the memory density of the memory cell 60 can be further increased.
- FIG. 36A is extended to memory cell arrays 70[1] to 70[5], and the transistors 200 and capacitors described in the above embodiments are added to each memory cell array.
- a cross-sectional view with device 100 is shown in FIG.
- the combination of the transistor 200a and the capacitor 100a corresponds to the memory cell 60a
- the combination of the transistor 200b and the capacitor 100b corresponds to the memory cell 60b
- the conductor 260 corresponds to the wiring WL
- the conductor 160 corresponds to the wiring PL
- the oxide 230 corresponds to the semiconductor layers 61a and 61b.
- the conductor 160 of the upper capacitor element 100a is provided so as to overlap the conductor 160 of the lower layer capacitor 100a, and the conductor 160 of the lower layer transistor 200a is overlapped with the conductor 160 of the upper layer.
- a conductor 260 of transistor 200a is provided.
- a transistor 300 can be provided in the driver circuit 71 provided under the memory cell array 70[1].
- the transistor 300 is provided over a substrate 311 and includes a conductor 316 functioning as a gate, an insulator 315 functioning as a gate insulator, a semiconductor region 313 formed of part of the substrate 311, and functioning as a source region or a drain region. and a low resistance region 314a and a low resistance region 314b.
- Transistor 300 can be either p-channel or n-channel.
- the semiconductor region 313 (part of the substrate 311) in which the channel is formed has a convex shape.
- a conductor 316 is provided to cover the side and top surfaces of the semiconductor region 313 with an insulator 315 interposed therebetween.
- the conductor 316 may be made of a material that adjusts the work function.
- Such a transistor 300 is also called a FIN transistor because it utilizes the projections of the semiconductor substrate.
- an insulator that functions as a mask for forming the protrusion may be provided in contact with the upper portion of the protrusion.
- a semiconductor film having a convex shape may be formed by processing an SOI substrate.
- transistor 300 illustrated in FIG. 38 is an example, and the structure is not limited to that, and an appropriate transistor may be used depending on the circuit configuration or driving method.
- a wiring layer provided with an interlayer film, a wiring, a plug, etc. may be provided between each structure.
- the wiring layer can be provided in a plurality of layers depending on the design.
- conductors that function as plugs or wiring a plurality of structures may be grouped together and given the same reference numerals.
- the wiring and the plug electrically connected to the wiring may be integrated. That is, there are cases where a part of the conductor functions as a wiring and a part of the conductor functions as a plug.
- an insulator 320, an insulator 322, an insulator 324, and an insulator 326 are stacked in this order over the transistor 300 as interlayer films.
- conductors 328, 330, and the like electrically connected to the capacitor 100, the transistor 200, or the conductor 240 are embedded in the insulators 320, 322, 324, and 326.
- the conductors 328 and 330 function as plugs or wirings.
- the insulator functioning as an interlayer film may function as a planarization film covering the uneven shape thereunder.
- the top surface of the insulator 322 may be planarized by a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method or the like to improve planarity.
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- Insulators that can be used as interlayer films include insulating oxides, nitrides, oxynitrides, nitride oxides, metal oxides, metal oxynitrides, and metal nitride oxides.
- the material should be selected according to the function of the insulator.
- the insulator 320, the insulator 322, the insulator 326, and the like preferably have an insulator with a low dielectric constant.
- the insulator preferably contains silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, silicon oxide having holes, resin, or the like.
- the insulator is silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxide to which fluorine is added, silicon oxide to which carbon is added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen are added, or silicon oxide having vacancies. and resin.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are thermally stable, by combining them with a resin, a laminated structure that is thermally stable and has a low dielectric constant can be obtained.
- resin include polyester, polyolefin, polyamide (nylon, aramid, etc.), polyimide, polycarbonate, acrylic, and the like.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen may be used for the insulators 324, 212, 214, and the like.
- Examples of insulators having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen include boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, and zirconium. Insulators including lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, or tantalum may be used in single layers or stacks.
- an insulator having a function of suppressing permeation of impurities such as hydrogen and oxygen
- a metal oxide such as tantalum oxide, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, or the like can be used.
- Conductors that can be used for wiring and plugs include aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, and indium. , ruthenium and the like can be used.
- a semiconductor with high electrical conductivity typified by polycrystalline silicon containing an impurity element such as phosphorus, or a silicide such as nickel silicide may be used.
- the conductors 328, 330, 209, and the like are formed of a single layer of a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material, or a metal oxide material formed of any of the above materials.
- a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, a metal nitride material, or a metal oxide material formed of any of the above materials.
- it can be used by laminating.
- a high-melting-point material such as tungsten or molybdenum that has both heat resistance and conductivity, and it is preferable to use tungsten.
- it is preferably formed using a low-resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper. Wiring resistance can be reduced by using a low-resistance conductive material.
- FIGS. 39A and 39B An example of a chip 1200 on which the semiconductor device of the invention is mounted is shown with reference to FIGS. 39A and 39B.
- a plurality of circuits (systems) are mounted on the chip 1200 .
- SoC System on Chip
- the chip 1200 has a CPU 1211, a GPU 1212, one or more analog computation units 1213, one or more memory controllers 1214, one or more interfaces 1215, one or more network circuits 1216, and the like.
- the chip 1200 is provided with bumps (not shown) to connect with the first surface of the package substrate 1201 as shown in FIG. 39B.
- a plurality of bumps 1202 are provided on the rear surface of the first surface of the package substrate 1201 and connected to the motherboard 1203 .
- the mother board 1203 may be provided with storage devices such as a DRAM 1221 and a flash memory 1222 .
- storage devices such as a DRAM 1221 and a flash memory 1222 .
- the DOSRAM shown in the previous embodiment can be used for the DRAM 1221 .
- the speed and capacity of the DRAM 1221 can be increased.
- the CPU 1211 preferably has multiple CPU cores.
- the GPU 1212 preferably has multiple GPU cores.
- the CPU 1211 and GPU 1212 may each have a memory for temporarily storing data.
- a memory common to the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212 may be provided in the chip 1200 .
- the aforementioned DOSRAM can be used for the memory.
- the GPU 1212 is suitable for parallel computation of a large amount of data, and can be used for image processing or sum-of-products operations. By providing the image processing circuit or the product-sum operation circuit using the oxide semiconductor of the present invention in the GPU 1212, image processing and product-sum operation can be performed with low power consumption.
- the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212 are provided on the same chip, the wiring between the CPU 1211 and the GPU 1212 can be shortened. And, after the calculation by the GPU 1212, transfer of the calculation result from the GPU 1212 to the CPU 1211 can be performed at high speed.
- the analog computation unit 1213 has one or both of an A/D (analog/digital) conversion circuit and a D/A (digital/analog) conversion circuit. Further, the analog calculation unit 1213 may be provided with the sum-of-products calculation circuit.
- the memory controller 1214 has a circuit functioning as a controller for the DRAM 1221 and a circuit functioning as an interface for the flash memory 1222 .
- the interface 1215 has an interface circuit with externally connected devices such as display devices, speakers, microphones, cameras, and controllers. Controllers include mice, keyboards, game controllers, and the like. USB (Universal Serial Bus), HDMI (registered trademark) (High-Definition Multimedia Interface), etc. can be used as such an interface.
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- HDMI registered trademark
- the network circuit 1216 has a network circuit such as a LAN (Local Area Network). It may also have circuitry for network security.
- LAN Local Area Network
- the above circuit (system) can be formed on the chip 1200 by the same manufacturing process. Therefore, even if the number of circuits required for the chip 1200 increases, there is no need to increase the number of manufacturing processes, and the chip 1200 can be manufactured at low cost.
- a package substrate 1201 provided with a chip 1200 having a GPU 1212 , a motherboard 1203 provided with a DRAM 1221 and a flash memory 1222 can be called a GPU module 1204 .
- the GPU module 1204 Since the GPU module 1204 has a chip 1200 using SoC technology, its size can be reduced. In addition, since it excels in image processing, it is suitable for use in portable electronic devices such as smartphones, tablet terminals, laptop PCs, and portable (portable) game machines.
- a product-sum operation circuit using the GPU 1212 enables a deep neural network (DNN), a convolutional neural network (CNN), a recurrent neural network (RNN), an autoencoder, a deep Boltzmann machine (DBM), a deep belief network ( DBN), the chip 1200 can be used as an AI chip, or the GPU module 1204 can be used as an AI system module.
- DNN deep neural network
- CNN convolutional neural network
- RNN recurrent neural network
- DBM deep Boltzmann machine
- DBN deep belief network
- This embodiment mode shows an example of an electronic component and an electronic device in which the storage device or the like described in the above embodiment mode is incorporated.
- FIG. 40A shows a perspective view of an electronic component 700 and a board (mounting board 704) on which the electronic component 700 is mounted.
- Electronic component 700 shown in FIG. 40A has storage device 720 in mold 711 .
- FIG. 40A is partially omitted to show the inside of electronic component 700 .
- Electronic component 700 has lands 712 outside mold 711 . Land 712 is electrically connected to electrode pad 713 , and electrode pad 713 is electrically connected to storage device 720 by wire 714 .
- the electronic component 700 is mounted on a printed circuit board 702, for example.
- a mounting board 704 is completed by combining a plurality of such electronic components and electrically connecting them on the printed board 702 .
- the memory device 720 has a drive circuit layer 721 and a memory circuit layer 722 .
- FIG. 40B A perspective view of the electronic component 730 is shown in FIG. 40B.
- Electronic component 730 is an example of SiP (System in package) or MCM (Multi Chip Module).
- An electronic component 730 has an interposer 731 provided on a package substrate 732 (printed circuit board), and a semiconductor device 735 and a plurality of storage devices 720 provided on the interposer 731 .
- the electronic component 730 shows an example of using the storage device 720 as a high bandwidth memory (HBM).
- HBM high bandwidth memory
- an integrated circuit semiconductor device
- a CPU, GPU, or FPGA can be used.
- a ceramic substrate, a plastic substrate, a glass epoxy substrate, or the like can be used for the package substrate 732 .
- a silicon interposer, a resin interposer, or the like can be used as the interposer 731 .
- the interposer 731 has a plurality of wirings and has a function of electrically connecting a plurality of integrated circuits with different terminal pitches. A plurality of wirings are provided in a single layer or multiple layers.
- the interposer 731 also has a function of electrically connecting the integrated circuit provided over the interposer 731 to electrodes provided over the package substrate 732 . For these reasons, the interposer is sometimes called a "rewiring board" or an "intermediate board".
- through electrodes are provided in the interposer 731 and the integrated circuit and the package substrate 732 are electrically connected using the through electrodes.
- a TSV Through Silicon Via
- a silicon interposer is preferably used as the interposer 731 . Since silicon interposers do not require active elements, they can be manufactured at a lower cost than integrated circuits. On the other hand, since the wiring of the silicon interposer can be formed by a semiconductor process, it is easy to form fine wiring, which is difficult with the resin interposer.
- HBM In HBM, it is necessary to connect many wires in order to achieve a wide memory bandwidth. Therefore, an interposer for mounting an HBM is required to form fine and high-density wiring. Therefore, it is preferable to use a silicon interposer for the interposer that mounts the HBM.
- the reliability is less likely to deteriorate due to the difference in expansion coefficient between the integrated circuit and the interposer.
- the silicon interposer has a highly flat surface, poor connection between the integrated circuit provided on the silicon interposer and the silicon interposer is less likely to occur.
- a 2.5D package 2.5-dimensional packaging in which a plurality of integrated circuits are arranged side by side on an interposer, it is preferable to use a silicon interposer.
- a heat sink may be provided overlapping the electronic component 730 .
- a heat sink it is preferable that the heights of the integrated circuits provided over the interposer 731 be uniform.
- the memory device 720 and the semiconductor device 735 have the same height.
- An electrode 733 may be provided on the bottom of the package substrate 732 in order to mount the electronic component 730 on another substrate.
- FIG. 40B shows an example in which the electrodes 733 are formed from solder balls.
- BGA All Grid Array
- the electrodes 733 may be formed of conductive pins.
- PGA Peripheral Component Interconnect
- the electronic component 730 can be mounted on other boards using various mounting methods, not limited to BGA and PGA.
- SPGA Sttaggered Pin Grid Array
- LGA Land Grid Array
- QFP Quad Flat Package
- QFJ Quad Flat J-leaded package
- QFN Quad Flat Non-leaded package
- the semiconductor devices described in the above embodiments are, for example, storage devices of various electronic devices (e.g., information terminals, computers, smartphones, e-book terminals, digital cameras (including video cameras), recording/playback devices, navigation systems, etc.).
- the computer includes a tablet computer, a notebook computer, a desktop computer, and a large computer such as a server system.
- the semiconductor devices described in the above embodiments are applied to various removable storage devices such as memory cards (eg, SD cards), USB memories, and SSDs (solid state drives).
- 41A to 41E schematically show some configuration examples of the removable storage device.
- the semiconductor devices described in the previous embodiments are processed into packaged memory chips and used for various storage devices and removable memories.
- FIG. 41A is a schematic diagram of a USB memory.
- USB memory 1100 has housing 1101 , cap 1102 , USB connector 1103 and substrate 1104 .
- a substrate 1104 is housed in a housing 1101 .
- a memory chip 1105 and a controller chip 1106 are attached to the substrate 1104 .
- the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments can be incorporated in the memory chip 1105 or the like.
- FIG. 41B is a schematic diagram of the appearance of the SD card
- FIG. 41C is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the SD card.
- SD card 1110 has housing 1111 , connector 1112 and substrate 1113 .
- a substrate 1113 is housed in a housing 1111 .
- a memory chip 1114 and a controller chip 1115 are attached to the substrate 1113 .
- a wireless chip having a wireless communication function may be provided on the substrate 1113 .
- data can be read from and written to the memory chip 1114 by wireless communication between the host device and the SD card 1110 .
- the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments can be incorporated in the memory chip 1114 or the like.
- FIG. 41D is a schematic diagram of the appearance of the SSD
- FIG. 41E is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of the SSD.
- SSD 1150 has housing 1151 , connector 1152 and substrate 1153 .
- a substrate 1153 is housed in a housing 1151 .
- substrate 1153 has memory chip 1154 , memory chip 1155 and controller chip 1156 attached thereto.
- a memory chip 1155 is a work memory for the controller chip 1156, and may be a DOSRAM chip, for example.
- the capacity of the SSD 1150 can be increased.
- the semiconductor device described in any of the above embodiments can be incorporated in the memory chip 1154 or the like.
- a semiconductor device can be used for processors such as CPUs and GPUs, storage devices, or chips.
- 42A to 42H illustrate specific examples of electronic devices including processors such as CPUs and GPUs, storage devices, or chips according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a GPU, a storage device, or a chip according to one embodiment of the present invention can be mounted on various electronic devices.
- electronic devices include relatively large screens such as televisions, monitors for desktop or notebook information terminals, digital signage (digital signage), large game machines such as pachinko machines, etc. , digital cameras, digital video cameras, digital photo frames, electronic book readers, mobile phones, portable game machines, personal digital assistants, sound reproduction devices, and the like.
- the electronic device can be equipped with artificial intelligence.
- the electronic device of one embodiment of the present invention may have an antenna.
- An image, information, or the like can be displayed on the display portion by receiving a signal with the antenna.
- the antenna may be used for contactless power transmission.
- the electronic device of one embodiment of the present invention includes sensors (force, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, number of rotations, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substances, sound, time, hardness, electric field, current, voltage, power, radiation, flow rate, humidity, gradient, vibration, odor or infrared).
- An electronic device of one embodiment of the present invention can have various functions. For example, functions to display various information (still images, moving images, text images, etc.) on the display unit, touch panel functions, calendars, functions to display the date or time, functions to execute various software (programs), wireless communication function, a function of reading a program or data recorded on a recording medium, and the like.
- 42A to 42H show examples of electronic devices.
- FIG. 42A shows a mobile phone (smartphone), which is a type of information terminal.
- the information terminal 5100 has a housing 5101 and a display unit 5102.
- the display unit 5102 is provided with a touch panel
- the housing 5101 is provided with buttons.
- the information terminal 5100 can execute an application using artificial intelligence.
- Applications using artificial intelligence include, for example, an application that recognizes a conversation and displays the content of the conversation on the display unit 5102.
- An application displayed on the display portion 5102, an application for performing biometric authentication such as a fingerprint or a voiceprint, and the like can be given.
- a notebook information terminal 5200 is illustrated in FIG. 42B.
- the notebook information terminal 5200 has an information terminal main body 5201 , a display section 5202 , and a keyboard 5203 .
- the notebook information terminal 5200 can execute an application using artificial intelligence by applying the chip of one embodiment of the present invention.
- applications using artificial intelligence include design support software, text correction software, and automatic menu generation software. Also, by using the notebook information terminal 5200, it is possible to develop new artificial intelligence.
- a smartphone and a notebook information terminal are shown as examples of electronic devices in FIGS. 42A and 42B, respectively, but information terminals other than smartphones and notebook information terminals can be applied.
- Examples of information terminals other than smartphones and notebook information terminals include PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), desktop information terminals, and workstations.
- FIG. 42C shows a portable game machine 5300, which is an example of a game machine.
- a portable game machine 5300 includes a housing 5301, a housing 5302, a housing 5303, a display portion 5304, a connection portion 5305, operation keys 5306, and the like.
- Housing 5302 and housing 5303 can be removed from housing 5301 .
- the connection portion 5305 provided in the housing 5301 to another housing (not shown)
- the video output to the display portion 5304 can be output to another video device (not shown). can.
- the housing 5302 and the housing 5303 can each function as an operation unit. This allows multiple players to play the game at the same time.
- the chips described in the above embodiments can be incorporated into the chips or the like provided in the substrates of the housings 5301, 5302, and 5303.
- FIG. 42D shows a stationary game machine 5400, which is an example of a game machine.
- a controller 5402 is wirelessly or wiredly connected to the stationary game machine 5400 .
- a low power consumption game machine By applying the GPU, storage device, or chip of one embodiment of the present invention to a game machine such as the portable game machine 5300 or the stationary game machine 5400, a low power consumption game machine can be realized.
- the low power consumption can reduce the heat generated from the circuit, thereby reducing the influence of the heat on the circuit itself, the peripheral circuits, and the module.
- the portable game machine 5300 having artificial intelligence can be realized.
- the progress of the game, the speech and behavior of creatures appearing in the game, and the expressions that occur in the game are determined by the program of the game. , which enables expressions not limited to game programs. For example, it is possible to express changes in the content of questions asked by the player, the progress of the game, the time, and the speech and behavior of characters appearing in the game.
- the game players can be anthropomorphically configured by artificial intelligence. can play games.
- Game machines to which the GPU, storage device, or chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied include, for example, arcade game machines installed in amusement facilities (game arcades, amusement parks, etc.), and batting practice machines installed in sports facilities. Throwing machine and the like.
- a GPU, storage device, or chip according to one aspect of the present invention can be applied to large-scale computers.
- FIG. 42E is a diagram showing a supercomputer 5500, which is an example of a large computer.
- FIG. 42F is a diagram showing a rack-mounted computer 5502 that the supercomputer 5500 has.
- a supercomputer 5500 has a rack 5501 and a plurality of rack-mount computers 5502 .
- a plurality of computers 5502 are stored in the rack 5501 .
- the computer 5502 is provided with a plurality of substrates 5504, and the GPUs, storage devices, or chips described in the above embodiments can be mounted over the substrates.
- the supercomputer 5500 is a large computer mainly used for scientific and technical calculations. Scientific and technical calculations require high-speed processing of enormous amounts of computation, resulting in high power consumption and high chip heat generation.
- a low-power supercomputer can be realized.
- the low power consumption can reduce the heat generated from the circuit, thereby reducing the influence of the heat on the circuit itself, the peripheral circuits, and the module.
- FIGS. 42E and 42F illustrate a supercomputer as an example of a large computer
- the large computer to which the GPU, storage device, or chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied is not limited to this.
- Large computers to which the GPU, storage device, or chip of one embodiment of the present invention is applied include, for example, computers that provide services (servers), large general-purpose computers (mainframes), and the like.
- a GPU, a memory device, or a chip of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to automobiles, which are mobile objects, and to the vicinity of the driver's seat of automobiles.
- FIG. 42G is a diagram showing the vicinity of the windshield in the interior of an automobile, which is an example of a mobile object.
- FIG. 42G shows display panel 5701, display panel 5702, and display panel 5703 attached to the dashboard, as well as display panel 5704 attached to the pillar.
- the display panels 5701 to 5703 can provide various information by displaying the speedometer, tachometer, mileage, fuel gauge, gear status, air conditioner settings, and the like. In addition, the display items and layout displayed on the display panel can be appropriately changed according to the user's preference, and the design can be improved.
- the display panels 5701 to 5703 can also be used as lighting devices.
- the display panel 5704 can complement the field of view (blind spot) blocked by the pillars by displaying an image from an imaging device (not shown) provided in the automobile. That is, by displaying an image from an imaging device provided outside the automobile, blind spots can be compensated for and safety can be enhanced. In addition, by projecting an image that supplements the invisible part, safety confirmation can be performed more naturally and without discomfort.
- the display panel 5704 can also be used as a lighting device.
- the GPU or chip of one aspect of the present invention can be applied as a component of artificial intelligence
- the chip can be used, for example, in an automatic driving system for automobiles.
- the chip can be used in a system for road guidance, danger prediction, and the like.
- the display panels 5701 to 5704 may be configured to display information such as road guidance and danger prediction.
- moving objects include trains, monorails, ships, flying objects (helicopters, unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), airplanes, rockets), and the like, and the chip of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to these moving objects. It is possible to give a system using artificial intelligence.
- FIG. 42H shows an electric refrigerator-freezer 5800, which is an example of an appliance.
- the electric freezer-refrigerator 5800 has a housing 5801, a refrigerator compartment door 5802, a freezer compartment door 5803, and the like.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 5800 having artificial intelligence can be realized.
- the electric freezer-refrigerator 5800 has a function of automatically generating a menu based on the ingredients stored in the electric freezer-refrigerator 5800, the expiration date of the ingredients, etc. It can have a function of automatically adjusting the temperature according to the temperature.
- Electric refrigerators and freezers have been described as an example of electrical appliances, but other electrical appliances include, for example, vacuum cleaners, microwave ovens, electric ovens, rice cookers, water heaters, IH cookers, water servers, and air conditioners. Examples include washing machines, dryers, and audiovisual equipment.
- the electronic devices, the functions of the electronic devices, the application examples of artificial intelligence, the effects thereof, and the like described in the present embodiment can be appropriately combined with the descriptions of other electronic devices.
- a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention includes an OS transistor.
- the OS transistor has little change in electrical characteristics due to irradiation with radiation. In other words, since it has high resistance to radiation, it can be suitably used in an environment where radiation may be incident. For example, OS transistors can be suitably used when used in outer space.
- FIGS. 1-10 A specific example of applying a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention to space equipment will be described with reference to FIGS.
- FIG. 43 shows a satellite 6800 as an example of space equipment.
- Artificial satellite 6800 has fuselage 6801 , solar panel 6802 , antenna 6803 , secondary battery 6805 , and controller 6807 .
- FIG. 43 illustrates a planet 6804 in outer space.
- Outer space refers to, for example, an altitude of 100 km or more, but outer space described in this specification may include the thermosphere, the mesosphere, and the stratosphere.
- outer space is an environment with a high radiation dose, more than 100 times higher than on the ground.
- radiation include electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic radiation) typified by X-rays and gamma rays, and particle radiation typified by alpha rays, beta rays, neutron rays, proton rays, heavy ion rays, and meson rays. be done.
- the power required for the satellite 6800 to operate is generated. However, less power is generated, for example, in situations where the solar panel is not illuminated by sunlight, or where the amount of sunlight illuminated by the solar panel is low. Thus, the power required for satellite 6800 to operate may not be generated.
- a secondary battery 6805 may be provided in the satellite 6800 so that the satellite 6800 can operate even when the generated power is low. Note that the solar panel is sometimes called a solar cell module.
- the artificial satellite 6800 can generate a signal.
- the signal is transmitted via antenna 6803 and can be received by, for example, a receiver located on the ground or other satellite. By receiving the signal transmitted by satellite 6800, the position of the receiver that received the signal can be determined.
- artificial satellite 6800 can constitute a satellite positioning system.
- control device 6807 has a function of controlling the artificial satellite 6800.
- the control device 6807 is configured using, for example, one or more selected from a CPU, a GPU, and a storage device.
- a semiconductor device including an OS transistor that is one embodiment of the present invention is preferably used for the control device 6807 .
- An OS transistor has less variation in electrical characteristics due to radiation irradiation than a Si transistor. In other words, it has high reliability and can be suitably used even in an environment where radiation may be incident.
- the artificial satellite 6800 can be configured to have a sensor.
- artificial satellite 6800 can have a function of detecting sunlight that hits and is reflected by an object provided on the ground.
- the artificial satellite 6800 can have a function of detecting thermal infrared rays emitted from the earth's surface by adopting a configuration having a thermal infrared sensor.
- artificial satellite 6800 can function as an earth observation satellite, for example.
- an artificial satellite is illustrated as an example of space equipment, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- a semiconductor device of one embodiment of the present invention can be suitably used for space equipment such as a spacecraft, a space capsule, and a space probe.
- ADDR signal, BGL: wiring, BL[1]: wiring, BL[j]: wiring, BL[n]: wiring, BL: wiring, BW: signal, Ca: capacitive element, Cb: capacitive element, CE: signal , Cj: capacitive element, CLK: signal, GV: gate valve, GW: signal, PL[1]: wiring, PL[2]: wiring, PL[3]: wiring, PL[i]: wiring, PL[j ]: wiring, PL[m]: wiring, PL: wiring, RDA: signal, Tr: transistor, Tra: transistor, Trb: transistor, Trj: transistor, WAKE: signal, WDA: signal, W i : width, WL[ 1]: wiring, WL[2]: wiring, WL[3]: wiring, WL[i]: wiring, WL[j]: wiring, WL[m]: wiring, WL: wiring, W m : width, 10 : Device 11: Wiring 12_1: Wir
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Abstract
Description
図2は、装置の構成例を示す図である。
図3A及び図3Bは、装置の構成例を示す図である。
図4A乃至図4Dは、装置の作製方法例を説明する図である。
図5A及び図5Bは、装置の作製方法例を説明する図である。
図6A及び図6Bは、装置の作製方法例を説明する図である。
図7A及び図7Bは、装置の作製方法例を説明する図である。
図8A及び図8Bは、装置の構成例を示す図である。
図9Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の上面図である。図9B乃至図9Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の断面図である。
図10は本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成を説明するための回路図である。
図11A乃至図11Cは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の断面図である。
図12A及び図12Bは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の断面図である。
図13A及び図13Bは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の断面図である。
図14は本発明の一態様である半導体装置の断面図である。
図15Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図15B乃至図15Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図16Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図16B乃至図16Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図17Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図17B乃至図17Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図18Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図18B乃至図18Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図19Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図19B乃至図19Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図20Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図20B乃至図20Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図21Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図21B乃至図21Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図22Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図22B乃至図22Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図23Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図23B乃至図23Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図24Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図24B乃至図24Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図25Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図25B乃至図25Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図26Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図26B乃至図26Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図27Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す上面図である。図27B乃至図27Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を示す断面図である。
図28は本発明の一態様に係るマイクロ波処理装置を説明する上面図である。
図29は本発明の一態様に係るマイクロ波処理装置を説明する断面模式図である。
図30は本発明の一態様に係るマイクロ波処理装置を説明する断面模式図である。
図31は本発明の一態様に係るマイクロ波処理装置を説明する模式図である。
図32Aは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の上面図である。図32B乃至図32Dは本発明の一態様である半導体装置の断面図である。
図33A及び図33Bは本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の断面図である。
図34A及び図34Bは本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成を説明するためのブロック図、及び模式図である。
図35A及び図35Bは本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成を説明するための模式図である。
図36A及び図36Bは本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成を説明するためのレイアウト図である。
図37は本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成を示す断面図である。
図38は本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の構成を示す断面図である。
図39A及び図39Bは本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の模式図である。
図40A及び図40Bは電子部品の一例を説明する図である。
図41A乃至図41Eは本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置の模式図である。
図42A乃至図42Hは本発明の一態様に係る電子機器を示す図である。
図43は、宇宙用機器の一例を示す図である。
図44は本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置の断面図である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の接続電極を有する接続部の構成例、及び接続部を有する装置の作製方法例について説明する。本発明の一態様は、接続部により接続された多層配線構造を有する電子装置に関する。本明細書等において、電子装置とは、電気的な作用を利用した装置を指す。
図1Aは、本発明の一態様の接続部20を有する装置10の上面概略図であり、図1Bは斜視概略図である。装置10は、複数の配線層が積層された多層配線構造を有する。ここでは一例として、4層の配線層を積層した構成を示すが、2層または3層の配線層を有する構成としてもよいし、5層以上の配線層を積層してもよい。図1A及び図1Bには、方位X、Y、Zを矢印で示している。
以下では、本発明の一態様の接続電極を備える装置の作製方法の一例について、図面を参照して説明する。ここでは、図1A、図1B及び図2で示した装置10を例に挙げて説明する。図4A乃至図6Bは、以下で例示する作製方法の各工程における断面概略図である。
以下では、本発明の一態様の接続電極、及び接続部を適用した半導体装置について説明する。本実施の形態では、図9A乃至図33B、及び図44を用いて、本発明の一態様である半導体装置の一例、およびその作製方法について説明する。本発明の一態様である半導体装置は、トランジスタ及び容量素子を有する。
図9を用いて、トランジスタ及び容量素子を有する半導体装置の構成を説明する。図9A乃至図9Dは、トランジスタ200a、トランジスタ200b、容量素子100a、及び容量素子100bを有する半導体装置の上面図および断面図である。図9Aは、当該半導体装置の上面図である。また、図9B乃至図9Dは、当該半導体装置の断面図である。ここで、図9Bは、図9AにA1−A2の一点鎖線で示す部位の断面図であり、トランジスタ200a及びトランジスタ200bのチャネル長方向の断面図でもある。また、図9Cは、図9AにA3−A4の一点鎖線で示す部位の断面図であり、トランジスタ200aのチャネル幅方向の断面図でもある。また、図9Dは、図9AにA5−A6の一点鎖線で示す部位の断面図である。なお、図9Aの上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。
図9A乃至図9Dに示すように、トランジスタ200は、絶縁体214上の絶縁体216と、絶縁体216に埋め込まれるように配置された導電体205(導電体205a、および導電体205b)と、絶縁体216上および導電体205上の絶縁体222と、絶縁体222上の絶縁体224と、絶縁体224上の酸化物230aと、酸化物230a上の酸化物230bと、酸化物230b上の導電体242a(導電体242a1及び導電体242a2)および導電体242b(導電体242b1及び導電体242b2)と、酸化物230b上の絶縁体253と、絶縁体253上の絶縁体254と、絶縁体254上に位置し、酸化物230bの一部と重なる導電体260(導電体260a、および導電体260b)と、絶縁体222上、絶縁体224上、酸化物230a上、酸化物230b上、導電体242a上、及び導電体242b上に配置される絶縁体275と、を有する。
図12Aに、図9Bにおける容量素子100及びその近傍の拡大図を示し、図12Bに、図9Dにおける容量素子100及びその近傍の拡大図を示す。
以下では、半導体装置に用いることができる構成材料について説明する。
トランジスタ200を形成する基板としては、例えば、絶縁体基板、半導体基板、または導電体基板を用いればよい。絶縁体基板としては、例えば、ガラス基板、石英基板、サファイア基板、安定化ジルコニア基板(イットリア安定化ジルコニア基板など)、樹脂基板などがある。また、半導体基板としては、例えば、シリコン、ゲルマニウムを材料とした半導体基板、または炭化シリコン、シリコンゲルマニウム、ヒ化ガリウム、リン化インジウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化ガリウムからなる化合物半導体基板などがある。さらには、前述の半導体基板内部に絶縁体領域を有する半導体基板、例えば、SOI(Silicon On Insulator)基板などがある。導電体基板としては、黒鉛基板、金属基板、合金基板、導電性樹脂基板などがある。または、金属の窒化物を有する基板、金属の酸化物を有する基板などがある。さらには、絶縁体基板に導電体または半導体が設けられた基板、半導体基板に導電体または絶縁体が設けられた基板、導電体基板に半導体または絶縁体が設けられた基板などがある。または、これらの基板に素子が設けられたものを用いてもよい。基板に設けられる素子としては、容量素子、抵抗素子、スイッチ素子、発光素子、記憶素子などがある。
絶縁体としては、絶縁性を有する酸化物、窒化物、酸化窒化物、窒化酸化物、金属酸化物、金属酸化窒化物、金属窒化酸化物などがある。
導電体としては、アルミニウム、クロム、銅、銀、金、白金、タンタル、ニッケル、チタン、モリブデン、タングステン、ハフニウム、バナジウム、ニオブ、マンガン、マグネシウム、ジルコニウム、ベリリウム、インジウム、ルテニウム、イリジウム、ストロンチウム、ランタンなどから選ばれた金属元素、または上述した金属元素を成分とする合金か、上述した金属元素を組み合わせた合金等を用いることが好ましい。例えば、窒化タンタル、窒化チタン、タングステン、チタンとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、タンタルとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、酸化ルテニウム、窒化ルテニウム、ストロンチウムとルテニウムを含む酸化物、ランタンとニッケルを含む酸化物などを用いることが好ましい。また、窒化タンタル、窒化チタン、チタンとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、タンタルとアルミニウムを含む窒化物、酸化ルテニウム、窒化ルテニウム、ストロンチウムとルテニウムを含む酸化物、ランタンとニッケルを含む酸化物は、酸化しにくい導電性材料、または、酸素を吸収しても導電性を維持する材料であるため、好ましい。また、リン等の不純物元素を含有させた多結晶シリコンに代表される、電気伝導度が高い半導体、ニッケルシリサイドなどのシリサイドを用いてもよい。
酸化物230として、半導体として機能する金属酸化物(酸化物半導体)を用いることが好ましい。以下では、本発明に係る酸化物230に適用可能な金属酸化物について説明する。
酸化物半導体の結晶構造としては、アモルファス(completely amorphousを含む)、CAAC(c−axis−aligned crystalline)、nc(nanocrystalline)、CAC(cloud−aligned composite)、単結晶(single crystal)、および多結晶(poly crystal)等が挙げられる。
なお、酸化物半導体は、構造に着目した場合、上記とは異なる分類となる場合がある。例えば、酸化物半導体は、単結晶酸化物半導体と、それ以外の非単結晶酸化物半導体と、に分けられる。非単結晶酸化物半導体としては、例えば、上述のCAAC−OS、及びnc−OSがある。また、非単結晶酸化物半導体には、多結晶酸化物半導体、擬似非晶質酸化物半導体(a−like OS:amorphous−like oxide semiconductor)、非晶質酸化物半導体、などが含まれる。
CAAC−OSは、複数の結晶領域を有し、当該複数の結晶領域はc軸が特定の方向に配向している酸化物半導体である。なお、特定の方向とは、CAAC−OS膜の厚さ方向、CAAC−OS膜の被形成面の法線方向、またはCAAC−OS膜の表面の法線方向である。また、結晶領域とは、原子配列に周期性を有する領域である。なお、原子配列を格子配列とみなすと、結晶領域とは、格子配列の揃った領域でもある。さらに、CAAC−OSは、a−b面方向において複数の結晶領域が連結する領域を有し、当該領域は歪みを有する場合がある。なお、歪みとは、複数の結晶領域が連結する領域において、格子配列の揃った領域と、別の格子配列の揃った領域と、の間で格子配列の向きが変化している箇所を指す。つまり、CAAC−OSは、c軸配向し、a−b面方向には明らかな配向をしていない酸化物半導体である。
nc−OSは、微小な領域(例えば、1nm以上10nm以下の領域、特に1nm以上3nm以下の領域)において原子配列に周期性を有する。別言すると、nc−OSは、微小な結晶を有する。なお、当該微小な結晶の大きさは、例えば、1nm以上10nm以下、特に1nm以上3nm以下であることから、当該微小な結晶をナノ結晶ともいう。また、nc−OSは、異なるナノ結晶間で結晶方位に規則性が見られない。そのため、膜全体で配向性が見られない。したがって、nc−OSは、分析方法によっては、a−like OSまたは非晶質酸化物半導体と区別が付かない場合がある。例えば、nc−OS膜に対し、XRD装置を用いて構造解析を行うと、θ/2θスキャンを用いたOut−of−plane XRD測定では、結晶性を示すピークが検出されない。また、nc−OS膜に対し、ナノ結晶よりも大きいプローブ径(例えば50nm以上)の電子線を用いる電子線回折(制限視野電子線回折ともいう)を行うと、ハローパターンのような回折パターンが観測される。一方、nc−OS膜に対し、ナノ結晶の大きさと近いかナノ結晶より小さいプローブ径(例えば1nm以上30nm以下)の電子線を用いる電子線回折(ナノビーム電子線回折ともいう)を行うと、ダイレクトスポットを中心とするリング状の領域内に複数のスポットが観測される電子線回折パターンが取得される場合がある。
a−like OSは、nc−OSと非晶質酸化物半導体との間の構造を有する酸化物半導体である。a−like OSは、鬆又は低密度領域を有する。即ち、a−like OSは、nc−OS及びCAAC−OSと比べて、結晶性が低い。また、a−like OSは、nc−OS及びCAAC−OSと比べて、膜中の水素濃度が高い。
次に、上述のCAC−OSの詳細について、説明を行う。なお、CAC−OSは材料構成に関する。
CAC−OSとは、例えば、金属酸化物を構成する元素が、0.5nm以上10nm以下、好ましくは、1nm以上3nm以下、またはその近傍のサイズで偏在した材料の一構成である。なお、以下では、金属酸化物において、一つまたは複数の金属元素が偏在し、該金属元素を有する領域が、0.5nm以上10nm以下、好ましくは、1nm以上3nm以下、またはその近傍のサイズで混合した状態をモザイク状、またはパッチ状ともいう。
続いて、上記酸化物半導体をトランジスタに用いる場合について説明する。
ここで、酸化物半導体中における各不純物の影響について説明する。
酸化物230は、トランジスタ200のチャネル形成領域を含む半導体層と言い換えることができる。なお、当該半導体層に用いることができる半導体材料は、上述の金属酸化物に限られない。当該半導体層として、バンドギャップを有する半導体材料(ゼロギャップ半導体ではない半導体材料)を用いてもよい。例えば、シリコンなどの単体元素の半導体、ヒ化ガリウムなどの化合物半導体、半導体として機能する層状物質(原子層物質、2次元材料などともいう)などを半導体材料に用いることが好ましい。特に、半導体として機能する層状物質を半導体材料に用いると好適である。
次に、図9A乃至図9Dに示す、本発明の一態様である半導体装置の作製方法を、図15A乃至図27Dを用いて説明する。
以下では、上記半導体装置の作製方法に用いることができる、マイクロ波処理装置について説明する。
以下では、図32A乃至図32Dを用いて、本発明の一態様である半導体装置の一例について説明する。
本実施の形態では、上記実施の形態で説明した半導体装置をメモリセルとして用いた記憶装置の構成例について説明する。
図34Aに、本発明の一態様に係る記憶装置50の構成例を示すブロック図を示す。図34Aに示す記憶装置50は、駆動回路71と、メモリセルアレイ70と、を有する。メモリセルアレイ70は、複数のメモリセル60を有する。図34Aでは、メモリセルアレイ70がm行n列(mおよびnは各々独立に2以上の整数である)のマトリクス状に配置された複数のメモリセル60を有する例を示している。
図36Aは、上記説明したメモリセル60における各配線および半導体層の配置例を説明するためのレイアウト図である。図36Aにおいて、X方向に延びて設けられる配線WLおよび配線PLと、半導体層61aおよび半導体層61bと、導電層62と、Z方向に延びて設けられる配線BLと、を図示している。図36Aに示す半導体層61aおよび半導体層61bのそれぞれは、1本の配線WL及び1本の配線PLと交差するように設けられ、半導体層61aおよび半導体層61bが導電層62を介して1本の配線BLに接続されることで、2つのメモリセル60が配置される様子を図示している。
本実施の形態では、図39Aおよび図39Bを用いて、本発明の半導体装置が実装されたチップ1200の一例を示す。チップ1200には、複数の回路(システム)が実装されている。このように、複数の回路(システム)を一つのチップに集積する技術を、システムオンチップ(System on Chip:SoC)と呼ぶ場合がある。
本実施の形態は、上記実施の形態に示す記憶装置などが組み込まれた電子部品および電子機器の一例を示す。
まず、記憶装置720が組み込まれた電子部品の例を、図40Aおよび図40Bを用いて説明を行う。
本実施の形態では、先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置を用いた記憶装置の応用例について説明する。先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置は、例えば、各種電子機器(例えば、情報端末、コンピュータ、スマートフォン、電子書籍端末、デジタルカメラ(ビデオカメラも含む)、録画再生装置、ナビゲーションシステムなど)の記憶装置に適用できる。なお、ここで、コンピュータとは、タブレット型のコンピュータ、ノート型のコンピュータ、デスクトップ型のコンピュータの他、サーバシステムのような大型のコンピュータを含むものである。または、先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置は、メモリカード(例えば、SDカード)、USBメモリ、SSD(ソリッド・ステート・ドライブ)等の各種のリムーバブル記憶装置に適用される。図41A乃至図41Eにリムーバブル記憶装置の幾つかの構成例を模式的に示す。例えば、先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置は、パッケージングされたメモリチップに加工され、様々なストレージ装置、リムーバブルメモリに用いられる。
本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置は、CPU、GPUなどのプロセッサ、記憶装置、またはチップに用いることができる。図42A乃至図42Hに、本発明の一態様に係るCPU、GPUなどのプロセッサ、記憶装置、またはチップを備えた電子機器の具体例を示す。
本発明の一態様に係るGPU、記憶装置、またはチップは、様々な電子機器に搭載することができる。電子機器の例としては、例えば、テレビジョン装置、デスクトップ型またはノート型の情報端末用などのモニタ、デジタルサイネージ(Digital Signage:電子看板)、パチンコ機などの大型ゲーム機、などの比較的大きな画面を備える電子機器の他、デジタルカメラ、デジタルビデオカメラ、デジタルフォトフレーム、電子ブックリーダー、携帯電話機、携帯型ゲーム機、携帯情報端末、音響再生装置、などが挙げられる。また、本発明の一態様に係るGPUまたはチップを電子機器に設けることにより、電子機器に人工知能を搭載することができる。
図42Aには、情報端末の一種である携帯電話(スマートフォン)が図示されている。情報端末5100は、筐体5101と、表示部5102と、を有しており、入力用インターフェースとして、タッチパネルが表示部5102に備えられ、ボタンが筐体5101に備えられている。
図42Cは、ゲーム機の一例である携帯ゲーム機5300を示している。携帯ゲーム機5300は、筐体5301、筐体5302、筐体5303、表示部5304、接続部5305、操作キー5306等を有する。筐体5302、および筐体5303は、筐体5301から取り外すことが可能である。筐体5301に設けられている接続部5305を別の筐体(図示せず)に取り付けることで、表示部5304に出力される映像を、別の映像機器(図示せず)に出力することができる。このとき、筐体5302、および筐体5303は、それぞれ操作部として機能することができる。これにより、複数のプレイヤーが同時にゲームを行うことができる。筐体5301、筐体5302、および筐体5303の基板に設けられているチップなどに先の実施の形態に示すチップを組み込むことができる。
本発明の一態様のGPU、記憶装置、またはチップは、大型コンピュータに適用することができる。
本発明の一態様のGPU、記憶装置、またはチップは、移動体である自動車、および自動車の運転席周辺に適用することができる。
図42Hは、電化製品の一例である電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800を示している。電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800は、筐体5801、冷蔵室用扉5802、冷凍室用扉5803等を有する。
本発明の一態様の半導体装置は、OSトランジスタを含む。当該OSトランジスタは、放射線照射による電気特性の変動が小さい。つまり放射線に対する耐性が高いため、放射線が入射しうる環境において好適に用いることができる。例えば、OSトランジスタは、宇宙空間にて使用する場合に好適に用いることができる。本実施の形態においては、本発明の一態様の半導体装置を宇宙用機器に適用する場合の具体例について、図43を用いて説明する。
Claims (19)
- 第1の導電体と、第2の導電体と、第1の絶縁体と、第2の絶縁体と、接続電極と、を有し、
前記第1の絶縁体は、前記第1の導電体上に設けられ、且つ前記第1の導電体と重なる第1の開口を有し、
前記第2の導電体は、前記第1の絶縁体上に設けられ、且つ前記第1の導電体と重なる第2の開口を有し、
前記第2の絶縁体は、前記第2の導電体上に設けられ、且つ前記第1の導電体と重なる第3の開口を有し、
前記第2の開口は、前記第3の開口よりも幅が小さい部分を有し、
前記接続電極は、前記第1の開口の内部、前記第2の開口の内部、及び前記第3の開口の内部に位置し、且つ、前記第1の導電体の上面と接し、
前記接続電極は、前記第2の導電体の上面の一部、及び側面の一部と接する領域を有する、電子装置。 - 請求項1において、
前記第2の開口は、前記第1の開口よりも幅が小さい部分を有し、
前記接続電極は、前記第2の導電体の下面の一部と接する領域を有する、電子装置。 - 請求項1または請求項2において、
前記接続電極は、第3の導電体と、第4の導電体と、を有し、
前記第3の導電体は、前記第1の開口の内側、前記第2の開口の内側、及び前記第3の開口の内側に位置し、
前記第4の導電体は、前記第3の導電体と前記第1の絶縁体との間、前記第3の導電体と前記第2の導電体との間、及び前記第3の導電体と前記第2の絶縁体との間に位置し、且つ、前記第2の導電体の上面の一部、及び側面の一部と接する領域を有する、電子装置。 - 請求項3において、
前記第3の導電体は、タンタル、タングステン、チタン、モリブデン、アルミニウム、または銅を含み、
前記第4の導電体は、窒化タンタル、窒化タングステン、または窒化チタンを含む、電子装置。 - 請求項3において、
前記第1の絶縁体は、前記第1の開口の内壁が凹曲面である部分を有し、
前記第3の導電体は、側面が凸曲面である部分を有する、電子装置。 - 請求項3において、
前記第1の開口の幅は、前記第2の開口の幅よりも小さく、
前記第3の導電体は、前記第1の開口の内側に位置する部分よりも、前記第3の開口の内側に位置する部分の幅が小さい、電子装置。 - 第1の導電体を形成し、
前記第1の導電体上に第1の絶縁体を形成し、
前記第1の絶縁体上に、前記第1の導電体と重なる第2の開口を有する第2の導電体を形成し、
前記第2の導電体上に第2の絶縁体を形成し、
前記第1の絶縁体に前記第1の導電体及び前記第2の開口と重なる第1の開口と、前記第2の絶縁体に前記第1の導電体及び前記第2の開口と重なる第3の開口と、を異方性の第1のエッチング処理により形成し、
等方性の第2のエッチング処理により、前記第1の開口及び前記第3の開口の幅を広げるように、前記第1の絶縁体及び前記第2の絶縁体の一部をエッチングし、
前記第1の開口、前記第2の開口、及び前記第3の開口の内部に、前記第1の導電体の上面に接し、且つ、前記第2の導電体の上面及び側面に接する接続電極を形成する、電子装置の作製方法。 - 請求項7において、
前記第1のエッチング処理と前記第2のエッチング処理に、ドライエッチングを用い、
前記第1のエッチング処理と前記第2のエッチング処理とは、同一の装置により大気に曝すことなく連続して行う、電子装置の作製方法。 - 請求項7において、
前記第1のエッチング処理にドライエッチングを用い、
前記第2のエッチング処理にウェットエッチングを用いる、電子装置の作製方法。 - トランジスタと、容量素子と、を有する半導体装置であって、
前記トランジスタは、
酸化物と、
前記酸化物上の、第1の導電体、及び第2の導電体と、
前記第1の導電体、及び前記第2の導電体上の、第1の絶縁体と、
前記第1の絶縁体上の、第2の絶縁体と、
前記酸化物上の、第3の絶縁体と、
前記第3の絶縁体上の、第3の導電体と、
を有し、
前記第2の絶縁体は、第1の開口、及び第2の開口を有し、
前記第1の絶縁体は、前記第1の開口と重畳する第3の開口を有し、
前記第1の開口、及び前記第3の開口は、前記酸化物と重畳する領域を有し、
前記第3の絶縁体、及び前記第3の導電体は、前記第1の開口内に配置され、
前記第3の導電体は、前記第3の絶縁体を介して、前記酸化物と重畳する領域を有し、
前記第3の絶縁体は、前記酸化物の上面、及び前記第1の開口の側壁とそれぞれ接する領域を有し、
前記容量素子は、前記第2の導電体と、前記第2の導電体上の前記第1の絶縁体と、前記第1の絶縁体上の第4の絶縁体と、前記第4の絶縁体上の第4の導電体を有し、
前記第4の絶縁体、及び前記第4の導電体は、前記第2の開口内に配置され、
前記トランジスタのチャネル長方向の断面視において、前記第1の導電体と前記第2の導電体の間の距離は、前記第1の開口の幅より小さい、半導体装置。 - 請求項10において、
前記第2の開口は、前記第2の導電体と重畳する領域を有し、
前記第4の導電体は、前記第1の絶縁体及び前記第4の絶縁体を介して、前記第2の導電体と重畳する領域を有し、
前記第4の絶縁体は、前記第1の絶縁体の上面、及び前記第2の開口の側壁とそれぞれ接する領域を有する、半導体装置。 - 請求項10または請求項11において、
前記第3の絶縁体は、第5の絶縁体と、前記第5の絶縁体上の第6の絶縁体と、を有し、
前記第4の絶縁体は、第7の絶縁体と、前記第7の絶縁体上の第8の絶縁体と、を有し、
前記第5の絶縁体は、前記第7の絶縁体と、同じ絶縁性材料を有し、
前記第6の絶縁体は、前記第8の絶縁体と、同じ絶縁性材料を有し、
前記第3の導電体は、前記第4の導電体と、同じ導電性材料を有する、半導体装置。 - 請求項10乃至請求項12のいずれか一項において、
前記第1の導電体、及び前記第2の導電体の互いに対向する側面は、前記酸化物の上面に対して概略垂直である、半導体装置。 - 請求項10乃至請求項13のいずれか一項において、
前記第1の導電体は、第5の導電体と、前記第5の導電体上の第6の導電体と、を有し、
前記第2の導電体は、第7の導電体と、前記第7の導電体上の第8の導電体と、を有し、
前記第5の導電体は、前記第7の導電体と、同じ導電性材料を有し、
前記第6の導電体は、前記第8の導電体と、同じ導電性材料を有する、半導体装置。 - 請求項10乃至請求項14のいずれか一項において、
前記酸化物は、インジウムと、亜鉛と、ガリウム、アルミニウム、及び錫から選ばれる一または複数と、を有する、半導体装置。 - 酸化物と、第1の導電体乃至第3の導電体と、第1の絶縁体乃至第3の絶縁体と、を有するトランジスタと、
前記第2の導電体と、前記第1の絶縁体と、第4の絶縁体と、第4の導電体と、を有する容量素子と、
を有する半導体装置の作製方法において、
前記酸化物、及び前記酸化物上の導電層を覆って、前記第1の絶縁体を形成し、
前記第1の絶縁体上に前記第2の絶縁体を形成し、
前記第2の絶縁体に、前記第1の絶縁体の上面が露出する、第1の開口及び第2の開口を形成し、
前記第2の絶縁体、及び前記第2の開口を覆うマスク層を形成し、
前記マスク層は、前記第1の開口と重なる領域を有する第4の開口を有し、
前記トランジスタのチャネル長方向の断面視において、前記第4の開口の幅は、前記第1の開口の幅より小さく、
前記マスク層を用いて、前記第1の絶縁体及び前記導電層をエッチングすることで、前記第1の絶縁体に第3の開口を形成し、前記導電層から前記第1の導電体及び前記第2の導電体を形成し、
前記第2の絶縁体、前記第1の開口、及び前記第2の開口を覆って、絶縁膜を成膜し、
前記絶縁膜上に導電膜を成膜し、
前記絶縁膜及び前記導電膜の、前記第1の開口及び前記第2の開口から露出した部分を除去して、前記第1の開口の中に前記第3の絶縁体及び前記第3の導電体を形成し、前記第2の開口の中に前記第4の絶縁体及び前記第4の導電体を形成する、半導体装置の作製方法。 - メモリセルを含む層を複数有し、
前記メモリセルは、トランジスタおよび容量素子を有し、
複数の前記層は、積層され、
前記トランジスタは、ソース電極またはドレイン電極の一方として機能する第1の導電体と、前記ソース電極または前記ドレイン電極の他方として機能する第2の導電体と、ゲート電極として機能する第3の導電体と、を有し、
前記容量素子は、一対の電極の一方として機能する前記第2の導電体と、前記一対の電極の他方として機能する第4の導電体と、を有し、
複数の前記層はそれぞれ、前記第3の導電体に電気的に接続される第1配線と、前記第4の導電体に電気的に接続される第2配線と、を有し、
複数の前記層のそれぞれが有する開口は重なる領域を有し、
複数の前記層のそれぞれが有する前記開口内に、第5の導電体が配置され、
前記第5の導電体は、複数の前記層のそれぞれが有する前記第1の導電体と電気的に接続している、記憶装置。 - 請求項17において、前記第5の導電体は、第6の導電体と、前記第6の導電体上の第7の導電体と、を有し、
前記第6の導電体は、チタンと、窒素と、を有し、
前記第7の導電体は、タングステンを有する、記憶装置。 - 請求項17または請求項18において、
駆動回路を有し、
複数の前記層は、前記駆動回路上に重ねて設けられる、記憶装置。
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