WO2022231253A1 - 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질과 이의 제조 방법 및 리튬 이차 전지 - Google Patents
리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질과 이의 제조 방법 및 리튬 이차 전지 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022231253A1 WO2022231253A1 PCT/KR2022/005906 KR2022005906W WO2022231253A1 WO 2022231253 A1 WO2022231253 A1 WO 2022231253A1 KR 2022005906 W KR2022005906 W KR 2022005906W WO 2022231253 A1 WO2022231253 A1 WO 2022231253A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- active material
- lithium
- positive electrode
- formula
- secondary battery
- Prior art date
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 121
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 101
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 98
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000001683 neutron diffraction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 80
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910005576 NibM1 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 65
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 13
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- -1 laminates Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 7
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910018553 Ni—O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005315 distribution function Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003991 Rietveld refinement Methods 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 3
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrrole Chemical compound C=1C=CNC=1 KAESVJOAVNADME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 229910052795 boron group element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052800 carbon group element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002696 manganese Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011356 non-aqueous organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanal Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=O IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminum fluoride Inorganic materials F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium chloride Substances [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910021583 Cobalt(III) fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920002153 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015118 LiMO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021380 Manganese Chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Manganese chloride Chemical compound Cl[Mn]Cl GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910021569 Manganese fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021586 Nickel(II) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000080590 Niso Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910008326 Si-Y Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910006773 Si—Y Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910020997 Sn-Y Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910008859 Sn—Y Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RLTFLELMPUMVEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[V+5] Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[V+5] RLTFLELMPUMVEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005993 acrylate styrene-butadiene rubber polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia Natural products N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005466 carboxylated polyvinylchloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Co+2] GVPFVAHMJGGAJG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- YCYBZKSMUPTWEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(ii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Co]F YCYBZKSMUPTWEE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005994 diacetyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- CTNMMTCXUUFYAP-UHFFFAOYSA-L difluoromanganese Chemical compound F[Mn]F CTNMMTCXUUFYAP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052730 francium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011565 manganese chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002867 manganese chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940099607 manganese chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000007079 manganese sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MIVBAHRSNUNMPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SQQMAOCOWKFBNP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O LGQLOGILCSXPEA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000363 nickel(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DBJLJFTWODWSOF-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(ii) fluoride Chemical compound F[Ni]F DBJLJFTWODWSOF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000307 polymer substrate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000973 polyvinylchloride carboxylated Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/80—Compositional purity
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- LiMO 2 , M Ni, Co, Mn, etc.
- LiNiO 2 and high nickel layered positive electrode materials have the highest capacity, but due to the instability of Ni(III), it is difficult to synthesize stoichiometric materials, and small changes in lithium There is also a problem in that the electrochemical properties change significantly.
- a lithium-excess high nickel-based positive electrode active material having high price competitiveness, high stability, and high energy density, a method for manufacturing the same, and a lithium secondary battery including the same.
- the molar content of lithium present in the structure of the positive active material, measured through neutron diffraction analysis, is 1.02 to 1.15 with respect to 1 mole of the positive active material
- a positive active material for a lithium secondary battery in which a change in the c-axis lattice parameter of the R-3m structure according to charging and discharging in the range of 2.5 V to 4.25 V is less than 2.3%.
- M 1 is at least one element selected from Co, Mn, Al, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W to be.
- a precursor containing the compound represented by Formula 11 and a lithium raw material are mixed in a molar ratio of 1: 1.06 to 1: 1.3, and heat-treated in a temperature range of 680 ° C to 780 ° C
- a method for manufacturing a positive active material is provided.
- M 11 is one or more elements selected from Co, Mn, Al, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W.
- a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode including the positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte is provided.
- the positive electrode active material and the lithium secondary battery including the same realize high price competitiveness, high stability, high energy density, high capacity, and high lifespan characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the chemical structure of a lithium-excess high nickel-based positive electrode active material.
- Example 3 is a real-time X-ray diffraction pattern analysis graph for the positive active material of Example 4.
- Example 4 is a real-time X-ray diffraction pattern analysis graph for the positive active material of Example 8;
- Example 6 is a graph showing a change in lattice constant according to real-time X-ray diffraction analysis for the positive active material of Example 4;
- Example 7 is a graph showing a change in lattice constant according to real-time X-ray diffraction analysis of the positive active material of Example 8;
- FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating a change in lattice constant according to real-time X-ray diffraction analysis for a second charge/discharge of the positive active material of Example 4;
- Example 10 is a graph illustrating a change in lattice constant according to real-time X-ray diffraction analysis for a second charge/discharge of the positive active material of Example 8;
- FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating a change in lattice constant according to real-time X-ray diffraction analysis for a second charge/discharge of the positive active material of Comparative Example 5;
- the “layer” herein includes not only a shape formed on the entire surface when viewed from a plan view, but also a shape formed on a partial surface.
- the positive active material for a lithium secondary battery is a lithium-excess high nickel-based layered positive electrode active material including a compound represented by Formula 1 below.
- M 1 is at least one element selected from Co, Mn, Al, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W to be.
- the lithium excess means that the lithium occupies a part of the transition metal sites due to excessive lithium entering the structure of the active material.
- 1 is a diagram showing the chemical structure of a positive electrode active material according to an embodiment, and shows a structure in which excess lithium is contained in a portion of a transition metal site such as Ni, Co, and/or Mn.
- the molar content of lithium present in the structure of the positive active material is 1.02 to 1.15 with respect to 1 mole of the positive active material.
- the molar content of lithium may be measured, for example, through neutron diffraction analysis.
- the molar content of lithium present in the structure of the positive active material may be expressed as 1.02 to 1.15 per mole of the compound represented by Formula 1 above.
- the range of a in (1+a) representing the lithium content in the structure of the active material may be, for example, 0.005 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.19, 0.01 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.17, or 0.02 ⁇ a ⁇ 0.15.
- the high nickel-base means that the content of nickel in the active material is high, and specifically, it may mean that the content of nickel is more than 80 mol% based on the total content of transition metals excluding lithium, for example, The content may be 81 mol% or more, 85 mol% or more, 89 mol% or more, 90 mol% or more, or 92 mol% or more.
- the b value representing the nickel content in Formula 1 is, for example, 0.81 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.99, 0.83 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.99, 0.85 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.99, 0.87 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.99, 0.89 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.99, 0.90 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.99 , 0.91 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.99, 0.92 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.99, or 0.81 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.98.
- the positive active material according to the exemplary embodiment is a high nickel-based material having a nickel content of more than 80 mol% and a lithium excess active material having a lithium content of 1.02 to 1.15 mol content into the active material structure.
- the high nickel-based positive electrode active material realizes a high capacity, but first of all, the synthesis itself is difficult and structural stability is difficult to secure. This problem frequently occurs and it is difficult to secure battery safety.
- lithium raw material is added during synthesis to lower the cation mixing and increase the capacity, lithium does not enter the active material structure and remains in the form of impurities such as Li 2 CO 3 or Li 2 O in many cases, and these impurities are reduce the dose and cause stability problems.
- the present inventors have found that the electrochemical properties of the lithium-excess high nickel-based layered positive electrode active material are greatly changed due to a slight change in the lithium composition and a change in the synthesis temperature, and the synthesis is carried out in a specific temperature range within a specific lithium content range
- the positive active material has a very high nickel content and a certain amount of lithium into the active material structure, and has a stable structure in which the c-axis lattice constant change rate of the R-3m structure according to charging and discharging in the range of 2.5 V to 4.25 V is less than 2.3%. It was confirmed that it can be successfully synthesized. In addition, it was confirmed that the battery life characteristics and stability were improved while the synthesized positive active material realized high capacity and high energy density.
- the change in the c-axis lattice constant is less than 2.3% when charging and discharging is performed in the range of 2.5 V to 4.25 V.
- a real-time X-ray diffraction pattern analysis is performed while charging and discharging a lithium secondary battery to which the positive electrode active material is applied in a range of 2.5 V to 4.25 V, and a change in lattice constant is analyzed accordingly.
- the change in the X-ray diffraction peak is very small, and the change in the a-axis lattice parameter and the c-axis lattice parameter is small, and in particular, the change in the c-axis lattice constant is small.
- the rate of change of is less than 2.3%. It is understood that the phase transition is suppressed due to lithium present in the transition metal layer, and thus the change in the lattice constant is reduced.
- the lattice constant change rate satisfies the above range, the occurrence of strain and cracks in the positive electrode active material during charging and discharging is suppressed, and the phenomenon that the positive active material is broken or peeled off is reduced, and the lifespan characteristics of the lithium secondary battery are improved. dramatically improved
- the c-axis lattice constant change of the layered structure of the compound represented by Formula 1 measured through real-time X-ray diffraction analysis during charging and discharging of 2.5 V to 4.25 V may be expressed as less than 2.3%.
- the c-axis lattice constant change of the positive active material measured through real-time X-ray diffraction analysis may be expressed as less than 2.3%.
- the c-axis lattice constant may be a value measured by the R-3m structural model or a value measured by the C2/m structural model. Alternatively, it may be a value measured by a mixture model of the R-3m structure and the C2/m structure. No matter which structural model is used, the change rate of the c-axis lattice constant according to charging and discharging can satisfy less than 2.3%.
- the change in the c-axis lattice constant of the positive electrode active material according to the charge/discharge may be, for example, 2.2% or less, 2.0% or less, 1.8% or less, 1.7% or less, 1.5% or less, or 1.0% or less, 0.1% or more, 0.2% or more, 0.3% or more, 0.4% or more, or 0.5% or more.
- the positive electrode active material satisfying the above range is structurally very stable and does not collapse or break even after repeated charging and discharging, thereby exhibiting excellent lifespan characteristics and realizing a high capacity.
- the rate of change (%) of the c-axis lattice constant of the positive electrode active material according to charging and discharging may be derived through the formula ⁇ (MAX-MIN)/MAX x 100 ⁇ .
- MAX is the maximum value of the c-axis grid during charging and discharging in the range of 2.5 V to 4.25 V
- MIN means the minimum value of the c-axis grid.
- a change in the c-axis lattice constant of the R-3m structure according to charging and discharging in the range of 2.5 V to 4.25 V may be, for example, 0.33 ⁇ or less, 0.32 ⁇ or less, 0.31 ⁇ or less, 0.30 ⁇ or less, 0.30 ⁇ or less, 0.28 ⁇ or less, 0.26 ⁇ or less, or 0.25 ⁇ or less, and may be 0.01 ⁇ or more, 0.05 ⁇ or more, or 0.08 ⁇ or more.
- the cathode active material may exhibit excellent lifespan characteristics by suppressing the structure collapse or breakage even after repeated charging and discharging.
- the change in the c-axis lattice constant means a value obtained by subtracting the minimum value MIN from the maximum value MAX of the c-axis grid during charging and discharging in the range of 2.5 V to 4.25 V.
- the minimum value of the c-axis lattice constant during charging and discharging in the range of 2.5 V to 4.25 V may be 99.5% or more of the initial lattice constant, for example, 99.6% or more, 99.7% or more, 99.8% or more, or 99.9% or more.
- the positive active material can maintain structural stability even after repeated charging and discharging, thereby exhibiting excellent lifespan characteristics.
- the cathode active material may also have a c-axis lattice constant of 13.90 ⁇ to 14.46 ⁇ that changes during charging and discharging in the range of 2.5 V to 4.25 V, for example, 13.90 ⁇ to 14.40 ⁇ , or 14.00 ⁇ to 14.30 ⁇ , or 14.13 ⁇ to 14.22 ⁇ , 14.16 ⁇ to 14.41 ⁇ .
- the positive active material may realize structural stability even after repeated charging and discharging, and thus may exhibit high lifespan characteristics.
- the change in the c-axis lattice constant may mean a value during repeated charging and discharging, such as second and third charging, as well as a value during initial charging and discharging. That is, the positive electrode active material according to the exemplary embodiment is structurally stable and may show a very low change in the c-axis lattice constant even after repeated charging and discharging.
- the cation mixing which means the content of nickel in the lithium site, is less than 5 atomic %.
- the capacity is reduced due to excessive cation mixing in which Ni 2+ ions occupy lithium sites.
- excess lithium occupies some of the transition metal sites, and the average oxidation number of the transition metal increases, and thus the cation mixing decreases.
- the average oxidation number of nickel was increased due to excess lithium, the formation of a rock salt phase of the Ni(II)-O bond on the surface of the positive electrode active material was suppressed, and the cation mixing was reduced, thereby suppressing the elution of nickel.
- the cation mixture may be, for example, less than 4.5 atomic %, less than 4.0 atomic %, or less than 3.5 atomic %. When the cation mixing satisfies the above range, the positive active material may realize sufficient capacity and secure battery stability.
- the positive active material has a very low content of impurities such as Li 2 CO -3 and Li 2 O remaining in the active material because excessively added lithium has been successfully introduced into the active material structure.
- the content of Li 2 CO- 3 present in the positive active material may be less than 0.5 wt%, for example, less than 0.4 wt%.
- the content of Li 2 O present in the positive active material may be less than 1.0 wt%, for example, less than 0.8 wt% or less than 0.5 wt%.
- the content of Li 2 CO -3 and Li 2 O may be measured, for example, through X-ray diffraction analysis.
- the positive electrode active material may include a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 2.
- M 2 is Co, Al, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, It is at least one element selected from Zr, Nb, Mo, and W.
- the positive active material including the compound represented by Formula 2 may exhibit excellent battery characteristics such as high lifespan characteristics while implementing high capacity.
- the positive active material may include a compound represented by Formula 3 below.
- M 3 is Mn, Al, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, It is at least one element selected from Zr, Nb, Mo, and W.
- the positive electrode active material including the compound represented by Formula 3 may exhibit excellent battery characteristics such as high lifespan characteristics while implementing high capacity.
- the positive active material may include a compound represented by Formula 4 below.
- M 4 is Al, Mg, Ca, It is at least one element selected from Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W.
- the positive electrode active material including the compound represented by Formula 4 may exhibit excellent battery characteristics such as high lifespan characteristics while implementing high capacity.
- the average particle diameter of the positive active material may be about 2 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, for example, 5 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m, or 10 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- a positive electrode active material having a high tap density and a high energy density per volume may be realized.
- the method for preparing the positive active material includes mixing a precursor containing a compound represented by the following Chemical Formula 11 and a lithium raw material in a molar ratio of 1: 1.06 to 1: 1.3, and heat-treating at a temperature range of 650 ° C. to 780 ° C.
- M 11 is one or more elements selected from Co, Mn, Al, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, and W.
- this manufacturing method it is possible to successfully synthesize a layered positive electrode active material having a high nickel-based material having a nickel content of more than 80 mol% and having an excess of lithium into the structure, and the change in the c-axis lattice constant according to charging and discharging is reduced. It is possible to synthesize a cathode active material of less than 2.3%, and the synthesized cathode active material can exhibit excellent battery characteristics such as high lifespan characteristics while realizing a high capacity and high energy density.
- the compound represented by Chemical Formula 11 is a transition metal hydroxide containing nickel, and is a precursor of the positive electrode active material.
- b11 represents the molar content of nickel with respect to the total content of transition metals, for example, 0.81 ⁇ b11 ⁇ 0.99, 0.83 ⁇ b11 ⁇ 0.99, 0.85 ⁇ b11 ⁇ 0.99, 0.87 ⁇ b11 ⁇ 0.99, 0.89 ⁇ b11 ⁇ 0.99, 0.90 ⁇ b11 ⁇ 0.99, 0.91 ⁇ b11 ⁇ 0.99, 0.92 ⁇ b11 ⁇ 0.99, or 0.81 ⁇ b11 ⁇ 0.98.
- the transition metal hydroxide precursor and the lithium raw material are mixed in a molar ratio of 1: 1.06 to 1: 1.3 and heat-treated in a temperature range of 680 ° C to 780 ° C, thereby maintaining a stable structure and realizing high capacity lithium excess high nickel
- the positive electrode active material was successfully synthesized.
- the mixing ratio of the transition metal hydroxide precursor and the lithium raw material may be, for example, a molar ratio of 1:1.06 to 1:1.25, or 1:1.06 to 1:1.2.
- the heat treatment temperature is, for example, 680 °C to 750 °C, 680 °C to 740 °C, 680 °C to 730 °C, 680 °C to 710 °C, 680 °C to 700 °C, or 690 °C to 780 °C, or 700 °C to 750 °C. °C.
- the mixing ratio of the transition metal hydroxide precursor and the lithium raw material satisfies the above range and the heat treatment temperature satisfies the above range, the desired lithium-excess high nickel-based positive electrode active material can be successfully synthesized.
- the synthesized cathode active material may exhibit excellent battery characteristics such as high lifespan characteristics while implementing high capacity and high energy density.
- the transition metal hydroxide that is, the precursor of the positive electrode active material may be prepared by a general co-precipitation method.
- the precursor is an aqueous solution of a metal salt containing a nickel raw material such as a nickel salt, and an aqueous alkali solution such as an aqueous ammonia solution as a chelating agent, etc. 2 can be prepared by co-precipitation reaction while injecting.
- the nickel salt may be nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate, nickel chloride, nickel fluoride, or a combination thereof.
- the aqueous metal salt solution may further include a cobalt salt, a manganese salt, an aluminum salt, etc. in addition to the nickel salt.
- the cobalt salt may be, for example, cobalt sulfate, cobalt nitrate, cobalt chloride, cobalt fluoride, or a combination thereof.
- the manganese salt may be, for example, manganese sulfate, manganese nitrate, manganese chloride, manganese fluoride, or a combination thereof
- the aluminum salt is, for example, aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, aluminum chloride, aluminum fluoride, or a combination thereof.
- the lithium raw material may include, for example, Li 2 CO 3 , LiOH, or a combination thereof.
- a positive electrode comprising the above-described positive active material; cathode; and a lithium secondary battery including a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the positive electrode includes a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer disposed on the current collector.
- the positive active material layer may include a positive active material, and the positive active material may include the positive active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the embodiment described above.
- the content of the cathode active material may be 90 wt% to 99 wt% based on the total weight of the cathode active material layer.
- the positive active material layer may further include a binder and/or a conductive material.
- the content of the binder and the conductive material may be 1 wt% to 5 wt%, respectively, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the binder serves to well adhere the positive active material particles to each other and also to adhere the positive active material to the current collector.
- Representative examples of the binder include polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, polyvinyl chloride, carboxylated polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl fluoride, a polymer including ethylene oxide, polyvinyl pyrrol Don, polyurethane, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, polypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, acrylated styrene-butadiene rubber, epoxy resin, nylon, etc. may be used, but is not limited thereto. .
- the conductive material is used to impart conductivity to the electrode, and in the configured battery, any electronically conductive material may be used without causing a chemical change.
- the conductive material include carbon-based materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, and carbon fiber; metal-based substances such as metal powders such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver, or metal fibers; conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives; or a conductive material containing a mixture thereof.
- the positive electrode current collector may be an aluminum foil, a nickel foil, or a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.
- the negative electrode includes a current collector and an anode active material layer formed on the current collector, and the anode active material layer includes an anode active material.
- the negative active material includes a material capable of reversibly intercalating/deintercalating lithium ions, lithium metal, an alloy of lithium metal, a material capable of doping and dedoping lithium, or a transition metal oxide.
- the material capable of reversibly intercalating/deintercalating lithium ions is a carbon material, and any carbon-based negative active material generally used in lithium ion secondary batteries may be used, and a representative example thereof is crystalline carbon. , amorphous carbon or these may be used together.
- the lithium metal alloy includes lithium and Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Si, Sb, Pb, In, Zn, Ba, Ra, Ge, Al and Sn from the group consisting of Alloys of selected metals may be used.
- Examples of materials capable of doping and dedoping lithium include Si, SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), Si-Y alloy (where Y is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, group 13 element, group 14 element, transition metal, An element selected from the group consisting of rare earth elements and combinations thereof, but not Si), Sn, SnO 2 , Sn-Y (wherein Y is an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a group 13 element, a group 14 element, a transition metal, a rare earth) an element selected from the group consisting of elements and combinations thereof, not Sn); and the like.
- the anode active material layer also includes a binder, and may optionally further include a conductive material.
- the binder serves to well adhere the negative active material particles to each other and also to adhere the negative active material well to the current collector.
- the conductive material is used to impart conductivity to the electrode, and in the configured battery, any electronically conductive material may be used without causing a chemical change.
- the current collector may be selected from the group consisting of copper foil, nickel foil, stainless steel foil, titanium foil, nickel foam, copper foam, a polymer substrate coated with conductive metal, and combinations thereof.
- the negative electrode and the positive electrode are prepared by mixing an active material, a conductive material, and a binder in a solvent to prepare an active material composition, and applying the composition to a current collector. Since such an electrode manufacturing method is widely known in the art, a detailed description thereof will be omitted herein.
- the solvent may include, but is not limited to, N-methylpyrrolidone.
- the electrolyte includes a non-aqueous organic solvent and a lithium salt.
- the non-aqueous organic solvent serves as a medium through which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move.
- the lithium salt is dissolved in an organic solvent, acts as a source of lithium ions in the battery, enables basic lithium secondary battery operation, and serves to promote movement of lithium ions between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a separator may exist between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a separator polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, or a multilayer film of two or more layers thereof may be used.
- a polyethylene/polypropylene two-layer separator, a polyethylene/polypropylene/polyethylene three-layer separator, and polypropylene/polyethylene/poly It goes without saying that a mixed multilayer film such as a propylene three-layer separator or the like can be used.
- Lithium secondary batteries can be classified into lithium ion batteries, lithium ion polymer batteries, and lithium polymer batteries depending on the type of separator and electrolyte used, and can be classified into cylindrical, prismatic, coin-type, pouch-type, etc. according to the shape. According to the size, it can be divided into a bulk type and a thin film type. Since the structure and manufacturing method of these batteries are well known in the art, a detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- a precursor having a composition of Ni 0.92 Co 0.04 Mn 0.04 (OH) 2 is prepared by a general co-precipitation method. Specifically, an aqueous metal salt solution is prepared by dissolving NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O, CoSO 4 ⁇ 7H 2 O, and MnSO 4 ⁇ H 2 O in distilled water. After preparing the co-precipitation reactor, N 2 is injected to prevent oxidation of metal ions during the co-precipitation reaction, and the reactor temperature is maintained at 50°C. NH 4 (OH) as a chelating agent is added to the co-precipitation reactor, and NaOH is added to adjust pH. The precipitate obtained according to the co-precipitation process is filtered, washed with distilled water, and dried in an oven at 100° C. for 24 hours to prepare a cathode active material precursor having an average diameter of about 14.8 ⁇ m.
- the precursor of the positive electrode active material, the positive electrode active material, and the battery were prepared in the same manner, except that the mixing ratio of the precursor and LiOH ⁇ H 2 O and the heat treatment temperature were changed as shown in Table 1 below. .
- Evaluation Example 1 Analysis of lithium content in the structure of the positive active material through neutron diffraction analysis
- 3 to 5 are real-time X-ray diffraction patterns of Example 4, Example 8, and Comparative Example 5 in order. 3 to 5 , it can be seen that in Examples 4 and 8, the position change of the X-ray diffraction peak is smaller than in Comparative Example 5.
- 6 to 8 are graphs showing lattice constant changes by real-time X-ray diffraction analysis for Example 4, Example 8, and Comparative Example 5 in order. 6 to 8 , it can be seen that in Examples 4 and 8, the change in the lattice constant is smaller than in Comparative Example 5. Through this, it can be seen that structural collapse or cracks caused by charging and discharging are suppressed in the active material prepared in Examples, and thus, it is understood that the lifespan characteristics of the battery are improved.
- FIGS. 9 to 11 show the lattice constant change according to real-time X-ray diffraction analysis after performing a second charge/discharge in the range of 2.5 V to 4.25 V for the batteries prepared in Example 4, Example 8, and Comparative Example 5 in order. It is a graph. It can be seen from FIGS. 9 to 11 that the change of the lattice constant is smaller in the case of the Example than in the comparative example. Through this, it can be seen that the change of the lattice constant is a reversible characteristic, not a characteristic of only the first cycle.
- Table 2 is a table showing the c-axis lattice constants measured during initial charging and discharging for Examples 4, 8, and Comparative Examples 5, 11, and 12.
- Table 3 is a table showing the c-axis lattice constants measured during the second charge/discharge for Examples 4, 8, and Comparative Examples 5, 11, and 12.
- the rate of change of the c-axis lattice constant of the R-3m structure during the initial and second charging and discharging in the range of 2.5 V to 4.25 V is less than 2.3%, and the It can be seen that the maximum value is less than 14.41 ⁇ , and the change value of the c-axis lattice constant is 0.35 ⁇ or less. Accordingly, it is understood that the positive electrode active materials of the embodiments are structurally very stable and exhibit high lifespan characteristics without collapsing even during repeated charging and discharging.
- the molar content of lithium present in the structure of the positive electrode active material is determined by adjusting the molar ratio of the lithium raw material to the precursor to 1:1.06 to 1:1.3 and adjusting the sintering temperature to 680°C to 780°C. In the case of the examples adjusted to 1.02 to 1.15, it can be seen that the rate of change of the c-axis lattice constant during charging and discharging is less than 2.3%.
- FIG. 13 is a PDF analysis result for the positive active material prepared in Examples 4, 8, and Comparative Example 5 to be. 12 and 13, in the case of Comparative Examples 1 and 5 synthesized at 800° C., there is no significant difference in the Ni-O bonding distance. This means that the lithium/transition metal ratio in the crystal structure is maintained almost constant regardless of the lithium/transition metal ratio input during synthesis.
- the contents of residual impurities Li 2 CO 3 , and Li 2 O were measured through Rietveld analysis using X-ray diffraction analysis for the positive active materials prepared in Examples 1 to 8 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, 11, and 12.
- the content of impurities in the cathode active material of Comparative Examples 1 to 5 is shown in FIG. 15
- the content of impurities in the cathode active material of Comparative Example 12 and Examples 5 to 8 is shown in FIG. 16
- Comparative Example 11 and Example The content of impurities for the positive active materials 1 to 4 is shown in FIG. 17 .
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Abstract
Description
전구체에 대한 리튬 원료의 몰비율 | 소성 온도 (℃) | |
비교예 11 | 1.03 | 700 |
실시예 1 | 1.06 | 700 |
실시예 2 | 1.10 | 700 |
실시예 3 | 1.16 | 700 |
실시예 4 | 1.30 | 700 |
비교예 12 | 1.03 | 750 |
실시예 5 | 1.06 | 750 |
실시예 6 | 1.10 | 750 |
실시예 7 | 1.16 | 750 |
실시예 8 | 1.30 | 750 |
비교예 1 | 1.03 | 800 |
비교예 2 | 1.06 | 800 |
비교예 3 | 1.10 | 800 |
비교예 4 | 1.16 | 800 |
비교예 5 | 1.30 | 800 |
첫번째 충방전 | 전구체에 대한 리튬 몰비, 소성온도 | c축 격자 상수 (Å) | c축 격자 상수 변화(Max-Min) (Å) |
c축 격자 상수 변화율% ((Max-Min)/Max *100) | ||||
2.5 V 충전 전 | 4.25 V 충전 시 | 2.5 V 방전 후 | 충방전 중 최대값 | 충방전 중 최소값 | ||||
실시예4 | 1.30, 700℃ | 14.083 | 14.181 | 14.142 | 14.216 | 14.083 | 0.133 | 0.938 |
실시예8 | 1.30, 750℃ |
14.168 | 14.177 | 14.220 | 14.410 | 14.168 | 0.242 | 1.680 |
비교예5 | 1.30, 800℃ |
14.148 | 14.075 | 14.200 | 14.413 | 14.075 | 0.338 | 2.345 |
비교예11 | 1.03, 700℃ |
14.161 | 13.941 | 14.193 | 14.300 | 13.941 | 0.359 | 2.507 |
비교예12 | 1.03, 750℃ |
14.178 | 13.929 | 14.231 | 14.434 | 13.929 | 0.505 | 3.498 |
비교예1 | 1.03, 800℃ |
14.178 | 13.915 | 14.223 | 14.460 | 13.915 | 0.545 | 3.768 |
두번째 충방전 | 전구체에 대한 리튬 몰비, 소성온도 | c축 격자 상수 (Å) | c축 격자 상수 변화(Max-Min) (Å) |
C축 격자 상수 변화 % ((Max-Min)/Max *100) | ||||
2.5 V 충전 전 | 4.25 V 충전 시 | 2.5 V 방전 후 | 충방전 중 최대값 | 충방전 중 최소값 | ||||
실시예4 | 1.30, 700℃ | 14.140 | 14.179 | 14.131 | 14.216 | 14.131 | 0.085 | 0.598 |
실시예8 | 1.30, 750℃ |
14.224 | 14.163 | 14.240 | 14.408 | 14.163 | 0.245 | 1.698 |
비교예5 | 1.30, 800℃ |
14.205 | 14.027 | 14.193 | 14.412 | 14.027 | 0.385 | 2.671 |
비교예11 | 1.03, 700℃ |
14.195 | 13.935 | 14.194 | 14.302 | 13.935 | 0.367 | 2.563 |
비교예12 | 1.03, 750℃ |
14.232 | 13.916 | 14.223 | 14.436 | 13.916 | 0.520 | 3.605 |
비교예1 | 1.03, 800℃ |
14.220 | 13.897 | 14.221 | 14.460 | 13.897 | 0.563 | 3.896 |
Claims (9)
- 하기 화학식 1로 표시되는 화합물을 포함하는 양극 활물질로서,중성자 회절 분석을 통해 측정된, 상기 양극 활물질의 구조 내 존재하는 리튬의 몰 함량은 상기 양극 활물질 1 몰에 대하여 1.02 내지 1.15이고,2.5 V 내지 4.25 V 범위의 충방전에 따른 R-3m 구조의 c축 격자 상수 변화율이 2.3% 미만인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질:[화학식 1]Li1+a(NibM1 1-b)1-aO2상기 화학식 1에서, 0<a<0.2, 0.8<b<1, M1은 Co, Mn, Al, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, W에서 선택되는 1종 이상의 원소이다.
- 제1항에서,2.5 V 내지 4.25 V 범위의 충방전시 R-3m 구조의 c축 격자 상수의 최대값이 14.410 Å 이하인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에서,2.5 V 내지 4.25 V 범위의 충방전시 R-3m 구조의 c축 격자 상수가 13.900 Å 내지 14.410 Å의 범위 내에서 변화하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에서,상기 양극 활물질에서 리튬 사이트 내 니켈의 함량은 5 원자% 미만인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에서,엑스선 회절 분석을 통해 측정된, 상기 양극 활물질에 존재하는 Li2CO-3의 함량은 0.5 중량% 미만인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에서,엑스선 회절 분석을 통해 측정된, 상기 양극 활물질에 존재하는 Li2O의 함량은 1.0 중량% 미만인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 제1항에서,상기 화학식 1에서 0.90<b<1인 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질.
- 하기 화학식 11로 표시되는 화합물을 포함하는 전구체와 리튬 원료를 1 : 1.06 내지 1 : 1.3의 몰비율로 혼합하고, 680 ℃ 내지 780 ℃의 온도 범위에서 열처리하는 것을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지용 양극 활물질의 제조 방법:[화학식 11]Nib11M11 1-b11(OH)2상기 화학식 11에서, 0.8<b11<1, M11은 Co, Mn, Al, Mg, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, W에서 선택되는 1종 이상의 원소이다.
- 제1항 내지 제7항 중 어느 한 항에 따른 양극 활물질을 포함하는 양극,음극, 및전해질을 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지.
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