WO2022211106A1 - チタン含有酸化物粉末、それを用いた負極活物質組成物、及び全固体二次電池 - Google Patents
チタン含有酸化物粉末、それを用いた負極活物質組成物、及び全固体二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022211106A1 WO2022211106A1 PCT/JP2022/016896 JP2022016896W WO2022211106A1 WO 2022211106 A1 WO2022211106 A1 WO 2022211106A1 JP 2022016896 W JP2022016896 W JP 2022016896W WO 2022211106 A1 WO2022211106 A1 WO 2022211106A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- titanium
- containing oxide
- oxide powder
- negative electrode
- salt
- Prior art date
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- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 198
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 157
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 155
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 122
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 79
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 40
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 107
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 84
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- -1 ether compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910013528 LiN(SO2 CF3)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910013131 LiN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ether Substances CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910013385 LiN(SO2C2F5)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical group OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxalic acid group Chemical group C(C(=O)O)(=O)O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000790 scattering method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 101
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 58
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- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 21
- RJSRQTFBFAJJIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium titanium Chemical compound [Ti].[Nb] RJSRQTFBFAJJIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 17
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 13
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- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 12
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- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 11
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- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
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- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 9
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 8
- ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOCCOC ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 8
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 6
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011268 mixed slurry Substances 0.000 description 6
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 6
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- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium sulfide Chemical group [Li+].[Li+].[S-2] GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004846 x-ray emission Methods 0.000 description 4
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- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002097 Lithium manganese(III,IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
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- VRQMRGCRRPGZNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl sulfate Chemical compound S(=O)(=O)(OCC(F)(F)F)[O-].[Li+] VRQMRGCRRPGZNH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical class C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 2
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- IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropanal Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C=O IRPGOXJVTQTAAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OBOYOXRQUWVUFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Ti+4].[Nb+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[Nb+5] OBOYOXRQUWVUFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HDYRYUINDGQKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M acetyloxyaluminum;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.CC(=O)O[Al] HDYRYUINDGQKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005054 agglomeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229940009827 aluminum acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005549 butyl rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002447 crystallographic data Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- SXWUDUINABFBMK-UHFFFAOYSA-L dilithium;fluoro-dioxido-oxo-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])(F)=O SXWUDUINABFBMK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl n-ethoxycarbonylcarbamate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)NC(=O)OCC PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003827 glycol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium lithium Chemical compound [Li].[In] LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000032 lithium hydrogen carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide monohydrate Substances [Li+].O.[OH-] GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940040692 lithium hydroxide monohydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WDACTKGNTQNKON-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium sulfuric acid fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Li+].S(O)(O)(=O)=O WDACTKGNTQNKON-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IGILRSKEFZLPKG-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;difluorophosphinate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]P(F)(F)=O IGILRSKEFZLPKG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DCWYVUZDHJMHRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;ethyl sulfate Chemical compound [Li+].CCOS([O-])(=O)=O DCWYVUZDHJMHRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].OC([O-])=O HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ALYPSPRNEZQACK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;methyl sulfate Chemical compound [Li+].COS([O-])(=O)=O ALYPSPRNEZQACK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007578 melt-quenching technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002048 multi walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CYQAYERJWZKYML-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus pentasulfide Chemical compound S1P(S2)(=S)SP3(=S)SP1(=S)SP2(=S)S3 CYQAYERJWZKYML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- DPLVEEXVKBWGHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[K+].[K+] DPLVEEXVKBWGHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010532 solid phase synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002226 superionic conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylene glycol Chemical group OCCOCCOCCOCCO UWHCKJMYHZGTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanic acid Chemical compound O[Ti](O)(O)O LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 150000003609 titanium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical group OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G33/00—Compounds of niobium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
- C01B21/082—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals
- C01B21/086—Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metals containing one or more sulfur atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/14—Sulfur, selenium, or tellurium compounds of phosphorus
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/003—Titanates
- C01G23/005—Alkali titanates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/008—Halides
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material composition using a titanium-containing oxide powder and an all-solid secondary battery.
- lithium batteries have been widely used for small electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers, electric vehicles, and power storage.
- the term lithium battery is used as a concept including so-called lithium ion secondary batteries.
- Lithium batteries currently on the market mainly consist of positive and negative electrodes containing materials capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium, and a non-aqueous electrolyte consisting of a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent is ethylene carbonate (EC ), propylene carbonate (PC) and other cyclic carbonates, and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and other chain carbonates.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Lithium batteries use an electrolyte that contains flammable organic solvents, so they are prone to leaks and may ignite when shorted. A short-circuit prevention structure is required. Under such circumstances, all-solid secondary batteries using inorganic solid electrolytes instead of organic electrolytes have attracted attention.
- the positive electrode, negative electrode, and electrolyte of all-solid-state secondary batteries are all solid, there is a possibility that the safety and reliability, which are problems of batteries using organic electrolytes, can be greatly improved.
- the simplification of the safety device makes it possible to increase the energy density, so it is expected to be applied to electric vehicles, large storage batteries, and the like.
- Lithium titanate has attracted attention for maintaining a good interface between the active material and the solid electrolyte. Lithium titanate is expected to maintain the interface between the active material and the solid electrolyte for a long period of time during charge/discharge because the volume change due to charge/discharge is very small. Lithium titanate is also attracting attention because of its high safety, since it has a high reaction potential and there is no risk of lithium electrodeposition.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an electrode using lithium titanate having a specific BET specific surface area and solid electrolyte particles smaller than the average particle size of the lithium titanate, and the contact between the lithium titanate and the solid electrolyte particles is It is reported to be better than before.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a solid battery using an electrode active material layer containing an active material, a sulfide solid electrolyte, and a solvated ionic liquid. It is disclosed that the ionic conductivity of an active material layer produced using a composition in which an electrolyte and a solvated ionic liquid are mixed in a specific ratio) is improved.
- a niobium-titanium composite oxide represented by the general formula TiNb 2 O 7 which has a high energy density of 380 mAh/g and is mainly composed of niobium titanate, is also used as a negative electrode active material. movement is seen.
- an electrode mixture comprising: According to Patent Document 3, it is disclosed that excellent charge/discharge efficiency can be obtained when applied as an electrode mixture of a solid battery.
- the present invention solves the above problem by treating the active site on the surface of the titanium-containing oxide in advance to effectively suppress the reaction with the solid electrolyte, thereby improving the battery characteristics, particularly the charge rate characteristics, of the all-solid-state battery.
- a titanium-containing oxide powder, a negative electrode active material composition, and an all-solid secondary battery capable of forming an excellent negative electrode layer are provided.
- the present inventors have conducted extensive research to suppress the side reaction between the active sites on the surface of the titanium-containing oxide and the solid electrolyte when using a titanium-containing oxide powder with high reactivity and a relatively large specific surface area.
- the particles of the titanium-containing oxide with the solvated ionic liquid composed of the Li salt and the organic solvent, the active sites on the surface of the titanium-containing oxide can be inactivated, and the reaction with the solid electrolyte can be effectively suppressed, and the present invention has been completed.
- the negative electrode active material composition containing the titanium-containing oxide powder and the solid electrolyte in an all-solid secondary battery the initial discharge capacity can be increased and the charge rate characteristics can be improved.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that the negative electrode mixture layer contains a solvated ionic liquid, it does not mention at all about the suppression of the reaction between the titanium-containing oxide and the solid electrolyte.
- graphite or silicon described in Patent Document 2 which has a low reaction potential, is used, reductive decomposition of the solvated ionic liquid occurs, and the excellent battery characteristics seen in the present invention were not obtained.
- the present invention relates to a titanium-containing oxide powder suitable as a negative electrode material for an all-solid secondary battery, a negative electrode active material composition using the titanium-containing oxide powder, and an all-solid secondary battery.
- the present invention provides the following (1) to (14).
- a titanium-containing oxide powder whose main component is a titanium-containing oxide represented by Li4Ti5O12 or Ti1 -X/ 2Nb2O7 -X ( 0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2 ), , wherein the titanium-containing oxide powder contains titanium-containing oxide particles and a solvated ionic liquid;
- a titanium-containing oxide powder, wherein the solvated ionic liquid comprises a Li salt and an organic solvent.
- the Li salt is at least one Li salt selected from LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN(SO 2 F) 2 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 and LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2
- LiPF 6 LiPF 6
- LiBF 4 LiN(SO 2 F) 2
- LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2
- LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2
- the Li salt is at least two kinds of Li selected from LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN(SO 2 F) 2 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 and LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2
- LiPF 6 LiPF 6
- LiBF 4 LiN(SO 2 F) 2
- LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2
- the Li salt is at least one Li salt selected from LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN(SO 2 F) 2 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 and LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 (1) to (4 ), the titanium-containing oxide powder according to any one of ).
- An all-solid secondary battery comprising a positive electrode layer, a negative electrode layer and a solid electrolyte layer, wherein the negative electrode layer comprises the negative electrode active material composition according to any one of (11) to (13).
- An all-solid-state secondary battery that is layered.
- a side reaction between a titanium-containing oxide and a solid electrolyte can be effectively suppressed, so that a negative electrode active material composition excellent in initial discharge capacity and charge rate characteristics, and an all-solid It can be a secondary battery.
- the present invention relates to a titanium-containing oxide powder suitable as a negative electrode material for an all-solid secondary battery, a negative electrode active material composition using the titanium-containing oxide powder, and an all-solid secondary battery.
- Tianium-containing oxide powder of the present invention A titanium-containing oxide powder whose main component is a titanium-containing oxide represented by Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 or Ti 1-X/2 Nb 2 O 7-X (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2), wherein the titanium The contained oxide powder is a titanium-containing oxide containing titanium-containing oxide particles and a solvated ionic liquid comprising a Li salt and an organic solvent.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention contains Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 as a main component, and contains a crystalline component and/or an amorphous component other than Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 to the extent that the effects of the present invention can be obtained. can be done.
- the term "main component" means that the main peak of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 accounts for 90% or more of the diffraction peaks measured by the X-ray diffraction method.
- the ratio of the intensity of the main peak of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is preferably 92% or more, and is 95% or more.
- the component other than Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is the sum of the intensity of the main peak due to the crystalline component and the maximum intensity of the halo pattern due to the amorphous component.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention is composed of anatase-type titanium dioxide, rutile-type titanium dioxide, and lithium titanates having different chemical formulas, Li 2 TiO 3 , Li 0 . 6 Ti 3.4 O 8 , etc. may be included as the crystalline component.
- the lower the proportion of crystalline components other than Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , particularly Li 0.6 Ti 3.4 O 8 the better the charging characteristics and charge/discharge capacity of the electricity storage device. can be improved.
- the intensity of the main peak of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is 100
- the intensity of the main peak of anatase-type titanium dioxide and the main peak intensity of rutile-type titanium dioxide and the intensity corresponding to the main peak of Li 2 TiO 3 calculated by multiplying the peak intensity corresponding to the ( ⁇ 133) plane of Li 2 TiO 3 by 100/80 is particularly preferably 5 or less.
- ICDD International Center for Diffraction Data
- PDF is an abbreviation for Powder Diffraction File.
- the niobium-titanium composite oxide powder of the present invention contains a niobium-titanium composite oxide represented by the general formula Ti 1-x/2 Nb 2 O 7-x (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2).
- a niobium-titanium composite oxide represented by the general formula Ti 1-x/2 Nb 2 O 7-x (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2).
- specific compounds include TiNb 2 O 7 , which is a niobium-titanium composite oxide capable of intercalating and deintercalating Li ions and Na ions.
- TiNb 2 O 7 is excellent in initial discharge capacity and is preferably contained in the niobium-titanium composite oxide powder.
- the niobium-titanium composite oxide may partially contain a titanium oxide phase (eg, rutile-type TiO 2 , TiO, etc.) derived from synthetic raw materials.
- a titanium oxide phase eg, rutile-type TiO 2 , TiO, etc.
- the ratio of the number of moles of Nb to the number of moles of Ti is preferably in the range of 1.5 to 2.5, more preferably 1.8 to 2.0. is preferred. Within this range, the electron conductivity of the niobium-titanium composite oxide is improved and the rate characteristics are excellent.
- the crystal system of the niobium-titanium composite oxide of the present invention is not limited, it is generally monoclinic.
- the aspect ratio tends to be large, but from the viewpoint of the electrode density, it is preferably in the range of 1.0 to 4.0.
- the titanium-containing oxide powder of the present invention whose main component is a titanium-containing oxide represented by Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 or Ti 1-x/2 Nb 2 O 7-x (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2), contains titanium It is characterized by containing titanium-containing oxide particles and a solvated ionic liquid that constitute the containing oxide powder.
- the solvated ionic liquid of the present invention comprises a Li salt and an organic solvent, deactivates the active sites on the surface of the titanium-containing oxide particles, and effectively suppresses the reaction with the solid electrolyte.
- the solvated ionic liquid may be liquid at -30°C.
- the first Li salt contained in the solvated ionic liquid of the present invention includes LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiN(SO 2 F) 2 [LFSI], LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 [LTFSI], and LiN( One kind selected from the group consisting of SO2C2F5 ) 2 is preferable, and two or more kinds may be combined. Among them, it is preferable to use LTFSI and LFSI.
- the solvated ionic liquid of the present invention preferably contains a second Li salt in order to further improve charge rate characteristics.
- Li salts having an oxalic acid skeleton contained in the solvated ionic liquid of the present invention include lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB), and lithium tetrafluoro(oxalato)phosphate (LiTFOP). , and lithium difluorobis(oxalato)phosphate (LiDFOP), among which LiBOB, LiDFOB and LiDFOP are preferred.
- Li salt having a phosphoric acid skeleton and the Li salt having an S ⁇ O group contained in the solvated ionic liquid of the present invention include lithium difluorophosphate (LPF), lithium fluorophosphate (Li 2 PO 3 F), fluoro Lithium sulfate (FSO 3 Li), lithium methyl sulfate (LMS), lithium ethyl sulfate (LES), lithium 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl sulfate (LFES), lithium trifluoro((methanesulfonyl)oxy)borate (LiTFMSB ), lithium pentafluoro((methanesulfonyl)oxy)phosphate (LiPFMSP), among which LPF, LMS, LES, and FSO 3 Li, LiTFMSB are preferred, and LMS, LES are more preferred.
- LPFMSP lithium difluorophosphate
- Li 2 PO 3 F fluoro Lithium sulfate
- the charge rate characteristics can be further improved
- Suitable organic solvents for use in the solvated ionic liquid of the present invention include cyclic carbonates, lactones, chain ether compounds, and the like.
- cyclic carbonate include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), vinylene carbonate (VC) and vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), and examples of the lactone include gamma-butyl lactone (GBL).
- the chain ether compound is preferably a chain ether compound having 2 or more carbon atoms and having a methoxy group, more preferably a chain ether compound having two or more methoxy groups, 4 or more carbon atoms, hydrogen More preferably, it is a chain ether compound containing 10 or more atoms and 2 or more oxygen atoms.
- Specific examples of the chain ether compound include one or more selected from alkylene glycol dimethyl ether and dimethoxyethane.
- the alkylene glycol group in the alkylene glycol dimethyl ether a triethylene glycol group and a tetraethylene glycol group are preferable.
- particularly preferred chain ether compounds include one or more selected from triethylene glycol dimethyl ether (same as triglyme), tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (same as tetraglyme TetraG), and dimethoxyethane.
- the organic solvent In the solvated ionic liquid of the present invention, the organic solvent must be completely coordinated with the Li salt. 3 or more and 2.5 or less. When the molar ratio is 0.3 or more, the amount of the organic solvent is not excessive with respect to lithium, which is desirable because the charge rate characteristics are not deteriorated. When the organic solvent is dimethoxyethane, the molar ratio is preferably 0.4 or more, more preferably 0.5 or more. Moreover, the upper limit thereof is preferably 1.8 or less, more preferably 1.5 or less.
- the organic solvent is an alkylene glycol dimethyl ether such as triethylene glycol dimethyl ether or tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether
- said molar ratio is preferably 0.7 or more, more preferably 0.75 or more.
- the upper limit thereof is preferably 2.2 or less, more preferably 2.0 or less.
- the content of the solvated ionic liquid may be 0.05% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less with respect to 100% by mass of the titanium-containing oxide. If it is 0.05% by mass or more, the active sites on the surface of the titanium-containing oxide particles can be inactivated, and the rate characteristics are appropriately improved. The shape of the powder is maintained even if it is
- the content is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, still more preferably 3% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 5% by mass or more, relative to 100% by mass of the titanium-containing oxide.
- the upper limit is preferably 27% by mass or less, more preferably 25% by mass or less.
- the specific surface area of the titanium-containing oxide powder of the present invention is the adsorption area per unit mass when nitrogen is used as the adsorption gas. A measuring method will be described in Examples described later.
- the titanium-containing oxide powder that is the main component of the titanium-containing oxide powder of the present invention, if the specific surface area is 1 m 2 /g or more and 10 m 2 /g or less, the titanium-containing oxide powder is excellent in initial discharge capacity and charge rate characteristics. Powder can be obtained. It is preferably 2 m 2 /g or more and 9 m 2 /g or less, more preferably 4 m 2 /g or more and 8.5 m 2 /g or less.
- the titanium-containing oxide powder of the present invention may contain Al on the surfaces of the titanium-containing oxide particles, which are the main component of the titanium-containing oxide, since the charge rate characteristics can be further enhanced.
- Containing Al means that Al is detected by a known analysis apparatus such as X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) of the titanium-containing oxide powder of the present invention.
- XRF X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
- ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy
- the lower limit of the amount detected by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry is usually 0.001% by mass.
- the Al content of the titanium-containing oxide powder obtained from X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) in the titanium-containing oxide powder is the Al content. , 0.01% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less.
- XRF X-ray fluorescence analysis
- the Al content is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 0.8% by mass or less, and still more preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 0.8% by mass or less. It is 6% by mass or less, and more preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 0.4% by mass or less.
- the content rate represents the ratio of the mass of Al to the mass of the entire titanium-containing oxide powder.
- Al may be present on the surface of the titanium-containing oxide particles constituting the titanium-containing oxide powder, and the primary titanium-containing oxide contained in the titanium-containing oxide powder It is preferable that more Al is contained on the surface than inside the particles.
- C1 (atm%) be the atomic concentration of Al at a depth of
- C2 (atm%) be the atomic concentration of Al at a depth of 100 nm from the surface of the primary particle of the titanium-containing oxide. It preferably satisfies the formula (I), and more preferably satisfies the following formula (II).
- C1>C2 (I) C1/C2 ⁇ 5 (II)
- titanium-containing oxide powders energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy is used in cross-sectional analysis of primary particles of titanium-containing oxides, which are the main component of the titanium-containing oxide powder, using a scanning transmission electron microscope.
- Al is not detected at a depth of 100 nm from the surface of the primary particles of the titanium-containing oxide.
- Al is preferably fixed on the surface of the primary particles in a chemically bonded state. When Al is present in such a state, a dense negative electrode layer with few voids can be obtained, and an all-solid secondary battery with excellent initial discharge capacity and charge rate characteristics can be obtained.
- the lower limit of the detectable amount in measurement by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy varies depending on the element to be measured and the state, but is usually 0.5 atm %. Therefore, at a depth of about 100 nm, Al may be detected in a range of 0.5 atm % or less.
- the D50 of the titanium-containing oxide powder of the present invention is the cumulative volume frequency calculated from the volume fraction obtained by laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution measurement, which is an index of the volume median particle size, and is integrated from the smaller particle size. means the particle size that becomes 50%. A measuring method will be described in Examples described later.
- the D50 of the primary particles of the titanium-containing oxide powder of the present invention is 0.5 ⁇ m or more, preferably 0.55 ⁇ m or more, from the viewpoint of improving the initial discharge capacity and charge rate characteristics, and the denseness of the negative electrode layer. 0.6 ⁇ m or more is more preferable. Moreover, it is 5 ⁇ m or less, preferably 4.5 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 4 ⁇ m or less. Further, the titanium-containing oxide powder may contain a cumulative volume frequency of primary particles having a primary particle diameter of less than 0.5 ⁇ m in the range of 10% to 50%, and a cumulative volume frequency of primary particles having a primary particle size of less than 0.55 ⁇ m.
- the cumulative volume frequency of primary particles of less than 0.6 ⁇ m may be contained in the range of 10% to 60%. Furthermore, the cumulative volume frequency of primary particles exceeding 5 ⁇ m may be in the range of 50% to 90%, and the cumulative volume frequency of primary particles exceeding 4.5 ⁇ m may be in the range of 45% to 90%. It may well contain a cumulative volume frequency of primary particles greater than 4 ⁇ m in the range of 40% to 90%.
- the raw material of the lithium titanate powder of the present invention consists of a titanium raw material and a lithium raw material. Titanium compounds such as anatase-type titanium dioxide and rutile-type titanium dioxide are used as titanium raw materials. It is preferable that it easily reacts with the lithium raw material in a short time, and from that point of view, anatase-type titanium dioxide is preferable. D50 of the titanium raw material is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less in order to sufficiently react the raw material in a short time of firing.
- Lithium compounds such as lithium hydroxide monohydrate, lithium oxide, lithium hydrogen carbonate, and lithium carbonate are used as lithium raw materials.
- the atomic ratio Li/Ti of Li to Ti should be 0.81 or more, preferably 0.83 or more. This is because if the charge ratio is low, the lithium titanate powder obtained after firing will promote the generation of a specific impurity phase, which may adversely affect the battery characteristics.
- the mixed powder constituting the mixture before firing is measured by a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer.
- D95 is the particle size at which the cumulative volume frequency calculated by volume fraction is 95% when integrated from the smaller particle size.
- the following methods can be used to prepare the mixture.
- the first method is a method in which the raw materials are blended and pulverized at the same time as mixing.
- the second method is a method of pulverizing each raw material until D95 becomes 5 ⁇ m or less and then mixing them or mixing while lightly pulverizing them.
- the third method is a method in which powders composed of fine particles are produced from each raw material by a method such as crystallization, classified as necessary, and mixed or lightly pulverized and mixed.
- the first method in which the raw materials are mixed and pulverized at the same time, is an industrially advantageous method because it requires a small number of steps. Also, a conductive agent may be added at the same time.
- any of the first to third methods there is no particular limitation on the method of mixing raw materials, and either wet mixing or dry mixing may be used.
- a Henschel mixer an ultrasonic dispersing device, a homomixer, a mortar, a ball mill, a centrifugal ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a vibrating ball mill, an attritor high-speed ball mill, a bead mill, a roll mill and the like can be used.
- the mixture obtained by any one of the first to third methods is a mixed powder
- it can be subjected to the next firing step as it is.
- the mixed slurry can be dried by a rotary evaporator or the like and then subjected to the next firing step.
- firing is carried out using a rotary kiln furnace, the mixed slurry can be fed into the furnace as it is.
- the resulting mixture is then fired.
- the maximum temperature during firing is 800°C or higher, preferably 810°C. °C or higher.
- the maximum temperature during firing is 1100°C or less, preferably 1000°C or less, and more preferably 960°C. It is below.
- the holding time at the highest temperature during firing is 2 to 60 minutes, preferably 5 to 45 minutes, more preferably 5 to 35 minutes.
- the residence time at 700° C. to 800° C. is preferably shortened, for example, within 15 minutes.
- the firing method is not particularly limited as long as it can be fired under the above conditions.
- Available firing methods include a fixed bed firing furnace, a roller hearth firing furnace, a mesh belt firing furnace, a fluidized bed firing furnace, and a rotary kiln firing furnace.
- a roller hearth type firing furnace, a mesh belt type firing furnace, and a rotary kiln type firing furnace are preferable.
- the quality of the lithium titanate powder obtained by ensuring the uniformity of the temperature distribution of the mixture during firing is evaluated. For consistency, it is preferable to have a small amount of mixture in the sagger.
- the rotary kiln firing furnace does not require a container to hold the mixture, and can be fired while continuously feeding the mixture, and the heat history of the fired material is uniform, making it possible to obtain homogeneous lithium titanate powder. From this point of view, the firing furnace is particularly preferable for producing the lithium titanate powder of the present invention.
- the atmosphere during firing is not particularly limited regardless of the firing furnace, as long as it is an atmosphere that can remove desorbed moisture and carbon dioxide gas.
- An air atmosphere using compressed air is usually used, but an oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen atmosphere may also be used.
- Lithium titanate powder after sintering may be slightly agglomerated, but it does not need to be pulverized to destroy the particles. you should go. If pulverization is not carried out and only pulverization to the extent that agglomeration is broken is carried out, the high crystallinity of the lithium titanate powder after sintering is maintained even after that.
- Lithium titanate powder before surface treatment obtained by the above steps (hereinafter sometimes referred to as base material lithium titanate powder. Also, hereinafter, lithium titanate particles constituting the base material lithium titanate powder may be referred to as lithium titanate particles of the substrate) is mixed with a treatment agent and preferably heat-treated
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention may be a lithium titanate powder containing Al, and by containing Al, it imparts excellent charge rate characteristics when applied as a negative electrode material for an all-solid secondary battery. be able to.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention can be produced by adding an Al-containing compound (hereinafter sometimes referred to as a treatment agent). More preferably, the following surface treatment is performed.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention can be produced by processes and the like.
- the Al-containing compound (treatment agent) is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include aluminum oxides, hydroxides, sulfate compounds, nitrate compounds, fluorides, organic compounds, and metal salt compounds containing aluminum. be done. Specific examples of Al-containing compounds include aluminum acetate, aluminum fluoride, and aluminum sulfate.
- the amount of the Al-containing compound (treatment agent) to be added may be any amount as long as the content of Al in the lithium titanate powder falls within the above range. It may be added at a rate of 0.1% by mass or more. Moreover, it may be added at a ratio of 12% by mass or less, preferably 10% by mass or less, and more preferably 8% by mass or less with respect to the lithium titanate powder of the substrate.
- the method of mixing the lithium titanate powder of the base material and the Al-containing compound is not particularly limited, and either wet mixing or dry mixing method can be employed. It is preferable to uniformly disperse the Al-containing compound, and wet mixing is preferable in that respect.
- a paint mixer for example, a paint mixer, a Henschel mixer, an ultrasonic dispersing device, a homomixer, a mortar, a ball mill, a centrifugal ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a vibrating ball mill, an attritor high-speed ball mill, a bead mill, a roll mill, or the like can be used.
- a paint mixer for example, a paint mixer, a Henschel mixer, an ultrasonic dispersing device, a homomixer, a mortar, a ball mill, a centrifugal ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a vibrating ball mill, an attritor high-speed ball mill, a bead mill, a roll mill, or the like can be used.
- a paint mixer for example, a paint mixer, a Henschel mixer, an ultrasonic dispersing device, a homomixer, a mortar, a ball mill, a centrifugal ball mill, a
- the treatment agent and lithium titanate powder as the base material are put into water or an alcohol solvent and mixed in a slurry state.
- the alcohol solvent those having a boiling point of 100° C. or lower, such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol, are preferable because the solvent can be easily removed.
- an aqueous solvent is industrially preferable.
- the amount of the solvent there is no problem as long as the amount of the processing agent and the lithium titanate particles of the substrate are sufficiently wet.
- the amount of the solvent that dissolves the processing agent in the solvent is preferably 50% or more of the total amount of the processing agent added to the solvent. Since the amount of the treating agent dissolved in the solvent increases as the temperature increases, it is preferable to mix the lithium titanate powder of the base material and the treating agent in the solvent while heating. Since the amount of solvent can also be reduced by heating, the method of mixing while heating is an industrially suitable method.
- the temperature during mixing is preferably 40°C to 100°C, more preferably 60°C to 100°C.
- the solvent in the case of wet mixing, although it depends on the heat treatment method, it is preferable to remove the solvent before the heat treatment performed after the mixing step. It is preferable to remove the solvent by evaporating the solvent to dryness.
- a method for evaporating the solvent to dryness a method of heating the slurry while stirring it with a stirring blade to evaporate it, or drying with stirring such as a conical dryer is possible.
- a method using a possible drying device and a method using a spray dryer are included.
- the heat treatment is performed using a rotary kiln furnace, the mixed raw materials can be fed into the furnace as slurry.
- the heat treatment temperature is a temperature at which Al diffuses into at least the surface region of the lithium titanate particles of the base material, and the lithium titanate particles of the base material are sintered, resulting in a significant decrease in the specific surface area. Not good temperature.
- the upper limit of the heat treatment temperature may be 700° C. or lower, preferably 600° C. or lower.
- the lower limit of the heat treatment temperature should be 300° C. or higher, preferably 400° C. or higher.
- the heat treatment time may be 0.1 to 8 hours, preferably 0.5 to 5 hours.
- the temperature and time at which Al diffuses into at least the surface region of the lithium titanate particles of the base material may be appropriately set because the reactivity differs depending on the Al-containing compound.
- the heating method in the heat treatment is not particularly limited.
- Usable heat treatment furnaces include a fixed bed furnace, a roller hearth furnace, a mesh belt furnace, a fluidized bed furnace, and a rotary kiln furnace.
- the atmosphere during heat treatment may be either an air atmosphere or an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the lithium titanate powder after the heat treatment obtained as described above is slightly agglomerated, it does not need to be pulverized so as to destroy the particles. It suffices to perform pulverization and classification to the extent that it dissolves.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention may be granulated and heat-treated after being mixed with a treating agent in the surface treatment step to obtain a powder containing secondary particles in which primary particles are agglomerated. Any method may be used for granulation as long as secondary particles can be produced, but a spray dryer is preferable because it can process a large amount.
- ⁇ Mixing step with solvated ionic liquid Mixing with the solvated ionic liquid is not particularly limited.
- a method of adding a solvated ionic liquid in a specific proportion to the lithium titanate powder and mixing with a planetary mill or the like, lithium titanate powder and dispersion A preferred method is to add a solvated ionic liquid in a specific proportion to a slurry containing a medium, mix the mixture, distill off the dispersion medium, and combine the solvated ionic liquid and the lithium titanate powder.
- Heat treatment may be performed after mixing the lithium titanate powder and the solvated ionic liquid.
- the upper limit of the heat treatment temperature may be 300° C. or less, preferably 250° C. or less.
- the lower limit of the heat treatment temperature may be 80° C. or higher, preferably 100° C. or higher.
- the heat treatment time may be 0.1 to 8 hours, preferably 0.5 to 5 hours. The temperature and time should be appropriately set according to the type of the solvated ionic liquid.
- the lithium titanate mixed with the solvated ionic liquid obtained in the present invention has solidity that allows it to maintain its automorphic shape.
- niobium-titanium composite oxide powder represented by the general formula Ti 1-x/2 Nb 2 O 7-x (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2) of the present invention
- An example of the method for producing the niobium-titanium composite oxide powder of the present invention will be described below by dividing it into a raw material preparation step, a firing step, a surface treatment step, and a mixing step with a solvated ionic liquid.
- the method for producing the composite oxide powder is not limited to this.
- the starting materials are mixed.
- an oxide or salt containing Ti and Nb is used as a starting material.
- the salt used as the starting material is a salt such as a hydroxide salt, carbonate, or nitrate that decomposes at a relatively low melting point to form an oxide. is preferred.
- a Henschel mixer an ultrasonic dispersing device, a homomixer, a mortar, a ball mill, a centrifugal ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a vibrating ball mill, an attritor high-speed ball mill, a bead mill, a roll mill and the like can be used.
- ⁇ Baking process> the mixture obtained above is fired. Firing is carried out in the temperature range of 500 to 1200°C, more preferably in the range of 700 to 1000°C.
- General-purpose equipment can be used by performing the sintering at a temperature of 1000° C. or less.
- the mixed powder constituting the mixture before firing is prepared so that D95 in the particle size distribution curve measured with a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer is 5 ⁇ m or less. preferably.
- D95 is the particle size at which the cumulative volume frequency calculated by volume fraction is 95% when integrated from the smaller particle size.
- the firing method is not particularly limited as long as it can be fired under the above conditions.
- Available firing methods include a fixed bed firing furnace, a roller hearth firing furnace, a mesh belt firing furnace, a fluidized bed firing furnace, and a rotary kiln firing furnace.
- a roller hearth type firing furnace, a mesh belt type firing furnace, and a rotary kiln type firing furnace are preferable.
- the rotary kiln firing furnace does not require a container to hold the mixture, and can be fired while continuously feeding the mixture, and the heat history of the fired material is uniform, making it possible to obtain a homogeneous oxide.
- the firing furnace is particularly preferable for producing the niobium-titanium composite oxide powder of the present invention.
- the niobium-titanium composite oxide powder of the present invention can be produced in the same manner as the surface treatment step of the method for producing lithium titanate powder containing Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 as a main component.
- the niobium-titanium composite oxide powder of the present invention can be produced by the same method as the mixing step with the solvated ionic liquid in the method for producing lithium titanate powder containing Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 as a main component.
- the niobium-titanium composite oxide mixed with the solvated ionic liquid obtained in the present invention has solidity that allows it to maintain its automorphic shape.
- the periodic table of the present invention refers to the periodic table of long period elements based on the regulations of IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).
- An inorganic solid electrolyte is an inorganic solid electrolyte, and a solid electrolyte is a solid electrolyte in which ions can move. Since inorganic solid electrolytes are solid in the steady state, they are usually not dissociated or released into cations and anions.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity of metal ions belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table, and generally has almost no electronic conductivity.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte has the conductivity of metal ions belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table.
- Representative examples of the inorganic solid electrolyte include (A) a sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte and (B) an oxide inorganic solid electrolyte.
- a sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte is preferably used because it has high ion conductivity and can form a dense compact with few grain boundaries only by applying pressure at room temperature.
- the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte contains sulfur atoms (S), has conductivity of metal ions belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table, and has electronic insulation. things are preferred.
- the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte can be produced by reacting a metal sulfide belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table with at least one sulfide represented by the following general formula (III), and the general formula (III) You may use together 2 or more types of sulfide represented by.
- MxSy ( III) (M represents any one of P, Si, Ge, B, Al, Ga, or Sb, and x and y represent numbers that give a stoichiometric ratio depending on the type of M.)
- the metal sulfide belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table is lithium sulfide, sodium sulfide, or potassium sulfide, more preferably lithium sulfide or sodium sulfide, and still more preferably lithium sulfide.
- the sulfide represented by the general formula ( III ) is P2S5 , SiS2 , GeS2 , B2S3 , Al2S3 , Ga2S3 or Sb2S5 . is preferred, and P 2 S 5 is particularly preferred.
- composition ratio of each element in the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte produced as described above is a mixture of the metal sulfide belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table, the sulfide represented by the general formula (III), and elemental sulfur. It can be controlled by adjusting the amount.
- the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte of the present invention may be amorphous glass, crystallized glass, or a crystalline material.
- Li2SP2S5 Li2SP2S5 - Al2S3 , Li2S - GeS2 , Li2S - Ga2S3 , Li2S - GeS2 - Ga2S3 , Li 2 S—GeS 2 —P 2 S 5 , Li 2 S—GeS 2 —Sb 2 S 5 , Li 2 S—GeS 2 —Al 2 S 3 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 , Li 2 S—Al 2 S 3 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 —Al 2 S 3 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 —P 2 S 5 , Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 .
- LPS glasses and LPS glass-ceramics produced by combining Li 2 SP 2 S 5 are preferred.
- the mixing ratio of the metal sulfide belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table and the sulfide represented by the general formula (III) is not particularly limited as long as it can be used as a solid electrolyte, but 50:50 to 90: A ratio of 10 (molar ratio) is preferred. If the molar ratio of the metal sulfide is 50 or more and 90 or less, the ionic conductivity can be sufficiently increased.
- the mixing ratio (molar ratio) is more preferably 60:40 to 80:20, still more preferably 70:30 to 80:20.
- the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte includes LiI, LiBr, LiCl, and LiF in addition to metal sulfides belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table and sulfides represented by the general formula (III) in order to increase ion conductivity.
- Li salts such as at least one lithium halide, lithium oxide, and lithium phosphate selected from may also be included.
- the mixing ratio of the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte and these Li salts is preferably 60:40 to 95:5 (molar ratio), more preferably 80:20 to 95:5.
- Algerodite-type solid electrolytes such as Li 6 PS 5 Cl and Li 6 PS 5 Br are also suitable examples of sulfide inorganic solid electrolytes other than those described above.
- the method for producing the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte is preferably a solid phase method, a sol-gel method, a mechanical milling method, a solution method, a melt quenching method, etc., but is not particularly limited.
- the oxide inorganic solid electrolyte preferably contains oxygen atoms, has metal ion conductivity belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table, and has electronic insulation.
- oxide inorganic solid electrolytes examples include Li3.5Zn0.25GeO4 having a LISICON (lithium superionic conductor) type crystal structure, La0.55Li0.35TiO3 having a perovskite type crystal structure , LiTi 2 P 3 O 12 having a NASICON (Natrium superionic conductor) type crystal structure, Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZ) having a garnet type crystal structure, lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), lithium phosphate LiPON in which some of the oxygen in the _ _ _ _ _ O 12 and the like are preferably exemplified.
- LISICON lithium superionic conductor
- La0.55Li0.35TiO3 having a perovskite type crystal structure
- LiTi 2 P 3 O 12 having a NASICON (Natrium superionic conductor) type crystal structure
- Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZ) having a garnet type crystal structure
- the volume average particle diameter of the inorganic solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, it may be 0.01 ⁇ m or more, preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit may be 100 ⁇ m or less, preferably 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the volume average particle size of the inorganic solid electrolyte can be measured using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer.
- the amount of the inorganic solid electrolyte mixed is not particularly limited, but it may be 1% by mass or more, preferably 3% by mass or more, more preferably 5% by mass or more, in the active material composition. It is more preferably 7% by mass or more.
- the larger the amount of the inorganic solid electrolyte mixed the easier it is to obtain contact between the titanium-containing oxide powder and the solid electrolyte, which is preferable.
- the amount of the inorganic solid electrolyte mixed is too large, the battery capacity of the all-solid secondary battery becomes small, so the amount should be 70% by mass or less, preferably 50% by mass or less.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte Normally, a smaller amount of the inorganic solid electrolyte is preferable in order to increase the battery capacity of the all-solid secondary battery.
- the titanium-containing oxide powder used in the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention satisfactory contact between the titanium-containing oxide powder and the solid electrolyte can be obtained even when the amount of the inorganic solid electrolyte mixed is small.
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention may contain a conductive agent and a binder in addition to the titanium-containing oxide powder and the inorganic solid electrolyte.
- the conductive agent for the negative electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is an electron conductive material that does not cause chemical changes.
- natural graphite flaky graphite, etc.
- graphites such as artificial graphite
- carbon blacks such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black
- single-phase carbon nanotubes multi-walled carbon nanotubes
- Graphite layers are multi-layered concentric cylinders) (non-fishbone), cup-layered carbon nanotubes (fishbone), node-type carbon nanofibers (non-fishbone structure), platelet-type carbon nanofibers ( carbon nanotubes such as card-shaped), and the like.
- Graphites, carbon blacks, and carbon nanotubes may be appropriately mixed and used.
- the specific surface area of carbon blacks is preferably 30 m 2 /g to 3000 m 2 /g, more preferably 50 m 2 /g to 2000 m 2 /g.
- the specific surface area of graphites is preferably 30 m 2 /g to 600 m 2 /g, more preferably 50 m 2 /g to 500 m 2 /g.
- the carbon nanotubes have an aspect ratio of 2-150, preferably 2-100, and more preferably 2-50.
- the amount of the conductive agent added varies depending on the specific surface area of the active material, the type and combination of the conductive agent, and should be optimized.
- the content is preferably 0.5% by mass to 5% by mass. By making it in the range of 0.1% by mass to 10% by mass, the active material ratio is made sufficient, thereby making the initial discharge capacity of the electricity storage device per unit mass and unit volume of the negative electrode layer sufficient. , the conductivity of the negative electrode layer can be further increased.
- binders for the negative electrode include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a copolymer of styrene and butadiene (SBR), and a copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene. coalesced (NBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and the like.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVPVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
- SBR styrene and butadiene
- COD carboxymethyl cellulose
- the molecular weight of polyvinylidene fluoride is 20,000 to 1,000,000. From the viewpoint of further enhancing the binding property of the negative electrode layer, it is preferably 25,000 or more, more preferably 30,000 or more, and even more preferably 50,000 or more.
- the molecular weight is preferably 100,000 or more.
- the amount of the binder added varies depending on the specific surface area of the active material and the type and combination of the conductive agent, and should be optimized. % should be included. From the viewpoint of enhancing the binding property and securing the strength of the negative electrode layer, the content is preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, and even more preferably 2% by mass or more. It is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, from the viewpoint of preventing a reduction in the active material ratio and a decrease in the initial discharge capacity of the electricity storage device per unit mass and unit volume of the negative electrode layer.
- the method for producing the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention is not particularly limited. Suitable examples include a method of mixing with a machine or the like, and a method of adding the titanium-containing oxide powder to a slurry containing a solid electrolyte.
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention can be used for the negative electrode of all-solid secondary batteries.
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention is preferably pressure-molded to form a pressure-molded body.
- the conditions for pressure molding are not particularly limited, but the molding temperature may be 15° C. to 200° C., preferably 25° C. to 150° C., and the molding pressure may be 180 MPa to 1080 MPa, preferably 300 MPa to 800 MPa.
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention can form a dense molded body with few voids, and therefore can form a dense negative electrode layer with few voids.
- the compact obtained using the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention has a filling rate of 72.5% to 100%, preferably 73.5% to 100%.
- the all - solid secondary battery of the present invention is composed of a positive electrode , a negative electrode, and a solid electrolyte layer positioned between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a negative electrode containing a titanium-containing oxide powder whose main component is a titanium-containing oxide represented by 7-x (x 0 to 2) and an inorganic solid electrolyte having conductivity of metal ions belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table
- the active material composition is used for the negative electrode layer.
- the method for producing the negative electrode layer is not particularly limited. Suitable examples include a method of applying to an electric body, drying, and press-molding.
- Examples of the negative electrode current collector include aluminum, stainless steel, nickel, copper, titanium, calcined carbon, and those whose surfaces are coated with carbon, nickel, titanium, or silver. Moreover, the surface of these materials may be oxidized, and the surface of the negative electrode current collector may be roughened by surface treatment.
- Examples of the form of the negative electrode current collector include sheet, net, foil, film, punched material, lath, porous material, foam, fiber group, non-woven fabric, and the like.
- Porous aluminum is preferable as the form of the negative electrode current collector. The porosity of the porous aluminum is 80% or more and 95% or less, preferably 85% or more and 90% or less.
- the constituent members such as the positive electrode layer and the solid electrolyte layer can be used without any particular limitation.
- a positive electrode active material used as a positive electrode layer for an all-solid secondary battery a composite metal oxide with lithium containing one or more selected from the group consisting of cobalt, manganese, and nickel is used. be.
- These positive electrode active materials can be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- lithium composite metal oxides examples include LiCoO 2 , LiCo 1-x M x O 2 (where M is Sn, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, V, Ga, Zn, and one or more elements selected from Cu, 0.001 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.05), LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiCo 1-x Ni x O 2 (0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiCo1 / 3Ni1 / 3Mn1 / 3O2 , LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 , LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 , LiNi0.8Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 , a solid solution of Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 (M is a transition metal such as Co, Ni, Mn, Fe), and LiNi 1/2 Mn 3/2 O 4
- M is a transition metal such as Co, Ni, Mn, Fe
- LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 LiCoO2 and LiN
- a lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate can also be used as the positive electrode active material.
- Lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate containing at least one selected from iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese is particularly preferred. Specific examples thereof include LiFePO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiMnPO 4 and the like. Part of these lithium-containing olivine-type phosphates may be replaced with other elements, and part of iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese may be replaced with Co, Mn, Ni, Mg, Al, B, Ti, V and Nb. , Cu, Zn, Mo, Ca, Sr, W and Zr. can. Among these, LiFePO4 or LiMnPO4 is preferred. Also, the lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate can be used, for example, by being mixed with the positive electrode active material.
- the conductive agent for the positive electrode is an electronically conductive material that does not cause chemical changes.
- examples thereof include graphite such as natural graphite (flaky graphite, etc.), artificial graphite, etc., carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, and the like.
- graphite and carbon black may be appropriately mixed and used.
- the amount of the conductive agent added to the positive electrode active material composition is preferably 1 to 10% by mass, particularly preferably 2 to 5% by mass.
- the positive electrode active material composition contains at least the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte, and if necessary, a conductive agent such as acetylene black and carbon black, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), Binders such as copolymers of styrene and butadiene (SBR), copolymers of acrylonitrile and butadiene (NBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, and the like may also be included.
- a conductive agent such as acetylene black and carbon black, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), Binders such as copolymers of styrene and butadiene (SBR), copolymers of acrylonitrile and butadiene (NBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), ethylene propylene diene terpol
- the method for producing the positive electrode is not particularly limited, and for example, a method of press forming the powder of the positive electrode active material composition, or a method of adding the powder of the positive electrode active material composition to a solvent to form a slurry, and then forming the positive electrode active material composition.
- a method of press forming the powder of the positive electrode active material composition or a method of adding the powder of the positive electrode active material composition to a solvent to form a slurry, and then forming the positive electrode active material composition.
- Preferable examples include a method of applying the substance to an aluminum foil or a stainless steel lath plate as a current collector, followed by drying and pressure molding.
- the surface of the positive electrode active material may be surface-coated with another metal oxide.
- Surface coating agents include metal oxides containing Ti, Nb, Ta, W, Zr, Al, Si or Li. Specifically , Li4Ti5O12 , Li2Ti2O5 , LiTaO3 , LiNbO3 , LiAlO2 , Li2ZrO3 , Li2WO4 , Li2TiO3 , Li2B4O7 , Li3PO4 , Li2MoO4 , Li3BO3 , LiBO2 , Li2CO3 , Li2SiO3 , SiO2 , TiO2 , ZrO2 , Al2O3 , B2O3 , etc. .
- the solid electrolyte layer is located between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and although the thickness of the solid electrolyte layer is not particularly limited, it may have a thickness of 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte or the oxide inorganic solid electrolyte can be used as the constituent material of the solid electrolyte layer, and may be different from the solid electrolyte used for the electrodes.
- the solid electrolyte layer may contain a binder such as butadiene rubber or butyl rubber.
- This raw material mixture slurry is processed into zirconia beads (outer diameter: 0.5 mm) using a bead mill (manufactured by Willie & Bakkofen, model: Dyno Mill KD-20BC, agitator material: polyurethane, vessel inner surface material: zirconia). 65 mm) is filled into the vessel at 80% by volume, and the raw material powder is processed at an agitator peripheral speed of 13 m / s and a slurry feed rate of 55 kg / hr while controlling the vessel internal pressure to be 0.02 to 0.03 MPa. Wet-mixed and pulverized.
- the obtained mixed slurry is introduced into the furnace core tube from the raw material supply side of the firing furnace using a rotary kiln type firing furnace (furnace core tube length: 4 m, furnace core tube diameter: 30 cm, external heating type) equipped with an adhesion prevention mechanism. , dried in a nitrogen atmosphere and calcined.
- the inclination angle of the furnace core tube from the horizontal direction is 2.5 degrees
- the rotation speed of the furnace core tube is 20 rpm
- the flow rate of nitrogen introduced into the furnace core tube from the fired material recovery side is 20 L / min.
- the temperature was set to 600° C. on the raw material supply side, 840° C. on the central portion, and 840° C. on the fired product recovery side, and the time for holding the fired product at 840° C. was 30 minutes.
- the powder passed through the sieve is placed in an alumina sagger, and a mesh belt conveying continuous furnace equipped with a collection box on the outlet side with a temperature of 25 ° C and a dew point controlled at -20 ° C or less, 1 at 500 ° C. heat treated for hours.
- the powder after heat treatment is cooled in the recovery box, classified with a sieve (screen opening: 53 ⁇ m), and the powder that has passed through the sieve is collected in an aluminum laminate bag and sealed, then taken out from the recovery box and lithium titanate. A powder was produced.
- solvated ionic liquid 1 mol of LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 (LTFSI) was mixed with 1 mol of tetraglyme (TetraG) and thoroughly stirred to obtain a solvated ionic liquid (LTFSI-TetraG).
- LTFSI-TetraG tetraglyme
- a lithium powder was prepared.
- XRF X-ray fluorescence analysis
- the specific surface area (m 2 /g) of the lithium titanate powder used in each production example was determined by adsorption using a fully automatic BET specific surface area measuring device (manufactured by Mountec Co., Ltd., trade name “Macsorb HM model-1208”). Nitrogen gas was used as the gas. 0.5 g of the measurement sample powder was weighed, placed in a ⁇ 12 standard cell (HM1201-031), degassed at 100° C. under vacuum for 0.5 hours, and then measured by the BET single-point method.
- D50 of the lithium titanate powder used in each production example was calculated from a particle size distribution curve measured using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd., Microtrac MT3300EXII). Put 50 mg of sample into a container containing 50 ml of ion-exchanged water as a measurement solvent, shake the container by hand until the powder is evenly dispersed in the measurement solvent by visual inspection, and place the container in the measurement cell. It was measured. The crushing treatment applied ultrasonic waves (30 W, 3 s) with an ultrasonic device in the apparatus.
- Example 1 [Preparation of negative electrode active material composition]
- zirconia balls (diameter 3 mm, 20 g) were put into an 80 mL zirconia pot, and the mixed powder was put thereinto.
- Example 1 A negative electrode active material composition shown in Tables 3 to 6 below was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the lithium titanate powder produced by the method shown in Tables 1 and 2 was used.
- This pot was set in a planetary ball mill, and mechanical milling was performed at a rotation speed of 510 rpm for 16 hours to obtain a yellow powdery sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte (LPS glass).
- LPS glass yellow powdery sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte
- a pellet-shaped solid electrolyte layer was obtained by pressing 80 mg of the obtained LPS glass at a pressure of 360 MPa using a pellet molding machine having a molding part with an area of 0.785 cm 2 .
- the battery was charged to 0.5 V with a current corresponding to 0.4 C, which is the theoretical capacity of lithium titanate, and then discharged to 2 V at a current of 0.05 C to determine the 0.4 C charge capacity.
- the rate characteristic (%) was calculated by dividing the 0.4C charge capacity by the initial discharge capacity.
- the initial discharge capacity and charge rate characteristics were examined for relative values, with each value of Comparative Example 1 as 100% as a reference. Tables 2 and 3 show the evaluation results.
- the C in 1C represents the current value when charging and discharging.
- 1C refers to the current value that can fully discharge (or fully charge) the theoretical capacity in 1/1 hour
- 0.1C means the current value that can fully discharge (or fully charge) the theoretical capacity in 1/0.1 hour. Point.
- Examples 1 to 6 of the all-solid secondary battery using the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention have excellent initial discharge capacity and can further improve the charge rate characteristics. I know it's done.
- lithium titanate Li 6 using a composition in which the same sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte and the same solvated ionic liquid as in Example 1 were mixed in advance at the same content.
- the initial discharge capacity was lower (94%). This result is considered to be due to the side reaction between the solid electrolyte and the ionic liquid, so that the initial characteristics were lower than in Comparative Example 1 in which the ionic liquid was not mixed, and the composition described in Patent Document 2 was used. In this case, the active site on the surface of lithium titanate cannot be completely deactivated, so the improvement in the rate characteristics is considered to be inferior to that of Example 1.
- Examples 7 to 14 of all-solid secondary batteries using the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention have excellent initial discharge capacity even at 45 ° C., and further charge rate characteristics. It can be seen that the
- the synthesized sample is the target titanium-containing oxide niobium titanate (TiNb 2 O 7 : Titanium niobium oxide, PDF card 01-077-1374 of ICDD (PDF2010)).
- TiNb 2 O 7 Titanium niobium oxide, PDF card 01-077-1374 of ICDD (PDF2010)
- niobium titanate (hereinafter, TNO) surface-treated with the solvated ionic liquid was produced. did.
- TNO surface-treated with a solvated ionic liquid had an initial discharge capacity of 144.6% of the initial discharge capacity of untreated TNO, indicating improved initial characteristics. Furthermore, when TNO without surface treatment was used, charging at 0.2 C was not possible, but surface treatment with a solvated ionic liquid enabled charging.
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention by using the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention, the side reaction between the active site on the surface of the titanium-containing oxide and the solid electrolyte is effectively suppressed, thereby exhibiting excellent battery characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
このような状況下で有機電解液に代えて、無機固体電解質を用いた全固体二次電池が注目されている。全固体二次電池は正極、負極および電解質すべてが固体からなるため、有機電解液を用いた電池の課題である安全性、信頼性を大きく改善できる可能性がある。また安全装置の簡略化が図れることから高エネルギー密度化が可能となるため、電気自動車や大型蓄電池等への応用が期待されている。
前記チタン含有酸化物粉末がチタン含有酸化物の粒子と溶媒和イオン液体とを含有し、
前記溶媒和イオン液体はLi塩および有機溶媒からなることを特徴とするチタン含有酸化物粉末。
Li4Ti5O12またはTi1-X/2Nb2O7-X (0≦X<2)で表されるチタン含有酸化物を主成分とするチタン含有酸化物粉末であって、前記チタン含有酸化物粉末がチタン含有酸化物の粒子とLi塩および有機溶媒からなる溶媒和イオン液体とを含有するチタン含有酸化物である。
本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末はLi4Ti5O12を主成分とし、本発明の効果が得られる範囲で、Li4Ti5O12以外の結晶質成分及び/または非晶質成分を含むことができる。主成分とは、X線回折法によって測定される回折ピークのうち、Li4Ti5O12のメインピークの強度の割合が90%以上であることを言う。本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末は、X線回折法によって測定される回折ピークのうち、Li4Ti5O12のメインピークの強度の割合は92%以上であることが好ましく、95%以上であることがより好ましい。Li4Ti5O12以外の成分としては、結晶質成分に起因するメインピークの強度と、非晶質成分に起因するハローパターンの最高強度との総和である。特に本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末は、その合成時の原料や合成条件に起因して、アナターゼ型二酸化チタン、ルチル型二酸化チタン、及び化学式が異なるチタン酸リチウムであるLi2TiO3、Li0.6Ti3.4O8、等を前記結晶質成分として含むことがある。本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末は、これらのLi4Ti5O12以外の結晶質成分、特にLi0.6Ti3.4O8の発生割合が少ないほど、蓄電デバイスの充電特性及び充放電容量を向上させることができる。X線回折法によって測定される回折ピークのうち、Li4Ti5O12のメインピークの強度を100としたときに、アナターゼ型二酸化チタンのメインピークの強度と、ルチル型二酸化チタンのメインピーク強度と、Li2TiO3の(-133)面相当のピーク強度に100/80を乗じて算出したLi2TiO3のメインピークに相当する強度との総和が5以下であることが特に好ましい。ここで、Li4Ti5O12のメインピークとは、ICDD(PDF2010)のPDFカード00-049-0207におけるLi4Ti5O12の(111)面(2θ=18.33)に帰属する回折ピークに相当するピークである。アナターゼ型二酸化チタンのメインピークとは、PDFカード01-070-6826における(101)面(2θ=25.42)に帰属する回折ピークに相当するピークである。ルチル型二酸化チタンのメインピークとは、PDFカード01-070-7347における(110)面(2θ=27.44)に帰属する回折ピークに相当するピークである。Li2TiO3の(-133)面に相当するピークとは、PDFカード00-033-0831におけるLi2TiO3の(-133)面(2θ=43.58)に帰属する回折ピークに相当するピークである。Li0.6Ti3.4O8のメインピークとは、PDFカード01-070-2732における(101)面(2θ=19.98)に帰属する回折ピークに相当するピークである。なお、「ICDD」は、International Centre for Diffraction Data(国際回折データセンター)の略であり、「PDF」は、Powder Diffraction File(粉末回折ファイル)の略である。
本発明のニオブチタン複合酸化物粉末は、一般式Ti1-x/2Nb2O7-x(0≦X<2)で表されるニオブチタン複合酸化物を含有する。具体的な化合物の例には、LiイオンやNaイオンを吸蔵・放出することが可能なニオブチタン複合酸化物であるTiNb2O7等が含まれる。TiNb2O7は初期放電容量に優れ、ニオブチタン複合酸化物粉末に含有するのが好ましい。ニオブチタン複合酸化物については、一部に合成原料由来のチタン酸化物相(例えばルチル型TiO2、TiOなど)を含んでもよい。ニオブチタン複合酸化物の場合、Nbのモル数とTiのモル数の比(Nb/Ti比)は、1.5~2.5の範囲が好ましく、さらに好ましいのは、1.8~2.0の範囲が好ましい。この範囲であると、ニオブチタン複合酸化物の電子伝導性が向上し、レート特性に優れる。
本発明のLi4Ti5O12またはTi1-x/2Nb2O7-x(0≦X<2)で表されるチタン含有酸化物を主成分とするチタン含有酸化物粉末は、チタン含有酸化物粉末を構成するチタン含有酸化物の粒子と溶媒和イオン液体とを含有することを特徴とする。本発明の溶媒和イオン液体は、Li塩および有機溶媒からなり、チタン含有酸化物粒子表面の活性部位を不活性化させ、固体電解質との反応を効果的に抑制している。溶媒和イオン液体は、-30℃において液体であればよい。
本発明の溶媒和イオン液体に含まれる第1のLi塩としては、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiN(SO2F)2[LFSI]、LiN(SO2CF3)2[LTFSI]、及びLiN(SO2C2F5)2からなる群より選ばれる一種が好ましく、又二種以上を組み合わせても良い。中でも、LTFSI、LFSIを用いることが好ましい。
本発明の溶媒和イオン液体に使用される有機溶媒としては、環状カーボネート、ラクトン、鎖状エーテル化合物等が好適に挙げられる。前記環状カーボネートとしては、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)、ビニルエチレンカーボネート(VEC)が挙げられ、ラクトンとしては、ガンマブチルラクトン(GBL)が挙げられる。鎖状エーテル化合物はメトキシ基を有する炭素数2以上の鎖状エーテル化合物であることが好ましく、メトキシ基を2個以上有する鎖状エーテル化合物であることがより好ましく、炭素原子を4個以上、水素原子を10個以上、酸素原子を2個以上含有する鎖状エーテル化合物であることが更に好ましい。
鎖状エーテル化合物の具体例としては、アルキレングリコールジメチルエーテル及びジメトキシエタンから選ばれる1種以上が挙げられる。また、アルキレングリコールジメチルエーテルにおけるアルキレングリコール基としては、トリエチレングリコール基、テトラエチレングリコール基が好ましい。
鎖状エーテル化合物の特に好ましい具体例としては、トリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル(トリグライムと同じ)、テトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル(テトラグライムTetraGと同じ)、及びジメトキシエタンから選ばれる1種以上が挙げられる。
本発明の溶媒和イオン液体においては、有機溶媒がLi塩に対して完全に配位させる必要があるためLi塩合計の有機溶媒に対するモル比[Li塩合計/有機溶媒]は、好ましくは0.3以上、2.5以下である。前記モル比が0.3以上であると、リチウムに対して有機溶媒が過剰になり過ぎず、充電レート特性が低下しないため望ましい。有機溶媒がジメトキシエタンの場合、前記モル比は好ましくは0.4以上、より好ましくは0.5以上である。また、その上限は、好ましくは1.8以下、より好ましくは1.5以下である。
有機溶媒がトリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル又はテトラエチレングリコールジメチルエーテルなどのアルキレングリコールジメチルエーテルの場合、前記モル比は、好ましくは0.7以上、より好ましくは0.75以上である。また、その上限は、好ましくは2.2以下、より好ましくは2.0以下である。
本発明のチタン含有酸化物粉末の比表面積とは、窒素を吸着ガスとして用いたときの、単位質量当たりの吸着面積のことである。測定方法については、後述する実施例にて説明する。
本発明のチタン含有酸化物粉末は、充電レート特性を更に高められることから、チタン含有酸化物の主成分であるチタン含有酸化物粒子の表面にAlを含有してもよい。Alを含有するとは、本発明のチタン含有酸化物粉末の蛍光X線分析(XRF)や誘導結合プラズマ発光分析(ICP-AES)など公知の分析装置において、Alが検出されることをいう。なお、誘導結合プラズマ発光分析による検出量の下限は、通常、0.001質量%である。
チタン含有酸化物粒子の表面にAlを含有する場合、該チタン含有酸化物粉末中における、蛍光X線分析(XRF)から求めたチタン含有酸化物粉末のAlの含有率は、Alの含有量で、0.01質量%以上5質量%以下である。前記Alの含有率がこの範囲であれば、充電レート特性に優れた全固体二次電池の負極用チタン含有酸化物粉末が得られる。Alの含有率は、好ましくは0.01質量%以上2質量%以下であり、より好ましくは0.01質量%以上0.8質量%以下であり、さらに好ましくは0.1質量%以上0.6質量%以下であり、さらにより好ましくは0.1質量%以上0.4質量%以下である。なお、含有率とはチタン含有酸化物粉末全体の質量に占めるAlが含有する質量の割合を表す。
C1>C2 (I)
C1/C2≧5 (II)
本発明のチタン含有酸化物粉末のD50とは体積中位粒径の指標であるレーザー回折・散乱型粒度分布測定によって求めた体積分率で計算した累積体積頻度が、粒径の小さい方から積算して50%になる粒径を意味する。測定方法については、後述する実施例にて説明する。
以下に、本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末の製造方法の一例を、原料の調製工程、焼成工程、表面処理工程、及び溶媒和イオン液体との混合工程に分けて説明するが、本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末の製造方法はこれに限定されない。
本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末の原料は、チタン原料及びリチウム原料からなる。チタン原料としては、アナターゼ型二酸化チタン、ルチル型二酸化チタン等のチタン化合物が用いられる。短時間でリチウム原料と反応し易いことが好ましく、その観点で、アナターゼ型二酸化チタンが好ましい。短時間の焼成で原料を十分に反応させるためには、チタン原料のD50は5μm以下が好ましい。
次いで、得られた混合物を焼成する。特定の不純物相の割合を少なく、かつチタン酸リチウムの結晶性を高く、結晶子径や粉末の一次粒子径を大きくする観点から、焼成時の最高温度は、800℃以上であり、好ましくは810℃以上である。焼成により得られる粉末の比表面積を大きく、炉心管由来の不純物量を少なくする観点からは、焼成時の最高温度は、1100℃以下であり、好ましくは1000℃以下であり、より好ましくは960℃以下である。同様に前記二つの観点から、焼成時の最高温度での保持時間は、2分~60分であり、好ましくは5分~45分であり、より好ましくは5分~35分である。焼成時の最高温度が高い時には、より短い保持時間を選択することが好ましい。焼成時の昇温過程においては、焼成により得られる結晶子径を大きくする観点から、700℃~800℃の滞留時間を短くすることがよく、例えば15分以内が好ましい。
本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末は、Alを含有したチタン酸リチウム粉末であってもよく、Alを含有することで全固体二次電池の負極材料として適用した場合により優れた充電レート特性を付与することができる。前記焼成工程で、Alを含有する化合物(以下、処理剤と記すことがある)を加えて、本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末を製造することができるが、より好ましくは、次のような表面処理工程などで、本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末を製造することができる。
溶媒和イオン液体との混合は、特に限定されず、例えば、前記チタン酸リチウム粉末に対して、特定の割合の溶媒和イオン液体を添加し遊星ミル等で混合する方法、チタン酸リチウム粉末と分散媒を含むスラリーに特定の割合の溶媒和イオン液体を添加し混合した後、分散媒を留去して溶媒和イオン液体とチタン酸リチウム粉末を複合させる方法が好適に挙げられる。
以下に、本発明のニオブチタン複合酸化物粉末の製造方法の一例を、原料の調製工程、焼成工程、表面処理工程、及び溶媒和イオン液体との混合工程に分けて説明するが、本発明のニオブチタン複合酸化物粉末の製造方法はこれに限定されない。
まず、出発原料を混合する。特にニオブチタン複合酸化物の場合、出発原料として、Tiと、Nbとを含む酸化物または塩を用いる。また、ニオブチタン複合酸化物のその他の添加元素を含む場合、出発原料として用いる塩は、水酸化物塩、炭酸塩、硝酸塩のような、比較的低融点で分解して酸化物を生じる塩であることが好ましい。また、後述の焼成工程において十分に元素拡散が進むように、出発原料に平均粒径が2μm以下、好ましくは平均粒径が0.5μm以下の粉末を用いることが好ましい。
次に、上記で得られた混合物を焼成する。焼成は500~1200℃の温度範囲で、より好ましくは700~1000℃の範囲で行う。焼成温度を1000℃以下で行うことで汎用の設備を利用することができる。なお、混合物を短時間で焼成する場合は、焼成前に混合物を構成する混合粉末を、レーザー回折・散乱型粒度分布測定機にて測定される粒度分布曲線におけるD95が5μm以下になるように調製することが好ましい。ここで、D95とは、体積分率で計算した累積体積頻度が、粒径の小さい方から積算して95%になる粒径のことである。
本発明のニオブチタン複合酸化物粉末は前述のLi4Ti5O12を主成分とするチタン酸リチウム粉末の製造方法の表面処理工程と同様の方法で製造することができる。
本発明のニオブチタン複合酸化物粉末は前述のLi4Ti5O12を主成分とするチタン酸リチウム粉末の製造方法の溶媒和イオン液体との混合工程と同様の方法で製造することができる。
本発明の周期律表とは、IUPAC(国際純正応用化学連合)の規定に基づく長周期型の元素の周期律表をいう。
無機固体電解質は、無機の固体電解質のことであり、固体電解質とは、その内部においてイオンを移動させることができる固体状の電解質のことである。無機固体電解質は定常状態では固体であるため、通常カチオンおよびアニオンに解離または遊離していない。無機固体電解質は周期律表第1族に属する金属イオンの伝導性を有するものであれば特に限定されず電子伝導性をほとんど有さないものが一般的である。
硫化物無機固体電解質は、硫黄原子(S)を含有し、かつ、周期律表第1族に属する金属イオンの伝導性を有し、かつ、電子絶縁性を有するものが好ましい。前記硫化物無機固体電解質は周期律表第1族に属する金属硫化物と下記一般式(III)で表される硫化物の少なくとも1種を反応させるにより製造することができ、一般式(III)で表される硫化物を2種以上併用しても良い。
(MはP、Si、Ge、B、Al、Ga、又はSbのいずれかを示し、x及びyは、Mの種類に応じて、化学量論比を与える数を示す。)
Li2S-P2S5、Li2S-P2S5-Al2S3、Li2S-GeS2、Li2S-Ga2S3、Li2S-GeS2-Ga2S3、Li2S-GeS2-P2S5、Li2S-GeS2-Sb2S5、Li2S-GeS2-Al2S3、Li2S-SiS2、Li2S-Al2S3、Li2S-SiS2-Al2S3、Li2S-SiS2-P2S5、Li10GeP2S12。
無機固体電解質の混合量は特に限定されないが、前記活物質組成物中に、1質量%以上であればよく、3質量%以上であることが好ましく、5質量%以上であることがより好ましく、7質量%以上であることがさらに好ましい。無機固体電解質の混合量が多いほどチタン含有酸化物粉末と固体電解質の接触が得られやすいため好ましい。また無機固体電解質の混合量が多すぎると全固体二次電池の電池容量が小さくなるため、70質量%以下であればよく、50質量%以下であることが好ましい。通常、全固体二次電池の電池容量を大きくするため無機固体電解質の混合量は少ない方が好ましいが混合量が少ない場合チタン含有酸化物粉末と固体電解質の接触が取りづらくなる。本発明の負極活物質組成物に用いられる前記チタン含有酸化物粉末を用いることで無機固体電解質の混合量は少ない場合においても満足のいくチタン含有酸化物粉末と固体電解質の接触が得られる。
本発明の負極活物質組成物は、前記チタン含有酸化物粉末と前記無機固体電解質の他、導電剤、結着剤を含んでも良い。
本発明の負極活物質組成物の作製方法は、特に限定されず、例えば、前記チタン含有酸化物粉末に対して、特定の割合の前記無機固体電解質の粉末を添加し混合機、撹拌機、分散機等で混合する方法、固体電解質を含むスラリーに前記チタン含有酸化物粉末を加える方法が好適に挙げられる。
本発明の全固体二次電池は、正極、負極及び正極と負極間に位置する固体電解質層により構成されているが、本発明のLi4Ti5O12またはTi1-x/2Nb2O7-x(x=0~2)で表されるチタン含有酸化物を主成分とするチタン含有酸化物粉末と周期律表第1族に属する金属イオンの伝導性を有する無機固体電解質を含む負極活物質組成物は、負極層に用いられる。負極層の作製方法は、特に限定されず、例えば、前記負極活物質組成物を加圧形成する方法や負極活物質組成物を溶剤に加えてスラリーにした後、この負極活物質組成物を集電体に塗布して、乾燥、加圧成型する方法などが好適に挙げることができる。
例えば、全固体二次電池用正極層として用いられる正極活物質としては、コバルト、マンガン、及びニッケルからなる群より選ばれる1種又は2種以上を含有するリチウムとの複合金属酸化物が使用される。これらの正極活物質は、1種単独で用いるか又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
このようなリチウム複合金属酸化物としては、例えば、LiCoO2、LiCo1-xMxO2(但し、MはSn、Mg、Fe、Ti、Al、Zr、Cr、V、Ga、Zn、及びCuから選ばれる1種又は2種以上の元素、0.001≦x≦0.05)、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiCo1-xNixO2(0.01<x<1)、LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2、LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2、LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2、Li2MnO3とLiMO2(Mは、Co、Ni、Mn、Fe等の遷移金属)との固溶体、及びLiNi1/2Mn3/2O4から選ばれる1種以上が好適に挙げられ、2種以上がより好適である。また、LiCoO2とLiMn2O4、LiCoO2とLiNiO2、LiMn2O4とLiNiO2のように併用してもよい。
これらのリチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩の一部は他元素で置換してもよく、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、マンガンの一部をCo、Mn、Ni、Mg、Al、B、Ti、V、Nb、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ca、Sr、W及びZrからなる群より選ばれる1種以上の元素での置換が可能であり、またはこれらの他元素を含有する化合物や炭素材料で被覆することもできる。これらの中では、LiFePO4またはLiMnPO4が好ましい。
また、リチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩は、例えば前記の正極活物質と混合して用いることもできる。
[製造例1]
<原料調製工程>
Tiに対するLiの原子比Li/Tiが0.83になるように、Li2CO3(平均粒径 4.6μm)とアナターゼ型TiO2(比表面積10m2/g)を秤量して得た原料粉末に、スラリーの固形分濃度が41質量%となるようにイオン交換水を加えて撹拌し原料混合スラリーを作製した。この原料混合スラリーを、ビーズミル(ウィリー・エ・バッコーフェン社製、形式:ダイノーミル KD-20BC型、アジテーター材質:ポリウレタン、ベッセル内面材質:ジルコニア)を使用して、ジルコニア製のビーズ(外径:0.65mm)をベッセルに80体積%充填し、アジテーター周速13m/s、スラリーフィード速度55kg/hrで、ベッセル内圧が0.02~0.03MPaになるように制御しながら処理して、原料粉末を湿式混合・粉砕した。
得られた混合スラリーを、付着防止機構を備えたロータリーキルン式焼成炉(炉芯管長さ:4m、炉芯管直径:30cm、外部加熱式)を用い、焼成炉の原料供給側から炉心管内に導入し、窒素雰囲気中で乾燥し、焼成した。このときの、炉心管の水平方向からの傾斜角度を2.5度、炉心管の回転速度を20rpm、焼成物回収側から炉心管内に導入する窒素の流速を20L/分として、炉心管の加熱温度を、原料供給側:600℃、中央部:840℃、焼成物回収側:840℃とし、焼成物の840℃での保持時間を30分とした。
炉心管の焼成物回収側から回収した焼成物を、ハンマーミル(ダルトン製、AIIW-5型)を使用して、スクリーン目開き:0.5mm、回転数:8,000rpm、粉体フィード速度:25kg/hrの条件で解砕した。
解砕した焼成粉末に、スラリーの固形分濃度が30質量%となるようにイオン交換水を加え撹拌し、混合スラリーを作製した。この混合スラリーを、スプレードライヤー(大河原化工機株式会社製L-8i)を使用して、アトマイザ回転数25000rpm、乾燥温度250℃で、噴霧・乾燥し、造粒した。次に篩を通過した粉末をアルミナ製の匣鉢に入れ、温度25℃で露点が-20℃以下に管理された回収ボックスを出口側に備えたメッシュベルト搬送式連続炉で、500℃で1時間熱処理した。回収ボックス内で熱処理後の粉末を冷却して、篩で分級(スクリーン目開き:53μm)し、篩を通過した粉末をアルミラミネート袋に収集して密閉した後、回収ボックスから取り出し、チタン酸リチウム粉末を製造した。
テトラグライム(TetraG)1molに対して、LiN(SO2CF3)2(LTFSI)を1molの割合で混合し、よく攪拌することで溶媒和イオン液体(LTFSI-TetraG)を得た。
<混合工程>
上記で調製した溶媒和イオン液体を、合成したチタン酸リチウム粉末100質量%に対して25質量%加え、混合し、よく攪拌することで、実施例1の溶媒和イオン液体で表面処理したチタン酸リチウム粉末を作成した。
表1、表2に記載のとおり、製造例1と同様に製造した。なお、製造例4においては溶媒和イオン液体で表面処理を行った後熱処理を行い、製造例4においては、前記造粒工程の混合スラリー作製時に処理剤としての硫酸アルミニウム16水和物(Al2(SO4)3・16H2O)を解砕した焼成粉末に対して1.6質量%加えた。
また、製造例7においては、溶媒和イオン液体による処理を行わず、製造例8~12においては、溶媒和イオン液体を得る際に、2種類のLi塩を用い、その使用量(モル比)を表2に示す通りとした。
製造例4のチタン酸リチウム粉末に含まれるAlの含有率を以下のようにして測定した。
蛍光X線誘分析装置(エスアイアイ・テクノロジー株式会社製、商品名「SPS5100」)を用いて、各実施例、各比較例のチタン酸リチウム粉末に含まれるAlを定量分析した。
各製造例に使用したチタン酸リチウム粉末の各種物性を以下のようにして測定した。
各製造例に使用したチタン酸リチウム粉末の比表面積(m2/g)は、全自動BET比表面積測定装置(株式会社マウンテック製、商品名「Macsorb HM model-1208」)を使用して、吸着ガスは窒素ガスを使用した。測定サンプル粉末を0.5g秤量し、φ12標準セル(HM1201-031)に入れ、100℃真空下で0.5時間脱気した後、BET一点法で測定した。
各製造例に使用したチタン酸リチウム粉末のD50は、レーザー回折・散乱型粒度分布測定機(日機装株式会社製、マイクロトラックMT3300EXII)を使用して測定した粒度分布曲線より算出した。50mlのイオン交換水を測定溶媒として収容した容器に50mgの試料を投入し、目視で粉が測定溶媒中に均一に分散したと分かるくらいまで容器を手で振り、容器を測定セルに収容して測定した。解砕処理は、装置内の超音波器で超音波(30W、3s)をかけた。さらに測定溶媒をスラリーの透過率が適正範囲(装置の緑のバーで表示される範囲)になるまで加えて粒度分布測定を行った。得られた粒度分布曲線から、解砕後の混合粉末のD50を算出した。
〔負極活物質組成物の作製〕
アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で、製造例1のチタン酸リチウム粉末及びLi6PS5Clの組成を有する硫化物無機固体電解質粉末(レーザー回折・散乱型粒度分布測定機を使用して測定される体積平均粒径:6μm)をチタン酸リチウム:Li6PS5Cl=60:40の質量比になるように秤量し、メノウ乳鉢で混合した。次に80mLのジルコニアポットにジルコニアボール(直径3mm、20g)を投入し、混合した粉末を投入した。その後、このポットを遊星型ボールミル機にセットし、回転数200rpmで15分間撹拌を続け、実施例1の負極活物質組成物を得た。
[実施例2~14、比較例1~4]
表1および表2に記載の方法で製造したチタン酸リチウム粉末を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、下記表3~6に記載の負極活物質組成物を調製した。
各実施例の負極活物質組成物のペレットを用いて全固体二次電池を作製し、それらの電池特性を評価した。評価結果を表3~6に示す。
アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で、硫化リチウム(Li2S)及び五硫化二リン(P2S5)をLi2S:P2S5=75:25のモル比になるように秤量し、メノウ乳鉢で混合し、原料組成物を得た。
次に、80mLのジルコニアポットにジルコニアボール(直径3mm、160g)と得られた原料組成物2gを投入し、アルゴン雰囲気下で容器を密閉した。このポットを遊星型ボールミル機にセットし、回転数510rpmで16時間メカニカルミリングを行い、黄色粉体の硫化物無機固体電解質(LPSガラス)を得た。得られたLPSガラス80mgを面積0.785cm2の成形部を有するペレット成形機を用いて、360MPaの圧力でプレスすることでペレット状の固体電解質層を得た。
各実施例の負極活物質組成物のペレット、上記ペレット状の固体電解質層、及び対極としてのリチウムインジウム合金の箔をこの順で積層し、積層体をステンレススチール製の集電体で挟むことで全固体二次電池を作製した。
25℃の恒温槽内にて、上述の方法で作製したコイン型電池に、評価電極にLiが吸蔵される方向を充電として、チタン酸リチウムの理論容量の0.05Cに相当する電流で0.5Vまで充電を行い、さらに0.5Vで充電電流が0.01Cに相当する電流になるまで充電させる定電流定電圧充電を行った後、0.05Cに相当する電流で2Vまで放電させる定電流放電を行った。放電容量(mAh)をチタン酸リチウムの質量で割ることで、初期放電容量(mAh/g)として求めた。次に、チタン酸リチウムの理論容量の0.4Cに相当する電流で0.5Vまで充電した後、0.05Cの電流で2Vまで放電させて、0.4C充電容量を求めた。その0.4C充電容量を初期放電容量で除することでレート特性(%)を算出した。初期放電容量、および充電レート特性は、比較例1のそれぞれの値を100%としたときを基準とし、相対的な値を調べた。評価結果を表2、3に示す。1CのCとは充放電するときの電流値を表す。例えば、1Cは理論容量を1/1時間で完全放電(もしくは完全充電)できる電流値を指し、0.1Cなら理論容量を1/0.1時間で完全放電(もしくは完全充電)できる電流値を指す。
恒温槽内の温度を45℃にした以外、実施例1と同様の方法で評価を行った。高温における充電レート特性はチタン酸リチウムの理論容量の0.2Cに相当する電流で0.5Vまで充電した後、0.05Cの電流で2Vまで放電させて、0.2C充電容量を求めた。その0.2C充電容量を初期放電容量で除することで充電レート特性(%)を算出した。評価結果を表5および6に示す。
<原料調製工程>
Nb2O5(平均粒径0.2μm)とアナターゼ型TiO2(比表面積10m2/g)をモル比で1:1となるように秤量し、混合した。この混合粉末を1000℃で5時間熱処理を施した。得られた焼成粉末試料について、サンプリング間隔0.01°、スキャン速度2°/minの条件にて粉末X線回折測定を実施した。リートベルト法による結晶構造解析結果から、合成した試料が目的とするチタン含有酸化物であるチタン酸ニオブ(TiNb2O7:Titanium niobium oxide, ICDD(PDF2010)のPDFカード01-077-1374) であることが確認された。
Claims (14)
- Li4Ti5O12またはTi1-X/2Nb2O7-X (0≦X<2)で表されるチタン含有酸化物を主成分とするチタン含有酸化物粉末であって、
前記チタン含有酸化物粉末がチタン含有酸化物の粒子と溶媒和イオン液体とを含有し、
前記溶媒和イオン液体はLi塩および有機溶媒からなることを特徴とするチタン含有酸化物粉末。 - 前記チタン含有酸化物粉末のレーザー回折散乱法による体積基準粒度分布における体積累積が50%に相当する一次粒子のD50が0.5μm以上である請求項1に記載のチタン含有酸化物粉末。
- 前記チタン含有酸化物粉末の比表面積が1m2/g以上10m2/g以下である請求項1または2に記載のチタン含有酸化物粉末。
- 前記チタン含有酸化物粉末の粒子表面にAlが存在する請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のチタン含有酸化物粉末。
- 前記Li塩がLiPF6、LiBF4、LiN(SO2F)2、LiN(SO2CF3)2、及びLiN(SO2C2F5)2からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種のLi塩である請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のチタン含有酸化物粉末。
- 前記Li塩がLiPF6、LiBF4、LiN(SO2F)2、LiN(SO2CF3)2、及びLiN(SO2C2F5)2からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも二種以上のLi塩である請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のチタン含有酸化物粉末。
- 前記Li塩がLiPF6、LiBF4、LiN(SO2F)2、LiN(SO2CF3)2、及びLiN(SO2C2F5)2からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種のLi塩を含み、シュウ酸骨格を有するLi塩、リン酸骨格を有するLi塩及びS=O基を有するLi塩からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種のLi塩を含む、Li塩である請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のチタン含有酸化物粉末。
- 前記有機溶媒がエーテル化合物である請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のチタン含有酸化物粉末。
- 前記有機溶媒に対するLi塩のモル比が0.3以上2.5以下である請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載のチタン含有酸化物粉末。
- 前記チタン含有酸化物粉末に対する溶媒和イオン液体の割合が0.1質量%以上30質量%以下である請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載のチタン含有酸化物粉末。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載のチタン含有酸化物粉末と周期律表第1族に属する金属イオンの伝導性を有する無機固体電解質と、を含む負極活物質組成物。
- 前記無機固体電解質が、硫化物無機固体電解質である請求項11に記載の負極活物質組成物。
- 前記無機固体電解質の含有量が前記負極活物質組成物中に1質量%以上、50質量%以下である請求項11または12に記載の負極活物質組成物。
- 正極層、負極層および固体電解質層を備えた全固体二次電池であって、前記負極層が請求項11~13のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質組成物を含む層である全固体二次電池。
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