WO2022168930A1 - 負極活物質組成物、及びそれを含む全固体二次電池 - Google Patents
負極活物質組成物、及びそれを含む全固体二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022168930A1 WO2022168930A1 PCT/JP2022/004326 JP2022004326W WO2022168930A1 WO 2022168930 A1 WO2022168930 A1 WO 2022168930A1 JP 2022004326 W JP2022004326 W JP 2022004326W WO 2022168930 A1 WO2022168930 A1 WO 2022168930A1
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- Prior art keywords
- negative electrode
- lithium titanate
- active material
- electrode active
- material composition
- Prior art date
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 94
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 190
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- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 173
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 32
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- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 30
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- 229910004600 P2S5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020343 SiS2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HDYRYUINDGQKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M acetyloxyaluminum;dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.CC(=O)O[Al] HDYRYUINDGQKMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940009827 aluminum acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P ammonium molybdate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O APUPEJJSWDHEBO-UHFFFAOYSA-P 0.000 description 1
- 235000018660 ammonium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011609 ammonium molybdate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940010552 ammonium molybdate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- YXTPWUNVHCYOSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis($l^{2}-silanylidene)molybdenum Chemical compound [Si]=[Mo]=[Si] YXTPWUNVHCYOSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- LGLOITKZTDVGOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N boranylidynemolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]#B LGLOITKZTDVGOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-diene;prop-2-enenitrile Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N NTXGQCSETZTARF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005549 butyl rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BIOOACNPATUQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O BIOOACNPATUQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001759 cerium oxalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ce](Cl)Cl VYLVYHXQOHJDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- ZMZNLKYXLARXFY-UHFFFAOYSA-H cerium(3+);oxalate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[Ce+3].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O ZMZNLKYXLARXFY-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- TYAVIWGEVOBWDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(3+);phosphate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TYAVIWGEVOBWDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- VGBWDOLBWVJTRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Ce+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O VGBWDOLBWVJTRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- GHLITDDQOMIBFS-UHFFFAOYSA-H cerium(3+);tricarbonate Chemical compound [Ce+3].[Ce+3].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O GHLITDDQOMIBFS-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- QCCDYNYSHILRDG-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(3+);trifluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[F-].[Ce+3] QCCDYNYSHILRDG-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- MMXSKTNPRXHINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);trisulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[S-2].[S-2].[Ce+3].[Ce+3] MMXSKTNPRXHINM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MEXSQFDSPVYJOM-UHFFFAOYSA-J cerium(4+);disulfate;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[Ce+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O MEXSQFDSPVYJOM-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- UNJPQTDTZAKTFK-UHFFFAOYSA-K cerium(iii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Ce+3] UNJPQTDTZAKTFK-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000005678 chain carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002447 crystallographic data Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CRLHSBRULQUYOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxido(dioxo)tungsten;manganese(2+) Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O CRLHSBRULQUYOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AAQNGTNRWPXMPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipotassium;dioxido(dioxo)tungsten Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O AAQNGTNRWPXMPB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl n-ethoxycarbonylcarbamate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)NC(=O)OCC PQVSTLUFSYVLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium lithium Chemical compound [Li].[In] LHJOPRPDWDXEIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000032 lithium hydrogen carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium hydroxide monohydrate Substances [Li+].O.[OH-] GLXDVVHUTZTUQK-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940040692 lithium hydroxide monohydrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].OC([O-])=O HQRPHMAXFVUBJX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- MODMKKOKHKJFHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;dioxido(dioxo)molybdenum Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O MODMKKOKHKJFHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DJZHPOJZOWHJPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;dioxido(dioxo)tungsten Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][W]([O-])(=O)=O DJZHPOJZOWHJPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007578 melt-quenching technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdate Chemical compound [O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021343 molybdenum disilicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JZSKWOFOVWVHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum phosphoric acid Chemical compound [Mo].OP(O)(O)=O JZSKWOFOVWVHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXCOQXKFOPSCPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J molybdenum(4+);tetraacetate Chemical class [Mo+4].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O TXCOQXKFOPSCPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- PDKHNCYLMVRIFV-UHFFFAOYSA-H molybdenum;hexachloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Mo] PDKHNCYLMVRIFV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- GALOTNBSUVEISR-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum;silicon Chemical compound [Mo]#[Si] GALOTNBSUVEISR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002048 multi walled nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoceriooxy)cerium Chemical compound [Ce]=O.O=[Ce]=O BMMGVYCKOGBVEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;trioxotungsten Chemical compound O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CYQAYERJWZKYML-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus pentasulfide Chemical compound S1P(S2)(=S)SP3(=S)SP1(=S)SP2(=S)S3 CYQAYERJWZKYML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DPLVEEXVKBWGHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[K+].[K+] DPLVEEXVKBWGHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WNUPENMBHHEARK-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon tungsten Chemical compound [Si].[W] WNUPENMBHHEARK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015393 sodium molybdate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011684 sodium molybdate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010532 solid phase synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000992 sputter etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004763 sulfides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002226 superionic conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- YOUIDGQAIILFBW-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrachlorotungsten Chemical compound Cl[W](Cl)(Cl)Cl YOUIDGQAIILFBW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003609 titanium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GXZZNUGESLEFGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioxomolybdenum;hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[Mo](=O)=O GXZZNUGESLEFGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YGIGBRKGWYIGPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioxotungsten;hydrate Chemical compound O.O=[W](=O)=O YGIGBRKGWYIGPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQJQOUPTWCFRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten disilicide Chemical compound [Si]#[W]#[Si] WQJQOUPTWCFRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten disulfide Chemical compound S=[W]=S ITRNXVSDJBHYNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011179 visual inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material composition using lithium titanate powder suitable as a negative electrode material for all-solid secondary batteries, and to all-solid secondary batteries.
- lithium batteries have been widely used for small electronic devices such as mobile phones and laptop computers, electric vehicles, and power storage.
- the term lithium battery is used as a concept including so-called lithium ion secondary batteries.
- Lithium batteries currently on the market mainly consist of positive and negative electrodes containing materials capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium, and a non-aqueous electrolyte consisting of a lithium salt and a non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous solvent is ethylene carbonate (EC ), propylene carbonate (PC) and other cyclic carbonates, and dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and other chain carbonates.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- PC propylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Lithium batteries use an electrolyte that contains flammable organic solvents, so they are prone to leaks and may ignite when shorted. A short-circuit prevention structure is required. Under such circumstances, all-solid secondary batteries using inorganic solid electrolytes instead of organic electrolytes have attracted attention.
- the positive electrode, negative electrode, and electrolyte of all-solid-state secondary batteries are all solid, they have the potential to greatly improve safety and reliability, which are problems of batteries using organic electrolytes, and also simplify safety devices. Since it is possible to increase the energy density, it is expected to be applied to electric vehicles and large storage batteries.
- all-solid-state secondary batteries form a good solid-solid interface from the viewpoint of realizing excellent ionic conductivity and long-term cycle characteristics, and Continuing maintenance is very important.
- Lithium titanate has attracted attention for maintaining a good interface between the active material and the solid electrolyte. Lithium titanate is expected to maintain the interface between the active material and the solid electrolyte for a long period of time during charge/discharge because the volume change due to charge/discharge is very small.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an electrode using lithium titanate having a specific BET specific surface area and solid electrolyte particles smaller than the average particle size of the lithium titanate, and the contact between the lithium titanate and the solid electrolyte particles is It is reported to be better than before.
- the specific surface area is 4 m 2 /g or more, boron (B), Ln (Ln is at least one metal element selected from the lanthanide element group, Y, and Sc), and containing at least one localization element selected from M1 (M1 is at least one metal element selected from W and Mo), boron (B) as the localization element, the Ln, and the A lithium titanate powder is disclosed in which M1 is localized in the vicinity of the surface of lithium titanate particles constituting the lithium titanate powder.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a lithium titanate powder that, when applied as an electrode material for an electricity storage device, has a large charge/discharge capacity and can suppress the amount of gas generated during high-temperature operation.
- the present invention provides a negative electrode active material composition that forms a good solid-solid interface with a solid electrolyte regardless of the particle size of the lithium titanate powder, and that can form a dense negative electrode layer with fewer voids than conventional ones. and an all-solid-state secondary battery.
- the inventors of the present invention have conducted research to further increase the contact area between the lithium titanate particles and the solid electrolyte even when lithium titanate powder having a relatively small average particle size is used. We found that by allowing a specific metal element to exist on the surface of the particles, the lithium titanate powder and the solid electrolyte form a good solid-solid interface, and that a dense negative electrode layer with fewer pores than before can be obtained. We have completed the present invention. By using the negative electrode active material composition containing the lithium titanate powder and the solid electrolyte in an all-solid secondary battery, the initial discharge capacity can be increased and the charge rate characteristics can be improved.
- Patent Document 2 does not describe or suggest at all the effect of increasing the density of the negative electrode layer containing the negative electrode active material and the solid electrolyte in the all-solid secondary battery.
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material composition using lithium titanate powder suitable as a negative electrode material for all-solid secondary batteries, and to all-solid secondary batteries.
- the present invention provides the following (1) to (9).
- An all-solid secondary battery comprising a positive electrode layer, a negative electrode layer and a solid electrolyte layer, wherein the negative electrode layer comprises the negative electrode active material composition according to any one of (1) to (8) above.
- An all-solid secondary battery that is a layer containing.
- a negative electrode active material composition and an all-solid secondary battery having excellent initial efficiency and charge rate characteristics can be obtained.
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material composition using lithium titanate powder suitable as a negative electrode material for all-solid secondary batteries, and to all-solid secondary batteries.
- a negative electrode active material composition of the present invention includes a lithium titanate powder containing Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 as a main component, and an inorganic solid electrolyte having conductivity of metal ions belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table.
- An active material composition At least one metal element selected from Al, W, Ce and Mo is present on the surface of the lithium titanate particles constituting the lithium titanate powder.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention contains Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 as a main component, and contains a crystalline component and/or an amorphous component other than Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 to the extent that the effects of the present invention can be obtained. can be done.
- the term "main component" means that the main peak of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 accounts for 90% or more of the diffraction peaks measured by the X-ray diffraction method.
- the ratio of the intensity of the main peak of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is preferably 92% or more, and is 95% or more.
- the component other than Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is the sum of the intensity of the main peak due to the crystalline component and the maximum intensity of the halo pattern due to the amorphous component.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention is composed of anatase-type titanium dioxide, rutile-type titanium dioxide, and lithium titanates having different chemical formulas, Li 2 TiO 3 , Li 0 . 6 Ti 3.4 O 8 , etc. may be included as the crystalline component.
- the lower the proportion of crystalline components other than Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , particularly Li 0.6 Ti 3.4 O 8 the better the charging characteristics and charge/discharge capacity of the electricity storage device. can be improved.
- the intensity of the main peak of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 is 100
- the intensity of the main peak of anatase-type titanium dioxide and the main peak intensity of rutile-type titanium dioxide and the intensity corresponding to the main peak of Li 2 TiO 3 calculated by multiplying the peak intensity corresponding to the ( ⁇ 133) plane of Li 2 TiO 3 by 100/80 is particularly preferably 5 or less.
- ICDD International Center for Diffraction Data
- PDF is an abbreviation for Powder Diffraction File.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention contains at least one metal element selected from Al, W, Ce and Mo on the surfaces of lithium titanate particles constituting the lithium titanate powder. Containing each of the above metal elements means that Al, W, Ce and Mo are detected by a known analysis apparatus such as X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) of the lithium titanate powder of the present invention. , respectively.
- XRF X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
- ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry
- the lower limit of the amount detected by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry is usually 0.001% by mass.
- the content of at least one metal element selected from Al, W, Ce and Mo in the lithium titanate powder of the present invention determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) in the lithium titanate powder is Al, W, Ce and Mo, the total content is 0.01% by mass or more and 5% by mass or less.
- XRF X-ray fluorescence analysis
- the content of at least one metal element selected from Al, W, Ce and Mo is preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more and 1.2% by mass or less.
- the content ratio represents the ratio of the mass of the metal element to the mass of the entire lithium titanate powder.
- At least one metal element selected from Al, W, Ce and Mo may be present on the surface of the lithium titanate particles constituting the lithium titanate powder. At least one metal element selected from Al, W, Ce and Mo is preferably contained more on the surface than inside the primary particles of lithium titanate contained in the powder.
- the depth of 1 nm from the surface of the primary particles of the lithium titanate measured by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Let C1 (atm%) be the atomic concentration of the metal element at the depth position, and D2 (atm%) be the atomic concentration of the metal element at a depth of 100 nm from the surface of the lithium titanate particle. It is preferable to satisfy (I), and it is more preferable to satisfy the following formula (II). C1>C2 (I) C1/C2 ⁇ 5 (II)
- the metal element is not detected at a depth of 100 nm from the surface of the primary particles of lithium titanate. It is preferable that the metal element is fixed on the surface of the primary particles in a chemically bonded state. When the metal element exists in such a state, a dense negative electrode layer with few voids can be obtained, and an all-solid secondary battery with excellent initial discharge capacity, initial efficiency and charge rate characteristics can be obtained.
- the lower limit of the detectable amount in measurement by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy varies depending on the element to be measured and the state, but is usually 0.5 atm %. Therefore, at a depth of about 100 nm, metal elements may be detected in a range of 0.5 atm % or less.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention may contain at least one metal element selected from Al, W, Ce and Mo, and preferably contains at least one metal element selected from Al, Ce and Mo. It is more preferable to contain at least one metal element selected from Al and Mo, and it is even more preferable to contain Al.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention which may contain two or more kinds of metal elements, contains at least one or more of these metal elements, thereby improving initial discharge capacity, initial efficiency and charge rate characteristics. can.
- a suitable combination of metal elements includes a combination of Al and Mo, and the ratio of these is Al:Mo (mass ratio), preferably 20:80 to 70:30.
- the D50 of the lithium titanate powder of the present invention is an index of the volume median particle size. It means a particle size at which the cumulative volume frequency calculated from the volume fraction obtained by laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution measurement is integrated from the smaller particle size to 50%. A measuring method will be described in Examples described later.
- D50 of the primary particles of the lithium titanate powder of the present invention is 0.5 ⁇ m or more, preferably 0.55 ⁇ m or more, from the viewpoint of improving the initial discharge capacity and charge rate characteristics, and the denseness of the negative electrode layer.
- 0.6 ⁇ m or more is more preferable.
- it is 5 ⁇ m or less, preferably 4 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 2 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 1.8 ⁇ m or less.
- the lithium titanate powder may contain primary particles having a primary particle diameter of less than 0.5 ⁇ m and having a cumulative volume frequency of 10% to 50%.
- the cumulative volume frequency of primary particles less than 0.55 ⁇ m may be in the range of 10% to 55%, and the cumulative volume frequency of primary particles less than 0.6 ⁇ m is in the range of 10% to 60%.
- the lithium titanate powder may contain a cumulative volume frequency of primary particles exceeding 5 ⁇ m in a range of 50% to 90%, and a cumulative volume frequency of primary particles exceeding 4.5 ⁇ m in a range of 45% to It may be included in the range of 85%.
- the cumulative volume frequency of primary particles exceeding 4 ⁇ m may be in the range of 40% to 80%, and the cumulative volume frequency of primary particles exceeding 2 ⁇ m may be in the range of 15% to 75%, It may contain a cumulative volume frequency of primary particles greater than 1.8 ⁇ m ranging from 10% to 72%.
- Method for producing lithium titanate powder of the present invention An example of the method for producing the lithium titanate powder of the present invention will be described below by dividing it into a raw material preparation step, a firing step, and a surface treatment step, but the method for producing the lithium titanate powder of the present invention is limited to this. not.
- the raw material of the lithium titanate powder of the present invention consists of a titanium raw material and a lithium raw material. Titanium compounds such as anatase-type titanium dioxide and rutile-type titanium dioxide are used as titanium raw materials. It is preferable that it easily reacts with the lithium raw material in a short time, and from that point of view, anatase type titanium dioxide is preferable. D50 of the titanium raw material is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less in order to sufficiently react the raw material in a short time of sintering.
- Lithium compounds such as lithium hydroxide monohydrate, lithium oxide, lithium hydrogen carbonate, and lithium carbonate are used as lithium raw materials.
- the atomic ratio Li/Ti of Li to Ti should be 0.81 or more, preferably 0.83 or more. This is because if the charge ratio is low, the lithium titanate powder obtained after firing will promote the generation of a specific impurity phase, which may adversely affect the battery characteristics.
- the mixed powder constituting the mixture before firing is measured by a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer.
- D95 is the particle size at which the cumulative volume frequency calculated by volume fraction is 95% when integrated from the smaller particle size.
- the following methods can be used to prepare the mixture.
- the first method is a method in which the raw materials are blended and pulverized at the same time as mixing.
- the second method is a method of pulverizing each raw material until D95 becomes 5 ⁇ m or less and then mixing them or mixing while lightly pulverizing them.
- the third method is a method in which powders composed of fine particles are produced from each raw material by a method such as crystallization, classified as necessary, and mixed or lightly pulverized and mixed.
- the first method in which the raw materials are mixed and pulverized at the same time, is an industrially advantageous method because it requires a small number of steps. Also, a conductive agent may be added at the same time.
- any of the first to third methods there is no particular limitation on the method of mixing raw materials, and either wet mixing or dry mixing may be used.
- a Henschel mixer an ultrasonic dispersing device, a homomixer, a mortar, a ball mill, a centrifugal ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a vibrating ball mill, an attritor high-speed ball mill, a bead mill, a roll mill and the like can be used.
- the mixture obtained by any one of the first to third methods is a mixed powder
- it can be subjected to the next firing step as it is.
- the mixed slurry can be dried by a rotary evaporator or the like and then subjected to the next firing step.
- firing is carried out using a rotary kiln furnace, the mixed slurry can be fed into the furnace as it is.
- the resulting mixture is then fired.
- the maximum temperature during firing is 800°C or higher, preferably 810°C. °C or higher.
- the maximum temperature during firing is 1100°C or less, preferably 1000°C or less, and more preferably 960°C. It is below.
- the holding time at the highest temperature during firing is 2 to 60 minutes, preferably 5 to 45 minutes, more preferably 5 to 35 minutes.
- the residence time at 700° C. to 800° C. is preferably shortened, for example, within 15 minutes.
- the firing method is not particularly limited as long as it can be fired under the above conditions.
- Available firing methods include a fixed bed firing furnace, a roller hearth firing furnace, a mesh belt firing furnace, a fluidized bed firing furnace, and a rotary kiln firing furnace.
- a roller hearth type firing furnace, a mesh belt type firing furnace, and a rotary kiln type firing furnace are preferable.
- the quality of the lithium titanate powder obtained by ensuring the uniformity of the temperature distribution of the mixture during firing is evaluated. For consistency, it is preferable to have a small amount of mixture in the sagger.
- the rotary kiln firing furnace does not require a container to hold the mixture, and can be fired while continuously feeding the mixture, and the heat history of the fired material is uniform, making it possible to obtain homogeneous lithium titanate powder. From this point of view, the firing furnace is particularly preferable for producing the lithium titanate powder of the present invention.
- the atmosphere during firing is not particularly limited regardless of the firing furnace, as long as it is an atmosphere that can remove desorbed moisture and carbon dioxide gas.
- An air atmosphere using compressed air is usually used, but an oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen atmosphere may also be used.
- Lithium titanate powder after sintering may be slightly agglomerated, but it does not need to be pulverized to destroy the particles. you should go. If pulverization is not carried out and only pulverization to the extent that agglomeration is broken is carried out, the high crystallinity of the lithium titanate powder after sintering is maintained even after that.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention is a lithium titanate powder containing at least one metal element selected from Al, W, Ce and Mo, and is a dense negative electrode when applied as a negative electrode material for an all-solid secondary battery. A layer can be formed and excellent initial discharge capacity, initial efficiency and charge rate characteristics can be imparted.
- the compound containing the metal element hereinafter sometimes referred to as a treating agent
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention can be produced by a surface treatment step or the like.
- Lithium titanate powder before surface treatment obtained by the above steps (hereinafter sometimes referred to as base material lithium titanate powder. Also, hereinafter, lithium titanate particles constituting the base material lithium titanate powder may be referred to as base material lithium titanate particles) are mixed with a treating agent and preferably heat-treated.
- the compound (treatment agent) containing at least one metal element selected from Al, W, Ce and Mo is not particularly limited when the metal element is Al.
- the metal element includes aluminum oxides, hydroxides, Sulfate compounds, nitrate compounds, fluorides, organic compounds, and metal salt compounds containing aluminum are included.
- Specific examples of Al-containing compounds include aluminum acetate, aluminum fluoride, and aluminum sulfate.
- W it is not particularly limited, but examples include tungsten oxide, tungsten trioxide, tungsten trioxide hydrate, tungsten boride, phosphotungstic acid, tungsten disilicide, tungsten chloride, tungsten sulfide, and tungsten silicon.
- Acid hydrate sodium tungsten oxide, tungsten carbide, tungsten acetate dimer, lithium tungstate, sodium tungstate, potassium tungstate, calcium tungstate, magnesium tungstate, manganese tungstate, ammonium tungstate and the like.
- the metal element is Ce, it is not particularly limited, but examples include cerium oxide, cerium sulfide, cerium hydroxide, cerium fluoride, cerium sulfate, cerium nitrate, cerium carbonate, cerium acetate, cerium oxalate, cerium chloride, and boride. cerium, cerium phosphate, and the like.
- the metal element is Mo
- it is not particularly limited, but examples include molybdenum oxide, molybdenum trioxide, molybdenum trioxide hydrate, molybdenum boride, molybdenum phosphoric acid, molybdenum disilicide, molybdenum chloride, molybdenum sulfide, and molybdenum silicon.
- Acid hydrate sodium molybdenum oxide, molybdenum carbide, molybdenum acetate dimer, lithium molybdate, sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate, calcium molybdate, magnesium molybdate, manganese molybdate, ammonium molybdate, etc.
- aluminum sulfate, its hydrates, aluminum fluoride, lithium tungstate, cerium sulfate and its hydrates, and lithium molybdate are preferred.
- the amount of the compound (treatment agent) containing at least one metal element selected from Al, W, Ce and Mo to be added is within the range of the present invention
- the amount of the metal element in the lithium titanate powder is Although any amount may be used, it may be added at a rate of 0.1% by mass or more relative to the base material lithium titanate powder. Moreover, it may be added at a ratio of 12% by mass or less, preferably 10% by mass or less, and more preferably 8% by mass or less with respect to the lithium titanate powder of the substrate.
- the treatment agent two or more kinds may be used in combination.
- the method of mixing the lithium titanate powder as the base material and the compound containing the metal element is not particularly limited, and either a wet mixing method or a dry mixing method can be employed. It is preferable to uniformly disperse the compound containing the metal element on the surface, and wet mixing is preferable in that respect.
- a paint mixer for example, a paint mixer, a Henschel mixer, an ultrasonic dispersing device, a homomixer, a mortar, a ball mill, a centrifugal ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a vibrating ball mill, an attritor high-speed ball mill, a bead mill, a roll mill, or the like can be used.
- a paint mixer for example, a paint mixer, a Henschel mixer, an ultrasonic dispersing device, a homomixer, a mortar, a ball mill, a centrifugal ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a vibrating ball mill, an attritor high-speed ball mill, a bead mill, a roll mill, or the like can be used.
- a paint mixer for example, a paint mixer, a Henschel mixer, an ultrasonic dispersing device, a homomixer, a mortar, a ball mill, a centrifugal ball mill, a
- the treatment agent and lithium titanate powder as the base material are put into water or an alcohol solvent and mixed in a slurry state.
- the alcohol solvent those having a boiling point of 100° C. or lower, such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol, are preferable because the solvent can be easily removed.
- a water solvent is industrially preferable.
- the amount of the solvent there is no problem as long as the amount of the processing agent and the lithium titanate particles of the substrate are sufficiently wet.
- the amount of the solvent that dissolves the processing agent in the solvent is preferably 50% or more of the total amount of the processing agent added to the solvent. Since the amount of the treating agent dissolved in the solvent increases as the temperature increases, it is preferable to mix the lithium titanate powder of the base material and the treating agent in the solvent while heating. Since the amount of solvent can also be reduced by heating, the method of mixing while heating is an industrially suitable method.
- the temperature during mixing is preferably 40°C to 100°C, more preferably 60°C to 100°C.
- the heat treatment temperature is a temperature at which the metal element diffuses into at least the surface region of the lithium titanate particles of the base material, and the specific surface area is greatly reduced by sintering the lithium titanate particles of the base material. A temperature that does not occur is good.
- the upper limit of the heat treatment temperature may be 700° C. or lower, preferably 600° C. or lower.
- the lower limit of the heat treatment temperature should be 300° C. or higher, preferably 400° C. or higher.
- the heat treatment time may be 0.1 to 8 hours, preferably 0.5 to 5 hours.
- the temperature and time at which the metal element diffuses into at least the surface region of the lithium titanate particles of the base material are preferably set as appropriate, since reactivity varies depending on the compound containing the metal element.
- the heating method in the heat treatment is not particularly limited.
- Usable heat treatment furnaces include a fixed bed furnace, a roller hearth furnace, a mesh belt furnace, a fluidized bed furnace, and a rotary kiln furnace.
- the atmosphere during heat treatment may be either an air atmosphere or an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the lithium titanate powder after the heat treatment obtained as described above is slightly agglomerated, it does not need to be pulverized so as to destroy the particles. It suffices to perform pulverization and classification to the extent that they are broken.
- the lithium titanate powder of the present invention may be granulated and heat-treated after being mixed with a treating agent in the surface treatment step to obtain a powder containing secondary particles in which primary particles are agglomerated. Any method may be used for granulation as long as secondary particles can be formed, but a spray dryer is preferable because it can process a large amount.
- the dew point may be controlled in the heat treatment process. If the heat-treated powder is exposed to the atmosphere as it is, the amount of moisture contained in the powder increases. Therefore, it is preferable to handle the powder in an environment where the dew point is controlled during cooling in the heat treatment furnace and after the heat treatment. The heat-treated powder may be classified as necessary to bring the particles into the desired maximum particle size range.
- the dew point is controlled in the heat treatment step, it is preferable to seal the lithium titanate powder of the invention in an aluminum laminate bag or the like and then put it in an environment outside the dew point control.
- the heat treatment temperature may be 450° C. or higher and 550° C. or lower. This is because if the heat treatment temperature exceeds 550° C., the specific surface area is greatly reduced, and the battery performance, particularly the charge rate characteristics, is greatly reduced.
- the retention time is preferably 1 hour or more, because it is presumed that if the retention time is short, the water content in the powder will increase and the particle surface state will be affected.
- the periodic table of the present invention refers to the periodic table of long period elements based on the regulations of IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).
- An inorganic solid electrolyte is an inorganic solid electrolyte, and a solid electrolyte is a solid electrolyte in which ions can move (an electrolyte that exhibits a solid state at a temperature of 25 ° C.). Since inorganic solid electrolytes are solid in the steady state, they are usually not dissociated or released into cations and anions.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity of metal ions belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table, and generally has almost no electronic conductivity.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte has the conductivity of metal ions belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table.
- Representative examples of the inorganic solid electrolyte include (A) a sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte and (B) an oxide inorganic solid electrolyte.
- a sulfide solid electrolyte is preferably used because it has high ion conductivity and can form a dense compact with few grain boundaries only by applying pressure at room temperature.
- the sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte contains sulfur atoms (S), has conductivity of metal ions belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table, and has electronic insulation. It is preferable to have The sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte can be produced by reacting a metal sulfide belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table with at least one sulfide represented by the following general formula (III). ) may be used in combination of two or more.
- MxSy ( III) (M represents any one of P, Si, Ge, B, Al, Ga, and Sb, and x and y represent numbers that give a stoichiometric ratio depending on the type of M.)
- the metal sulfide belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table represents any one of lithium sulfide, sodium sulfide, and potassium sulfide, more preferably lithium sulfide and sodium sulfide, and still more preferably lithium sulfide.
- the sulfide represented by the general formula ( III ) is any one of P2S5 , SiS2 , GeS2 , B2S3 , Al2S3 , Ga2S3 and Sb2S5 is preferred, and P 2 S 5 is particularly preferred.
- composition ratio of each element in the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte produced as described above is a mixture of the metal sulfide belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table, the sulfide represented by the general formula (III), and elemental sulfur. It can be controlled by adjusting the amount.
- the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte of the present invention may be amorphous glass, crystallized glass, or a crystalline material.
- Li2SP2S5 Li2SP2S5 - Al2S3 , Li2S - GeS2 , Li2S - Ga2S3 , Li2S - GeS2 - Ga2S3 , Li 2 S—GeS 2 —P 2 S 5 , Li 2 S—GeS 2 —Sb 2 S 5 , Li 2 S—GeS 2 —Al 2 S 3 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 , Li 2 S—Al 2 S 3 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 —Al 2 S 3 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 —P 2 S 5 , Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 .
- LPS glasses and LPS glass-ceramics produced by combining Li 2 SP 2 S 5 are preferred.
- the mixing ratio of the metal sulfide belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table and the sulfide represented by the general formula (III) is not particularly limited as long as it can be used as a solid electrolyte, but 50:50 to 90: A ratio of 10 (molar ratio) is preferred. If the molar ratio of the metal sulfide is 50 or more and 90 or less, the ionic conductivity can be sufficiently increased.
- the mixing ratio (molar ratio) is more preferably 60:40 to 80:20, still more preferably 70:30 to 80:20.
- the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte includes LiI, LiBr, LiCl, and LiF in addition to metal sulfides belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table and sulfides represented by the general formula (III) in order to increase ion conductivity. It may contain at least one lithium salt such as lithium halide, lithium oxide, lithium phosphate, etc. selected from. However, the mixing ratio of the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte and these lithium salts is preferably 60:40 to 95:5 (molar ratio), more preferably 80:20 to 95:5.
- Algerodite-type solid electrolytes such as Li 6 PS 5 Cl and Li 6 PS 5 Br are also suitable examples of sulfide inorganic solid electrolytes other than those described above.
- the method for producing the sulfide inorganic solid electrolyte is preferably a solid phase method, a sol-gel method, a mechanical milling method, a solution method, a melt quenching method, etc., but is not particularly limited.
- the oxide-based inorganic solid electrolyte preferably contains oxygen atoms, has metal ion conductivity belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table, and has electronic insulation.
- oxide inorganic solid electrolytes examples include Li3.5Zn0.25GeO4 having a LISICON (lithium superionic conductor) type crystal structure, La0.55Li0.35TiO3 having a perovskite type crystal structure , LiTi 2 P 3 O 12 having a NASICON (Natrium superionic conductor) type crystal structure, Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZ) having a garnet type crystal structure, lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), lithium phosphate LiPON in which some of the oxygen in the _ _ _ _ _ O 12 and the like are preferably exemplified.
- LISICON lithium superionic conductor
- La0.55Li0.35TiO3 having a perovskite type crystal structure
- LiTi 2 P 3 O 12 having a NASICON (Natrium superionic conductor) type crystal structure
- Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZ) having a garnet type crystal structure
- the volume average particle diameter of the inorganic solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, it may be 0.01 ⁇ m or more, preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit may be 100 ⁇ m or less, preferably 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the volume average particle size of the inorganic solid electrolyte can be measured using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer.
- the content of the inorganic solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, but may be 1% by mass or more, preferably 5% by mass or more, and more preferably 20% by mass or more, in the negative electrode active material composition. , more preferably 30% by mass or more.
- the higher the content of the inorganic solid electrolyte the easier it is to obtain contact between the lithium titanate powder and the solid electrolyte, which is preferable.
- the content of the inorganic solid electrolyte is too large, the battery capacity of the all-solid secondary battery becomes small, so the content should be 70% by mass or less, preferably 50% by mass or less.
- the content of the inorganic solid electrolyte is preferably as small as possible in order to increase the battery capacity of the all-solid secondary battery, but if the content is small, it becomes difficult to make contact between the lithium titanate powder and the solid electrolyte.
- the content ratio of the lithium titanate powder and the inorganic solid electrolyte in the negative electrode active material composition is preferably 99: 1 to 30: 70, more preferably 99: 1 to 30: 70, in terms of the mass ratio of "lithium titanate powder: inorganic solid electrolyte". 95:5 to 40:60, more preferably 80:20 to 50:50, particularly preferably 75:25 to 50:50.
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention may contain a conductive agent and a binder in addition to the lithium titanate powder and the inorganic solid electrolyte.
- the conductive agent for the negative electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is an electron conductive material that does not cause chemical changes.
- natural graphite flaky graphite, etc.
- graphites such as artificial graphite
- carbon blacks such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black
- single-phase carbon nanotubes multi-wall carbon nanotubes
- Graphite layers are multi-layered concentric cylinders) (non-fishbone), cup-layered carbon nanotubes (fishbone), node-type carbon nanofibers (non-fishbone structure), platelet-type carbon nanofibers ( carbon nanotubes such as card-shaped), and the like.
- Graphites, carbon blacks, and carbon nanotubes may be appropriately mixed and used.
- the specific surface area of carbon blacks is preferably 30 m 2 /g to 3000 m 2 /g, more preferably 50 m 2 /g to 2000 m 2 /g.
- the specific surface area of graphites is preferably 30 m 2 /g to 600 m 2 /g, more preferably 50 m 2 /g to 500 m 2 /g.
- the carbon nanotubes have an aspect ratio of 2-150, preferably 2-100, and more preferably 2-50.
- the amount of the conductive agent added varies depending on the specific surface area of the active material, the type and combination of the conductive agent, and should be optimized.
- the content is preferably 0.5% by mass to 5% by mass. By making it in the range of 0.1% by mass to 10% by mass, the active material ratio is made sufficient, thereby making the initial discharge capacity of the electricity storage device per unit mass and unit volume of the negative electrode layer sufficient. , the conductivity of the negative electrode layer can be further enhanced.
- binder for the negative electrode examples include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), a copolymer of styrene and butadiene (SBR), and a copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene. coalesced (NBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and the like.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVPVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
- SBR styrene and butadiene
- COC carboxymethyl cellulose
- the molecular weight of polyvinylidene fluoride is 20,000 to 1,000,000. From the viewpoint of further enhancing the binding property of the negative electrode layer, it is preferably 25,000 or more, more preferably 30,000 or more, and even more preferably 50,000 or more.
- the molecular weight is preferably 100,000 or more.
- the amount of the binder added varies depending on the specific surface area of the active material and the type and combination of the conductive agent, and should be optimized. % should be included. From the viewpoint of enhancing the binding property and securing the strength of the negative electrode layer, the content is preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, and even more preferably 2% by mass or more. It is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, from the viewpoint of preventing a reduction in the active material ratio and a decrease in the initial discharge capacity of the electricity storage device per unit mass and unit volume of the negative electrode layer.
- the method for producing the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention is not particularly limited. and the like, and a method of adding the lithium titanate powder to a slurry containing a solid electrolyte.
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention can provide a dense negative electrode layer with fewer voids than conventional, and excellent initial discharge characteristics, initial efficiency and charge rate characteristics in an all-solid secondary battery is not necessarily clear. not, but can be considered as follows.
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention comprises an inorganic solid electrolyte having conductivity of metal ions belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table and at least one metal selected from Al, W, Ce and Mo on the surfaces of lithium titanate particles. and a lithium titanate powder containing the element.
- the lithium titanate particles aggregate together, especially when the particle size of the lithium titanate powder is small, and the lithium titanate powder and the solid electrolyte are mixed in the negative electrode active material composition.
- the presence of metal elements such as Al, W, Ce and Mo on the surface of the lithium titanate particles of the present invention suppresses the aggregation of the lithium titanate particles, and furthermore, the inorganic solid electrolyte, particularly the sulfide solid electrolyte. and is uniformly mixed in the negative electrode active material composition.
- the solid electrolyte and the lithium titanate powder of the present invention form a good solid-solid interface in the negative electrode active material composition, and a dense negative electrode layer with fewer voids than conventional can be formed, resulting in an all-solid secondary battery. It is considered that the characteristics can be improved in Here, in a lithium-ion secondary battery using an organic electrolyte, even if lithium titanate particles aggregate together, such an aggregated portion also contains an organic electrolyte that serves as a carrier for metal ions such as lithium ions. Easily impregnated with liquid. Therefore, since a solid-liquid interface is easily formed, even in such agglomerated portions, metal ions such as lithium ions can be absorbed and released through the organic electrolyte.
- the presence of metal elements such as Al, W, Ce, and Mo on the surface of the lithium titanate particles suppresses the aggregation of the lithium titanate particles, and the inorganic solid electrolyte, particularly Affinity with the sulfide solid electrolyte is enhanced, which makes it possible to obtain a dense negative electrode layer with fewer voids than conventional ones, and effectively solve the problem caused by the occurrence of agglomerated portions as described above. It is.
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention can be used for the negative electrode of all-solid secondary batteries.
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention is preferably pressure-molded to form a pressure-molded body.
- the conditions for pressure molding are not particularly limited, but the molding temperature may be 15° C. to 200° C., preferably 25° C. to 150° C., and the molding pressure may be 180 MPa to 1080 MPa, preferably 300 MPa to 800 MPa.
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention can form a dense molded body with few voids, and therefore can form a dense negative electrode layer with few voids.
- the compact obtained using the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention has a filling rate of 72.5% to 100%, preferably 73.5% to 100%. A method for measuring the filling rate will be described in Examples described later.
- the all - solid secondary battery of the present invention is composed of a positive electrode , a negative electrode, and a solid electrolyte layer positioned between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a negative electrode active material composition containing an inorganic solid electrolyte having conductivity of metal ions belonging to Group 1 of the periodic table is used for the negative electrode layer.
- the method for producing the negative electrode layer is not particularly limited. Suitable examples include a method of applying to an electric body, drying, and press-molding.
- Examples of the negative electrode current collector include aluminum, stainless steel, nickel, copper, titanium, calcined carbon, and those whose surfaces are coated with carbon, nickel, titanium, or silver. Moreover, the surface of these materials may be oxidized, and the surface of the negative electrode current collector may be roughened by surface treatment.
- Examples of the form of the negative electrode current collector include sheet, net, foil, film, punched material, lath, porous material, foam, fiber group, non-woven fabric, and the like.
- Porous aluminum is preferable as the form of the negative electrode current collector. The porosity of the porous aluminum is 80% or more and 95% or less, preferably 85% or more and 90% or less.
- the constituent members such as the positive electrode layer and the solid electrolyte layer can be used without any particular limitation.
- a positive electrode active material used as a positive electrode layer for an all-solid secondary battery a composite metal oxide with lithium containing one or more selected from the group consisting of cobalt, manganese, and nickel is used. be.
- These positive electrode active materials can be used individually by 1 type, or can be used in combination of 2 or more types.
- lithium composite metal oxides examples include LiCoO 2 , LiCo 1-x M x O 2 (where M is Sn, Mg, Fe, Ti, Al, Zr, Cr, V, Ga, Zn, and one or more elements selected from Cu, 0.001 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.05), LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , LiCo 1-x Ni x O 2 (0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiCo1 / 3Ni1 / 3Mn1 / 3O2 , LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 , LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 , LiNi0.8Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 , a solid solution of Li 2 MnO 3 and LiMO 2 (M is a transition metal such as Co, Ni, Mn, Fe), and LiNi 1/2 Mn 3/2 O 4
- M is a transition metal such as Co, Ni, Mn, Fe
- LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 LiCoO2 and LiN
- a lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate can also be used as the positive electrode active material.
- Lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate containing at least one selected from iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese is particularly preferred. Specific examples thereof include LiFePO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiMnPO 4 and the like. Part of these lithium-containing olivine-type phosphates may be replaced with other elements, and part of iron, cobalt, nickel and manganese may be replaced with Co, Mn, Ni, Mg, Al, B, Ti, V and Nb.
- LiFePO4 or LiMnPO4 is preferred.
- the lithium-containing olivine-type phosphate can be used, for example, by being mixed with the positive electrode active material.
- the conductive agent for the positive electrode is an electronically conductive material that does not cause chemical changes.
- examples thereof include graphite such as natural graphite (flaky graphite, etc.), artificial graphite, etc., carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, and the like.
- graphite and carbon black may be appropriately mixed and used.
- the amount of the conductive agent added to the positive electrode active material composition is preferably 1 to 10% by mass, particularly preferably 2 to 5% by mass.
- the positive electrode active material composition contains at least the positive electrode active material and the solid electrolyte, and if necessary, a conductive agent such as acetylene black or carbon black, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), Binders such as styrene/butadiene copolymer (SBR), acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer (NBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, and the like may also be included.
- a conductive agent such as acetylene black or carbon black, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), Binders such as styrene/butadiene copolymer (SBR), acrylonitrile/butadiene copolymer (NBR), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), ethylene propylene diene terpolymer, and
- the method for producing the positive electrode is not particularly limited, and for example, a method of press forming the powder of the positive electrode active material composition, or a method of adding the powder of the positive electrode active material composition to a solvent to form a slurry, and then forming the positive electrode active material composition.
- a method of press forming the powder of the positive electrode active material composition or a method of adding the powder of the positive electrode active material composition to a solvent to form a slurry, and then forming the positive electrode active material composition.
- Preferable examples include a method of applying the substance to an aluminum foil or a stainless steel lath plate as a current collector, followed by drying and pressure molding.
- the surface of the positive electrode active material may be surface-coated with another metal oxide.
- Surface coating agents include metal oxides containing Ti, Nb, Ta, W, Zr, Al, Si or Li. Specifically , Li4Ti5O12 , Li2Ti2O5 , LiTaO3 , LiNbO3 , LiAlO2 , Li2ZrO3 , Li2WO4 , Li2TiO3 , Li2B4O7 , Li3PO4 , Li2MoO4 , Li3BO3 , LiBO2 , Li2CO3 , Li2SiO3 , SiO2 , TiO2 , ZrO2 , Al2O3 , B2O3 , etc. .
- the solid electrolyte layer is located between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and although the thickness of the solid electrolyte layer is not particularly limited, it may have a thickness of 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- the constituent material of the solid electrolyte layer may be the sulfide solid electrolyte or the oxide solid electrolyte, and may be different from the solid electrolyte used for the electrodes.
- the solid electrolyte layer may contain a binder such as butadiene rubber or butyl rubber.
- This raw material mixture slurry is processed into zirconia beads (outer diameter: 0.5 mm) using a bead mill (manufactured by Willie & Bakkofen, model: Dyno Mill KD-20BC, agitator material: polyurethane, vessel inner surface material: zirconia). 65 mm) is filled into the vessel at 80% by volume, and the raw material powder is processed at an agitator peripheral speed of 13 m / s and a slurry feed rate of 55 kg / hr while controlling the vessel internal pressure to be 0.02 to 0.03 MPa. Wet-mixed and pulverized.
- the obtained mixed slurry is introduced into the furnace core tube from the raw material supply side of the firing furnace using a rotary kiln type firing furnace (furnace core tube length: 4 m, furnace core tube diameter: 30 cm, external heating type) equipped with an adhesion prevention mechanism. , dried in a nitrogen atmosphere and calcined.
- the inclination angle of the furnace core tube from the horizontal direction is 2.5 degrees
- the rotation speed of the furnace core tube is 20 rpm
- the flow rate of nitrogen introduced into the furnace core tube from the fired material recovery side is 20 L / min.
- the temperature was set to 600° C. on the raw material supply side, 840° C. on the central portion, and 840° C. on the fired product recovery side, and the time for holding the fired product at 840° C. was 30 minutes.
- the powder passed through the sieve is placed in an alumina sagger, and a mesh belt conveying continuous furnace equipped with a collection box on the outlet side with a temperature of 25 ° C and a dew point controlled at -20 ° C or less, 1 at 500 ° C. heat treated for hours.
- the powder after heat treatment is cooled in the recovery box, classified with a sieve (screen opening: 53 ⁇ m), and the powder that has passed through the sieve is collected in an aluminum laminate bag and sealed, then taken out from the recovery box and lithium titanate. A powder was produced.
- Production Examples 2 to 8, Production Examples 1a to 5a As shown in Table 1, it was produced in the same manner as in Production Example 1.
- Production Examples 4 to 7 and Production Example 5a in addition to aluminum sulfate hexahydrate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3.16H 2 O), lithium molybdate (Li 2 MoO 4 ) was used as the treating agent. was used and added at the same timing as aluminum sulfate 16-hydrate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3.16H 2 O).
- lithium molybdate (Li 2 MoO 4 ) and lithium tungstate ( Li 2 WO 4 ) was used, and the addition timing was the same as the addition timing of aluminum sulfate hexahydrate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3.16H 2 O).
- cerium sulfate tetrahydrate (Ce 2 (SO 4 ) 3.4H 2 O) was used instead of aluminum sulfate 16-hydrate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3.16H 2 O). was used at the same timing as the addition of aluminum sulfate 16-hydrate (Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3.16H 2 O).
- X-ray fluorescence analysis Identification of metal elements> Elements contained in the lithium titanate powder of each example and each comparative example were quantitatively analyzed using a fluorescent X-ray induction spectrometer (manufactured by SII Technology Co., Ltd., trade name "SPS5100").
- the specific surface area (m 2 /g) of the lithium titanate powder of each production example was measured using a fully automatic BET specific surface area measuring device (manufactured by Mountec Co., Ltd., trade name “Macsorb HM model-1208”). Nitrogen gas was used. 0.5 g of the measurement sample powder was weighed, placed in a ⁇ 12 standard cell (HM1201-031), degassed at 100° C. under vacuum for 0.5 hours, and then measured by the BET single-point method.
- the D50 of the lithium titanate powder of each production example was calculated from a particle size distribution curve measured using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer (manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd., Microtrac MT3300EXII). Put 50 mg of sample into a container containing 50 ml of ion-exchanged water as a measurement solvent, shake the container by hand until the powder is evenly dispersed in the measurement solvent by visual inspection, and place the container in the measurement cell. It was measured. The crushing treatment applied ultrasonic waves (30 W, 3 s) with an ultrasonic device in the device.
- the atomic concentration of the metal element at a specific position in the obtained lithium titanate particle flake sample was measured by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) method as follows. Using a JEOL JEM-2100F type field emission transmission electron microscope (with Cs correction), while observing the cross section of a thin sample at an accelerating voltage of 120 kV, a JEOL UTW type Si (Li) semiconductor attached to the same microscope Using a detector, on a straight line drawn perpendicularly from the contact point with respect to the tangent of the thin piece sample surface, the position of 1 nm inward from the surface of the sample and 100 nm inward from the surface The atomic concentration of the metal element at the position was measured.
- EDS energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- the beam diameter that is, the analysis area was a circle with a diameter of 0.2 nm.
- the source of the detected amount in this measurement was 0.5 atm %.
- C1 (atm%) is the total element concentration of the metal element at a position 1 nm from the surface of the lithium titanate particle toward the inside, and the metal element at a depth of 100 nm from the surface of the lithium titanate particle. The results are shown in Table 2 with the total element concentration of C2 (atm %).
- the lithium titanate powders produced in Production Examples 2 to 3 and Production Examples 1a to 4a were surface-treated in the same manner as in Production Example 1, and the surface treatment was carried out in the same manner as in Production Example 7.
- the surfaces of the lithium titanate powders produced in Production Examples 4 to 6 and Production Example 5a correspond to the respective treatment agents. It is considered that the amount of the metal element is substantially undetected at a depth of 100 nm from the surface of the lithium titanate particle.
- Example 1 A negative electrode active material composition shown in Table 3 below was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the lithium titanate powder prepared by the production method shown in Table 1 was used.
- Filling rate (%) (pellet density of negative electrode active material composition/((1- ⁇ )Li 6 PS 5 Cl density (true density) + ⁇ x lithium titanate density (true density)) x 100 Then, using the obtained filling rate values, relative to the pellets of the negative electrode active material compositions of Examples 1 to 7 and Examples 1a to 3a based on the value of Comparative Example 1 being 100%. A density ratio was calculated. Table 3 shows the results.
- This pot was set in a planetary ball mill, and mechanical milling was performed at a rotation speed of 510 rpm for 16 hours to obtain a yellow powdery sulfide solid electrolyte (LPS glass).
- LPS glass yellow powdery sulfide solid electrolyte
- a pellet-shaped solid electrolyte layer was obtained by pressing 80 mg of the obtained LPS glass at a pressure of 360 MPa using a pellet molding machine having a molding part with an area of 0.785 cm 2 .
- the battery was charged to 0.5 V with a current corresponding to 0.4 C, which is the theoretical capacity of lithium titanate, and then discharged to 2 V at a current of 0.05 C to determine the 0.4 C charge capacity.
- the charge rate characteristic (%) was calculated by dividing the 0.4C charge capacity by the initial discharge capacity.
- the initial discharge capacities and charge rate characteristics of Examples 1 to 7 and Examples 1a to 3a were examined relative to each value of Comparative Example 1 as 100%. Table 3 shows the evaluation results.
- the C in 1C represents the current value when charging and discharging.
- 1C refers to the current value that can fully discharge (or fully charge) the theoretical capacity in 1/1 hour
- 0.1C means the current value that can fully discharge (or fully charge) the theoretical capacity in 1/0.1 hour. Point.
- Example 7a Comparative Example 2a
- the negative electrode active material composition of the present invention it is possible to suppress the occurrence of agglomeration of lithium titanate particles, thereby making it possible to make the negative electrode layer more dense. can form a continuous path of ions and electrons, so it exhibits excellent battery characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
このような状況下で有機電解液に代えて、無機固体電解質を用いた全固体二次電池が注目されている。全固体二次電池は正極、負極および電解質すべてが固体からなるため、有機電解液を用いた電池の課題である安全性、信頼性を大きく改善できる可能性があり、また安全装置の簡略化が図れることから高エネルギー密度化が可能となるため、電気自動車や大型蓄電池等への応用が期待されている。
C1>C2 (I)
本発明の負極活物質組成物は、Li4Ti5O12を主成分とするチタン酸リチウム粉末と、周期律表第1族に属する金属イオンの伝導性を有する無機固体電解質と、を含む負極活物質組成物であって、
前記チタン酸リチウム粉末を構成するチタン酸リチウム粒子の表面にAl、W、CeおよびMoから選ばれる少なくとも一種の金属元素が存在するものである。
本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末はLi4Ti5O12を主成分とし、本発明の効果が得られる範囲で、Li4Ti5O12以外の結晶質成分及び/または非晶質成分を含むことができる。主成分とは、X線回折法によって測定される回折ピークのうち、Li4Ti5O12のメインピークの強度の割合が90%以上であることを言う。本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末は、X線回折法によって測定される回折ピークのうち、Li4Ti5O12のメインピークの強度の割合は92%以上であることが好ましく、95%以上であることがより好ましい。Li4Ti5O12以外の成分としては、結晶質成分に起因するメインピークの強度と、非晶質成分に起因するハローパターンの最高強度との総和である。特に本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末は、その合成時の原料や合成条件に起因して、アナターゼ型二酸化チタン、ルチル型二酸化チタン、及び化学式が異なるチタン酸リチウムであるLi2TiO3、Li0.6Ti3.4O8、等を前記結晶質成分として含むことがある。本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末は、これらのLi4Ti5O12以外の結晶質成分、特にLi0.6Ti3.4O8の発生割合が少ないほど、蓄電デバイスの充電特性及び充放電容量を向上させることができる。X線回折法によって測定される回折ピークのうち、Li4Ti5O12のメインピークの強度を100としたときに、アナターゼ型二酸化チタンのメインピークの強度と、ルチル型二酸化チタンのメインピーク強度と、Li2TiO3の(-133)面相当のピーク強度に100/80を乗じて算出したLi2TiO3のメインピークに相当する強度との総和が5以下であることが特に好ましい。ここで、Li4Ti5O12のメインピークとは、ICDD(PDF2010)のPDFカード00-049-0207におけるLi4Ti5O12の(111)面(2θ=18.33)に帰属する回折ピークに相当するピークである。アナターゼ型二酸化チタンのメインピークとは、PDFカード01-070-6826における(101)面(2θ=25.42)に帰属する回折ピークに相当するピークである。ルチル型二酸化チタンのメインピークとは、PDFカード01-070-7347における(110)面(2θ=27.44)に帰属する回折ピークに相当するピークである。Li2TiO3の(-133)面に相当するピークとは、PDFカード00-033-0831におけるLi2TiO3の(-133)面(2θ=43.58)に帰属する回折ピークに相当するピークである。Li0.6Ti3.4O8のメインピークとは、PDFカード01-070-2732における(101)面(2θ=19.98)に帰属する回折ピークに相当するピークである。なお、「ICDD」は、International Centre for Diffraction Data(国際回折データセンター)の略であり、「PDF」は、Powder Diffraction File(粉末回折ファイル)の略である。
本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末は、チタン酸リチウム粉末を構成するチタン酸リチウム粒子の表面にAl、W、CeおよびMoから選ばれる少なくとも一種の金属元素を含有する。それぞれ前記金属元素を含有するとは、本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末の蛍光X線分析(XRF)や誘導結合プラズマ発光分析(ICP-AES)など公知の分析装置において、Al、W、CeおよびMoが、それぞれ検出されることをいう。なお、誘導結合プラズマ発光分析による検出量の下限は、通常、0.001質量%である。
チタン酸リチウム粉末中における、蛍光X線分析(XRF)から求めた本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末のAl、W、CeおよびMoから選ばれる少なくとも一種の金属元素の含有率は、Al、W、CeおよびMoの合計の含有量で、0.01質量%以上5質量%以下である。前記金属元素の含有率がこの範囲であれば、空隙の少なく緻密な負極層が得られ、初期放電容量、初期効率および充電レート特性に優れた全固体二次電池が得られる。Al、W、CeおよびMoから選ばれる少なくとも一種の金属元素の含有率は、好ましくは0.01質量%以上2質量%以下であり、より好ましくは0.01質量%以上1.2質量%以下であり、さらに好ましくは0.01質量%以上0.8質量%以下であり、さらにより好ましくは0.1質量%以上0.6質量%以下であり、特に好ましくは0.1質量%以上0.4質量%以下である。なお、含有率とはチタン酸リチウム粉末全体の質量に占める前記金属元素が含有する質量の割合を表す。
C1>C2 (I)
C1/C2≧5 (II)
本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末のD50とは体積中位粒径の指標である。レーザー回折・散乱型粒度分布測定によって求めた体積分率で計算した累積体積頻度が、粒径の小さい方から積算して50%になる粒径を意味する。測定方法については、後述する実施例にて説明する。
以下に、本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末の製造方法の一例を、原料の調製工程、焼成工程、及び表面処理工程に分けて説明するが、本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末の製造方法はこれに限定されない。
本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末の原料は、チタン原料及びリチウム原料からなる。チタン原料としては、アナターゼ型二酸化チタン、ルチル型二酸化チタン等のチタン化合物が用いられる。短時間でリチウム原料と反応し易いことが好ましく、その観点で、アナターゼ型二酸化チタンが好ましい。短時間の焼成で原料を十分に反応させるためには、チタン原料のD50は5μm以下が好ましい。
次いで、得られた混合物を焼成する。特定の不純物相の割合を少なく、かつチタン酸リチウムの結晶性を高く、結晶子径や粉末の一次粒子径を大きくする観点から、焼成時の最高温度は、800℃以上であり、好ましくは810℃以上である。焼成により得られる粉末の比表面積を大きく、炉心管由来の不純物量を少なくする観点からは、焼成時の最高温度は、1100℃以下であり、好ましくは1000℃以下であり、より好ましくは960℃以下である。同様に前記二つの観点から、焼成時の最高温度での保持時間は、2分~60分であり、好ましくは5分~45分であり、より好ましくは5分~35分である。焼成時の最高温度が高い時には、より短い保持時間を選択することが好ましい。焼成時の昇温過程においては、焼成により得られる結晶子径を大きくする観点から、700℃~800℃の滞留時間を短くすることがよく、例えば15分以内が好ましい。
本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末は、Al、W、CeおよびMoから選ばれる少なくとも一種の金属元素を含有するチタン酸リチウム粉末であり、全固体二次電池の負極材料として適用した場合に緻密な負極層を形成することができるとともに優れた初期放電容量、初期効率および充電レート特性を付与することができる。前記焼成工程で、前記金属元素を含有する化合物(以下、処理剤と記すことがある)を加えて、本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末を製造することができるが、より好ましくは、次のような表面処理工程などで、本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末を製造することができる。
本発明の周期律表とは、IUPAC(国際純正応用化学連合)の規定に基づく長周期型の元素の周期律表をいう。
無機固体電解質は、無機の固体電解質のことであり、固体電解質とは、その内部においてイオンを移動させることができる固体状の電解質(温度25℃において、固体状を呈する電解質)のことである。無機固体電解質は定常状態では固体であるため、通常カチオンおよびアニオンに解離または遊離していない。無機固体電解質は周期律表第1族に属する金属イオンの伝導性を有するものであれば特に限定されず電子伝導性をほとんど有さないものが一般的である。
硫化物系無機固体電解質は、硫黄原子(S)を含有し、かつ、周期律表第1族に属する金属イオンの伝導性を有し、かつ、電子絶縁性を有するものが好ましい。前記硫化物系無機固体電解質は周期律表第1族に属する金属硫化物と下記一般式(III)で表される硫化物の少なくとも1種を反応させるにより製造することができ、一般式(III)で表される硫化物を2種以上併用しても良い。
(MはP、Si、Ge、B、Al、Ga、及びSbのいずれかを示し、x及びyは、Mの種類に応じて、化学量論比を与える数を示す。)
Li2S-P2S5、Li2S-P2S5-Al2S3、Li2S-GeS2、Li2S-Ga2S3、Li2S-GeS2-Ga2S3、Li2S-GeS2-P2S5、Li2S-GeS2-Sb2S5、Li2S-GeS2-Al2S3、Li2S-SiS2、Li2S-Al2S3、Li2S-SiS2-Al2S3、Li2S-SiS2-P2S5、Li10GeP2S12。
本発明の負極活物質組成物は、前記チタン酸リチウム粉末と前記無機固体電解質の他、導電剤、結着剤を含んでも良い。
本発明の負極活物質組成物の作製方法は、特に限定されず、例えば、前記チタン酸リチウム粉末に対して、特定の割合の前記無機固体電解質の粉末を添加し混合機、撹拌機、分散機等で混合する方法、固体電解質を含むスラリーに前記チタン酸リチウム粉末を加える方法が好適に挙げられる。
本発明の負極活物質組成物は、周期律表第1族に属する金属イオンの伝導性を有する無機固体電解質とチタン酸リチウム粒子の表面にAl、W、CeおよびMoから選ばれる少なくとも一種の金属元素を含有するチタン酸リチウム粉末とを含む。通常チタン酸リチウムと無機固体電解質を混合させると、特にチタン酸リチウム粉末の粒径が小さい場合にチタン酸リチウム粒子同士が凝集してしまい、チタン酸リチウム粉末と固体電解質が負極活物質組成物中で均一に混合せず、その結果、空隙の多い相対密度比が低い負極活物質組成物しか得られない。一方で、本発明のチタン酸リチウム粒子の表面にAl、W、CeおよびMoなどの金属元素が存在することによりチタン酸リチウム粒子同士の凝集を抑制し、更に無機固体電解質、特に硫化物固体電解質との親和性が高まり負極活物質組成物中で均一に混合される。その結果、負極活物質組成物中で固体電解質と本発明のチタン酸リチウム粉末は良好な固-固界面を形成し、従来よりも空隙の少なく緻密な負極層を形成でき、全固体二次電池において特性が改善できると考えられる。
ここで、有機電解液を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池においては、チタン酸リチウム粒子同士の凝集が発生した場合でも、このような凝集部分にも、リチウムイオンなどの金属イオンのキャリアとなる有機電解液が容易に含侵する。よって、容易に固-液界面が形成されることから、このような凝集部分においても、有機電解液を介した、リチウムイオンなどの金属イオンの吸蔵および放出反応が可能となる。そのため、有機電解液を用いた二次電池においては、このようなチタン酸リチウム粒子同士の凝集が問題となることは少ないものであった。これに対し、全固体二次電池においては、このような凝集部分には、リチウムイオンなどの金属イオンのキャリアとなる無機固体電解質が入り込むことができず、固-固界面が形成されず、その結果として、リチウムイオンなどの金属イオンの吸蔵および放出反応が行われず、電池反応に寄与できないこととなる。すなわち、チタン酸リチウム粒子同士の凝集の問題は、無機固体電解質を用いた全固体二次電池に特有の問題であり、特に、この問題は、チタン酸リチウム粒子の粒径が小さくなるほど顕著となるものである。これに対し、本発明によれば、チタン酸リチウム粒子の表面にAl、W、CeおよびMoなどの金属元素が存在することによりチタン酸リチウム粒子同士の凝集を抑制し、更に無機固体電解質、特に硫化物固体電解質との親和性が高まり、これにより、従来よりも空隙の少ない緻密な負極層を得ることができるものであり、上記のような凝集部分の発生に起因する問題を有効に解決できるものである。
本発明の全固体二次電池は、正極、負極及び正極と負極間に位置する固体電解質層により構成されているが、本発明のLi4Ti5O12を主成分とするチタン酸リチウム粉末と周期律表第1族に属する金属イオンの伝導性を有する無機固体電解質を含む負極活物質組成物は、負極層に用いられる。負極層の作製方法は、特に限定されず、例えば、前記負極活物質組成物を加圧形成する方法や負極活物質組成物を溶剤に加えてスラリーにした後、この負極活物質組成物を集電体に塗布して、乾燥、加圧成型する方法などが好適に挙げることができる。
例えば、全固体二次電池用正極層として用いられる正極活物質としては、コバルト、マンガン、及びニッケルからなる群より選ばれる1種又は2種以上を含有するリチウムとの複合金属酸化物が使用される。これらの正極活物質は、1種単独で用いるか又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
このようなリチウム複合金属酸化物としては、例えば、LiCoO2、LiCo1-xMxO2(但し、MはSn、Mg、Fe、Ti、Al、Zr、Cr、V、Ga、Zn、及びCuから選ばれる1種又は2種以上の元素、0.001≦x≦0.05)、LiMn2O4、LiNiO2、LiCo1-xNixO2(0.01<x<1)、LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2、LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2、LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2、Li2MnO3とLiMO2(Mは、Co、Ni、Mn、Fe等の遷移金属)との固溶体、及びLiNi1/2Mn3/2O4から選ばれる1種以上が好適に挙げられ、2種以上がより好適である。また、LiCoO2とLiMn2O4、LiCoO2とLiNiO2、LiMn2O4とLiNiO2のように併用してもよい。
これらのリチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩の一部は他元素で置換してもよく、鉄、コバルト、ニッケル、マンガンの一部をCo、Mn、Ni、Mg、Al、B、Ti、V、Nb、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ca、Sr、W及びZr等から選ばれる1種以上の元素での置換が可能であり、またはこれらの他元素を含有する化合物や炭素材料で被覆することもできる。これらの中では、LiFePO4またはLiMnPO4が好ましい。
また、リチウム含有オリビン型リン酸塩は、例えば前記の正極活物質と混合して用いることもできる。
[製造例1]
<原料調製工程>
Tiに対するLiの原子比Li/Tiが0.83になるように、Li2CO3(平均粒径 4.6μm)とTiO2(比表面積10m2/g)を秤量して得た原料粉末に、スラリーの固形分濃度が41質量%となるようにイオン交換水を加えて撹拌し原料混合スラリーを作製した。この原料混合スラリーを、ビーズミル(ウィリー・エ・バッコーフェン社製、形式:ダイノーミル KD-20BC型、アジテーター材質:ポリウレタン、ベッセル内面材質:ジルコニア)を使用して、ジルコニア製のビーズ(外径:0.65mm)をベッセルに80体積%充填し、アジテーター周速13m/s、スラリーフィード速度55kg/hrで、ベッセル内圧が0.02~0.03MPaになるように制御しながら処理して、原料粉末を湿式混合・粉砕した。
得られた混合スラリーを、付着防止機構を備えたロータリーキルン式焼成炉(炉芯管長さ:4m、炉芯管直径:30cm、外部加熱式)を用い、焼成炉の原料供給側から炉心管内に導入し、窒素雰囲気中で乾燥し、焼成した。このときの、炉心管の水平方向からの傾斜角度を2.5度、炉心管の回転速度を20rpm、焼成物回収側から炉心管内に導入する窒素の流速を20L/分として、炉心管の加熱温度を、原料供給側:600℃、中央部:840℃、焼成物回収側:840℃とし、焼成物の840℃での保持時間を30分とした。
炉心管の焼成物回収側から回収した焼成物を、ハンマーミル(ダルトン製、AIIW-5型)を使用して、スクリーン目開き:0.5mm、回転数:8,000rpm、粉体フィード速度:25kg/hrの条件で解砕した。
解砕した焼成粉末に、スラリーの固形分濃度が30質量%となるようにイオン交換水を加え撹拌し、処理剤としての硫酸アルミニウム16水和物(Al2(SO4)3・16H2O)を解砕した焼成粉末に対して1.6質量%加え、混合スラリーを作製した。この混合スラリーを、スプレードライヤー(大河原化工機株式会社製L-8i)を使用して、アトマイザ回転数25000rpm、乾燥温度250℃で、噴霧・乾燥し、造粒した。次に篩を通過した粉末をアルミナ製の匣鉢に入れ、温度25℃で露点が-20℃以下に管理された回収ボックスを出口側に備えたメッシュベルト搬送式連続炉で、500℃で1時間熱処理した。回収ボックス内で熱処理後の粉末を冷却して、篩で分級(スクリーン目開き:53μm)し、篩を通過した粉末をアルミラミネート袋に収集して密閉した後、回収ボックスから取り出し、チタン酸リチウム粉末を製造した。
表1に記載のとおり、製造例1と同様に製造した。なお、製造例4~7、製造例5aにおいては、処理剤として、硫酸アルミニウム16水和物(Al2(SO4)3・16H2O)に加えて、モリブデン酸リチウム(Li2MoO4)を使用し、硫酸アルミニウム16水和物(Al2(SO4)3・16H2O)と同じタイミングにて、添加した。また、製造例2a,3aにおいては、硫酸アルミニウム16水和物(Al2(SO4)3・16H2O)に代えて、モリブデン酸リチウム(Li2MoO4)、タングステン酸リチウム(Li2WO4)を使用し、かつ、添加タイミングは、硫酸アルミニウム16水和物(Al2(SO4)3・16H2O)の添加タイミングと同じとした。さらに、製造例4aにおいては、硫酸アルミニウム16水和物(Al2(SO4)3・16H2O)に代えて、硫酸セリウム4水和物(Ce2(SO4)3・4H2O)を使用し、硫酸アルミニウム16水和物(Al2(SO4)3・16H2O)の添加タイミングと同じとした。
製造例1~7、製造例1a~5aのチタン酸リチウム粉末に含まれる金属元素の含有率を以下のようにして測定した。
蛍光X線誘分析装置(エスアイアイ・テクノロジー株式会社製、商品名「SPS5100」)を用いて、各実施例、各比較例のチタン酸リチウム粉末に含まれる元素を定量分析した。
各製造例のチタン酸リチウム粉末の各種物性を以下のようにして測定した。
各製造例のチタン酸リチウム粉末の比表面積(m2/g)は、全自動BET比表面積測定装置(株式会社マウンテック製、商品名「Macsorb HM model-1208」)を使用して、吸着ガスは窒素ガスを使用した。測定サンプル粉末を0.5g秤量し、φ12標準セル(HM1201-031)に入れ、100℃真空下で0.5時間脱気した後、BET一点法で測定した。
各製造例のチタン酸リチウム粉末のD50は、レーザー回折・散乱型粒度分布測定機(日機装株式会社製、マイクロトラックMT3300EXII)を使用して測定した粒度分布曲線より算出した。50mlのイオン交換水を測定溶媒として収容した容器に50mgの試料を投入し、目視で粉が測定溶媒中に均一に分散したと分かるくらいまで容器を手で振り、容器を測定セルに収容して測定した。解砕処理は、装置内の超音波器で超音波(30W、3s)をかけた。さらに測定溶媒をスラリーの透過率が適正範囲(装置の緑のバーで表示される範囲)になるまで加えて粒度分布測定を行った。得られた粒度分布曲線から、解砕後の混合粉末のD50を算出した。
製造例1および製造例7のチタン酸リチウム粉末に関して、走査透過型電子顕微鏡(STEM)を用いた前記チタン酸リチウム粒子の断面分析を行い、エネルギー分散型X線分光(EDS)法により前記金属元素の原子濃度の測定を行った。測定方法は次のとおりである。
[実施例1]
アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で、製造例1のチタン酸リチウム粉末及び硫化物固体電解質であるLi6PS5Cl粉末(レーザー回折・散乱型粒度分布測定機を使用して得られる体積平均粒径:6μm)をチタン酸リチウム:Li6PS5Cl=60:40の質量比になるように秤量し、メノウ乳鉢で混合した。次に80mLのジルコニアポットにジルコニアボール(直径3mm、20g)を投入し、混合した粉末を投入した。その後、このポットを遊星型ボールミル機にセットし、回転数200rpmで15分間撹拌を続け、実施例1の負極活物質組成物を得た。
[実施例2~7、実施例1a~3a、比較例1]
表1に記載の製造方法にしたチタン酸リチウム粉末を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、下記表3に記載の負極活物質組成物を調製した。
上記負極活物質組成物をそれぞれ100mg秤量し、これらの試料を、室温で10分プレス(360MPa)することで直径10mm、厚さ約0.7mmのペレット(成形体)を作製した。
<相対密度比の評価>
上記ペレットの体積および質量から計算される負極活物質組成物のペレット密度とLi6PS5Clの密度(真密度)とチタン酸リチウムの密度(真密度)と負極活物質組成物におけるチタン酸リチウム粉末の混合比(α;0<α<1)とから計算される密度を用いて、充填率を下記の式にて算出した(αは、負極活物質組成物全体を1とした時の、チタン酸リチウム粉末の含有比率)。
充填率(%)= (負極活物質組成物のペレット密度/((1-α)Li6PS5Clの密度(真密度)+ α×チタン酸リチウムの密度(真密度))×100
そして、得られた充填率の値を用いて、比較例1の値を100%としたときを基準とした、実施例1~7、実施例1a~3aの負極活物質組成物のペレットの相対密度比を算出した。結果を表3に示す。
各実施例の負極活物質組成物のペレットを用いて全固体二次電池を作製し、それらの電池特性を評価した。評価結果を表3に示す。
アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内で、硫化リチウム(Li2S)及び五硫化二リン(P2S5)をLi2S:P2S5=75:25のモル比になるように秤量し、メノウ乳鉢で混合し、原料組成物を得た。
次に、80mLのジルコニアポットにジルコニアボール(直径3mm、160g)と得られた原料組成物2gを投入し、アルゴン雰囲気下で容器を密閉した。このポットを遊星型ボールミル機にセットし、回転数510rpmで16時間メカニカルミリングを行い、黄色粉体の硫化物固体電解質(LPSガラス)を得た。得られたLPSガラス80mgを面積0.785cm2の成形部を有するペレット成形機を用いて、360MPaの圧力でプレスすることでペレット状の固体電解質層を得た。
各実施例の負極活物質組成物のペレット、上記ペレット状の固体電解質層、及び対極としてのリチウムインジウム合金の箔をこの順で積層し、積層体をステンレススチール製の集電体で挟むことで全固体二次電池を作製した。
25℃の恒温槽内にて、上述の方法で作製したコイン型電池に、評価電極にLiが吸蔵される方向を充電として、チタン酸リチウムの理論容量の0.05Cに相当する電流で0.5Vまで充電を行い、さらに0.5Vで充電電流が0.01Cに相当する電流になるまで充電させる定電流定電圧充電を行った後、0.05Cに相当する電流で2Vまで放電させる定電流放電を行った。放電容量(mAh)をチタン酸リチウムの質量で割ることで、初期放電容量(mAh/g)として求めた。また、放電容量を充電容量で割ることで初期効率を求めた。次に、チタン酸リチウムの理論容量の0.4Cに相当する電流で0.5Vまで充電した後、0.05Cの電流で2Vまで放電させて、0.4C充電容量を求めた。その0.4C充電容量を初期放電容量で除することで充電レート特性(%)を算出した。実施例1~7、実施例1a~3aの初期放電容量、および充電レート特性は、比較例1のそれぞれの値を100%としたときを基準とし、相対的な値を調べた。評価結果を表3に示す。1CのCとは充放電するときの電流値を表す。例えば、1Cは理論容量を1/1時間で完全放電(もしくは完全充電)できる電流値を指し、0.1Cなら理論容量を1/0.1時間で完全放電(もしくは完全充電)できる電流値を指す。
負極活物質組成物の組成比をチタン酸リチウム:Li6PS5Cl=70:30の質量比にした負極活物質組成物を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、全固体二次電池を作製し、それらの電池特性を評価した。評価結果を表4に示す。実施例4a~6aの負極活物質組成物のペレットの相対密度比、初期放電容量、および充電レート特性は、比較例1aのそれぞれの値を100%としたときを基準とし、相対的な値で示した。
負極活物質組成物の組成比をチタン酸リチウム:Li6PS5Cl=80:20の質量比にした負極活物質組成物を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、全固体二次電池を作製し、それらの電池特性を評価した。評価結果を表5に示す。実施例7aの負極活物質組成物のペレットの相対密度比、初期放電容量、および充電レート特性は、比較例2aのそれぞれの値を100%としたときを基準とし、相対的な値で示した。
Claims (9)
- Li4Ti5O12を主成分とするチタン酸リチウム粉末と、周期律表第1族に属する金属イオンの伝導性を有する無機固体電解質と、を含む負極活物質組成物であって、
前記チタン酸リチウム粉末を構成するチタン酸リチウム粒子の表面にAl、W、CeおよびMoから選ばれる少なくとも一種の金属元素が存在する負極活物質組成物。 - 前記無機固体電解質が、硫化物固体電解質である請求項1に記載の負極活物質組成物。
- 前記チタン酸リチウム粉末中における、前記金属元素の含有割合が0.01質量%以上、5質量%以下である請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質組成物。
- 前記チタン酸リチウム粉末の表面に、前記金属元素が二種以上存在する請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質組成物。
- 前記チタン酸リチウム粉末のレーザー回折散乱法による体積基準粒度分布において体積累積が50%に相当する一次粒子のD50が0.5μm以上である請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質組成物。
- 前記チタン酸リチウム粉末のレーザー回折散乱法による体積基準粒度分布において体積累積が50%に相当する一次粒子のD50が2.5μm以下である請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質組成物。
- 前記無機固体電解質の含有量が前記負極活物質組成物中に1質量%以上、50質量%以下である請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質組成物。
- 前記チタン酸リチウムの一次粒子の表面から内部に向かって1nmの位置における、前記金属元素の元素濃度の総量をC1(atm%)、前記チタン酸リチウムの一次粒子の表面から100nmの深さ位置における、前記金属元素の元素濃度総量をC2(atm%)とすると、下記式(I)を満たす請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質組成物。
C1>C2 (I) - 正極層、負極層および固体電解質層を備えた全固体二次電池であって、前記負極層が請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の負極活物質組成物を含む層である全固体二次電池。
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