WO2022210963A1 - 食品用酵素組成物 - Google Patents
食品用酵素組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022210963A1 WO2022210963A1 PCT/JP2022/016266 JP2022016266W WO2022210963A1 WO 2022210963 A1 WO2022210963 A1 WO 2022210963A1 JP 2022016266 W JP2022016266 W JP 2022016266W WO 2022210963 A1 WO2022210963 A1 WO 2022210963A1
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
- C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
- C12N9/58—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from fungi
- C12N9/62—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from fungi from Aspergillus
Definitions
- the present invention relates to food grade enzyme compositions.
- Proteases are enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds present in proteins and polypeptides, and are used in the production of meat-derived extracts, meat tenderization, amino acid production, and the like. Proteases are further classified according to their activity into proteinases that cleave the interior of a polypeptide chain, aminopeptidases that cleave polypeptide chains sequentially from the amino terminus, and carboxypeptidases that cleave polypeptide chains sequentially from the carboxy terminus.
- Patent document 1 discloses a kind of aminopeptidase.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that when an egg yolk is treated with a protease, the use of an alkaline protease having no amylase activity can suppress changes over time in the processed egg yolk.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an enzyme composition that can be used to produce a food product with less contaminants and excellent flavor and texture.
- the present inventor has completed the present invention by paying attention to contaminants contained in the enzyme composition. That is, the present invention relates to a food enzyme composition containing a peptidase and having substantially no contaminating activity.
- the contaminating activity is amylase activity or protease activity.
- the food enzyme composition preferably has an A/P ratio of 0.1 or less, where A is amylase activity and P is peptidase activity.
- the food enzyme composition preferably has an E/P ratio of 0.3 or less, where E is protease activity and P is peptidase activity.
- said peptidase is an aminopeptidase.
- said peptidase is of bacterial origin.
- the bacterium is an actinomycete.
- the enzyme composition for foods is preferably used for producing processed meat foods, processed seafood foods, processed egg foods, processed dairy foods, processed plant foods, insect foods, or seasonings.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing food, comprising the step of processing a food material with the enzyme composition for food.
- the food material is meat, seafood, eggs, milk, plants, insects, or microbial cultures.
- the present invention also relates to foods containing the enzyme composition for foods.
- the food is preferably selected from the group consisting of meat extract, seafood extract, custard sauce, custard cream, processed milk, soybean food, insect food, and seasonings.
- the food enzyme composition of the present invention has substantially no contaminating activity, it can be used to produce foods with excellent flavor and texture.
- Figure 1 shows the amount of free amino acids after enzymatic treatment of beef extract.
- Figure 2 shows the viscosity of custard cream made with enzyme-treated egg yolk.
- the food enzyme composition of the present invention is characterized by containing a peptidase and having substantially no contaminating activity.
- Peptidase is an enzyme that sequentially hydrolyzes peptide bonds of polypeptide chains that constitute proteins from the terminal end.
- Peptidases include aminopeptidase that hydrolyzes sequentially from the amino terminus, carboxypeptidase that hydrolyzes sequentially from the carboxy terminus, dipeptidase that hydrolyzes dimers of amino acids from a polypeptide chain, dipeptidyl peptidase, and amino acids from a polypeptide chain. It includes tripeptidyl peptidase, which hydrolyzes trimers one by one. Among these, aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase are preferred, and aminopeptidase is more preferred.
- the origin of the peptidase is not particularly limited, and includes those derived from microorganisms, animals, and plants, but those derived from microorganisms are preferred from the viewpoint of easy availability.
- Microorganisms include bacteria and fungi, with bacteria being preferred.
- Bacteria include Actinomycetes and Aspergillus.
- Actinomycetes include Streptomyces, Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus, and Micrococcus.
- Microorganisms belonging to the genus Streptomyces include Streptomyces septatus, Streptomyces coelicolor, and Streptomyces cinnamoneus. Among these, those derived from the genus Streptomyces are more preferred, those derived from Streptomyces septatus are more preferred, and aminopeptidases derived from Streptomyces septatus are particularly preferred.
- the peptidase is preferably a polypeptide of (A), (B) or (C) below.
- A a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1;
- B a polypeptide exhibiting a sequence identity of 85% or more with the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and having the activity of sequentially hydrolyzing the peptide bonds of the polypeptide chain from the terminal end;
- C The activity of sequentially hydrolyzing the peptide bonds of a polypeptide chain from the terminal, consisting of an amino acid sequence in which one or more amino acids are deleted, inserted, substituted and/or added in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
- sequence identity between the peptidase and the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 is preferably 85% or more, more preferably 90% or more, even more preferably 95% or more, even more preferably 98% or more, particularly 99% or more. preferable.
- sequence identity of the amino acid sequences is obtained by comparing the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 with the amino acid sequence to be evaluated, dividing the number of positions where amino acids match in both sequences by the total number of amino acids, and multiplying by 100. represented by a value.
- the number of amino acids to be deleted, inserted, substituted and/or added is preferably 51 or less, more preferably 34 or less, even more preferably 17 or less, even more preferably 6 or less, and particularly 3 or less. preferable.
- the peptidase is preferably a polypeptide encoded by the following DNA (a), (b), or (c).
- DNA containing the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2;
- DNA that encodes a polypeptide is preferably a polypeptide encoded by the following DNA (a), (b), or (c).
- sequence identity between the peptidase-encoding DNA and the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 is preferably 85% or higher, more preferably 90% or higher, even more preferably 95% or higher, even more preferably 98% or higher, and 99%. % or more is particularly preferred.
- sequence identity of the base sequences is determined by comparing the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 with the base sequence to be evaluated, dividing the number of positions where the bases match in both sequences by the total number of bases compared, and dividing by 100. Expressed as a multiplied value.
- Polypeptide consisting of a base sequence in which one or more bases are deleted, inserted, substituted and/or added in the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2, and having the activity of sequentially hydrolyzing peptide bonds of proteins from the terminal. can be prepared according to known genetic modification methods.
- the number of bases to be deleted, inserted, substituted and/or added is preferably 155 or less, more preferably 103 or less, even more preferably 51 or less, even more preferably 20 or less, and particularly 10 or less. preferable.
- the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 and the base sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 are Streptomyces sp.
- Peptidases may be those purified from plants, animals, or microorganisms from which they are derived, or may be mass-produced using gene recombination technology and then purified.
- a wild-type peptidase may be used, or a mutant peptidase may be used.
- a cell-free extract is obtained by centrifugation or the like. If necessary, a cell-free extract is used as a starting material and purified by appropriately combining general protein purification methods such as salting out, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, and affinity chromatography. may be used.
- general protein purification methods such as salting out, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, hydrophobic chromatography, and affinity chromatography. may be used.
- a peptidase is extracellularly secreted and produced by a microorganism, it can be purified from the medium.
- the content of the peptidase in the food enzyme composition is not particularly limited, it preferably has an activity of 100 U or more, more preferably 500 U or more, and an activity of 1000 U or more per 1 g of the food enzyme composition. It is further preferred to have The upper limit is preferably as high as possible, and is not particularly limited, but is generally 5000 U or less per 1 g of the food enzyme composition.
- the activity of the peptidase is defined as 1 U as the enzymatic activity that generates 1 ⁇ mol of paranitroaniline per minute at 37° C., pH 8.0, 10 minutes using L-leucyl-p-nitroanilide hydrochloride as a substrate. .
- the food grade enzyme composition has substantially no contaminating activity.
- the contaminant activity is enzymatic activity other than peptidase activity, and includes amylase activity, protease activity, lipase activity, and the like. Among these, those having no amylase activity are preferred, and those having neither amylase activity nor protease activity are more preferred.
- substantially not having contaminant activity means that when a food is produced using the enzyme composition, the food can be produced with excellent flavor and texture.
- A/P is preferably 0.1 or less, more preferably 0.01 or less, where A [U] is the amylase activity and P [U] is the peptidase activity. , 0.001 or less.
- the amylase activity is defined as the enzyme activity that reduces the absorbance at a wavelength of 660 nm by 1% per minute at 40 ° C., pH 6.0, 10 minutes at 40 ° C., pH 6.0, and purified water as a control. do.
- E/P is preferably 0.3 or less, more preferably 0.1 or less, where E(U) is the protease activity and P(U) is the peptidase activity. It is more preferably 0.05 or less, and even more preferably 0.02 or less.
- the protease activity is defined as 1 U of the enzyme that gives an increase in Folin's test solution coloring substance equivalent to 1 ⁇ g of L-tyrosine per minute at 30° C., pH 7.5, for 10 minutes using milk casein as a substrate.
- the food enzyme composition may contain other components that are usually contained in enzyme compositions to the extent that the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- Such ingredients include excipients, pH adjusters, preservatives, polysaccharide thickeners, emulsifiers, inorganic salts, amino acids and enzymes.
- the content of these components is not particularly limited, and any amount can be selected by those skilled in the art.
- Excipients include, for example, dextrin, trehalose, grain flour such as rice flour and wheat flour.
- pH adjusters examples include ascorbic acid, acetic acid, dehydroacetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, and adipic acid, and sodium (Na) salts of these organic acids. , calcium (Ca) salts, and potassium (K) salts and carbonates, phosphates, and pyrophosphates, and Na and K salts of these inorganic acids.
- Preservatives include, for example, propionic acid, propionate, sulfite, benzoate, sorbic acid, sorbate, and the like.
- Salts include sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) salts, polyamines, and the like.
- polysaccharide thickeners examples include modified starch, gums, alginic acid, alginic acid derivatives, pectin, carrageenan, curdlan, pullulan, gelatin, cellulose derivatives, agar, tamarind, psyllium, glucomannan and the like.
- emulsifiers examples include glycerin fatty acid esters, polyglycerin fatty acid esters, sucrose fatty acid esters, propylene glycol fatty acid esters, sorbitan fatty acid esters, lecithin, enzymatically degraded lecithin and saponin.
- inorganic salts include common salt, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, calcium chloride, and polymeric phosphate.
- Amino acids include, for example, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, asparagine, glutamic acid, glutamine, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, cystine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, tryptophan, arginine, and the like.
- the production method thereof is not particularly limited.
- the mixer include a rotating container type, a fixed container type, a combined type, and the like, and can be appropriately selected according to the desired activity value and amount, and the type of excipient.
- the form of the food enzyme composition is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include powder, granule, liquid, paste, and solid forms.
- the peptidase may be dissolved in a solvent such as water, then mixed with an excipient such as dextrin, if necessary, and dried to form a powder.
- the method for producing a food according to the present invention is characterized by including the step of processing a food material with the enzyme composition for food.
- the food material is brought into contact with the enzyme composition for food to allow the peptidase to act on the protein contained in the food material.
- the food material is not particularly limited as long as it contains protein, and examples thereof include meat, seafood, eggs, milk, plants, insects, microbial cultures, and cultured meat.
- meat include beef, chicken, pork, mutton, boar meat, bear meat, and venison, and extracts of these meats are also applicable.
- seafood include shellfish such as mackerel, sardines, tuna, salmon, bonito, squid, octopus, crustaceans, seaweeds, oysters, scallops, short-necked clams, clams, and clams.
- eggs examples include chicken eggs and quail eggs, and both the yolk and white of these eggs can be applied.
- Milk includes cow's milk, goat's milk, camel's milk, donkey's milk, horse's milk and sheep's milk.
- Plants include soybeans, peas, wheat and brown rice.
- Other insects include crickets and mealworms.
- microorganisms include yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and koji mold, and examples of microbial cultures include cultured cells and culture solutions of these microorganisms.
- Conditions for allowing the peptidase to act are not particularly limited, but the temperature is preferably 0 to 75°C, more preferably 35 to 75°C, and even more preferably 40 to 65°C.
- the treatment time is preferably 0.5 to 3 hours.
- the food material may be heated. When heated to 80° C. or higher, the peptidase is deactivated and digested and absorbed in the body in the same manner as other proteins contained in food materials.
- Foods produced by the production method of the present invention include processed foods containing meat, seafood, eggs, milk, plants, insects, and microbial cultures either singly or in combination of two or more.
- Processed meat foods include sausages and hams.
- Fish and shellfish processed foods include chikuwa and kamaboko.
- Examples of processed dairy foods include processed milk, cheese, and yogurt.
- Examples of processed plant foods include soybean foods.
- Examples of insect foods include cookies and rice crackers.
- Processed foods containing microbial cultures include seasonings such as yeast extract, soy sauce and mirin.
- custard sauce, custard cream, potato salad and the like are examples of processed foods containing a combination of two or more food ingredients.
- the peptide bond of the protein is hydrolyzed from the terminal, resulting in an increase in the amount of free amino acids and an improvement in the palatability of the food.
- the free amino acid to be increased is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine and the like.
- the viscosity of foods such as custard cream can be improved, leading to improved texture such as smoothness. It is speculated that this is due to the tendency of the food enzyme composition to hydrolyze hydrophobic amino acids, thus shifting the overall protein to hydrophilic.
- the food enzyme composition since the food enzyme composition has substantially no contaminating activity, it can reduce the bitterness, harshness, astringency, and off-taste caused by the contaminating activity in foods.
- Cow's milk, camel's milk, donkey's milk, goat's milk, horse's milk, sheep's milk, soybeans, peas, brown rice, etc. have a peculiar odor and may interfere with palatability.
- the odor is emphasized due to contaminant activity, further reducing palatability.
- the use of the food enzyme composition of the present invention can reduce odor and improve palatability.
- the following enzymes were used in the following tests.
- the blending amount (%) described below is a value for the weight of each substance.
- Actinomycete-derived aminopeptidase ⁇ Aspergillus-derived peptidase (manufactured by Novozymes Japan, product name: Flavorzyme 1000L)
- Aspergillus oryzae-derived protease manufactured by Nagase ChemteX Corporation, product name: Denathym AP
- Enzyme activity measurement test (Example 1, Comparative Examples 1 and 2) For actinomycete-derived aminopeptidase (Example 1), aspergillus-derived protease (Comparative Example 1), and aspergillus-derived peptidase (Comparative Example 2), protease activity, amylase activity and aminopeptidase activity were measured.
- Protease activity was measured at 30° C., pH 7.5, for 10 minutes using milk casein as a substrate, and the amount of enzyme giving an increase in Folin's test solution coloring substance equivalent to 1 ⁇ g of L-tyrosine per minute was defined as 1 U.
- Amylase activity was measured using potato starch as a substrate at 40° C., pH 6.0 for 10 minutes, and using purified water as a control, the enzymatic activity that reduces the absorbance at a wavelength of 660 nm by 1% per minute was measured as 1 U.
- Aminopeptidase activity was measured at 37° C., pH 8.0 for 10 minutes using L-leucyl-p-nitroanilide hydrochloride as a substrate, and the amount of enzyme that produces 1 ⁇ mol of paranitroaniline per minute is defined as 1 U.
- amylase activity (A/P) per 1 U of aminopeptidase activity and protease activity (E/P) per 1 U of aminopeptidase activity were calculated.
- Example 1 shows the results. Actinomycete-derived aminopeptidase (Example 1) has significantly lower protease activity and amylase activity, which are contaminating activities, compared to Aspergillus-derived protease (Comparative Example 1) and Aspergillus-derived peptidase (Comparative Example 2). values and E/P values were also small. Some of the actinomycete-derived aminopeptidases used in Examples 2 to 11 had different lots from Example 1, and although there was a slight difference in activity, A/P ⁇ 0.1, E An activity ratio of /P ⁇ 0.3 was satisfactory.
- Example 2 Beef extract production test (Example 2, Comparative Examples 3-5) After adding 40 g of tap water to 20 g of minced beef and dispersing, each enzyme was added. The minced beef dispersion with added enzyme was allowed to react at 50 to 55° C. for 3 hours without adjusting the pH. After that, the enzyme was deactivated in boiling water for 20 minutes, and the solid content was removed by filtering with filter paper to obtain a beef extract.
- the protein concentration of the enzyme-treated beef extract was measured using a DC protein assay kit (manufactured by Bio-Rad).
- the taste of the enzyme-treated beef extract was evaluated by a sensory test.
- Free amino acids in the enzyme-treated beef extract were analyzed by the PTC (phenylthiocarbamoyl) method.
- Table 2 shows the beef extract production test in which no enzyme was used (Comparative Example 3), only commercially available protease formulation 1 was used at 0.1% relative to minced beef (Comparative Example 4), and commercially available protease formulation 1.
- Example 2 using actinomycete-derived aminopeptidase the bitterness and harshness caused by the commercially available protease preparation 1 in Comparative Example 4 were eliminated, and the umami was improved.
- the taste of the beef extract was evaluated by 3 panelists. For the evaluation, a fixed amount of the extract was orally ingested, and bitterness and umami were each graded on a scale of 5 according to the following criteria. At the time of evaluation, it was confirmed that the taste had disappeared from the oral cavity, and the following samples were evaluated.
- Table 2 shows the average value of the umami scores of the three panelists, which was determined according to the following criteria. 4 points or more: ⁇ , 3 points or more and less than 4 points: ⁇ , 2 points or more and less than 3 points: ⁇ , Less than 2 points: ⁇
- Table 2 shows the average value of the bitterness scores of the three panelists, which was determined according to the following criteria. 4 points or more: ⁇ , 3 points or more and less than 4 points: ⁇ , 2 points or more and less than 3 points: ⁇ , Less than 2 points: ⁇
- Comparative Examples 3 and 4 had insufficient umami, and Comparative Example 5 had strong umami but also strong bitterness. In Example 2, it was possible to emphasize umami while suppressing bitterness.
- Example 2 The analysis results of free amino acids are shown in FIG. After treatment with actinomycete-derived aminopeptidase (Example 2), a large amount of hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine and phenylalanine were liberated. In Example 2, although the amount of enzyme used was smaller than that in Comparative Example 5, amino acids equal to or greater than those in Comparative Example 5 were liberated.
- Example 3 Egg yolk modification test (Example 3, Comparative Examples 6 to 8) Each enzyme listed in Table 3 was dispersed in 50 mL of tap water in an amount corresponding to 0.5% with respect to egg yolk. This enzyme solution was added to 300 g of 20% sweetened egg yolk (manufactured by Kewpie Corporation) and reacted in a water bath at 50 or 60° C. for 1 hour. After the reaction, it was cooled to room temperature.
- Example 3 The taste test results of the modified egg yolk are shown in Table 3 (taste test results).
- Example 3 the flavor could be improved more than in Comparative Examples 6 and 7, and a flavor different from that in Comparative Example 8 could be obtained.
- the sweetness of the modified egg yolk was evaluated by a panel of 3 people.
- a fixed amount of the modified egg yolk was orally ingested, and a 5-grade rating was given according to the following criteria.
- a 5-grade rating was given according to the following criteria.
- Table 3 shows the average value of the sweetness scores of the three panelists. As shown in Table 3, excessive sweetness could be reduced in Example 3 compared to Comparative Examples 6-8.
- Viscosity was measured using a digital viscometer VISCO (manufactured by Atago Co., Ltd.). Specifically, a certain amount of custard cream that had been warmed to room temperature before measurement was placed in a dedicated beaker and measured using spindle A3.
- Table 4 shows the taste test results of the custard cream.
- Example 4 a mild sweetness and a smoother and softer texture could be obtained.
- Comparative Example 9 a pasty custard cream was obtained, but the texture was poor.
- Example 4 a paste was obtained after about 10 minutes of mixing, but in Comparative Examples 10 and 11, no pasty custard cream was obtained even after 30 minutes of mixing. This is presumed to be due to the activity of contaminating amylase contained in the enzyme.
- the texture of the custard cream was evaluated by three panelists. For the evaluation, a fixed amount of custard cream was orally ingested, and smoothness was rated on a scale of 5 according to the following criteria.
- Table 4 shows the results of the evaluation of the average scores of the three panelists according to the following criteria. 4 points or more: ⁇ , 3 points or more and less than 4 points: ⁇ , 2 points or more and less than 3 points: ⁇ , Less than 2 points: ⁇
- FIG. 2 shows the viscosity of the custard cream produced using the egg yolk that has been enzymatically treated at 50°C.
- Example 4 showed higher viscosity than Comparative Example 9 in any storage period.
- the aroma of the obtained extract was evaluated by five panelists. For the evaluation, a fixed amount of the extract was orally ingested, and bitterness and umami were each graded on a 4-grade scale according to the following criteria. At the time of evaluation, it was confirmed that the taste had disappeared from the oral cavity, and the following samples were evaluated. 0 points: not felt, 1 point: slightly felt, 2 points: felt, 3 points: strongly felt
- Table 5 shows the average value of the umami scores of five panelists, which was determined according to the following criteria. 2 points or more: ⁇ , 1 point or more and less than 2 points: ⁇ , Less than 1 point: ⁇
- Table 5 shows the average value of the bitterness scores of five panelists, which was determined according to the following criteria. 2 points or more: ⁇ , 1 point or more and less than 2 points: ⁇ , Less than 1 point: ⁇
- Example 5 Compared to Comparative Example 12, Example 5 was able to reduce bitterness and enhance umami.
- Example 6 Milk enzyme treatment test (Example 6, Comparative Examples 13 to 16) Enzymes shown in Table 6 were added to 50 g of commercially available unadjusted milk, and enzymatic reactions were carried out at 52° C. for 3 hours. In Table 6, along with the weight of the added enzyme, the protease activity and aminopeptidase activity corresponding to the weight are also shown. After the enzymatic reaction, the enzyme was deactivated by treatment at 100°C for 10 minutes.
- aminopeptidase The activity of aminopeptidase is defined as 1U, which is the enzymatic activity that generates 1 ⁇ mol of paranitroaniline per minute at 37° C., pH 8.0, 10 minutes using L-leucyl-p-nitroanilide hydrochloride as a substrate.
- 1 U is defined as the amount of enzyme that gives an increase in Folin's test solution coloring substance equivalent to 1 ⁇ g of L-tyrosine per minute at 30° C., pH 7.5, for 10 minutes using milk casein as a substrate.
- the aroma and taste of the enzyme-treated milk were evaluated by three panelists. For the evaluation, a fixed amount of enzyme-treated milk was orally ingested, and the aroma and taste were each graded on a scale of 5 according to the following criteria. At the time of evaluation, it was confirmed that the taste had disappeared from the oral cavity, and the following samples were evaluated.
- Table 6 shows the results of the evaluation of the average scores of the three panelists according to the following criteria. 4 points or more: ⁇ , 3 points or more and less than 4 points: ⁇ , 2 points or more and less than 3 points: ⁇ , Less than 2 points: ⁇
- Example 7 Defatted soybean enzyme treatment test (Example 7, Comparative Examples 17-19) 35 g of defatted soybeans (Fuji Pro FM ###) and 700 g of water were mixed and dispersed. 100 mL of each dispersion was dispensed, and after adding the amount of enzyme shown in Table 7, enzymatic reaction was carried out at 52° C. for 3 hours. After the enzymatic reaction, the enzyme was deactivated by treatment at 100°C for 10 minutes.
- the taste of defatted soybeans after enzyme treatment was evaluated by three panelists. For the evaluation, a fixed amount of enzyme-treated defatted soybeans was orally ingested, and the strength of bitterness and soybean flavor was rated on a scale of 5 according to the following criteria. At the time of evaluation, it was confirmed that the taste had disappeared from the oral cavity, and the following samples were evaluated. 5 points: very strongly felt, 4 points: strongly felt, 3 points: felt strongly, 2 points: hardly felt, 1 point: not felt
- Table 7 shows the average value of the scores of the three panelists, determined according to the following criteria. 4 points or more: ⁇ , 3 points or more and less than 4 points: ⁇ , 2 points or more and less than 3 points: ⁇ , Less than 2 points: ⁇
- Table 8 shows the results of the evaluation of the average scores of the three panelists according to the following criteria. 4 points or more: ⁇ , 3 points or more and less than 4 points: ⁇ , 2 points or more and less than 3 points: ⁇ , Less than 2 points: ⁇
- Example 8 soymilk with reduced bitterness, off-flavours, and unpleasant odors, which is easy to ingest as a protein source, was obtained.
- the taste of the extract was evaluated by 7 panelists. For the evaluation, a fixed amount of the extract was orally ingested, and the intensity of bitterness and astringency was rated on a scale of 5 according to the following criteria. At the time of evaluation, it was confirmed that the taste had disappeared from the oral cavity, and the following samples were evaluated. 5 points: very strongly felt, 4 points: strongly felt, 3 points: felt strongly, 2 points: hardly felt, 1 point: not felt
- Table 9 shows the results of the evaluation of the average scores of the 7 panelists according to the following criteria. 4 points or more: ⁇ , 3 points or more and less than 4 points: ⁇ , 2 points or more and less than 3 points: ⁇ , Less than 2 points: ⁇
- Comparative Example 24 had strong bitterness and astringency.
- bitterness and astringency could be reduced, and an insect extract that is easy to ingest as a protein source was obtained.
- Example 10 Enzyme treatment test of yeast extract (Examples 10-11, Comparative Examples 25-27) 15 g of dry yeast and 135 g of tap water were mixed to prepare a 10% by weight yeast solution, which was pre-incubated at 55° C. for 1.5 hours. Each enzyme was added in an amount that gave the protease activity and aminopeptidase activity listed in Table 10. In Example 11, the added amounts of the two enzymes were adjusted so as to obtain the desired protease activity and aminopeptidase activity. After that, an enzymatic reaction was carried out at 55° C. for 3.5 hours under the condition of unadjusted pH. After the enzymatic reaction, the enzyme was deactivated by treatment at 100°C for 10 minutes. The reaction solution was centrifuged at 20° C. and 9000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was collected as an extract.
- the taste of the extract was evaluated by 4 panelists. For the evaluation, a fixed amount of the extract was orally ingested, and the intensity of umami and bitterness was rated on a scale of 5 according to the following criteria. At the time of evaluation, it was confirmed that the taste had disappeared from the oral cavity, and the following samples were evaluated. 5 points: very strongly felt, 4 points: strongly felt, 3 points: felt strongly, 2 points: hardly felt, 1 point: not felt
- Table 10 shows the average value of the umami scores of the four panelists, which was determined according to the following criteria. 4 points or more: ⁇ , 3 points or more and less than 4 points: ⁇ , 2 points or more and less than 3 points: ⁇ , Less than 2 points: ⁇
- Table 10 shows the average value of the bitterness scores of four panelists, which was determined according to the following criteria. 4 points or more: ⁇ , 3 points or more and less than 4 points: ⁇ , 2 points or more and less than 3 points: ⁇ , Less than 2 points: ⁇
- Comparative Example 25 had umami but strong bitterness, and Comparative Examples 26 and 27 had no umami and very strong bitterness. In Examples 10 and 11, umami was improved while suppressing bitterness.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の食品用酵素組成物は、ペプチダーゼを含み、夾雑活性を実質的に有しないことを特徴とする。
ペプチダーゼは、タンパク質を構成するポリペプチド鎖のペプチド結合を、末端から順次加水分解する酵素である。ペプチダーゼには、アミノ末端から順次加水分解するアミノペプチダーゼ、カルボキシ末端から順次加水分解するカルボキシペプチダーゼ、ポリペプチド鎖からアミノ酸を2量体ずつ加水分解するジペプチダーゼ、ジペプチジルペプチダーゼ、ポリペプチド鎖からアミノ酸を3量体ずつ加水分解するトリペプチジルペプチダーゼなどが含まれる。このうち、アミノペプチダーゼ、カルボキシペプチダーゼが好ましく、アミノペプチダーゼがより好ましい。
(A)配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列を含むポリペプチド;
(B)配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列と85%以上の配列同一性を示し、ポリペプチド鎖のペプチド結合を、末端から順次加水分解する活性を有するポリペプチド;
(C)配列番号1に示すアミノ酸配列において、1または複数個のアミノ酸が欠失、挿入、置換および/または付加したアミノ酸配列からなり、ポリペプチド鎖のペプチド結合を、末端から順次加水分解する活性を有するポリペプチド。
(a)配列番号2に示す塩基配列を含むDNA;
(b)配列番号2に示す塩基配列と85%以上の配列同一性を示し、タンパク質のペプチド結合を、末端から順次加水分解する活性を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNA;
(c)配列番号2に示す塩基配列において、1または複数個の塩基が欠失、挿入、置換および/または付加した塩基配列からなり、タンパク質のペプチド結合を、末端から順次加水分解する活性を有するポリペプチドをコードするDNA。
食品用酵素組成物は、夾雑活性を実質的に有しない。夾雑活性は、ペプチダーゼ活性以外の酵素活性であり、例えば、アミラーゼ活性、プロテアーゼ活性、リパーゼ活性などが挙げられる。これらの中でも、アミラーゼ活性を有しないことが好ましく、アミラーゼ活性およびプロテアーゼ活性を有しないことがより好ましい。ここで、夾雑活性を実質的に有しないとは、当該酵素組成物を使用して食品を製造したときに、風味や食感に優れる食品を製造できることをいう。
食品用酵素組成物は、ペプチダーゼ以外に、本発明の効果を阻害しない程度において、酵素組成物が通常含有し得る他の成分を含有していてもよい。このような成分として、賦形剤、pH調整剤、保存料、増粘多糖類、乳化剤、無機塩類、アミノ酸、酵素が挙げられる。これらの成分の含有量は特に限定されず、当業者によって任意の量が選択され得る。
本発明の食品の製造方法は、前記食品用酵素組成物により食品材料を加工する工程を含むことを特徴とする。
・放線菌由来アミノペプチダーゼ
・麹菌由来ペプチダーゼ(ノボザイムズジャパン株式会社製、製品名:フレーバーザイム1000L)
・麹菌由来プロテアーゼ(ナガセケムテックス株式会社製、製品名:デナチームAP)
・市販のプロテアーゼ製剤1
放線菌由来アミノペプチダーゼ(実施例1)、麹菌由来プロテアーゼ(比較例1)、麹菌由来ペプチダーゼ(比較例2)について、それぞれのプロテアーゼ活性、アミラーゼ活性およびアミノペプチダーゼ活性を測定した。
アミラーゼ活性は、馬鈴薯澱粉を基質とし、40℃、pH6.0、10分間で、精製水を対照とした際に、波長660nmにおける吸光度を1分間に1%低下させる酵素活性を1Uとして測定した。
アミノペプチダーゼ活性は、L-ロイシル-p-ニトロアニリド塩酸塩を基質とし、37℃、pH8.0、10分間で、1分間に1μmolのパラニトロアニリンを生成する酵素量を1Uとして測定した。また、アミノペプチダーゼ活性1Uあたりのアミラーゼ活性(A/P)、及びアミノペプチダーゼ活性1Uあたりのプロテアーゼ活性(E/P)を算出した。
牛肉ミンチ20gに水道水40gを添加し分散させた後に、各酵素を添加した。酵素を添加した牛肉ミンチ分散液を、pHを調整せずに、50から55℃にて3時間反応させた。その後、沸騰水中で20分間酵素失活処理をし、ろ紙によるろ過で固形分を除去し、牛肉エキスを得た。
5点:非常に強く感じる
4点:強く感じる
3点:感じる
2点:ほぼ感じない
1点:感じない
4点以上:◎、3点以上4点未満:〇、2点以上3点未満:△、2点未満:×
4点以上:×、3点以上4点未満:△、2点以上3点未満:〇、2点未満:◎
卵黄に対し0.5%に相当する量の、表3に記載の各酵素を、水道水50mLに分散させた。この酵素液を20%加糖卵黄(キユーピー株式会社製)300gに添加し、50または60℃の水浴中で1時間反応させた。反応後室温に冷却した。
5点:非常に強く感じる
4点:強く感じる
3点:感じる
2点:ほぼ感じない
1点:感じない
牛乳(株式会社丸菱製、製品名:草原草原燦歌(ロングライフ))600gとバター(よつ葉乳業株式会社製)を鍋に入れ、沸騰させた。別の鍋に、(3)卵黄改質試験で得られた卵液を入れ、篩にかけた薄力粉(株式会社ニップン製、製品名:シリウス)100gを加え混ぜ続けながら、沸騰させた牛乳とバターを少量ずつ添加した。混合後、中火で加熱しながら、つやととろみが出てペースト状になるまで混ぜ続け、生地をラップに包み一晩冷蔵保管した。翌日を0日目とし、1日目、3日目、6日目の粘度を測定した。また、0日目のみ官能評価を実施した。
5点:非常になめらか、4点:なめらかさが強い、3点:なめらかさを感じる、2点:なめらかさが弱い、1点:なめらかではない
4点以上:◎、3点以上4点未満:〇、2点以上3点未満:△、2点未満:×
乾燥スルメイカは細かく切断した後、フードミルで破砕したものを使用した。乾燥スルメイカ10gに水を30g添加して膨潤させた後、100℃で60分間殺菌した。その後、放線菌由来アミノペプチダーゼと、市販のプロテアーゼ製剤1を表5に記載の量添加し、50℃、pH未調整の条件で2時間酵素反応させた。加熱により酵素を失活させた後、No.2のろ紙で濾過した残渣を真空乾燥した。
0点:感じない、1点:ほのかに感じる、2点:感じる、3点:強く感じる
2点以上:〇、1点以上2点未満:△、1点未満:×
2点以上:×、1点以上2点未満:△、1点未満:〇
市販の無調整牛乳50gに対し、表6に示す酵素を添加し、52℃、3時間酵素反応を行った。なお、表6では添加した酵素の重量とともに、その重量に相当するプロテアーゼ活性およびアミノペプチダーゼ活性を併記した。酵素反応後は、100℃、10分間の処理で酵素を失活した。
4点以上:×、3点以上4点未満:△、2点以上3点未満:〇、2点未満:◎
脱脂大豆(不二製油 フジプロFM###)35gと水700gを混合し作製し、分散した。分散物を100mLずつ分注し、表7に示す量の酵素を添加した後、52℃、3時間の酵素反応を行った。酵素反応後は、100℃、10分間の処理で酵素を失活した。
5点:非常に強く感じる、4点:強く感じる、3点:感じる、2点:ほぼ感じない、1点:感じない
4点以上:×、3点以上4点未満:△、2点以上3点未満:〇、2点未満:◎
市販の無調整豆乳50gに表8に記載の酵素を添加した後、52℃、3時間の酵素反応を行った。酵素反応後は、100℃、10分間の処理で酵素を失活した。
5点:非常に強く感じる、4点:強く感じる、3点:感じる、2点:ほぼ感じない、1点:感じない
4点以上:×、3点以上4点未満:△、2点以上3点未満:〇、2点未満:◎
粉砕済みコオロギパウダー5gを水50gに添加し、表9に記載の酵素を添加して52℃、3時間の酵素反応を行った。酵素反応後は、100℃、10分間の処理で酵素を失活した。反応液をろ紙によりろ過し、液体画分をエキスとして回収した。
5点:非常に強く感じる、4点:強く感じる、3点:感じる、2点:ほぼ感じない、1点:感じない
4点以上:×、3点以上4点未満:△、2点以上3点未満:〇、2点未満:◎
乾燥酵母15gと、水道水135gを混合し、10重量%の酵母溶液を作製し、55℃で1.5時間、プレインキュベーションを行った。表10に記載のプロテアーゼ活性およびアミノペプチダーゼ活性となる量の各酵素を添加した。実施例11では、所定のプロテアーゼ活性およびアミノペプチダーゼ活性とするように2種の酵素の添加量を調節した。その後、55℃、3.5時間、pH未調整の条件で酵素反応を行った。酵素反応後は100℃、10分間の処理で酵素を失活した。反応液を20℃、9000rpmの条件で10分間遠心分離し、上清をエキスとして回収した。
5点:非常に強く感じる、4点:強く感じる、3点:感じる、2点:ほぼ感じない、1点:感じない
4点以上:◎、3点以上4点未満:〇、2点以上3点未満:△、2点未満:×
4点以上:×、3点以上4点未満:△、2点以上3点未満:〇、2点未満:◎
Claims (12)
- ペプチダーゼを含み、夾雑活性を実質的に有しない食品用酵素組成物。
- 夾雑活性がアミラーゼ活性またはプロテアーゼ活性である、請求項1に記載の食品用酵素組成物。
- アミラーゼ活性をA、ペプチダーゼ活性をPとしたときに、A/Pが0.1以下である、請求項1または2に記載の食品用酵素組成物。
- プロテアーゼ活性をE、ペプチダーゼ活性をPとしたときに、E/Pが0.3以下である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の食品用酵素組成物。
- 前記ペプチダーゼがアミノペプチダーゼである、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の食品用酵素組成物。
- 前記ペプチダーゼが細菌由来である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の食品用酵素組成物。
- 細菌が放線菌である、請求項6に記載の食品用酵素組成物。
- 肉加工食品、魚介加工食品、卵加工食品、乳加工食品、植物加工食品、昆虫食、または調味料の製造のための、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の食品用酵素組成物。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の食品用酵素組成物により食品材料を加工する工程を含む、食品の製造方法。
- 食品材料が肉、魚介、卵、乳、植物、昆虫、または微生物培養物である、請求項9に記載の製造方法。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の食品用酵素組成物を含む食品。
- 肉エキス、魚介エキス、カスタードソース、カスタードクリーム、加工乳、大豆食品、昆虫食品、および調味料からなる群から選択される、請求項11に記載の食品。
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JPH02222641A (ja) * | 1989-02-22 | 1990-09-05 | Maiku:Kk | 魚介エキスの製造方法 |
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JP2007319063A (ja) * | 2006-05-31 | 2007-12-13 | Okayama Prefecture | ジペプチドの製造方法 |
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JP2005052052A (ja) | 2003-08-04 | 2005-03-03 | Asahi Denka Kogyo Kk | 酵素処理卵黄の製造方法 |
JP2005218319A (ja) | 2004-02-03 | 2005-08-18 | Okayama Prefecture | アミノペプチダーゼ |
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