WO2022209686A1 - 被覆正極活物質、正極材料、電池、および被覆正極活物質の製造方法 - Google Patents
被覆正極活物質、正極材料、電池、および被覆正極活物質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022209686A1 WO2022209686A1 PCT/JP2022/010441 JP2022010441W WO2022209686A1 WO 2022209686 A1 WO2022209686 A1 WO 2022209686A1 JP 2022010441 W JP2022010441 W JP 2022010441W WO 2022209686 A1 WO2022209686 A1 WO 2022209686A1
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- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- solid electrolyte
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
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- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0088—Composites
- H01M2300/0091—Composites in the form of mixtures
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to coated positive electrode active materials, positive electrode materials, batteries, and methods for producing coated positive electrode active materials.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a positive electrode material containing a positive electrode active material and a halide solid electrolyte.
- Patent Document 1 discloses, as a halide solid electrolyte, a solid electrolyte containing lithium, yttrium, and at least one selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and iodine.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a positive electrode material including a positive electrode active material whose surface is coated with a coating material and a solid electrolyte. Patent Document 2 discloses a halogen solid electrolyte containing lithium, yttrium, and chlorine and/or bromine as coating materials.
- the present disclosure provides a coated positive electrode active material that can reduce battery output resistance.
- the coated positive electrode active material in one aspect of the present disclosure is a positive electrode active material; a first coating layer that covers at least part of the surface of the positive electrode active material; a second coating layer covering at least part of the surface of the basic active material containing the first coating layer and the positive electrode active material; with
- the first coating layer contains an oxide solid electrolyte, the second coating layer comprises Li, Ti, M and F; M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mg, Al, Y, and Zr.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a positive electrode material in Embodiment 1.
- FIG. FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a battery according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a positive electrode material in Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a battery according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a positive electrode material in Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a battery according to Embodiment 2.
- Patent Document 1 describes a positive electrode material including a positive electrode active material and a halide solid electrolyte containing lithium, yttrium, and at least one selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and iodine. .
- the present inventor found that in a battery using a halide solid electrolyte as a positive electrode material, the halide solid electrolyte undergoes oxidative decomposition during charging.
- the products of oxidative decomposition act as a resistive layer and increase the internal resistance of the battery during charging. It is speculated that the increase in internal resistance of the battery during charging is caused by an oxidation reaction of at least one element selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and iodine contained in the halide solid electrolyte.
- Patent Document 2 describes a battery using a positive electrode material in which at least part of the surface of the positive electrode active material is coated with a halogen solid electrolyte containing lithium, yttrium, chlorine and/or bromine. As with Patent Document 1, the battery described in Patent Document 2 also has a problem in the oxidation resistance of the halide solid electrolyte containing chlorine and/or bromine.
- a battery using a positive electrode material in which at least part of the surface of the positive electrode active material is coated with a fluorine-containing halide solid electrolyte exhibits excellent oxidation resistance.
- a positive electrode material coated with a halide solid electrolyte can suppress an increase in internal resistance of a battery during charging.
- Fluorine has the highest electronegativity among the halogen elements. Therefore, fluorine strongly binds to cations. Therefore, when fluorine is contained in the halide solid electrolyte, the oxidation reaction of fluorine, that is, the side reaction in which electrons are extracted from fluorine, hardly progresses. As a result, a resistive layer is less likely to be generated due to oxidative decomposition.
- the inventor studied the output resistance of a battery using a positive electrode material in which at least part of the surface of the positive electrode active material is coated with a fluorine-containing halide solid electrolyte. As a result, they discovered the problem of high output resistance during discharge. Although the details of the mechanism are not clear, it is presumed to be as follows. At the contact interface between the positive electrode active material and the fluorine-containing halogen solid electrolyte, some of the oxygen ions of the positive electrode active material and some of the fluorine ions of the halide solid electrolyte undergo anion substitution. As a result, a resistance layer is generated at the interface between the positive electrode active material and the halide solid electrolyte. This resistive layer increases the battery's output resistance.
- the present inventor discovered a positive electrode material that can suppress the formation of a resistance layer at the interface between the positive electrode active material and the fluorine-containing halide solid electrolyte. By using such a positive electrode material, the output resistance of the battery can be reduced.
- the coated positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the present disclosure is a positive electrode active material; a first coating layer that covers at least part of the surface of the positive electrode active material; a second coating layer covering at least part of the surface of the basic active material containing the first coating layer and the positive electrode active material; with
- the first coating layer contains an oxide solid electrolyte, the second coating layer comprises Li, Ti, M and F; M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mg, Al, Y, and Zr.
- the coated positive electrode active material according to the first aspect can reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- the volume ratio of the second coating layer to the positive electrode active material may be 0.1% or more and 5% or less.
- the coated positive electrode active material according to the second aspect can further reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- M may be Al.
- the coated positive electrode active material according to the third aspect can further reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- the material constituting the second coating layer may be represented by the following compositional formula (1), Li ⁇ Ti ⁇ Al ⁇ F 6 Formula (1)
- the coated positive electrode active material according to the fourth aspect can further reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- ⁇ may satisfy 0.5 ⁇ 1.
- the coated positive electrode active material according to the fifth aspect can further reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ are 2.5 ⁇ 2.9, 0.1 ⁇ 0.5, and 0.5 ⁇ 0.9.
- the coated positive electrode active material according to the sixth aspect can further reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- the oxide solid electrolyte is lithium niobate, lithium titanate, lithium aluminate, silicic acid At least one selected from the group consisting of lithium, lithium borate, lithium zirconate, and lithium tungstate may be included.
- the coated positive electrode active material according to the seventh aspect can further reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- the oxide solid electrolyte may contain lithium niobate.
- the coated positive electrode active material according to the eighth aspect can further reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- the average thickness of the first coating layer may be 1 nm or more and 50 nm or less.
- the coated positive electrode active material according to the ninth aspect can further reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- the positive electrode active material may contain nickel-cobalt-lithium aluminum oxide.
- the coated positive electrode active material according to the tenth aspect can increase the energy density of the battery.
- the positive electrode material according to the eleventh aspect of the present disclosure includes It further comprises a coated positive electrode active material according to any one of the first to tenth aspects, and a first solid electrolyte.
- the positive electrode material according to the eleventh aspect can achieve high ionic conductivity in the positive electrode material.
- the first solid electrolyte may contain a halide solid electrolyte.
- the positive electrode material according to the twelfth aspect can improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- the first solid electrolyte may contain a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the positive electrode material according to the thirteenth aspect can further improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- the battery according to the fourteenth aspect of the present disclosure includes a positive electrode comprising the positive electrode material according to any one of the eleventh to thirteenth aspects; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte layer provided between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; Prepare.
- the battery according to the fourteenth aspect can reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- the electrolyte layer includes a second solid electrolyte, and the second solid electrolyte is the solid electrolyte contained in the first solid electrolyte. They may contain solid electrolytes having the same composition.
- the battery according to the fifteenth aspect can improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- the electrolyte layer includes a second solid electrolyte, and the second solid electrolyte is the solid electrolyte contained in the first solid electrolyte.
- the electrolyte layer may contain halide solid electrolytes with different compositions.
- the battery according to the sixteenth aspect can improve battery output characteristics.
- the electrolyte layer may contain a second solid electrolyte, and the second solid electrolyte may contain a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the battery according to the seventeenth aspect can improve battery output characteristics.
- a method for producing a coated positive electrode active material according to the eighteenth aspect of the present disclosure includes: A method for producing a coated positive electrode active material according to a first aspect, The manufacturing method is treating a mixture containing the positive electrode active material at least a portion of the surface of which is coated with the first coating layer and a material constituting the second coating layer by a dry particle compounding method; The dry particle compounding method includes imparting mechanical energy of impact, compression and shear to the mixture.
- the manufacturing method according to the eighteenth aspect it is possible to manufacture a positive electrode material capable of improving the output characteristics of the battery.
- At least part of the surface by the first coating layer relative to the average particle size Dc of the material constituting the second coating layer A ratio Da/Dc of an average particle diameter Da of the positive electrode active material coated with may be 2 or more.
- the manufacturing method according to the nineteenth aspect it is possible to manufacture a positive electrode material that can further reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- the ratio Da/Dc may be 5 or more.
- the manufacturing method according to the twentieth aspect it is possible to manufacture a positive electrode material that can further reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- Coated positive electrode active material 130 in Embodiment 1 includes positive electrode active material 110 , first coating layer 111 and second coating layer 112 .
- the first coating layer 111 covers at least part of the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 .
- the positive electrode active material 110 having at least a portion of the surface covered with the first coating layer 111 is defined as the base active material 120 .
- the second coating layer 112 covers at least part of the surface of the base active material 120 including the first coating layer 111 and the positive electrode active material 110 .
- First coating layer 111 contains an oxide solid electrolyte.
- the second coating layer 112 includes lithium (ie, Li), titanium (ie, Ti), M and fluorine (ie, F).
- M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mg, Al, Y, and Zr.
- M may be aluminum (ie, Al).
- the first coating layer 111 is in direct contact with the positive electrode active material 110 .
- the second coating layer 112 may be in direct contact with the first coating layer 111 or may be in direct contact with the positive electrode active material 110 .
- Coated positive electrode active material 130 in Embodiment 1 includes positive electrode active material 110, a first coating material, and a second coating material. A second coating material is present on at least a portion of the surface of the base active material 120 to form the second coating layer 112 .
- coated positive electrode active material 130 in Embodiment 1 can reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- the second coating material may consist of Li, Ti, Al and F.
- “Composed of Li, Ti, Al and F” means that materials other than Li, Ti, Al and F are not intentionally added except for unavoidable impurities.
- the second coating material may be represented by the following compositional formula (1).
- the ionic conductivity of the second coating material can be improved. Therefore, the positive electrode material containing the second coating material represented by the compositional formula (1) can further reduce the output resistance of the battery.
- the second coating material does not have to contain sulfur.
- ⁇ may satisfy 0.5 ⁇ 1.
- the ionic conductivity of the second coating material can be further improved. Therefore, the output resistance of the battery can be further reduced.
- composition formula (1) In composition formula (1), ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ satisfy 2.5 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2.9, 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.5, and 0.5 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0.9. good.
- the ionic conductivity of the second coating material can be further improved. Therefore, the output resistance of the battery can be further reduced.
- the ionic conductivity of the second coating material can be further improved. Therefore, the output resistance of the battery can be further reduced.
- the second coating material is not limited to one that strictly satisfies the compositional formula (1), but also includes materials that contain trace amounts of impurities in addition to the constituent elements represented by the compositional formula (1).
- impurities other than the constituent elements represented by the composition formula may be 10% by mass or less.
- the volume ratio of the second coating layer 112 to the positive electrode active material 110 may be 0.1% or more and 5% or less.
- the ratio V2/V1 of the volume V2 of the second coating layer 112 to the volume V1 of the positive electrode active material 110 may be in the range of 0.001 or more and 0.05 or less.
- the surface of the basic active material 120 can be sufficiently coated with the second coating material. It is possible to effectively suppress the formation of a resistance layer between the coating layer 111 and the second coating layer 112 .
- the volume ratio of the second coating layer 112 to the positive electrode active material 110 is 5% or less, it is possible to avoid excessive coating of the surface of the basic active material 120 with the second coating material. As a result, an electron conduction path between particles of the positive electrode active material 110 is appropriately secured.
- the volume V1 of the positive electrode active material 110 means the total volume of the positive electrode active material 110 in the particle group of the coated positive electrode active material 130 .
- the volume V2 of the second coating layer 112 means the total volume of the second coating layer 112 in the particle group of the coated positive electrode active material 130 .
- the volume ratio of the second coating layer 112 to the positive electrode active material 110 may be 0.1% or more and 4% or less, or 0.1% or more and 3% or less. There may be. When the volume ratio of the second coating layer 112 to the positive electrode active material 110 is within this range, the output resistance of the battery can be further reduced.
- the volume ratio of the first coating layer 111 or the second coating layer 112 to the positive electrode active material 110 is arbitrarily selected from, for example, a cross-sectional SEM image of the coated positive electrode active material 130 obtained by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It can be obtained by obtaining the volume ratio of 20 pieces and calculating the average value thereof.
- the volume of the positive electrode active material 110 is defined as V1 and the volume of the base active material 120 is defined as V2
- the ratio of the volume (V2 ⁇ V1) of the first coating layer 111 to the volume V1 of the positive electrode active material 110 is ( V2-V1)/V1.
- the volume of the coated positive electrode active material 130 is defined as V3
- the ratio of the volume (V3-V2) of the second coating layer 112 to the volume V1 of the positive electrode active material 110 is obtained by (V3-V2)/V1.
- the volume V1 of the positive electrode active material 110 can be calculated by the following method.
- the area of the positive electrode active material 110 is calculated from the outline of the positive electrode active material 110 extracted from the cross-sectional SEM image.
- a radius (equivalent circle diameter) r1 of a circle having an area equivalent to this area is calculated.
- the volume V1 of the positive electrode active material 110 can be calculated from the equivalent circle diameter r1.
- the volume of the first coating layer 111 can be calculated as a value obtained by subtracting the volume V1 of the positive electrode active material 110 from the volume V2 of the base active material 120 (V2 ⁇ V1).
- the volume V2 of the basic active material 120 can be calculated by the following method.
- the average thickness of the first coating layer 111 is added to the equivalent circle diameter r1 of the positive electrode active material 110 calculated from the cross-sectional SEM image, and this is regarded as the equivalent circle diameter r2 of the basic active material 120 .
- the volume V2 of the basic active material 120 can be calculated from the equivalent circle diameter r2.
- the volume of the second coating layer 112 can be calculated as a value obtained by subtracting the volume V2 of the basic active material 120 from the volume V3 of the coated positive electrode active material 130 (V3 ⁇ V2).
- the volume V3 of the coated positive electrode active material 130 can be calculated by the following method.
- the equivalent circle diameter r1 of the positive electrode active material 110 calculated from the cross-sectional SEM image is added to the average thickness of the first coating layer 111 and the second coating layer 112, and this is regarded as the equivalent circle diameter r3 of the coated positive electrode active material 130.
- the volume V3 of the coated positive electrode active material 130 can be calculated from the equivalent circle diameter r3.
- the method of measuring the average thickness of the first coating layer 111 or the second coating layer 112 is not particularly limited.
- the average thickness of the coating layer is obtained, for example, by measuring the thickness of the coating layer at 20 arbitrarily selected points from the cross-sectional SEM image of the coated positive electrode active material 130 and calculating the average value from the measured values. be able to.
- the average thickness of the second coating layer 112 may be 1 nm or more and 50 nm or less, or may be 5 nm or more and 30 nm or less.
- the average thickness of the second coating layer 112 is 1 nm or more, the surface of the basic active material 120 can be sufficiently coated with the second coating material. It is possible to effectively suppress the formation of a resistive layer between the layer 112 and the layer 112 .
- the average thickness of the second coating layer 112 is 50 nm or less, it is possible to avoid excessive coating of the surface of the basic active material 120 with the second coating material. As a result, an electron conduction path between particles of the positive electrode active material 110 is appropriately secured.
- the second coating material in Embodiment 1 can be produced, for example, by the following method.
- Raw material powder is prepared so that the compounding ratio of the desired composition is obtained.
- LiF , AlF3 and TiF4 are prepared in a molar ratio of 2.7 : 0.7 :0.3.
- the values of " ⁇ ", " ⁇ " and “ ⁇ ” in the above compositional formula (1) can be adjusted by adjusting the raw materials, compounding ratio and synthesis process.
- the mechanochemical milling method is used to mix, pulverize, and react the raw material powders.
- the mixture may be fired in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere.
- the firing conditions are, for example, firing at a temperature in the range of 100° C. to 800° C. for one hour or more. This results in a second coating material having the composition described above.
- the configuration (crystal structure) of the crystal phase in the second coating material can be determined by adjusting the reaction method and reaction conditions between the raw material powders.
- the first coating material may consist of an oxide solid electrolyte. “Consisting of an oxide solid electrolyte” means that materials other than the oxide solid electrolyte are not intentionally added except for unavoidable impurities.
- the oxide solid electrolyte is at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium niobate, lithium titanate, lithium aluminumate, lithium silicate, lithium borate, lithium zirconate, and lithium tungstate. include.
- the oxide solid electrolyte advantageously contains lithium niobate.
- the oxide solid electrolyte may be at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium niobate, lithium titanate, lithium aluminumate, lithium silicate, lithium borate, lithium zirconate, and lithium tungstate. Furthermore, the oxide solid electrolyte may be lithium niobate. That is, the oxide solid electrolyte may consist of lithium niobate. "Consisting of lithium niobate” means that materials other than lithium niobate are not intentionally added except for inevitable impurities.
- the volume ratio of the first coating layer 111 to the positive electrode active material 110 may be 0.1% or more and 5% or less.
- the volume ratio of the first coating layer 111 to the positive electrode active material 110 is 0.1% or more, the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 can be sufficiently coated with the first coating material. 111 can be efficiently suppressed.
- the volume ratio of the first coating layer 111 to the positive electrode active material 110 is 5% or less, it is possible to prevent the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 from being excessively covered with the first coating layer material. As a result, an electron conduction path between particles of the positive electrode active material 110 is appropriately secured.
- the average thickness of the first coating layer 111 may be 1 nm or more and 50 nm or less, or may be 5 nm or more and 30 nm or less.
- the average thickness of the first coating layer 111 is 1 nm or more, the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 can be sufficiently coated with the first coating material. can be effectively suppressed.
- the average thickness of the first coating layer 111 is 50 nm or less, it is possible to prevent the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 from being excessively covered with the first coating layer material. As a result, an electron conduction path between particles of the positive electrode active material 110 is appropriately secured.
- the same method as described for the second coating layer 112 can be applied.
- the positive electrode active material 110 is, for example, a material that has a property of intercalating and deintercalating metal ions (eg, lithium ions).
- positive electrode active material 110 include lithium-containing transition metal oxides, transition metal fluorides, polyanion materials, fluorinated polyanion materials, transition metal sulfides, transition metal oxysulfides, or transition metal oxynitrides.
- lithium-containing transition metal oxides are Li(Ni,Co,Al) O2 , Li ( Ni,Co,Mn) O2 , or LiCoO2.
- the manufacturing cost of the positive electrode can be reduced and the average discharge voltage can be increased.
- the shape of the positive electrode active material 110 is, for example, particulate.
- the positive electrode active material 110 may contain nickel-cobalt-lithium aluminum oxide.
- the energy density of the battery can be increased.
- the cathode active material 110 may be Li(Ni,Co,Al) O2 .
- the positive electrode active material 110 having at least a portion of the surface covered with the first coating layer 111, that is, the base active material 120, can be produced, for example, by the following method.
- Methods for coating at least part of the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 with the oxide solid electrolyte as the first coating material include a liquid phase coating method and a vapor phase coating method.
- a precursor solution of an oxide solid electrolyte is applied to the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 .
- the precursor solution may be a solvent, a mixed solution of lithium alkoxide and niobium alkoxide, or the like.
- lithium alkoxides include lithium ethoxide.
- niobium alkoxides include niobium ethoxide.
- Solvents are, for example, alcohols such as ethanol. The amounts of lithium alkoxide and niobium alkoxide are adjusted so as to obtain the desired composition of the oxide solid electrolyte.
- the precursor solution may be acidic or alkaline.
- the method of applying the precursor solution to the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 is not particularly limited.
- the precursor solution can be applied to the surface of the cathode active material 110 using a tumbling flow coating apparatus.
- the precursor solution can be sprayed onto the positive electrode active material 110 while rolling and flowing the positive electrode active material 110 to apply the precursor solution to the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 .
- a precursor film is formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 .
- the positive electrode active material 110 coated with the precursor coating is heat-treated. Gelation of the precursor coating proceeds by the heat treatment, and at least a portion of the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 is coated with the oxide solid electrolyte to form the basic active material 120 .
- vapor deposition methods include pulsed laser deposition, vacuum deposition, sputtering, thermal chemical vapor deposition, plasma chemical vapor deposition, and the like.
- a high-energy pulse laser e.g., KrF excimer laser, wavelength: 248 nm
- the sublimated oxide solid electrolyte is applied to the surface of the positive electrode active material. deposit.
- LiNbO 3 is coated as an oxide solid electrolyte, LiNbO 3 sintered to a high density is used as a target.
- the average thickness of the coating of the oxide solid electrolyte formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 is, for example, 20 arbitrarily selected oxide solid electrolytes of the basic active material 120 from the cross-sectional SEM image of the basic active material 120. It can be obtained by measuring the thickness of the coating and calculating the average value from those measured values.
- the coated positive electrode active material 130 can be produced, for example, by the following method.
- the coated positive electrode active material 130 can be produced by processing a mixture containing the base active material 120 and the second coating material by a dry particle compounding method.
- a dry particle composite method a method of mixing the basic active material 120 and the second coating material in an appropriate blending ratio, applying mechanical energy such as impact, compression and shear to the mixture and stirring the mixture is used. can be
- the device that can be used in the manufacturing process of the coated positive electrode active material 130 is not particularly limited as long as it can apply mechanical energy such as impact, compression, and shear to the mixture. (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation) and "Nobilta” (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation). Among these, “Mechanofusion” and “Nobilta” are more desirable, and “Nobilta” is even more desirable.
- Mechanism is a particle compounding device that uses dry mechanical compounding technology by applying strong mechanical energy to multiple different material particles.
- particles are compounded by applying mechanical energy such as compression, shearing, and friction to the raw material powder fed between the rotating container and the press head.
- Nobilta is a particle compounding device that uses dry mechanical compounding technology, which is an advanced form of particle compounding technology, in order to compound nanoparticles as raw materials. This is a technique for producing composite particles by imparting mechanical energy such as impact, compression and shear to multiple raw material powders.
- Nobilta is a horizontal cylindrical mixing vessel in which a rotor is placed with a specified gap between it and the inner wall of the mixing vessel.
- Composite particles of the positive electrode active material and the coating material can be produced by repeating the treatment for a plurality of times to apply impact, compression, and shear forces to the mixture. Conditions such as the rotational speed of the rotor, the treatment time, and the charge amount can be adjusted as appropriate.
- the ratio Da/Dc of the average particle size Da of the basic active material 120 to the average particle size Dc of the second coating material may be 2 or more. According to such a configuration, the surface of the basic active material 120 is easily densely coated with the second coating material, and the formation of a resistance layer at the interface between the positive electrode active material 110 and the coating layer is effectively suppressed. can do. Thereby, the output resistance of the battery can be further reduced.
- the average particle size of the positive electrode active material 110, the base active material 120, and the coated positive electrode active material 130 can be measured using, for example, SEM images. Specifically, for each active material, the average particle diameter is obtained by calculating the average value of the equivalent circle diameters of 50 arbitrarily selected particles of the active material using the SEM image.
- the ratio Da/Dc may be 5 or more.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a positive electrode material 1000 according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a positive electrode material 1000 according to Embodiment 1.
- the positive electrode material 1000 in Embodiment 1 includes the coated positive electrode active material 130 of Embodiment 1 and the first solid electrolyte 100 .
- the shape of the first solid electrolyte 100 is, for example, particulate. According to the first solid electrolyte 100, the positive electrode material 1000 can achieve high ionic conductivity.
- the first solid electrolyte 100 includes a solid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity.
- the first solid electrolyte 100 may contain a halide solid electrolyte.
- Halide solid electrolytes have high ionic conductivity and excellent high potential stability. Furthermore, since the halide solid electrolyte has low electronic conductivity and high resistance to oxidation, it is unlikely to be oxidatively decomposed by contact with the coated positive electrode active material 130 . Therefore, by including a halide solid electrolyte in the first solid electrolyte 100, the output characteristics of the battery can be improved.
- halide solid electrolytes examples include Li 3 (Ca, Y, Gd) X 6 , Li 2 MgX 4 , Li 2 FeX 4 , Li (Al, Ga, In) X 4 , Li 3 (Al, Ga, In ) X 6 , LiI, etc. may be used.
- the element X is at least one selected from the group consisting of Cl, Br and I.
- this notation indicates at least one element selected from the parenthesized element group. That is, "(Al, Ga, In)” is synonymous with "at least one selected from the group consisting of Al, Ga and In". The same is true for other elements.
- the halide solid electrolyte does not have to contain sulfur.
- the first solid electrolyte 100 may contain a sulfide solid electrolyte. According to such a configuration, it is possible to improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- Examples of sulfide solid electrolytes include Li 2 SP 2 S 5 , Li 2 S—SiS 2 , Li 2 S—B 2 S 3 , Li 2 S—GeS 2 , Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4 , Li10GeP2S12 and the like can be used.
- LiX , Li2O , MOq , LipMOq , etc. may be added to these.
- the element X in “LiX” is at least one element selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br and I.
- Element M in “MO q " and “Li p MO q " is at least one element selected from the group consisting of P, Si, Ge, B, Al, Ga, In, Fe, and Zn.
- p and q in "MO q " and "L p MO q " are independent natural numbers.
- the first solid electrolyte 100 may be a sulfide solid electrolyte. That is, the first solid electrolyte 100 may be made of a sulfide solid electrolyte. “Consisting of a sulfide solid electrolyte” means that materials other than the sulfide solid electrolyte are not intentionally added except for inevitable impurities.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may contain lithium sulfide and phosphorus sulfide.
- the sulfide solid electrolyte may be Li 2 SP 2 S 5 .
- the shape of the first solid electrolyte 100 is not particularly limited, and may be acicular, spherical, ellipsoidal, or the like, for example.
- the shape of the first solid electrolyte 100 may be particles.
- the average particle diameter of the first solid electrolyte 100 may be 100 ⁇ m or less. If the average particle diameter is larger than 100 ⁇ m, there is a possibility that the coated positive electrode active material 130 and the first solid electrolyte 100 cannot form a good dispersion state in the positive electrode material 1000 . As a result, charge/discharge characteristics are degraded.
- the average particle size of the first solid electrolyte 100 may be 10 ⁇ m or less. When the average particle diameter of the first solid electrolyte 100 is within the above range, the coated positive electrode active material 130 and the first solid electrolyte 100 can form a good dispersion state in the positive electrode material 1000 .
- the average particle size of the first solid electrolyte 100 may be smaller than the average particle size of the coated positive electrode active material 130 . According to such a configuration, the coated positive electrode active material 130 and the first solid electrolyte 100 can form a better dispersed state in the electrode.
- the average particle size of the coated positive electrode active material 130 may be 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the coated positive electrode active material 130 and the first solid electrolyte 100 can form a good dispersion state in the positive electrode material 1000 .
- the charge/discharge characteristics of the battery are improved.
- the average particle size of the coated positive electrode active material 130 is 100 ⁇ m or less, the diffusion rate of lithium in the positive electrode active material is improved. Therefore, it is possible to operate the battery at a high output.
- the average particle size of the coated positive electrode active material 130 may be larger than the average particle size of the first solid electrolyte 100 . Even with such a configuration, a favorable dispersion state of the coated positive electrode active material 130 and the first solid electrolyte 100 can be formed in the electrode.
- the first solid electrolyte 100 and the coated positive electrode active material 130 may be in contact with each other as shown in FIG.
- the first coating layer 111 may evenly cover the positive electrode active material 110 .
- the basic active material 120 may be formed by covering the entire surface of the positive electrode active material 110 with the first coating layer 111 .
- First coating layer 111 suppresses direct contact between positive electrode active material 110 and first solid electrolyte 100 and suppresses formation of an oxide film due to oxidative decomposition of first solid electrolyte 100 . Therefore, according to such a configuration, the output resistance of the battery is further reduced.
- the first coating layer 111 may cover only part of the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 .
- the basic active material 120 may be formed by partially covering the surface of the positive electrode active material 110 with the first coating layer 111 .
- the second coating layer 112 may evenly cover the base active material 120 .
- the coated positive electrode active material 130 may be formed by coating the entire surface of the base active material 120 with the second coating layer 112 .
- the second coating layer 112 suppresses direct contact between the basic active material 120 and the first solid electrolyte 100 and suppresses formation of an oxide film due to oxidative decomposition of the first solid electrolyte 100 . Therefore, according to such a configuration, the output resistance of the battery is further reduced.
- the second coating layer 112 may cover only part of the surface of the basic active material 120 .
- the coated positive electrode active material 130 may be formed by partially coating the surface of the base active material 120 with the second coating layer 112 .
- the positive electrode material 1000 may include multiple first solid electrolytes 100 and multiple coated positive electrode active materials 130 .
- the content of the first solid electrolyte 100 with respect to the positive electrode material 1000 and the content of the coated positive electrode active material 130 with respect to the positive electrode material 1000 may be the same or different.
- ⁇ Method for producing positive electrode material 1000 By mixing the coated positive electrode active material 130 and the first solid electrolyte 100, the positive electrode material 1000 is obtained.
- a method for mixing the coated positive electrode active material 130 and the first solid electrolyte 100 is not particularly limited.
- the coated positive electrode active material 130 and the first solid electrolyte 100 may be mixed using a tool such as a mortar, and the coated positive electrode active material 130 and the first solid electrolyte 100 may be mixed using a mixing device such as a ball mill. You may The mixing ratio of the coated positive electrode active material 130 and the first solid electrolyte 100 is not particularly limited.
- Embodiment 2 (Embodiment 2) Embodiment 2 will be described below. Descriptions overlapping those of the first embodiment are omitted as appropriate.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a battery 2000 according to Embodiment 2.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a schematic configuration of a battery 2000 according to Embodiment 2.
- a battery 2000 in Embodiment 2 includes a positive electrode 201 , an electrolyte layer 202 and a negative electrode 203 .
- Electrolyte layer 202 is positioned between positive electrode 201 and negative electrode 203 .
- the positive electrode 201 includes the positive electrode material 1000 in the first embodiment. That is, positive electrode 201 includes coated positive electrode active material 130 and first solid electrolyte 100 .
- the positive electrode 201 includes a material that has the property of absorbing and releasing metal ions (eg, lithium ions).
- the charging and discharging efficiency of the battery 2000 can be improved.
- the volume ratio “v1:100 ⁇ v1” of the positive electrode active material 110 and the sum of the first coating material, the second coating material, and the first solid electrolyte 100 contained in the positive electrode 201 satisfies 30 ⁇ v1 ⁇ 95.
- v1 indicates the volume fraction of the positive electrode active material 110 when the total volume of the positive electrode active material 110, the first coating material, the second coating material, and the first solid electrolyte 100 contained in the positive electrode 201 is 100. .
- 30 ⁇ v1 it is easy to secure a sufficient energy density of the battery 2000 .
- v1 ⁇ 95 the operation of battery 2000 at high output becomes easier.
- the thickness of the positive electrode 201 may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the positive electrode 201 is 10 ⁇ m or more, the energy density of the battery 2000 is sufficiently ensured. When the thickness of the positive electrode 201 is 500 ⁇ m or less, operation at high output becomes possible.
- the electrolyte layer 202 is a layer containing an electrolyte.
- the electrolyte is, for example, a solid electrolyte.
- a solid electrolyte included in the electrolyte layer 202 is called a second solid electrolyte. That is, electrolyte layer 202 may include a second solid electrolyte layer.
- a halide solid electrolyte As the second solid electrolyte, a halide solid electrolyte, a sulfide solid electrolyte, an oxide solid electrolyte, a polymer solid electrolyte, or a complex hydride solid electrolyte may be used.
- the second solid electrolyte may contain a solid electrolyte having the same composition as the solid electrolyte contained in the first solid electrolyte 100 .
- the second solid electrolyte contains a halide solid electrolyte
- the second solid electrolyte contains a halide solid electrolyte having the same composition as the halide solid electrolyte contained in the first solid electrolyte 100 in the first embodiment.
- electrolyte layer 202 may contain a halide solid electrolyte having the same composition as the halide solid electrolyte contained in first solid electrolyte 100 in the first embodiment described above. According to such a configuration, it is possible to further improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- the second solid electrolyte may contain a solid electrolyte having a composition different from that of the solid electrolyte contained in the first solid electrolyte 100 .
- the second solid electrolyte contains a halide solid electrolyte
- the second solid electrolyte contains a halide solid electrolyte having a different composition from the halide solid electrolyte contained in first solid electrolyte 100 in the first embodiment.
- electrolyte layer 202 may contain a halide solid electrolyte having a composition different from that of the halide solid electrolyte contained in first solid electrolyte 100 in the first embodiment. According to such a configuration, it is possible to further improve the output characteristics of the battery.
- the second solid electrolyte may contain a sulfide solid electrolyte.
- the second solid electrolyte may contain a sulfide solid electrolyte having the same composition as the sulfide solid electrolyte contained in first solid electrolyte 100 in the first embodiment. That is, electrolyte layer 202 may contain a sulfide solid electrolyte having the same composition as the sulfide solid electrolyte contained in first solid electrolyte 100 in the first embodiment.
- the electrolyte layer 202 contains a sulfide solid electrolyte with excellent reduction stability, a low-potential negative electrode material such as graphite or metallic lithium can be used for the negative electrode 203 . Thereby, the energy density of the battery can be improved. Further, when the electrolyte layer 202 contains a sulfide solid electrolyte having the same composition as the sulfide solid electrolyte contained in the first solid electrolyte 100 in Embodiment 1, the output characteristics of the battery can be further improved. can.
- the second solid electrolyte may contain an oxide solid electrolyte.
- oxide solid electrolytes include NASICON-type solid electrolyte materials typified by LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 and element-substituted products thereof, (LaLi)TiO 3 -based perovskite-type solid electrolyte materials, and Li 14 ZnGe 4 O 16 .
- LISICON-type solid electrolyte materials typified by Li 4 SiO 4 , LiGeO 4 and element-substituted products thereof, garnet-type solid electrolyte materials typified by Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 and element-substituted products thereof, and Li 3 PO 4 and N-substituted products thereof, Li--BO compounds such as LiBO 2 and Li 3 BO 3 as a base, glasses added with Li 2 SO 4 and Li 2 CO 3 , and glass ceramics can be used.
- the second solid electrolyte may contain a polymer solid electrolyte.
- a polymer solid electrolyte for example, a compound of a polymer compound and a lithium salt can be used.
- the polymer compound may have an ethylene oxide structure.
- a polymer compound having an ethylene oxide structure can contain a large amount of lithium salt. Therefore, the ionic conductivity can be further increased.
- Lithium salts include LiPF6 , LiBF4 , LiSbF6 , LiAsF6 , LiSO3CF3 , LiN ( SO2F ) 2 , LiN ( SO2CF3 ) 2 , LiN ( SO2C2F5 ) 2 , LiN( SO2CF3 )( SO2C4F9 ) , LiC ( SO2CF3 ) 3 , etc. may be used. Lithium salts may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the second solid electrolyte may contain a complex hydride solid electrolyte.
- complex hydride solid electrolytes for example, LiBH 4 --LiI, LiBH 4 --P 2 S 5 and the like can be used.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain the above-described second solid electrolyte as a main component. That is, the electrolyte layer 202 may contain the second solid electrolyte at a mass ratio of 50% or more (that is, 50% by mass or more) with respect to the entire electrolyte layer 202 .
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain the second solid electrolyte at a mass ratio of 70% or more (that is, 70% by mass or more) with respect to the entire electrolyte layer 202 .
- the electrolyte layer 202 contains the second solid electrolyte as a main component, and also contains unavoidable impurities, starting materials, by-products, decomposition products, etc. used when synthesizing the second solid electrolyte. You can
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain the second solid electrolyte at a mass ratio of 100% (that is, 100% by mass) with respect to the entire electrolyte layer 202, excluding impurities that are unavoidably mixed. That is, the electrolyte layer 202 may be made of the second solid electrolyte.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain, as the second solid electrolyte, two or more of the materials listed as solid electrolyte materials.
- the electrolyte layer 202 may contain a halide solid electrolyte and a sulfide solid electrolyte as the second solid electrolyte.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 202 may be 1 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer 202 is 1 ⁇ m or more, the possibility of short-circuiting between the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 is reduced. Further, when the thickness of the electrolyte layer 202 is 300 ⁇ m or less, operation at high output becomes easy. In other words, when the thickness of the electrolyte layer 202 is appropriately adjusted, the battery can be operated at high output while ensuring sufficient safety of the battery.
- the negative electrode 203 contains a material that has the property of absorbing and releasing metal ions (for example, lithium ions).
- the negative electrode 203 includes, for example, a negative electrode active material (eg, negative electrode active material particles).
- a metal material, a carbon material, an oxide, a nitride, a tin compound, a silicon compound, or the like can be used as the negative electrode active material.
- the metal material may be a single metal.
- the metal material may be an alloy.
- metallic materials include lithium metal or lithium alloys.
- Examples of carbon materials include natural graphite, coke, ungraphitized carbon, carbon fiber, spherical carbon, artificial graphite, or amorphous carbon. From the viewpoint of capacity density, silicon, tin, silicon compounds, or tin compounds can be preferably used.
- the negative electrode 203 may contain a third solid electrolyte. According to such a configuration, the lithium ion conductivity inside the negative electrode 203 is improved, and operation at high output is possible.
- the third solid electrolyte contained in the negative electrode 203 the materials given as examples of the second solid electrolyte of the electrolyte layer 202 can be used.
- the average particle size of the negative electrode active material may be larger than the average particle size of the third solid electrolyte contained in the negative electrode 203 . Thereby, a favorable dispersion state of the negative electrode active material and the third solid electrolyte can be formed.
- the volume ratio "v2:100-v2" between the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode 203 and the third solid electrolyte may satisfy 30 ⁇ v2 ⁇ 95.
- v2 indicates the volume ratio of the negative electrode active material when the total volume of the negative electrode active material and the third solid electrolyte contained in the negative electrode 203 is 100.
- 30 ⁇ v2 it is easy to secure a sufficient battery energy density.
- v2 ⁇ 95 it becomes easier for the battery to operate at high output.
- the thickness of the negative electrode 203 may be 10 ⁇ m or more and 500 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the negative electrode 203 is 10 ⁇ m or more, it becomes easy to secure a sufficient energy density of the battery. When the thickness of the negative electrode 203 is 500 ⁇ m or less, the operation of the battery at high output becomes easier.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of the positive electrode 201, the electrolyte layer 202 and the negative electrode 203 may contain a binder for the purpose of improving adhesion between particles.
- a binder is used to improve the binding properties of the material that constitutes the electrode.
- Binders include polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, aramid resin, polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid methyl ester, polyacrylic acid ethyl ester, poly Acrylate hexyl ester, polymethacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid methyl ester, polymethacrylic acid ethyl ester, polymethacrylic acid hexyl ester, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyether, polyethersulfone, hexafluoropolypropylene, styrene-butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose, and the like.
- Binders include tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether, vinylidene fluoride, chlorotrifluoroethylene, ethylene, propylene, pentafluoropropylene, fluoromethyl vinyl ether, acrylic acid, and hexadiene. Copolymers of two or more selected materials may be used. Also, two or more selected from these may be mixed and used as a binder.
- At least one of the positive electrode 201 and the negative electrode 203 may contain a conductive aid for the purpose of increasing electronic conductivity.
- conductive aids include graphites such as natural graphite or artificial graphite, carbon blacks such as acetylene black and Ketjen black, conductive fibers such as carbon fiber or metal fiber, carbon fluoride, and metal powder such as aluminum.
- conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide or potassium titanate, conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide, conductive polymeric compounds such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, and the like. Cost reduction can be achieved when a carbon conductive aid is used.
- the battery in Embodiment 2 can be configured as batteries of various shapes such as coin type, cylindrical type, square type, sheet type, button type, flat type, and laminated type.
- the battery in Embodiment 2 can be manufactured, for example, by the following method.
- the positive electrode material 1000, the material for forming the electrolyte layer 202, and the material for forming the negative electrode 203 in Embodiment 1 are prepared.
- a laminate in which the positive electrode 201, the electrolyte layer 202, and the negative electrode 203 are arranged in this order is produced by a known method.
- LTAF powder of the composite represented by the composition formula of Li 2.7 Al 0.7 Ti 0.3 F 6
- the powder of the composite and an appropriate amount of solvent are mixed, and the mixture is milled at 200 rpm for 20 minutes using a planetary ball mill (manufactured by Fritsch, model P-7), then the solvent is removed to give the resulting product. was dried.
- LTAF powder having an average particle size of 0.5 ⁇ m was obtained as the second coating material.
- the average particle size is equivalent to a circle of 50 arbitrarily selected particles from the LTAF powder observed at a magnification of 5000 using a scanning electron microscope (3D real surface view microscope, VE-8800, manufactured by Keyence Corporation). It was obtained by calculating the average value of the diameter.
- NCA Li(Ni, Co, Al) O 2
- Lithium niobate (hereinafter referred to as LiNbO 3 ) was used as the first coating material (oxide solid electrolyte).
- a coated NCA was prepared by coating the surface of NCA with LiNbO 3 .
- a coated NCA was prepared by the following procedure.
- a coating solution was prepared by dissolving lithium ethoxide and niobium pentaethoxide in ethanol in an argon atmosphere glove box with a dew point of -60°C or less and an oxygen value of 5 volppm or less.
- a tumbling fluidized granulation coating apparatus was used for coating the surface of NCA.
- the prepared coating solution was applied to the surface of the NCA with a tumbling fluidized granulation coating device. At this time, the coating solution was applied so that the average thickness of LiNbO 3 was 15 nm.
- the powder after the treatment was placed in an alumina crucible and taken out in the atmosphere. The powder after the treatment was subjected to heat treatment at 220° C. for 1 hour in an air atmosphere.
- the heat-treated powder was re-pulverized in an agate mortar to obtain a coated NCA in which the surface of the NCA was coated with LiNbO 3 as the basic active material.
- the average thickness of the LiNbO 3 coating layer (first coating layer) in the coated NCA was measured by cross-sectional SEM. The average thickness was 14 nm.
- Coating of the coated NCA with the second coating material was performed using a particle compounding device (Nobilta, NOB-MINI, manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation). 49 g of coated NCA and 0.31 g (Example 1), 0.63 g (Example 2) and 0.95 g (Example 3) of LTAF powder were placed in a NOB-MINI container.
- a coated positive electrode active material was produced by subjecting the coated NCA and LTAF powder to a composite treatment at a rotation speed of 6000 rpm, an operating time of 60 minutes, and a power value of 550 W to 740 W.
- the volume ratio of the LiNbO 3 coating layer (first coating layer) to the positive electrode active material and the volume ratio of the LTAF coating layer (second coating layer) to the positive electrode active material in Examples 1 to 3 were calculated from cross-sectional SEM. In Examples 1 to 3, the volume ratio of the first coating layer to the positive electrode active material was all 1.7%. In Examples 1 to 3, the volume ratios of the second coating layer to the positive electrode active material were 1.2%, 2.0% and 2.5%, respectively.
- the coated positive electrode active material of any one of Examples 1 to 3 and Li 2 SP 2 S 5 as the first solid electrolyte were mixed.
- the sum of the positive electrode active material, the first coating material, the second coating material and the first solid electrolyte were weighed so as to have a volume ratio of 75:25.
- a conductive aid (VGCF-H, manufactured by Showa Denko KK) was weighed so as to be 1.5% by mass with respect to the mass of the positive electrode active material.
- an insulating ferrule was used to shield and seal the inside of the insulating outer cylinder from the atmosphere, thereby producing a secondary battery.
- the inner diameter of the insulating outer cylinder used in this example was 9.5 mm, and the projected area of the electrode was 0.71 cm 2 .
- the secondary batteries of Examples 1 to 3 were placed in a constant temperature bath at 25°C. Constant current charging was performed at a current value of 319 ⁇ A, which is 0.1 C rate (10 hour rate) with respect to the theoretical capacity of the battery, and charging was terminated at a voltage of 4.3 V (voltage based on Li/Li + ). Next, constant-voltage charging was performed at a voltage of 4.3 V, and charging was terminated when the current value became 31.9 ⁇ A or less, which is the 0.01 C rate. After resting for 20 minutes, constant current discharge was performed at a current value of 319 ⁇ A, which is also the 0.1 C rate, and the discharge was terminated at a voltage of 3.62 V (voltage based on Li/Li + ).
- Examples 4 to 6>> A coated positive electrode active material and a secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 3, except that the coating solution was applied so that the average thickness of LiNbO 3 was 20 nm.
- the volume ratio of the first coating layer to the positive electrode active material calculated from cross-sectional SEM was 2.6%.
- the volume ratios of the LTAF coating layer (second coating layer) to the positive electrode active material calculated from cross-sectional SEM were 1.1%, 2.0%, and 2.5%, respectively.
- Example 7 49 g of coated NCA and 1.46 g of LTAF powder were placed in a NOB-MINI container, and a coated positive electrode active material and a secondary battery were produced in the same manner as in Examples 4-6.
- the average thickness of the LiNbO 3 coating layer (first coating layer) measured by cross-sectional SEM in Example 7 was 22 nm.
- the volume ratio of the first coating layer to the positive electrode active material calculated from the cross-sectional SEM was 2.6%.
- the volume ratio of the LTAF coating layer (second coating layer) to the positive electrode active material calculated from the cross-sectional SEM was 4.3%.
- Example 1 to 7 and the positive electrode active material of Comparative Example 1 are the same. However, Examples 1 to 7 having the coating layer had significantly lower output resistance than Comparative Example 1 having no coating layer.
- Example 1, Example 4 and Reference Example 1 have the same volume ratio of the second coating layer. However, Examples 1 and 4 having the first coating layer had lower output resistance than Reference Example 1 having no first coating layer.
- Example 2, Example 5 and Reference Example 2 have the same volume ratio of the second coating layer. However, in Examples 2 and 5, which have the first coating layer, the output resistance is lower than that in Reference Example 2, which does not have the first coating layer.
- Example 3 Example 6 and Reference Example 3 have the same volume ratio of the second coating layer.
- Examples 3 and 6 which have the first coating layer had lower output resistance than Reference Example 3, which does not have the first coating layer.
- Examples 4 to 7 have the same average thickness of the first coating layer.
- the volume ratio of the second coating layer to the positive electrode active material is 5% or less, it is possible to avoid excessive coating of the surface of the basic active material with the second coating material. As a result, a conduction path of electrons between particles of the positive electrode active material is properly ensured.
- the volume ratio of the second coating layer to the positive electrode active material is 0.1% or more and 4% or less, and further 0.1% or more and 3% or less, the output resistance of the battery is further reduced. Further, when the average thickness of the first coating layer is 1 nm or more and 30 nm or less, the output resistance of the battery is reduced.
- the battery of the present disclosure can be used, for example, as an all-solid lithium secondary battery.
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Abstract
Description
正極活物質と、
前記正極活物質の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する第1被覆層と、
前記第1被覆層および前記正極活物質を含む基礎活物質の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する第2被覆層と、
を備え、
前記第1被覆層は、酸化物固体電解質を含み、
前記第2被覆層は、Li、Ti、MおよびFを含み、
Mは、Ca、Mg、Al、Y、およびZrからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素である。
特許文献1には、正極活物質、および、リチウムと、イットリウムと、塩素、臭素、およびヨウ素からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種とを含むハロゲン化物固体電解質を含む正極材料が記載されている。
本開示の第1態様に係る被覆正極活物質は、
正極活物質と、
前記正極活物質の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する第1被覆層と、
前記第1被覆層および前記正極活物質を含む基礎活物質の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する第2被覆層と、
を備え、
前記第1被覆層は、酸化物固体電解質を含み、
前記第2被覆層は、Li、Ti、MおよびFを含み、
Mは、Ca、Mg、Al、Y、およびZrからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素である。
LiαTiβAlγF6・・・式(1)
ここで、前記α、β、およびγは、α+4β+3γ=6、および、γ>0、を満たす。
第1から第10態様のいずれか1つに係る被覆正極活物質、および
第1固体電解質をさらに含む。
第11から第13態様のいずれか1つに係る正極材料を含む正極、
負極、および
前記正極と前記負極との間に設けられた電解質層、
を備える。
第1態様に係る被覆正極活物質の製造方法であって、
前記製造方法が、
前記第1被覆層によって表面の少なくとも一部が被覆された前記正極活物質と、前記第2被覆層を構成する材料とを含む混合物を乾式粒子複合化法によって処理することを含み、
前記乾式粒子複合化法が、衝撃、圧縮、およびせん断の機械的エネルギーを前記混合物に付与することを含む。
[被覆正極活物質]
実施の形態1における被覆正極活物質130は、正極活物質110、第1被覆層111、および第2被覆層112を備える。第1被覆層111は、正極活物質110の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆している。ここで、第1被覆層111によって表面の少なくとも一部が被覆された正極活物質110を基礎活物質120と定義する。第2被覆層112は、第1被覆層111および正極活物質110を含む基礎活物質120の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆している。第1被覆層111は、酸化物固体電解質を含む。第2被覆層112は、リチウム(すなわち、Li)、チタン(すなわち、Ti)、Mおよびフッ素(すなわち、F)を含む。Mは、Ca、Mg、Al、Y、およびZrからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素である。Mは、アルミニウム(すなわち、Al)であってもよい。
実施の形態1において、第2被覆材料は、Li、Ti、AlおよびFからなっていてもよい。「Li、Ti、AlおよびFからなる」とは、不可避不純物を除き、Li、Ti、AlおよびF以外の材料が意図的に添加されていないことを意味する。
実施の形態1における第2被覆材料は、例えば、下記の方法により製造されうる。
実施の形態1において、第1被覆材料は、酸化物固体電解質からなっていてもよい。「酸化物固体電解質からなる」とは、不可避不純物を除き、酸化物固体電解質以外の材料が意図的に添加されていないことを意味する。
正極活物質110は、例えば、金属イオン(例えば、リチウムイオン)を吸蔵かつ放出する特性を有する材料である。正極活物質110の例は、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物、遷移金属フッ化物、ポリアニオン材料、フッ素化ポリアニオン材料、遷移金属硫化物、遷移金属オキシ硫化物、または遷移金属オキシ窒化物などである。リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物の例は、Li(Ni,Co,Al)O2、Li(Ni,Co,Mn)O2、またはLiCoO2などである。正極活物質110として、例えば、リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を用いた場合、正極の製造コストを低減でき、かつ、平均放電電圧を高めることができる。
第1被覆層111によって表面の少なくとも一部が被覆された正極活物質110、すなわち、基礎活物質120は、例えば、下記の方法により製造されうる。
被覆正極活物質130は、例えば、下記の方法により製造されうる。
図1は、実施の形態1における正極材料1000の概略構成を示す断面図である。
第1固体電解質100は、イオン伝導率が高い固体電解質を含む。第1固体電解質100は、ハロゲン化物固体電解質を含んでいてもよい。ハロゲン化物固体電解質は、高いイオン伝導率および優れた高電位安定性を有する。さらに、ハロゲン化物固体電解質は、低い電子伝導性および高い酸化耐性を有するので、被覆正極活物質130との接触によって酸化分解されにくい。そのため、第1固体電解質100がハロゲン化物固体電解質を含むことで、電池の出力特性を向上させることができる。
被覆正極活物質130と第1固体電解質100とを混合することによって、正極材料1000が得られる。被覆正極活物質130と第1固体電解質100とを混合する方法は特に限定さない。例えば、乳鉢などの器具を用いて被覆正極活物質130と第1固体電解質100とを混合してもよく、ボールミルなどの混合装置を用いて被覆正極活物質130と第1固体電解質100とを混合してもよい。被覆正極活物質130と第1固体電解質100との混合比率は特に限定されない。
以下、実施の形態2が説明される。実施の形態1と重複する説明は、適宜、省略される。
[第2被覆材料の作製]
露点-60℃以下、酸素値5volppm以下のアルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス内で、原料粉であるLiF、AlF3およびTiF4を、モル比でLiF:AlF3:TiF4=2.7:0.7:0.3となるように秤量した。これらの原料粉をメノウ乳鉢で混合することで混合物を得た。次に、遊星型ボールミル装置(フリッチュ社製、P-7型)を用い、12時間、500rpmの条件で、得られた混合物をミリング処理した。これにより、Li2.7Al0.7Ti0.3F6(以下、LTAFと表記する)の組成式で表される合成物の粉体を得た。合成物の粉体と適量の溶媒とを混合し、遊星型ボールミル装置(フリッチュ社製、P-7型)を用い、20分、200rpmで混合物をミリング処理した後、溶媒を除去し、結果物を乾燥させた。これにより、第2被覆材料として、平均粒径0.5μmのLTAFの粉体を得た。平均粒径は、走査型電子顕微鏡(キーエンス社製、3Dリアルサーフェスビュー顕微鏡、VE-8800)を用い、倍率5000倍で観察したLTAFの粉体から、任意に選択した50個の粒子の円相当径の平均値を算出することにより得た。
正極活物質として、平均粒径5μmのLi(Ni,Co,Al)O2(以下、NCAと表記する)を用いた。
第1被覆材料(酸化物固体電解質)として、ニオブ酸リチウム(以下、LiNbO3と表記する)を用いた。基礎活物質として、NCAの表面にLiNbO3を被覆した被覆NCAを作製した。被覆NCAは、以下の手順で作製した。
被覆NCAへの第2被覆材料の被覆は、粒子複合化装置(ノビルタ、NOB‐MINI、ホソカワミクロン社製)を用いて行った。NOB-MINIの容器内に、被覆NCAを49g、LTAF粉末をそれぞれ、0.31g(実施例1)、0.63g(実施例2)、0.95g(実施例3)を入れた。回転数6000rpm、作動時間60分、電力値550Wから740Wで、被覆NCAとLTAF粉末とを複合化処理することによって、被覆正極活物質を作製した。
上述の実施例1から3の被覆正極活物質を用い、下記の工程を実施した。
実施例1から3の二次電池をそれぞれ用いて、以下の条件で、出力抵抗の評価を実施した。
LiNbO3の平均厚さが20nmとなるように被覆溶液を塗布したことを除き、実施例1から3と同じ手順で被覆正極活物質および二次電池を作製した。実施例4から6における、断面SEMにより測定したLiNbO3被覆層(第1被覆層)の平均厚さは、22nmであった。実施例4から6における、断面SEMから算出した正極活物質に対する第1被覆層の体積比率はいずれも、2.6%であった。実施例4から6における、断面SEMから算出した正極活物質に対するLTAF被覆層(第2被覆層)の体積比率はそれぞれ、1.1%、2.0%、2.5%であった。
NOB-MINIの容器内に、被覆NCAを49g、LTAF粉末を1.46g入れ、実施例4から6と同じ手順で被覆正極活物質および二次電池を作製した。実施例7における、断面SEMにより測定したLiNbO3被覆層(第1被覆層)の平均厚さは、22nmであった。実施例7における、断面SEMから算出した正極活物質に対する第1被覆層の体積比率は、2.6%であった。実施例7における、断面SEMから算出した正極活物質に対するLTAF被覆層(第2被覆層)の体積比率は、4.3%であった。
比較例1では、正極活物質として、被覆層(第1被覆層および第2被覆層)を形成していないNCAを用いた。露点-60℃以下、酸素値5volppm以下のアルゴン雰囲気のグローブボックス内で、比較例1の正極活物質と、第1固体電解質であるLi2S‐P2S5とを、正極活物質と第1固体電解質とが、75:25の体積比率となるように秤量した。さらに、導電助剤(VGCF-H、昭和電工社製)を、正極活物質の質量に対して1.5質量%になるように秤量した。これらをメノウ乳鉢で混合することで、比較例1の正極材料を作製した。その後は、実施例1から3と同じ手順で二次電池を作製した。
NOB-MINIの容器内に、LiNbO3被覆層を形成していないNCAを49g、LTAF粉末をそれぞれ、0.31g(参照例1)、0.63g(参照例2)、0.95g(参照例3)、1.46g(参照例4)を入れた。回転数6000rpm、作動時間60分、電力値550Wから740Wで、NCAとLTAFを複合化処理して、LTAFのみを被覆した正極活物質を作製した。実施例1から3と同じ手順で二次電池を作製した。参照例1から4における、断面SEMから算出した正極活物質に対するLTAF層(第2被覆層)の体積比率はそれぞれ、1.2%、2.0%、2.6%、4.4%であった。
実施例1から7の正極活物質と、比較例1の正極活物質は同じである。しかし、被覆層を有する実施例1から7は、被覆層を有さない比較例1よりも出力抵抗が大幅に低減されていた。実施例1、実施例4および参照例1は、第2被覆層の体積比率が等しい。しかし、第1被覆層を有する実施例1および実施例4は、第1被覆層を有さない参照例1よりも出力抵抗が低減されていた。実施例2、実施例5および参照例2は、第2被覆層の体積比率が等しい。しかし、第1被覆層を有する実施例2および実施例5は、第1被覆層を有さない参照例2よりも出力抵抗が低減されていた。実施例3、実施例6および参照例3は、第2被覆層の体積比率が等しい。しかし、第1被覆層を有する実施例3および実施例6は、第1被覆層を有さない参照例3よりも出力抵抗が低減されていた。また、実施例4から7は、第1被覆層の平均厚さが等しい。しかし、第2被覆層の体積比率が4%以下である実施例4から6は、第2被覆層の体積比率が4%よりも大きい実施例7よりも出力抵抗がより低減されていた。
100 第1固体電解質
110 正極活物質
111 第1被覆層
112 第2被覆層
120 基礎活物質
130 被覆正極活物質
2000 電池
201 正極
202 電解質層
203 負極
Claims (20)
- 正極活物質と、
前記正極活物質の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する第1被覆層と、
前記第1被覆層および前記正極活物質を含む基礎活物質の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する第2被覆層と、
を備え、
前記第1被覆層は、酸化物固体電解質を含み、
前記第2被覆層は、Li、Ti、MおよびFを含み、
Mは、Ca、Mg、Al、Y、およびZrからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の元素である、
被覆正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質に対する前記第2被覆層の体積比率が、0.1%以上かつ5%以下である、
請求項1に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - Mは、Alである、
請求項1または2に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記第2被覆層を構成する材料は、以下の組成式(1)により表され、
LiαTiβAlγF6・・・式(1)
ここで、前記α、β、およびγは、α+4β+3γ=6、および、γ>0、を満たす、請求項3記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記γは、0.5≦γ<1を満たす、
請求項4に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記α、β、およびγは、2.5≦α≦2.9、0.1≦β≦0.5、および0.5≦γ≦0.9、を満たす、
請求項4に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記酸化物固体電解質は、ニオブ酸リチウム、チタン酸リチウム、アルミニウム酸リチウム、ケイ酸リチウム、ホウ酸リチウム、ジルコニウム酸リチウム、およびタングステン酸リチウムからなる群より選択される少なくとも一種を含む、
請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記酸化物固体電解質は、ニオブ酸リチウムを含む、
請求項1から7のいずれか一項に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記第1被覆層の平均厚さは、1nm以上かつ50nm以下である、
請求項1から8のいずれか一項に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 前記正極活物質は、ニッケル・コバルト・アルミニウム酸リチウムを含む、
請求項1から9のいずれか一項に記載の被覆正極活物質。 - 請求項1から10のいずれか一項に記載の被覆正極活物質、および
第1固体電解質、
を含む、正極材料。 - 前記第1固体電解質は、ハロゲン化物固体電解質を含む、
請求項11に記載の正極材料。 - 前記第1固体電解質は、硫化物固体電解質を含む、
請求項11または12に記載の正極材料。 - 請求項11から13のいずれか一項に記載の正極材料を含む正極、
負極、および
前記正極と前記負極との間に設けられた電解質層、
を備える、電池。 - 前記電解質層は、第2固体電解質を含み、
前記第2固体電解質は、前記第1固体電解質に含まれた固体電解質と同一の組成を有する固体電解質を含む、
請求項14に記載の電池。 - 前記電解質層は、第2固体電解質を含み、
前記第2固体電解質は、前記第1固体電解質に含まれた固体電解質とは異なる組成を有するハロゲン化物固体電解質を含む、
請求項14に記載の電池。 - 前記電解質層は、第2固体電解質を含み、
前記第2固体電解質は、硫化物固体電解質を含む、
請求項14に記載の電池。 - 請求項1に記載の被覆正極活物質の製造方法であって、
前記製造方法が、
前記第1被覆層によって表面の少なくとも一部が被覆された前記正極活物質と、前記第2被覆層を構成する材料とを含む混合物を乾式粒子複合化法によって処理することを含み、
前記乾式粒子複合化法が、衝撃、圧縮、およびせん断の機械的エネルギーを前記混合物に付与することを含む、
被覆正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記第2被覆層を構成する材料の平均粒径Dcに対する前記第1被覆層によって表面の少なくとも一部が被覆された前記正極活物質の平均粒径Daの比率Da/Dcが、2以上である、
請求項18に記載の被覆正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記比率Da/Dcが、5以上である、
請求項19に記載の被覆正極活物質の製造方法。
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WO2022004397A1 (ja) * | 2020-06-29 | 2022-01-06 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 正極材料および電池 |
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