WO2022209507A1 - リチウム二次電池用負極及びリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用負極及びリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022209507A1 WO2022209507A1 PCT/JP2022/008138 JP2022008138W WO2022209507A1 WO 2022209507 A1 WO2022209507 A1 WO 2022209507A1 JP 2022008138 W JP2022008138 W JP 2022008138W WO 2022209507 A1 WO2022209507 A1 WO 2022209507A1
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- Prior art keywords
- mass
- negative electrode
- secondary battery
- lithium secondary
- aluminum alloy
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- YZYKZHPNRDIPFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(trimethylsilyl) borate Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OB(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C YZYKZHPNRDIPFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QJMMCGKXBZVAEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)OP(=O)(O[Si](C)(C)C)O[Si](C)(C)C QJMMCGKXBZVAEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004857 zone melting Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
- C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/043—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with silicon as the next major constituent
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/46—Alloys based on magnesium or aluminium
- H01M4/463—Aluminium based
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery and a lithium secondary battery.
- This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2021-060797 filed in Japan on March 31, 2021, the contents of which are incorporated herein.
- Rechargeable lithium secondary batteries are already being put to practical use not only in small power sources for mobile phones and laptop computers, but also in medium and large power sources for automobiles and power storage.
- Patent Document 1 describes a negative electrode for a secondary battery having a porous aluminum alloy containing at least one of silicon and tin as a negative electrode active material.
- a negative electrode containing a silicon-containing aluminum alloy absorbs and releases lithium and expands and contracts during charging and discharging.
- Silicon has a larger theoretical capacity than aluminum, and the volume change in which silicon expands and contracts by absorbing and desorbing lithium is larger than that of aluminum. Therefore, the crystal structure of aluminum may be destroyed due to the expansion and contraction of silicon during charging and discharging. Therefore, such a lithium secondary battery tends to have a low cycle retention rate. In order to further improve the cycle retention rate, there is still room for improvement in the negative electrode for lithium secondary batteries.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery that can realize a lithium secondary battery with a high cycle retention rate, and a lithium secondary battery using the same. do.
- the present invention has the following aspects.
- Al one or more elements M1 selected from the group consisting of C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb, and selected from the group consisting of Sr, Na, Sb, Ca, Te, Ba, Li and K
- the ratio of the mass of the element M1 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is 0.01% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less
- a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery wherein the mass ratio of the element M2 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is more than 0.001% by mass and not more than 1.0% by mass.
- a clad material having a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector layer is composed of Al, one or more elements M1 selected from the group consisting of C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb, and Sr, Na, Sb, Ca, Te, Ba, Li and K. made of an aluminum alloy containing one or more elements M2 selected from the group consisting of The ratio of the mass of the element M1 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is 0.01% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less, A negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery, wherein the mass ratio of the element M2 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is more than 0.001% by mass and not more than 1.0% by mass.
- the aluminum alloy contains precipitated particles containing the element M1 in an alloy matrix, The precipitated particles include first precipitated particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more and less than 10 ⁇ m 2 and second precipitated particles having a particle size of 10 ⁇ m 2 or more, The number density of the first precipitated particles observed on the surface of the aluminum alloy is 5000 / mm 2 or less,
- the aluminum alloy contains precipitated particles containing the element M1 in an alloy matrix,
- the precipitated particles include first precipitated particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more and less than 10 ⁇ m 2 and second precipitated particles having a particle size of 10 ⁇ m 2 or more,
- the lithium secondary battery according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the occupied area of the first and second precipitated particles per unit area of the aluminum alloy is 2.0% or less.
- negative electrode A lithium secondary battery comprising the negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery according to any one of [1] to [5].
- the present invention it is possible to provide a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery that can realize a lithium secondary battery with a high cycle retention rate, and a lithium secondary battery using the same.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an example of a lithium secondary battery
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an example of a lithium secondary battery
- FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram showing an example of a lithium secondary battery
- a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described below. Preferred examples and conditions may be shared among the following embodiments. Moreover, in this specification, each term is defined below.
- composition of the negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery can be determined by, for example, a solid-state emission spectrometer (eg, ARL-4460, manufactured by Thermo Corporation) or an ICP (high-frequency inductively coupled plasma) emission spectrometer (eg, manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc., SPS5000).
- a solid-state emission spectrometer eg, ARL-4460, manufactured by Thermo Corporation
- an ICP (high-frequency inductively coupled plasma) emission spectrometer eg, manufactured by Seiko Instruments Inc., SPS5000.
- discharge capacity retention rate means the ratio of the discharge capacity to the charge capacity of the lithium secondary battery when a cycle test is performed in which charging and discharging of the lithium secondary battery are repeated a predetermined number of times under specific conditions. In this specification, a value measured by repeating a charge-discharge cycle test under the following conditions is defined as a discharge capacity retention rate. In addition, 1C means the amount of electric current which becomes full charge or full discharge in 1 hour.
- Test temperature 25°C Maximum charge voltage 4.2V, charge current 1mA (0.2C), constant current constant voltage charge Minimum discharge voltage 3.4V, discharge current 1mA (0.2C), constant current discharge
- a value obtained by dividing the discharge capacity at the nth cycle by the discharge capacity at the 1st cycle is calculated, and this value is defined as the discharge capacity retention rate (%) at the nth cycle.
- “high cycle retention rate” means that the discharge capacity retention rate after 100 cycles is 90% or more.
- one cycle means the first charge/discharge after 4 cycles of charge/discharge performed as part of the manufacturing process after assembly of the lithium secondary battery.
- the negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of the present embodiment includes Al, one or more elements M1 selected from the group consisting of C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb, and Sr, Na, Sb, Ca, Te, Ba , and at least one element M2 selected from the group consisting of Li and K, wherein the mass ratio of the element M1 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is 0. 01% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less, and the mass ratio of the element M2 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is more than 0.001% by mass and 1.0% by mass or less.
- the negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery of this embodiment may be simply referred to as a negative electrode.
- the negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery in the present embodiment includes Al, one or more elements M1 selected from the group consisting of C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb, and Sr, Na, Sb, Ca, Te, Ba , and one or more elements M2 selected from the group consisting of Li and K.
- the ratio of the mass of Al to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is preferably 90.95% by mass or more and 99.989% by mass or less, more preferably 91.85% by mass or more and 99.897% by mass or less, More preferably, it is 91.92% by mass or more and 99.397% by mass or less.
- the foil tends to break during rolling, making it difficult to form a foil.
- the mass ratio of Al to the total mass of the aluminum alloy exceeds 99.989% by mass, the cycle characteristics deteriorate.
- the ratio of the mass of the element M1 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is 0.01% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less, preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less, and 0.6% by mass or more and 8% by mass % or less.
- the mass ratio of the element M1 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is 0.6% by mass or more, the Al crystal grains are refined, and the cycle characteristics of the lithium secondary battery can be improved.
- the mass of the element M1 is 8% by mass or less with respect to the total mass of the aluminum alloy, precipitation of the element M1 accompanying charge and discharge of the lithium secondary battery can be suppressed.
- the element M1 is preferably one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Si, Ge, and Sn because it facilitates refining the Al crystal grains.
- the element M1 has a very large lithium absorption capacity compared to aluminum. Therefore, when a lithium secondary battery using a negative electrode made of an aluminum alloy containing the element M1 is charged and discharged, the volume expands when lithium is inserted and the volume shrinks when lithium is extracted. As a result, the crystal structure of Al may be destroyed, shortening the cycle life.
- the negative electrode of this embodiment is an aluminum alloy containing one or more elements M2 selected from the group consisting of Sr, Na, Sb, Ca, Te, Ba, Li and K.
- the element M2 can refine the crystal grains of the element M1 in the aluminum alloy, that is, the precipitated particles. Therefore, in the negative electrode of the present embodiment, volumetric expansion during lithium insertion and volumetric shrinkage during lithium desorption during charging and discharging are suppressed. Further, the refined crystal grains of the element M1 are finely dispersed in the aluminum alloy, and the crystal grains of Al are refined. As a result, the cycle characteristics of the lithium secondary battery can be improved.
- the element M1 is preferably one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Sr, Ca, Te and Ba.
- the element M2 contained in the negative electrode of the present embodiment is added when the aluminum alloy is cast, so it is dispersed throughout the crystal either alone or in the form of a compound with Al or the element M1.
- Li occluded by charging is unevenly distributed on the positive electrode side and unevenly distributed on the negative electrode surface to form an alloy phase.
- the mass ratio of the element M2 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is more than 0.001% by mass and 1.0% by mass or less, preferably 0.003% by mass or more and 0.1% by mass or less. 003% by mass or more and 0.03% by mass or less.
- the mass ratio of the element M2 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy exceeds 0.001% by mass, the crystal grains of the element M1 can be sufficiently refined, and the element M1 can be finely dispersed in the aluminum alloy. .
- Al crystal grains can be refined.
- the mass ratio of the element M2 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is 1.0% by mass or less, it is possible to suppress the aggregation of the element M2 in the aluminum alloy.
- the ratio of the mass of the element M2 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is 1.0% by mass or less, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the negative electrode capacity.
- the aluminum alloy may contain elements other than Al, the element M1 and the element M2.
- Elements other than Al, Si, and the element M are, for example, Cu, Ti, Mn, Ga, Ni, V, and Zn.
- the ratio of the mass of the elements other than the element M1 and the element M2 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is each 0.05% by weight or less, it is possible to suppress deterioration of the corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloy.
- the aluminum alloy may contain precipitate particles in the alloy matrix.
- a precipitated particle is defined as a particle containing the element M1 and having a content of the element M1 of 10% by mass or more with respect to the total mass of the precipitated particles.
- the precipitated particles may contain at least one of Al and the element M1, and may further contain elements other than Al, the element M1 and the element M2.
- the number density of the first precipitated particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more and less than 10 ⁇ m 2 is preferably 5000 / mm 2 or less, 4000 / It is more preferably 3000/mm 2 or less, more preferably 3000/mm 2 or less.
- the number density of the first precipitated particles is 5000/mm 2 or less, it can be said that the crystal grains of the element M1 are sufficiently refined.
- the lower limit of the number density of the first precipitated particles is not particularly limited, it is, for example, 100 particles/mm 2 .
- the upper limit and lower limit of the number density of the first precipitated particles can be combined.
- the number density of the second precipitated particles having a particle size of 10 ⁇ m 2 or more is preferably 500/mm 2 or less, and 450/mm 2 or less. and more preferably 430/mm 2 or less.
- the corrosion resistance is improved.
- the lower limit of the number density of the second precipitated particles is not particularly limited, it is, for example, 10 particles/mm 2 .
- the upper limit and lower limit of the number density of the second precipitated particles can be combined.
- the number density of the 1st and 2nd precipitation particles be the value obtained by the following method. After the surface of the aluminum alloy is mirror-polished, the surface is etched with an etchant. A 1% by mass sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is used as the etching solution. Precipitated particles containing the element M1 are removed by etching, and an optical microscope photograph of the etched surface that remains as marks is taken, and the traced portions are regarded as precipitated particles containing the element M1 and analyzed. In the following, the item described as "precipitated particles" in the observed image indicates this mark.
- the number of precipitated particles with a particle size of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more and less than 10 ⁇ m 2 and the number of precipitated particles with a particle size of 10 ⁇ m 2 or more are counted to calculate the number density.
- Particle size is determined from the area occupied by each precipitated particle observed in the optical micrograph.
- the occupied area of the first and second precipitated particles per unit area of the aluminum alloy is preferably 2.0% or less, more preferably 1.8% or less, and 1.0% or less. is more preferred.
- the corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloy is improved.
- the lower limit of the area occupied by the first and second precipitated particles per unit area of the aluminum alloy is not particularly limited, it is 0.001%.
- the upper and lower limits of the area occupied by the first and second precipitated particles per unit area of the aluminum alloy can be combined.
- the area occupied by the first and second precipitated particles per unit area of the aluminum alloy is the sum of the grain sizes of the individual precipitated particles observed in the 0.8 mm ⁇ 1.5 mm area of the optical micrograph described above, i.e. , can be calculated from the sum of the areas occupied by the individual first and second precipitated particles.
- the method for manufacturing the negative electrode of the present embodiment preferably includes a step of casting an aluminum alloy and a step of rolling.
- a predetermined amount of element M1 is added to high-purity aluminum, and the mixture is melted at about 680° C. or higher and 800° C. or lower to obtain a molten alloy of aluminum and element M1.
- high-purity aluminum it is possible to use high-purity aluminum purified by a purification method described later.
- the element M1 include high-purity silicon having a purity of 99.999% by mass or more, germanium, tin, lead, and the like.
- silicon, germanium, tin, lead or an alloy of aluminum and the element M1 may be used.
- the vacuum treatment is performed, for example, at a temperature of 700° C. to 800° C., 1 hour to 10 hours, and a degree of vacuum of 0.1 Pa to 100 Pa.
- a treatment to clean the molten alloy a treatment with flux or a treatment of blowing inert gas or chlorine gas can also be used.
- the element M2 is preferably an alloy of aluminum and the element M2 when the element M2 is an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal such as Sr, Na, Ca, Ba, Li and K.
- an alloy of aluminum and Sr for example, SRM500 master alloy (10% Sr-90% Al) manufactured by Nippon Metal Chemical Co., Ltd. can be used.
- SRM500 master alloy (10% Sr-90% Al) manufactured by Nippon Metal Chemical Co., Ltd. can be used.
- Sb or Te Sb or Te alone or an alloy of aluminum and Sb or Te can be used.
- alloys of aluminum and Sb include Al--Sb master alloys (eg, AlSb10 manufactured by KBM Affilip, Netherlands).
- a molten alloy of aluminum and elements M1 and M2 is usually cast in a mold to obtain an ingot.
- a mold made of iron or graphite heated to 50° C. or more and 200° C. or less is used.
- the negative electrode of the present embodiment can be cast by a method of pouring molten alloy at 680° C. or higher and 800° C. or lower into a mold. Ingots can also be obtained by semi-continuous casting, which is generally used.
- the ingot of the obtained alloy can be cut as it is and used as a negative electrode. If the ingot is rolled, extruded or forged into a plate material or a mold material, it can be easily used as a clad material or the like.
- At least one of hot rolling and cold rolling is performed to process the ingot into a plate material.
- hot rolling is performed repeatedly until the aluminum ingot reaches the desired thickness under the conditions of a temperature of 350 ° C. or higher and 550 ° C. or lower and a processing rate per rolling of 2% or higher and 30% or lower.
- Cold rolling is performed repeatedly until the aluminum ingot reaches the desired thickness, for example, at a temperature below the recrystallization temperature of aluminum and with a working ratio per rolling of 1% or more and 20% or less.
- the temperature of cold rolling may be from room temperature to 80°C or less.
- the heat treatment after cold rolling is usually performed in the atmosphere, but may be performed in a nitrogen atmosphere or a vacuum atmosphere.
- various physical properties, specifically hardness, electrical conductivity and tensile strength may be adjusted by controlling the crystal structure.
- the negative electrode is preferably metal foil.
- the thickness of the metal foil is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 6 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 7 ⁇ m or more. Moreover, it is preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 190 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 180 ⁇ m or less. The above upper limit and lower limit can be combined arbitrarily.
- the thickness is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less. In this embodiment, the thickness of the metal foil may be measured at any point using a thickness gauge or vernier calipers.
- examples of refining methods for purifying aluminum include a segregation method and a three-layer electrolysis method.
- the segregation method is a purification method that utilizes the segregation phenomenon during the solidification of molten aluminum, and multiple methods have been put into practical use.
- the segregation method there is a method of pouring molten aluminum into a container, heating the upper molten aluminum while rotating the container, and solidifying refined aluminum from the bottom while stirring. High-purity aluminum with a purity of 99.99% by mass or more can be obtained by the segregation method.
- the three-layer electrolysis method is an electrolysis method that purifies aluminum.
- relatively low-purity aluminum or the like for example, JIS-H2102 with a purity of 99.9% by mass or less, grade 1 or so
- the molten state is used as an anode, and an electrolytic bath containing, for example, aluminum fluoride and barium fluoride is placed thereon to deposit high-purity aluminum on the cathode.
- High-purity aluminum with a purity of 99.999% by mass or more can be obtained by the three-layer electrolysis method.
- the method of purifying aluminum is not limited to the segregation method and the three-layer electrolysis method, and other known methods such as the zone melting refining method and the ultra-high vacuum dissolution method may be used.
- a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery includes a clad material having a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector layer, the negative electrode active material layer comprising Al, C, Si, one or more elements M1 selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sn and Pb; one or more elements M2 selected from the group consisting of Sr, Na, Sb, Ca, Te, Ba, Li and K; is made of an aluminum alloy containing It is more than 0.001 mass % and 1.0 mass % or less.
- the negative electrode active material layer is the lithium secondary battery negative electrode described in the first embodiment, that is, the aluminum alloy. Therefore, detailed description thereof is omitted.
- the negative electrode current collector layer As the negative electrode current collector layer, a strip-shaped member made of a metal material can be used.
- the metal material one selected from the group consisting of Al, Cu, Ni, Mg and Mn may be used alone, an alloy containing at least two of these may be used, and stainless steel may be used. good too.
- the material for the negative electrode current collector layer it is preferable to use at least one of Cu and Al as a forming material and to process it into a thin film because it is difficult to form an alloy with lithium and is easy to process.
- a negative electrode current collector layer When a negative electrode current collector layer is used, a clad material is used in which the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector layer are laminated so as to be integrated.
- Methods for producing the clad material include the following methods.
- the negative electrode active material layer is manufactured by the same method as the negative electrode for lithium secondary battery described in the first embodiment.
- the joint surfaces of the negative electrode active material layer and the negative electrode current collector are degreased and polished in one direction using a brush or the like. Thereby, the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface of the negative electrode active material layer and the surface roughness Ra of the joint surface of the negative electrode current collector layer are adjusted to 0.7 ⁇ m or more.
- a laminate is obtained by aligning the joint surfaces of the negative electrode active material layer and the negative electrode current collector layer.
- the obtained laminate is preheated at 300-500° C. and hot-rolled under the condition that the rolling reduction in the first rolling is 45-70%. After that, cold rolling is additionally performed to obtain a rolled material having a negative electrode thickness of 7 to 550 ⁇ m, that is, a clad material.
- the method for supporting the negative electrode mixture is, as in the case of the positive electrode, pressure molding of the negative electrode mixture composed of the negative electrode active material and the binder. and a method of forming a paste using a solvent or the like, coating the paste on the negative electrode current collector layer, drying, and then pressing and bonding. Further, a conductive material may be added to the negative electrode mixture. As the conductive material, those mentioned as the conductive material of the positive electrode material described later can be used.
- Lithium secondary battery Next, a secondary battery having the negative electrode of this embodiment will be described. As an example, a lithium secondary battery using a lithium positive electrode active material for the positive electrode will be described.
- the lithium secondary battery of the present embodiment has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator sandwiched between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution placed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematic diagrams showing an example of the lithium secondary battery of this embodiment.
- the cylindrical lithium secondary battery 10 of this embodiment is manufactured as follows.
- a pair of strip-shaped separators 1, a strip-shaped positive electrode 2 having a positive electrode lead 21 at one end, and a strip-shaped negative electrode 3 having a negative electrode lead 31 at one end are arranged as follows: 1 and the negative electrode 3 are stacked in this order and wound to form an electrode group 4 .
- the can bottom is sealed, the electrode group 4 is impregnated with the electrolyte solution 6, and the positive electrode 2 and the negative electrode 3 are separated. Place the electrolyte between Further, by sealing the upper portion of the battery can 5 with the top insulator 7 and the sealing member 8, the lithium secondary battery 10 can be manufactured.
- the shape of the electrode group 4 is, for example, a columnar shape such that the cross-sectional shape of the electrode group 4 cut in the direction perpendicular to the winding axis is a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, or a rectangle with rounded corners. can be mentioned.
- a shape defined by IEC60086 which is a standard for batteries defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), or JIS C 8500 can be adopted.
- IEC60086 which is a standard for batteries defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), or JIS C 8500
- a shape such as a cylindrical shape or a rectangular shape can be mentioned.
- the lithium secondary battery is not limited to the wound type structure described above, and may have a layered structure in which a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, and a separator are stacked repeatedly.
- laminated lithium secondary batteries include so-called coin-type batteries, button-type batteries, and paper-type (or sheet-type) batteries.
- the positive electrode of the present embodiment can be manufactured by first preparing a positive electrode mixture containing a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder, and supporting the positive electrode mixture on a positive electrode current collector.
- a lithium-containing compound or other metal compound can be used as the positive electrode active material.
- lithium-containing compounds include lithium-cobalt composite oxides having a layered structure, lithium-nickel composite oxides having a layered structure, lithium-manganese composite oxides having a spinel structure, and lithium iron phosphate having an olivine structure.
- Other metal compounds include, for example, oxides such as titanium oxide, vanadium oxide and manganese dioxide, and sulfides such as titanium sulfide and molybdenum sulfide.
- a carbon material can be used as the conductive material of the positive electrode of the present embodiment.
- Examples of carbon materials include graphite powder, carbon black (eg, acetylene black), and fibrous carbon materials. Carbon black is fine and has a large surface area. Therefore, by adding a small amount to the positive electrode mixture, the conductivity inside the positive electrode can be increased, and the charge/discharge efficiency and output characteristics can be improved. On the other hand, if too much carbon black is added, both the binding force between the positive electrode mixture and the positive electrode current collector and the binding force inside the positive electrode mixture due to the binder are lowered, causing an increase in internal resistance.
- the ratio of the conductive material in the positive electrode mixture is preferably 5 parts by mass or more and 20 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material.
- a fibrous carbon material such as graphitized carbon fiber or carbon nanotube is used as the conductive material, it is possible to reduce the proportion of the conductive material in the positive electrode mixture.
- thermoplastic resin can be used as the binder of the positive electrode of the present embodiment.
- thermoplastic resins include polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, ethylene tetrafluoride/propylene hexafluoride/vinylidene fluoride copolymer, propylene hexafluoride/vinylidene fluoride copolymer, and tetrafluoroethylene.
- fluororesins such as ethylene chloride/perfluorovinyl ether copolymers; polyolefin resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene;
- thermoplastic resins may be used in combination of two or more.
- a fluororesin and a polyolefin resin as a binder, the ratio of the fluororesin to the entire positive electrode mixture is 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, and the ratio of the polyolefin resin is 0.1% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less, It is possible to obtain a positive electrode mixture having both high adhesion to the positive electrode current collector and high bonding force inside the positive electrode mixture.
- the positive electrode current collector included in the positive electrode of the present embodiment a belt-like member made of a metal material such as Al, Ni, and stainless steel can be used. Among them, as the current collector, it is preferable to use Al as a forming material and process it into a thin film because it is easy to process and inexpensive.
- the positive electrode current collector may be an alloy having the same composition as Al of the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode mixture As a method of supporting the positive electrode mixture on the positive electrode current collector, there is a method of pressure-molding the positive electrode mixture on the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode mixture is made into a paste using an organic solvent, and the obtained positive electrode mixture paste is applied to at least one side of a positive electrode current collector, dried, and pressed to adhere, thereby forming a positive electrode on the positive electrode current collector.
- a mixture may be supported.
- organic solvents that can be used include amine-based solvents such as N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine and diethylenetriamine; ether-based solvents such as tetrahydrofuran; ketone-based solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone; and amide solvents such as dimethylacetamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (hereinafter sometimes referred to as NMP).
- amine-based solvents such as N,N-dimethylaminopropylamine and diethylenetriamine
- ether-based solvents such as tetrahydrofuran
- ketone-based solvents such as methyl ethyl ketone
- amide solvents such as dimethylacetamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (hereinafter sometimes referred to as NMP).
- Examples of methods for applying the positive electrode mixture paste to the positive electrode current collector include slit die coating, screen coating, curtain coating, knife coating, gravure coating, and electrostatic spraying.
- a positive electrode can be manufactured by the method described above.
- the negative electrode of the first embodiment or modification is used as the negative electrode of the lithium secondary battery of this embodiment.
- the separator included in the lithium secondary battery of the present embodiment is, for example, in the form of a porous film, nonwoven fabric, or woven fabric made of a material such as a polyolefin resin such as polyethylene and polypropylene, a fluororesin, or a nitrogen-containing aromatic polymer. can be used.
- the separator may be formed using two or more of these materials, or the separator may be formed by laminating these materials.
- the separator has a permeation resistance of 50 seconds/100 cc or more and 300 seconds/100 cc, according to the Gurley method defined in JIS P 8117, in order to allow the electrolyte to pass through well when the battery is used (charged and discharged). It is preferably 50 seconds/100 cc or more and 200 seconds/100 cc or less.
- the porosity of the separator is preferably 30% by volume or more and 80% by volume or less, more preferably 40% by volume or more and 70% by volume or less, relative to the total volume of the separator.
- the separator may be a laminate of separators with different porosities.
- the electrolytic solution of the lithium secondary battery of this embodiment contains an electrolyte and an organic solvent.
- Electrolytes contained in the electrolytic solution include LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiSbF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiN(SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 , LiN(SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 , LiN ( SO2CF3 )( COCF3 ) , Li ( C4F9SO3 ), LiC(SO2CF3)3 , Li2B10Cl10 , LiBOB ( where BOB is bis(oxalato)borate ), LiFSI (where FSI is bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide), lower aliphatic carboxylic acid lithium salts and lithium salts such as LiAlCl4 , mixtures of two or more thereof may be used.
- the electrolyte is at least selected from the group consisting of LiPF6 , LiAsF6 , LiSbF6 , LiBF4 , LiCF3SO3 , LiN( SO2CF3 ) 2 and LiC ( SO2CF3 ) 3 containing fluorine. It is preferred to use one containing one.
- organic solvent contained in the electrolytic solution examples include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, 4-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one and 1,2-dioxolan-2-one.
- Carbonates such as (methoxycarbonyloxy)ethane; 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,3-dimethoxypropane, pentafluoropropylmethyl ether, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyldifluoromethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran and 2- ethers such as methyltetrahydrofuran; esters such as methyl formate, propyl acetate and ⁇ -butyrolactone; nitriles such as acetonitrile and butyronitrile; amides such as N,N-dimethylformamide and N,N-dimethylacetamide; Carbamates such as 3-methyl-2-oxazolidone; Sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfolane, dimethylsulfoxide and 1,3-propanesultone; of which at least one is substituted with a fluorine atom) can be used.
- esters such as methyl formate, propyl acetate
- the organic solvent it is preferable to use a mixture of two or more of these.
- a mixed solvent containing carbonates is preferable, and a mixed solvent of a cyclic carbonate and a non-cyclic carbonate and a mixed solvent of a cyclic carbonate and an ether are more preferable.
- a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate is preferable as the mixed solvent of the cyclic carbonate and the non-cyclic carbonate.
- An electrolytic solution using such a mixed solvent has a wide operating temperature range, does not easily deteriorate even when charged and discharged at a high current rate, and does not easily deteriorate even when used for a long time.
- an electrolytic solution containing a fluorine-containing lithium salt such as LiPF 6 and an organic solvent having a fluorine substituent since the safety of the obtained lithium secondary battery is enhanced.
- Mixed solvents containing fluorine-substituted ethers such as pentafluoropropylmethyl ether and 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyldifluoromethyl ether and dimethyl carbonate do not retain their capacity even when charged and discharged at a high current rate. It is more preferable because of its high retention rate.
- the electrolyte may contain additives such as tris (trimethylsilyl) phosphate and tris (trimethylsilyl) borate.
- a solid electrolyte may be used in place of the above electrolytic solution.
- solid electrolytes examples include organic polymer electrolytes such as polyethylene oxide polymer compounds and polymer compounds containing at least one of polyorganosiloxane chains and polyoxyalkylene chains.
- a so-called gel type in which a non-aqueous electrolyte is held in a polymer compound can also be used.
- the solid electrolyte when a solid electrolyte is used, the solid electrolyte may serve as a separator, in which case the separator may not be required.
- the lithium secondary battery of this embodiment has a high cycle retention rate because it has the negative electrode described above.
- the present invention includes the following aspects.
- Al one or more elements M1 selected from the group consisting of C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb, and selected from the group consisting of Sr, Na, Sb, Ca, Te, Ba, Li and K
- the ratio of the mass of the element M1 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is 0.1% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less
- a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery wherein the mass ratio of the element M2 to the total mass of the aluminum alloy is 0.003-0.1% by mass.
- a clad material having a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector layer is composed of Al, one or more elements M1 selected from the group consisting of C, Si, Ge, Sn and Pb, and Sr, Na, Sb, Ca, Te, Ba, Li and K.
- the aluminum alloy contains precipitated particles containing the element M1 in an alloy matrix,
- the precipitated particles include first precipitated particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more and less than 10 ⁇ m 2 and second precipitated particles having a particle size of 10 ⁇ m 2 or more,
- the number density of the first precipitated particles observed on the surface of the aluminum alloy is 100/mm 2 or more and 4000/mm 2 or less
- the number density of the second precipitated particles observed on the surface of the aluminum alloy is 10/mm 2 or more and 450/mm 2 or less, according to any one of [7] to [9].
- a negative electrode for lithium secondary batteries is provided.
- the aluminum alloy contains precipitated particles containing the element M1 in an alloy matrix,
- the precipitated particles include first precipitated particles having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more and less than 10 ⁇ m 2 and second precipitated particles having a particle size of 10 ⁇ m 2 or more,
- the occupied area of the first and second precipitated particles per unit area of the aluminum alloy is 0.001% or more and 2.0% or less, according to any one of [7] to [10].
- a negative electrode for lithium secondary batteries [12] A lithium secondary battery comprising the negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery according to any one of [7] to [11].
- Example 1 [Preparation of negative electrode]
- the aluminum alloy used in Example 1 was produced by the following method. High-purity aluminum (purity: 99.99% by mass or more) and Tokuyama silicon (purity: 99.999% by mass or more) were heated and held at 760° C. and melted to obtain a molten Al—Si alloy.
- the molten Al--Si alloy was held at 700°C for 2 hours at a vacuum of 50 Pa for cleaning.
- SRM500 master alloy Sr10%-Al90%) made by Nippon Metal Chemical Co., Ltd. was added, stirred for 1 minute, and then dried at 150 ° C. into a cast iron mold (22 mm ⁇ 150 mm ⁇ 200 mm). to obtain an Al--Si--Sr ingot.
- the ratios of Si and Sr to the total mass of the Al--Si--Sr ingot were 1% by mass and 0.003% by mass, respectively.
- the ingot was chamfered by 2 mm on both sides together, it was cold-rolled from a thickness of 20 mm at a reduction rate of 99.6% to obtain a rolled material with a thickness of 50 ⁇ m.
- a negative electrode was manufactured by cutting the rolled material into a disk shape of ⁇ 15 mm.
- a LiCoO 2 foil (thickness: 35 ⁇ m; manufactured by Nippon Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was cut into a disk shape of ⁇ 14.5 mm to produce a counter electrode.
- a polyethylene porous separator was placed between the negative electrode and the counter electrode and housed in a battery case (standard 2032).
- a coin-type (full-cell) lithium secondary battery having a diameter of 20 mm and a thickness of 3.2 mm was fabricated by injecting the above electrolytic solution into a battery case and sealing the battery case.
- Discharge capacity retention rate (%) for n cycles Discharge capacity for n cycles/Discharge capacity for 1 cycle x 100
- Example 2-4 Same as Example 1 except that in [Preparation of negative electrode], the ratio of Sr to the total mass of the molten Al-Si-Sr alloy was set to 0.01% by mass, 0.03% by mass, and 0.1% by mass, respectively.
- a coin-type lithium secondary battery of Examples 2-4 was produced according to the procedure, and the discharge capacity retention rate was measured. Also, the number density and occupied area of precipitated particles on the surface of the aluminum alloy were calculated.
- Comparative Example 1-2 Comparative Example 1-2 was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that in [Preparation of Negative Electrode], the ratio of Sr to the total mass of the molten Al—Si—Sr alloy was set to 0% by mass and 0.001% by mass, respectively. A coin-type lithium secondary battery was produced, and the discharge capacity retention rate was measured. Also, the number density and occupied area of precipitated particles on the surface of the aluminum alloy were calculated.
- Table 1 shows the number density of precipitated particles on the surface of the aluminum alloy of Example 1-4 and Comparative Example 1-2, the area occupied by the precipitated particles per unit area, and the discharge capacity retention rate of a lithium secondary battery using an aluminum alloy as a negative electrode. 1.
- the number density of precipitated particles of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more and less than 10 ⁇ m 2 on the surface of the aluminum alloy of Examples 1-4 was 1340-2720/mm 2 .
- the number density of precipitated particles of 10 ⁇ m 2 or more was 130-410/mm 2 .
- the area occupied by the precipitated particles per unit area was 0.66 to 1.74%.
- the discharge capacity retention rate of the lithium secondary battery using the aluminum alloy of Example 1-4 as the negative electrode was 91.2 to 101.5%.
- the clad material obtained by laminating the negative electrode and the negative electrode current collector of Example 1-4 can be used as the negative electrode.
- An example in which the clad material is used as the negative electrode will be described below.
- the bonding surfaces of the negative electrode active material layer and the negative electrode current collector layer are degreased and polished in one direction using a brush. Thereby, the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface of the negative electrode active material layer is adjusted to 1.0 ⁇ m, and the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface of the negative electrode current collector layer is adjusted to 1.0 ⁇ m.
- a laminate is obtained by aligning the joint surfaces of the negative electrode active material layer and the negative electrode current collector layer.
- the obtained laminate is preheated at 350° C. and hot rolled under the condition that the rolling reduction in the first rolling is 50%. After that, cold rolling is additionally performed to obtain a rolled material having a negative electrode with a thickness of 25 ⁇ m.
- a disc having a diameter of 15 mm is cut out from the rolled material to manufacture a clad material having a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector layer, and the clad material is used as a negative electrode.
- the bonding surfaces of the negative electrode active material layer and the negative electrode current collector layer are degreased and polished in one direction using a brush. Thereby, the surface roughness Ra of the negative electrode active material layer is adjusted to 1.0 ⁇ m, and the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface of the negative electrode current collector layer is adjusted to 1.0 ⁇ m.
- a laminate is obtained by aligning the joint surfaces of the negative electrode active material layer and the negative electrode current collector layer.
- the obtained laminate is preheated at 350° C. and hot rolled under the condition that the rolling reduction in the first rolling is 50%. After that, cold rolling is additionally performed to obtain a rolled material having a negative electrode with a thickness of 25 ⁇ m.
- a disc having a diameter of 15 mm is cut out from the rolled material to manufacture a clad material having a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector layer, and the clad material is used as a negative electrode.
- the negative electrode of Production Example 1-2 has the aluminum alloy of Example 1 as a negative electrode active material layer, and the number density of precipitated particles of 1 ⁇ m 2 or more and less than 10 ⁇ m 2 on the surface of the aluminum alloy, the precipitated particles of 10 ⁇ m 2 or more.
- the number density of and the area occupied by the precipitated particles per unit area are the same as in Example 1. Therefore, it is highly probable that the discharge capacity retention rate of the lithium secondary battery using the negative electrode of Production Example 1-2 will be equal to or higher than that of Example 1-4.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a negative electrode for a lithium secondary battery that can realize a lithium secondary battery with a high cycle retention rate, and a lithium secondary battery using the same.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2021年3月31日に日本に出願された特願2021-060797号について優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
[1]Alと、C、Si、Ge、Sn及びPbからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M1と、Sr、Na、Sb、Ca、Te、Ba、Li及びKからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M2と、を含むアルミニウム合金からなるリチウム二次電池用負極であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M1の質量の割合が0.01質量%以上8質量%以下であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M2の質量の割合が0.001質量%を超え1.0質量%以下である、リチウム二次電池用負極。
[2]負極活物質層と、負極集電体層とを有するクラッド材を備え、
前記負極活物質層が、Alと、C、Si、Ge、Sn及びPbからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M1と、Sr、Na、Sb、Ca、Te、Ba、Li及びKからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M2と、を含むアルミニウム合金からなり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M1の質量の割合が0.01質量%以上8質量%以下であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M2の質量の割合が0.001質量%を超え1.0質量%以下である、リチウム二次電池用負極。
[3]前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対するAlの質量の割合は、90.95質量%以上99.989質量%以下である、[1]又は[2]に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極。
[4]前記アルミニウム合金が、合金マトリックス中に前記元素M1を含む析出粒子を含み、
前記析出粒子は、粒子サイズが1μm2以上10μm2未満である第1の析出粒子と、粒子サイズが10μm2以上である第2の析出粒子とを含み、
前記アルミニウム合金の表面において観察される前記第1の析出粒子の個数密度が、5000個/mm2以下であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の表面において観察される前記第2の析出粒子の個数密度が、500個/mm2以下である、[1]~[3]の何れか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用負極。
[5]前記アルミニウム合金が、合金マトリックス中に前記元素M1を含む析出粒子を含み、
前記析出粒子は、粒子サイズが1μm2以上10μm2未満である第1の析出粒子と、粒子サイズが10μm2以上である第2の析出粒子とを含み、
前記アルミニウム合金の単位面積当りの前記第1及び第2の析出粒子の占有面積が、2.0%以下である、[1]~[4]の何れか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用負極。
[6][1]~[5]の何れか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用負極を有するリチウム二次電池。
本明細書においては、以下に示す条件で充放電サイクルを繰り返す試験を行って測定した値を放電容量維持率とする。なお1Cは、1時間でフル充電又はフル放電となる電流量を意味する。
充電最大電圧4.2V、充電電流1mA(0.2C)、定電流定電圧充電
放電最小電圧3.4V、放電電流1mA(0.2C)、定電流放電
<リチウム二次電池用負極>
本実施形態のリチウム二次電池用負極は、Alと、C、Si、Ge、Sn及びPbからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M1と、Sr、Na、Sb、Ca、Te、Ba、Li及びKからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M2と、を含むアルミニウム合金からなるリチウム二次電池用負極であり、前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M1の質量の割合が0.01質量%以上8質量%以下であり、前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M2の質量の割合が0.001質量%を超え1.0質量%以下である。以降、本実施形態のリチウム二次電池用負極を、単に負極と記載することがある。
本実施形態のリチウム二次電池用負極の製造方法の一例について説明する。本実施形態の負極の製造方法は、アルミニウム合金の鋳造工程と、圧延工程とを備えることが好ましい。
まず、高純度アルミニウムに元素M1を所定量添加し、約680℃以上800℃以下で溶融し、アルミニウムと元素M1の合金溶湯を得る。高純度アルミニウムについては、後述する精製方法を用いて精製した高純度アルミニウムを用いることができる。元素M1としては、純度99.999質量%以上の高純度シリコンやゲルマニウム、錫及び鉛等が挙げられる。原料としては、シリコン、ゲルマニウム、錫、鉛もしくは、アルミニウムと元素M1との合金を使用してもよい。
得られた合金の鋳塊は、そのまま切削加工して負極として利用できる。鋳塊を圧延加工、押出加工又は鍛造加工などを施して板材や型材にすると、クラッド材等に利用しやすくなる。
なお、1回の圧延(1パス)当たりの加工率rは、圧延ロールを1回通過したときの板厚減少率であり、下記の式1で算出される。
r=(T0-T)/T0×100・・・式1
(式1中、T0は圧延ロール通過前の厚み、Tは圧延ロール通過後の厚みを示す。)
本実施形態において高純度アルミニウムを用いる場合、アルミニウムを高純度化する精製方法として、例えば偏析法及び三層電解法を例示できる。
本発明のもう一つの側面として、リチウム二次電池用負極は、負極活物質層と、負極集電体層とを有するクラッド材を備え、前記負極活物質層が、Alと、C、Si、Ge、Sn及びPbからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M1と、Sr、Na、Sb、Ca、Te、Ba、Li及びKからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M2と、を含むアルミニウム合金からなり、前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M1の質量の割合が0.01質量%以上8質量%以下であり、前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M2の質量の割合が0.001質量%を超え1.0質量%以下である。
負極集電体層としては、金属材料を形成材料とする帯状の部材を挙げることができる。金属材料としては、Al、Cu、Ni、Mg及びMnからなる群より選択される1種を単体で用いてもよく、これらの少なくとも2種以上を含む合金を用いてもよく、ステンレスを用いてもよい。なかでも、負極集電体層の材料としては、リチウムと合金を作り難く、加工しやすいという点で、Cu及びAlの少なくとも一方を形成材料とし、薄膜状に加工したものが好ましい。また、負極集電体層を用いる場合、負極と負極集電体層を一体となるよう積層させた、クラッド材とする。
クラッド材を製造する方法としては、以下の方法が挙げられる。負極活物質層は、第1実施形態に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極と同じ方法で製造する。この負極活物質層と負極集電体の接合面をそれぞれ脱脂し、ブラシ等を用いて一方向にそれぞれ研磨する。これにより、負極活物質層の接合面の表面粗さRa及び負極集電体層の接合面の表面粗さRaを0.7μm以上となるよう調整する。
また、負極合材にさらに導電材を加えても良い。導電材としては、後述する正極材の導電材として挙げたものが使用可能である。
次いで、本本実施形態の負極を有する二次電池について説明する。一例として、正極にリチウム正極活物質を用いたリチウム二次電池について説明する。
(正極)
本実施形態の正極は、まず正極活物質、導電材及びバインダーを含む正極合剤を調整し、正極合剤を正極集電体に担持させることで製造することができる。
正極活物質には、リチウム含有化合物又は他の金属化合物よりなるものを用いることができる。リチウム含有化合物としては、例えば、層状構造を有するリチウムコバルト複合酸化物、層状構造を有するリチウムニッケル複合酸化物、スピネル構造を有するリチウムマンガン複合酸化物及びオリビン型構造を有するリン酸鉄リチウムが挙げられる。また他の金属化合物としては、例えば、酸化チタン、酸化バナジウム及び二酸化マンガンなどの酸化物、及び硫化チタン及び硫化モリブデンなどの硫化物が挙げられる。
本実施形態の正極が有する導電材としては、炭素材料を用いることができる。炭素材料として黒鉛粉末、カーボンブラック(例えばアセチレンブラック)及び繊維状炭素材料などを挙げることができる。カーボンブラックは、微粒で表面積が大きい。このため、少量を正極合剤中に添加することにより正極内部の導電性を高め、充放電効率及び出力特性を向上させることができる。一方、カーボンブラックを多く入れすぎるとバインダーによる正極合剤と正極集電体との結着力、及び正極合剤内部の結着力がいずれも低下し、かえって内部抵抗を増加させる原因となる。
本実施形態の正極が有するバインダーとしては、熱可塑性樹脂を用いることができる。この熱可塑性樹脂としては、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、四フッ化エチレン・六フッ化プロピレン・フッ化ビニリデン系共重合体、六フッ化プロピレン・フッ化ビニリデン系共重合体、及び四フッ化エチレン・パーフルオロビニルエーテル系共重合体などのフッ素樹脂;ポリエチレン及びポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィン樹脂;を挙げることができる。
本実施形態の正極が有する正極集電体としては、Al、Ni及びステンレスなどの金属材料を形成材料とする帯状の部材を用いることができる。なかでも、集電体としては、加工しやすく、安価であるという点でAlを形成材料とし、薄膜状に加工したものが好ましい。正極集電体として、負極のAlと同じ成分の合金であってもよい。
本実施形態のリチウム二次電池が有する負極として、第1実施形態又は変形例の負極を用いる。
本実施形態のリチウム二次電池が有するセパレータとしては、例えば、ポリエチレン及びポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィン樹脂、フッ素樹脂又は含窒素芳香族重合体などの材質からなる、多孔質膜、不織布又は織布などの形態を有する材料を用いることができる。また、これらの材質を2種以上用いてセパレータを形成してもよいし、これらの材料を積層してセパレータを形成してもよい。
本実施形態のリチウム二次電池が有する電解液は、電解質及び有機溶媒を含有する。
[7]Alと、C、Si、Ge、Sn及びPbからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M1と、Sr、Na、Sb、Ca、Te、Ba、Li及びKからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M2と、を含むアルミニウム合金からなるリチウム二次電池用負極であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M1の質量の割合が0.1質量%以上8質量%以下であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M2の質量の割合が0.003-0.1質量%である、リチウム二次電池用負極。
[8]負極活物質層と、負極集電体層とを有するクラッド材を備え、
前記負極活物質層が、Alと、C、Si、Ge、Sn及びPbからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M1と、Sr、Na、Sb、Ca、Te、Ba、Li及びKからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M2と、を含むアルミニウム合金からなるリチウム二次電池用負極であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M1の質量の割合が0.1質量%以上8質量%以下であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M2の質量の割合が0.003-0.1質量%である、リチウム二次電池用負極。
[9]前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対するアルミニウム合金の総質量に対するAlの質量の割合は、91.85質量%以上99.897質量%以下である、[7]又は[8]に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極。
[10]前記アルミニウム合金が、合金マトリックス中に前記元素M1を含む析出粒子を含み、
前記析出粒子は、粒子サイズが1μm2以上10μm2未満である第1の析出粒子と、粒子サイズが10μm2以上である第2の析出粒子とを含み、
前記アルミニウム合金の表面において観察される前記第1の析出粒子の個数密度が、100個/mm2以上4000個/mm2以下であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の表面において観察される前記第2の析出粒子の個数密度が、10個/mm2以上450個/mm2以下である、[7]~[9]の何れか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用負極。
[11]前記アルミニウム合金が、合金マトリックス中に前記元素M1を含む析出粒子を含み、
前記析出粒子は、粒子サイズが1μm2以上10μm2未満である第1の析出粒子と、粒子サイズが10μm2以上である第2の析出粒子とを含み、
前記アルミニウム合金の単位面積当りの前記第1及び第2の析出粒子の占有面積が、0.001%以上2.0%以下である、[7]~[10]の何れか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用負極。
[12][7]~[11]の何れか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用負極を有するリチウム二次電池。
[負極の作製]
実施例1に用いたアルミニウム合金は、下記の方法により製造した。高純度アルミニウム(純度:99.99質量%以上)、トクヤマ製シリコン(純度:99.999質量%以上)を760℃に加熱保持させて溶解することで、Al-Si合金溶湯を得た。
LiCoO2箔(厚さ35μm:日本化学工業社製)を、φ14.5mmの円盤状に切り出し、対極を製造した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)とジエチルカーボネート(DEC)とをEC:DEC=30:70(体積比)で混合させてなる混合溶媒に、LiPF6を1.0モル/リットルとなるように溶解した電解液を作製した。
上記の負極と対極との間にポリエチレン製多孔質セパレータを配置して、電池ケース(規格2032)に収納した。電池ケースに上記の電解液を注液し、電池ケースを密閉することにより、直径20mm、厚み3.2mmのコイン型(フルセル)のリチウム二次電池を作製した。
コイン型のリチウム二次電池を室温で10時間静置することでセパレータと正極に充分電解液を含浸させた。次に室温において1mA(0.2C)で4.2Vまで定電流充電(AlにLi吸蔵)してから4.2Vで定電圧充電する定電流定電圧充電を5時間行った後、1mA(0.2C)で3.4Vまで放電(AlからLi放出)する定電流放電を行うことで初期充放電を行った。
初期充放電後、初期充放電の条件と同様に1mA(0.2C)で充電、1mA(0.2C)で放電を100回繰り返した。nサイクル時の充放電時の放電容量維持率は、以下のように算出した。
実施例1で得られた鋳塊であるアルミニウム合金について、上述の方法で表面の析出粒子の個数密度及び単位面積当りの析出粒子の占有面積を算出した。
[負極の作製]において、Al-Si-Sr合金溶湯の総質量に対するSrの割合をそれぞれ0.01質量%、0.03質量%及び0.1質量%とした以外は、実施例1と同じ手順で実施例2-4のコイン型のリチウム二次電池を作製し、放電容量維持率を測定した。また、アルミニウム合金表面の析出粒子の個数密度及び占有面積を算出した。
[負極の作製]において、Al-Si-Sr合金溶湯の総質量に対するSrの割合をそれぞれ0質量%、0.001質量%とした以外は、実施例1と同じ手順で比較例1-2のコイン型のリチウム二次電池を作製し、放電容量維持率を測定した。また、アルミニウム合金表面の析出粒子の個数密度及び占有面積を算出した。
[負極の作製]において、実施例1と同じ手順で作成した負極を得る。これを負極活物質層とし、アルミニウム-マグネシウム合金であるA5052合金の圧延材を負極集電体とし、負極活物質層と負極集電体層とを積層してクラッド材とする。
[負極の作製]において、実施例1と同じ手順で作成した負極得る。これを負極活物質層とし、アルミニウム-マンガン合金であるA3003合金の圧延材を負極集電体とし、負極活物質層と負極集電体層を積層してクラッド材とする。
Claims (6)
- Alと、C、Si、Ge、Sn及びPbからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M1と、Sr、Na、Sb、Ca、Te、Ba、Li及びKからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M2と、を含むアルミニウム合金からなるリチウム二次電池用負極であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M1の質量の割合が0.01質量%以上8質量%以下であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M2の質量の割合が0.001質量%を超え1.0質量%以下である、リチウム二次電池用負極。 - 負極活物質層と、負極集電体層とを有するクラッド材を備え、
前記負極活物質層が、Alと、C、Si、Ge、Sn及びPbからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M1と、Sr、Na、Sb、Ca、Te、Ba、Li及びKからなる群より選択される1種以上の元素M2と、を含むアルミニウム合金からなり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M1の質量の割合が0.01質量%以上8質量%以下であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対する前記元素M2の質量の割合が0.001質量%を超え1.0質量%以下である、リチウム二次電池用負極。 - 前記アルミニウム合金の総質量に対するAlの質量の割合は、90.95質量%以上99.989質量%以下である、請求項1又は2に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極。
- 前記アルミニウム合金が、合金マトリックス中に前記元素M1を含む析出粒子を含み、 前記析出粒子は、粒子サイズが1μm2以上10μm2未満である第1の析出粒子と、粒子サイズが10μm2以上である第2の析出粒子とを含み、
前記アルミニウム合金の表面において観察される前記第1の析出粒子の個数密度が、5000個/mm2以下であり、
前記アルミニウム合金の表面において観察される前記第2の析出粒子の個数密度が、500個/mm2以下である、請求項1~3の何れか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用負極。 - 前記アルミニウム合金が、合金マトリックス中に前記元素M1を含む析出粒子を含み、
前記析出粒子は、粒子サイズが1μm2以上10μm2未満である第1の析出粒子と、粒子サイズが10μm2以上である第2の析出粒子とを含み、
前記アルミニウム合金の単位面積当りの前記第1及び第2の析出粒子の占有面積が、2.0%以下である、請求項1~4の何れか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用負極。 - 請求項1~5の何れか1つに記載のリチウム二次電池用負極を有するリチウム二次電池。
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