WO2022107856A1 - 多孔質膜 - Google Patents
多孔質膜 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022107856A1 WO2022107856A1 PCT/JP2021/042475 JP2021042475W WO2022107856A1 WO 2022107856 A1 WO2022107856 A1 WO 2022107856A1 JP 2021042475 W JP2021042475 W JP 2021042475W WO 2022107856 A1 WO2022107856 A1 WO 2022107856A1
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-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/14—Ultrafiltration; Microfiltration
- B01D61/145—Ultrafiltration
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
- B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
- B01D67/002—Organic membrane manufacture from melts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
- B01D69/02—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor characterised by their properties
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a porous membrane.
- Water treatment is a process of obtaining drinking water or industrial water from natural water sources such as river water, lake water, and groundwater, which are suspended water.
- Sewage treatment is a process of treating domestic wastewater such as sewage to obtain recycled miscellaneous water or to obtain clear water that can be discharged. For these treatments, it is essential to remove the suspension by performing a solid-liquid separation operation (deturbation operation). In the clean water treatment, turbid substances (clay, colloid, bacteria, etc.) derived from natural water source water, which is suspended water, are removed.
- the suspension (sludge, etc.) in the treated water that has been biologically treated (secondary treatment) with the suspension in the sewage and activated sludge is removed.
- turbidity operations have been mainly performed by a precipitation method, a sand filtration method or a coagulation sedimentation sand filtration method, but in recent years, a membrane filtration method has become widespread.
- the advantages of the membrane filtration method include, for example, the following items. (1) The turbidity level of the obtained water quality is high and stable (the safety of the obtained water is high). (2) The installation space for the filtration device is small. (3) Automatic operation is easy.
- the membrane filtration method is used as an alternative to the coagulation-precipitation sand filtration method, or as a means for further improving the water quality of the treated water that has been coagulated-precipitated sand-filtered by installing it after the coagulation-precipitation sand filtration.
- sewage treatment the use of a membrane filtration method for separating sludge from secondary sewage treatment water is being studied.
- hollow filamentous ultrafiltration membranes or microfiltration membranes are mainly used.
- the external pressure filtration method which can reduce the turbidity load per unit membrane surface area, is advantageous because the membrane surface area on the side in contact with the suspended raw water can be large.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 disclose hollow fibers and methods for producing them.
- turbidity by the membrane filtration method has many advantages over the conventional precipitation method and sand filtration method, so it is becoming more and more popular in clean water treatment and sewage treatment as an alternative or complementary technique to the conventional method. It's starting.
- a technique for performing a stable membrane filtration operation for a long period of time has not been established, which hinders the widespread use of the membrane filtration method (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- the cause that hinders the stability of the membrane filtration operation is mainly the deterioration of the water permeability of the membrane.
- the first cause of deterioration of water permeability is clogging (fouling) of the membrane due to a turbid substance or the like (see Non-Patent Document 1).
- the surface of the film may be rubbed by a turbid substance and scratched, resulting in deterioration of water permeability.
- a heat-induced phase separation method is known as a method for producing a porous membrane.
- This manufacturing method uses a thermoplastic resin and an organic liquid.
- the organic liquid a solvent that does not dissolve the thermoplastic resin at room temperature but dissolves at a high temperature, that is, a latent solvent is used.
- the thermoplastic resin and the organic liquid are kneaded at a high temperature, the thermoplastic resin is dissolved in the organic liquid, and then cooled to room temperature to induce phase separation, and the organic liquid is further removed.
- This is a method for producing a porous body. This method has the following advantages.
- a film can be formed even with a polymer such as polyethylene that does not have a suitable solvent that can be dissolved at room temperature.
- B Since the film is formed by melting at a high temperature and then cooling and solidifying, when the thermoplastic resin is a crystalline resin, crystallization is promoted during the film formation and a high-strength film can be easily obtained.
- Non-Patent Documents 2 to 5 Due to the above advantages, it is often used as a method for producing a porous membrane (see, for example, Non-Patent Documents 2 to 5).
- An object of the present invention is to provide a porous membrane having high filtration performance and less deterioration of water permeability due to scratching of the membrane surface.
- the porous membrane of the present invention can be suitably used, for example, in a method for turbidizing natural water, domestic wastewater, and suspended water which is treated water thereof by a membrane filtration method.
- the present inventors have opened holes in the surface having a porosity at a thickness of up to 0.12% with respect to the film thickness from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered. It has been found that by setting the ratio to the ratio to 1.05 or more, it has high filtration performance and high scratch resistance. It was also found that a better effect can be obtained by increasing the polymer skeleton size at the position.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-138164 merely discloses that a film having high breaking strength is used as a means for suppressing a change in film performance due to air bubbling cleaning.
- the present inventors set the ratio of the porosity at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered to the porosity of the surface to 1.05 or more.
- the present invention has been made by finding that a film having high filtration performance and high scratch resistance can be produced without lowering the strength.
- the present invention provides the following inventions.
- the feature is that the ratio of the porosity at a thickness of 0.12% to the film thickness from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered liquid to the porosity of the surface on the liquid to be filtered liquid side is 1.05 or more.
- Porous membrane [2] The porous membrane according to [1], wherein the pore size of the surface on the side to be filtered is 25% or more.
- the porosity of the surface to be filtered is 35% or more, and the porosity at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered is 40% or more.
- the thermoplastic resin contains a fluororesin as a main component.
- the fluororesin is vinylidene fluoride resin (PVDF), chlorotrifluoroethylene resin, tetrafluoroethylene resin, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), ethylene-monochromelotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), hexa.
- the product of the porosity at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered and the porosity of the surface to be filtered is 860% ⁇ % or more. Characterized by a porous membrane.
- the porosity of the surface to be filtered is 35% or more, and the porosity at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered is 40% or more.
- the fluororesin is vinylidene fluoride resin (PVDF), chlorotrifluoroethylene resin, tetrafluoroethylene resin, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), ethylene-monochromelotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE), hexa.
- PVDF vinylidene fluoride resin
- ETFE ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
- ECTFE ethylene-monochromelotrifluoroethylene copolymer
- a porous membrane having high filtration performance and scratch resistance is provided.
- FIG. 3A It is a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional network structure. It is a figure which shows the structure of the apparatus which manufactures a porous hollow fiber membrane. It is a figure for demonstrating the measuring method of the boundary of a layer, and is the figure for demonstrating the method of determining a line for determining the measurement position of the length of a hole used for measuring a boundary. It is a figure for demonstrating the measuring method of the boundary of a layer, and is the figure for demonstrating the measuring method of the hole length using the line determined in FIG. 3A. This is a procedure for obtaining a binary image of only pores on the outermost surface of the film. It is an electron micrograph of the cross section of the porous hollow fiber membrane near the side to be filtered liquid obtained in Example 1. FIG. 8 is an electron micrograph of a cross section of a porous hollow fiber membrane in the vicinity of the liquid to be filtered obtained in Example 8. It is a figure of the filtration module used for the permeability performance test.
- the ratio of the porosity at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered liquid to the pore size of the surface on the liquid to be filtered is 1
- the product of the pore ratio at a thickness of 0.05 or more from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered or the surface to be filtered to 0.12% with respect to the film thickness and the pore ratio of the surface to be filtered is a porous membrane having a value of 860% ⁇ % or more. Both porous membranes have high filtration performance and scratch resistance.
- the ratio of the porosity at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered liquid side to the porosity of the surface on the liquid to be filtered solution side is 1. It is preferably 0.05 or more, and the product of the porosity and the porosity is 860% ⁇ % or more.
- the porous membrane of this embodiment will be described.
- the porous film of the present embodiment preferably contains a fluororesin, for example, vinylidene fluoride-based or chlorotrifluoroethylene-based as a main component as a polymer component (for example, a thermoplastic resin) constituting the film.
- a fluororesin for example, vinylidene fluoride-based or chlorotrifluoroethylene-based
- a polymer component for example, a thermoplastic resin
- containing as a main component means that the polymer component is contained in an amount of 50% by mass or more in terms of solid content.
- the polymer component may be only one kind or a combination of a plurality of kinds.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the vinylidene fluoride resin is not particularly limited, but is preferably 100,000 or more and 1 million or less, and more preferably 150,000 or more and 1.5 million or less. Further, the present invention is not limited to the vinylidene fluoride resin having a single molecular weight, and a plurality of vinylidene fluoride resins having different molecular weights may be mixed. In the present embodiment, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) based on a standard resin having a known molecular weight.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- the porous membrane may contain other polymer components.
- the other polymer component is not particularly limited, but one that is compatible with the vinylidene fluoride resin is preferable, and for example, a fluororesin that exhibits high chemical resistance like the vinylidene fluoride resin and the like. Can be preferably used.
- the hollow fiber membrane means a membrane having a hollow annular shape. Since the porous membrane has the membrane structure of the hollow fiber membrane, it is possible to increase the membrane area per module unit volume as compared with the planar membrane.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment is not limited to the porous membrane having the membrane structure of the hollow fiber membrane (hollow fiber-like porous membrane), and other membrane structures such as flat membrane and tubular membrane can be used. It may have.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment is a hollow fiber membrane and preferably contains a thermoplastic resin, and may be a hollow fiber membrane and may consist only of a thermoplastic resin.
- the thermoplastic resin preferably contains a fluororesin as a main component, and may consist of only a fluororesin.
- fluororesin include vinylidene fluoride resin (PVDF), chlorotrifluoroethylene resin, tetrafluoroethylene resin, ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), and ethylene-monochromelotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE).
- PVDF vinylidene fluoride resin
- ECTFE ethylene-monochromelotrifluoroethylene copolymer
- hexafluoropropylene resin and a mixture of these resins.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment has a thickness of up to 0.12% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered liquid side with respect to the film thickness (with respect to the film thickness of 100% from the position of the outermost surface to the outermost surface to the film thickness direction). It is preferable that the ratio of the porosity to the porosity of the surface on the side to be filtered is 1.05 or more in the portion up to the position of 0.12%). When the above ratio is 1.05 or more, the communication between the pores on the surface and the pores near the surface inside the membrane is good, and the pores near the surface that most contribute to filtration are less likely to be blocked.
- the above ratio is preferably 1.10 or more, and more preferably 1.10 or more and 2.50 or less. When it is 2.50 or less, the polymer forming the pores on the surface is less likely to be deformed and the blocking performance can be maintained.
- the ratio is 1.05 or more in the thickness from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered to 0.12% with respect to the film thickness. This is because the porosity near the surface in contact with the liquid to be filtered is important for exhibiting high filtration performance. This is because the surface in contact with the liquid to be filtered has the highest concentration of membrane stains, which causes pore blockage and affects the performance of the entire membrane.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment has a porosity at a thickness of 0.10% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered, and the porosity of the surface on the surface to be filtered.
- the ratio to 1.05 or more is preferably 1.05 or more, more preferably 1.10 or more, and further preferably 1.10 or more and 2.50 or less.
- the ratio of the pore ratio to the pore size of the surface to be filtered liquid side at a thickness of 0.2% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered liquid side is the ratio. It is preferably 1.05 or more, more preferably 1.10 or more and 2.50 or less, and further preferably 1.10 or more and 1.50 or less.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment preferably has a pore size of 25% or more on the surface on the side to be filtered.
- the opening rate is 25% or more, high filtration performance can be obtained. It is presumed that when the opening rate is high, the load amount of film stains per hole is small and the number of holes that are completely closed is small, so that high filtration performance can be exhibited.
- the opening ratio is preferably 30% or more, more preferably 35% or more, and further preferably 37% or more. Further, the opening rate may be 60% or less.
- the porous film of the present embodiment preferably has a porosity of 35% or more, more preferably 40% or more, at a thickness of 0.12% from the surface on the liquid side to be filtered.
- a porosity 35% or more, more preferably 40% or more, at a thickness of 0.12% from the surface on the liquid side to be filtered.
- the porosity 35% or more, it is estimated that high filtration performance can be exhibited because the load amount of film stains per hole is small and the number of holes completely closed is small, similar to the porosity.
- It is preferably 35% or more and 85% or less, more preferably 38% or more and 80% or less, still more preferably 40% or more and 78% or less, and particularly preferably 44% or more and 75% or less.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment has a pore opening rate of 35% or more on the surface on the liquid side to be filtered, and is empty at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface of the surface on the liquid side to be filtered.
- the pore ratio is preferably 40% or more.
- the porous film of the present embodiment preferably has a porosity of 35% or more, and more preferably 40% or more at a thickness of 0.10% from the surface on the liquid side to be filtered. Further, the porous film of the present embodiment preferably has a porosity of 35% or more at a thickness of 0.2% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered liquid side with respect to the film thickness, more preferably 35. % Or more and 85% or less, more preferably 38% or more and 80% or less, still more preferably 40% or more and 78% or less, and particularly preferably 44% or more and 75% or less.
- the porosity is 35% or more, the load amount of film stains per hole is small, and since there are few holes that are completely closed, high filtration performance can be exhibited, and when it is 40% or more, a wider coverage is provided. High filtration performance can be exhibited with respect to the properties of the filtrate, and when it is 85% or less, it can have sufficient strength for practical use.
- the ratio of the porosity at a thickness of 0.04% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered liquid to the porosity of the surface on the liquid to be filtered is 0. It is preferably 0.7 or more.
- the communication between the pores on the surface and the pores near the surface inside the membrane is good, the pores on the surface can be utilized for maximum filtration, and high filtration performance can be exhibited.
- the above ratio is preferably 0.7 or more and 1.1 or less. When the above ratio is 1.1 or less, the polymer forming the pores on the surface is less likely to be deformed and the blocking performance can be maintained.
- the ratio of the pore ratio to the pore size of the surface to be filtered liquid at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered liquid side to the film thickness (the present specification). In the book, it may be referred to as "0.12% ratio"), but the surface to be filtered has a porosity at a thickness of 0.04% with respect to the film thickness from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered. It is preferable that it is larger than the ratio to the opening rate (sometimes referred to as “0.04% ratio” in the present specification). The larger the ratio of 0.12%, the more the communication property is equal to or improved from the surface to the depth in the film thickness direction, and higher filtration performance can be exhibited.
- the difference between the ratio of 0.12% and the ratio of 0.04% (“0.12% ratio”-“0.04% ratio”) is preferably 0.1 or more and 0.8 or less. , More preferably 0.2 or more and 0.7 or less, still more preferably 0.25 or more and 0.6 or less.
- the porous film of the present embodiment has a porosity of a porosity at a thickness of 0.02% with respect to the film thickness from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered, with the same meaning as the ratio of 0.04%.
- the ratio to the porosity of the surface on the filtrate side is preferably 0.7 or more.
- the ratio of the porosity to the porosity of the surface on the filtered liquid side at a thickness of 0.067% with respect to the film thickness from the outermost surface of the surface on the filtered liquid side is It is preferably 0.7 or more, more preferably 0.7 or more and 1.1 or less, and further preferably 0.8 or more and 1.0 or less.
- the porous film of the present embodiment preferably has a porosity of 20% or more at a thickness of 0.04% with respect to the film thickness from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered.
- the porosity is preferably 20% or more and 80% or less, more preferably 25% or more and 75% or less, and further preferably 30% or more and 70% or less.
- the porosity is 80% or less, the film structure can be maintained when pressure is applied, and it is possible to have sufficient strength for practical use.
- the pore ratio at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered liquid side to the film thickness is relative to the film thickness from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered liquid side. It is preferably larger than the porosity at thicknesses up to 0.04%. Difference between porosity at thicknesses up to 0.12% and porosity at thicknesses up to 0.04% ("Porosity (%) at thicknesses up to 0.12%"-"0.04%" The porosity (%) in the thickness up to is preferably 5% or more and 30% or less, and more preferably 10% or more and 25% or less.
- the porous film of the present embodiment has the same meaning as the porosity at a thickness of up to 0.04%, and has a porosity at a thickness of up to 0.02% with respect to the film thickness from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered.
- the rate is preferably 20% or more.
- the porous film of the present embodiment preferably has a porosity of 20% or more at a thickness of 0.067% with respect to the film thickness from the outermost surface of the surface to be filtered, more preferably 20. % Or more and 80% or less, more preferably 25% or more and 75% or less, still more preferably 30% or more and 70% or less.
- the load amount of film stains per hole is small and the number of holes completely closed is small, so that high filtration performance can be exhibited at 80% or less, as in the case of the porosity. If there is, the film structure can be maintained when pressure is applied, and it is possible to have sufficient strength for practical use.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment preferably has a polymer skeleton size of 100 nm or more at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface on the liquid side to be filtered.
- the polymer skeleton size is 100 nm or more, deterioration of water permeability due to rubbing when the polymer skeleton is shaken in the circumferential direction of the membrane by air scrubbing or the like can be suppressed, which is preferable.
- the polymer skeleton size is preferably 100 nm or more and 300 nm or less, and more preferably 105 nm or more and 260 nm or less.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment has the same meaning as the polymer skeleton size at a thickness of up to 0.12%, and has a polymer skeleton size at a thickness of up to 0.10% from the outermost surface on the liquid side to be filtered. It is preferably 100 nm or more. Further, the porous membrane of the present embodiment preferably has a polymer skeleton size of 100 nm or more, more preferably 100 nm or more and 300 nm or less at a thickness of 0.2% from the outermost surface on the liquid side to be filtered. More preferably, it is 105 nm or more and 260 nm or less.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment preferably has a polymer skeleton size of 100 nm or more at a thickness of 0.04% with respect to the film thickness from the outermost surface on the liquid side to be filtered.
- the polymer skeleton size is 100 nm or more, deterioration of water permeability due to rubbing when the polymer skeleton is shaken in the circumferential direction of the membrane by air scrubbing or the like can be suppressed, which is preferable.
- the polymer skeleton size is preferably 100 nm or more and 300 nm or less, and more preferably 110 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment has a polymer skeleton size at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface on the filtered liquid side to the film thickness and 0.04% from the outermost surface on the filtered liquid side to the film thickness.
- the difference from the polymer skeleton size in the thickness (“polymer skeleton size in the thickness up to 0.12%”-“polymer skeleton size in the thickness up to 0.04%”) is preferably in the range of ⁇ 15 nm. , More preferably in the range of ⁇ 10 nm.
- the polymer skeleton size at a thickness of up to 0.12% may be greater than or equal to the polymer skeleton size at a thickness of up to 0.04%.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment has the same meaning as the polymer skeleton size at a thickness of up to 0.04%, and has a polymer skeleton size at a thickness of up to 0.02% from the outermost surface on the liquid side to be filtered. It is preferably 100 nm or more. Further, the porous membrane of the present embodiment preferably has a polymer skeleton size of 100 nm or more, more preferably 100 nm or more and 300 nm or less at a thickness of 0.067% with respect to the film thickness from the outermost surface on the liquid side to be filtered. More preferably, it is 110 nm or more and 200 nm or less.
- the porous film of the present embodiment preferably has a cross-sectional pore diameter of 300 nm or less at a thickness of 0.12% from the outermost surface on the liquid side to be filtered.
- the cross-sectional hole diameter is preferably 100 nm or more and 300 nm or less, more preferably 120 nm or more and 280 nm or less, and further preferably 150 nm or more and 250 nm or less.
- the cross-sectional hole diameter is 300 nm or less, it is possible to have a practically sufficient blocking performance.
- the porous membrane of the present embodiment has a cross-sectional pore diameter of 300 nm or less at a thickness of 0.10% with respect to the film thickness from the outermost surface on the side to be filtered, with the same meaning as the cross-sectional pore diameter at a thickness of up to 0.12%. Is preferable.
- the porous film of the present embodiment preferably has a cross-sectional pore diameter of 300 nm or less, more preferably 100 nm or more and 300 nm or less, at a thickness of 0.2% from the outermost surface on the liquid side to be filtered. It is more preferably 120 nm or more and 280 nm or less, and further preferably 150 nm or more and 250 nm or less.
- the product of the porosity at a thickness of up to 0.12% from the surface on the liquid side to be filtered and the porosity on the surface on the liquid side to be filtered is 860% ⁇ %. It is preferable to have. It is preferably 1000% ⁇ % or more, and more preferably 1140% ⁇ % or more.
- the load amount of the film stain per hole is small in both the surface and the thickness direction, and the number of holes completely closed is extremely small, so that high filtration performance is achieved. It is estimated that it can be expressed. Further, it may be 5000% ⁇ % or less.
- the inner diameter is preferably 0.3 mm or more and 5 mm or less. If the inner diameter is 0.3 mm or more, the pressure loss of the liquid flowing in the hollow fiber membrane does not become too large, and if the inner diameter is 5 mm or less, sufficient compressive strength and burst strength are likely to be developed with a relatively thin film thickness.
- the inner diameter is more preferably 0.4 mm or more and 3 mm or less, and further preferably 0.5 mm or more and 2 mm or less.
- the film thickness is preferably 0.1 mm or more and 1 mm or less.
- the film thickness is more preferably 0.15 mm or more and 0.8 mm or less, still more preferably 0.16 mm or more and 0.6 mm or less, and 0.17 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less. Further, it is preferably 0.1 mm or more and 0.5 mm or less.
- the outer diameter is preferably 0.5 mm or more and 5 mm or less. If the outer diameter is 0.5 mm or more, sufficient tensile strength can be obtained. When the outer diameter is 5 mm or less, the number of containers filled with the porous membrane (preferably the porous hollow fiber membrane) can be increased.
- the outer diameter is more preferably 0.6 mm or more and 4 mm or less, and further preferably 0.7 mm or more and 3 mm or less.
- the pure water permeability of the porous membrane of the present embodiment is preferably 1000 L / m 2 / hr or more and 20000 L / m 2 / hr or less.
- the amount of pure water permeated is preferably 1200 L / m 2 / hr or more and 18000 L / m 2 / hr or less, and more preferably 3000 L / m 2 / hr or more and 12000 L / m 2 / hr or less.
- the porosity of the entire membrane is preferably 50% or more from the viewpoint of water permeability, and 90% or less from the viewpoint of strength. It is more preferably 55% or more and 85% or less, and even more preferably 65% or more and 80% or less.
- factors including the porosity of the polar surface layer whose difference cannot be detected by the porosity measurement of the entire membrane affect the filtration performance.
- the porous membrane preferably a porous hollow fiber membrane
- the porous membrane preferably has a three-dimensional network structure.
- the three-dimensional network structure referred to in the present application schematically refers to a structure as shown in FIG.
- the thermoplastic resin a is joined to form a mesh, and the void portion b is formed.
- the void portion b of the three-dimensional network structure is surrounded by the thermoplastic resin a, and the respective portions of the void portion b communicate with each other.
- thermoplastic resins used form a three-dimensional network structure that can contribute to the strength of the porous membrane (preferably hollow fiber membrane), which makes it possible to form a high-strength support layer. .. It also improves chemical resistance.
- the reason for the improvement in chemical resistance is not clear, but the amount of thermoplastic resin that forms a mesh that can contribute to strength is large, so even if a part of the mesh is attacked by chemicals, the strength of the entire layer will be improved. It is thought that this is because it does not have a large impact.
- the porous membrane (preferably a porous hollow fiber membrane) may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure having two or more layers.
- the layer having the surface on the filtered liquid side is referred to as the layer (A), and the layer having the surface on the filtered liquid side is referred to as the layer (B).
- the layer (A) is a so-called blocking layer, the function of blocking the permeation of foreign substances contained in the liquid to be treated (raw water) is exerted by a small surface pore size
- the layer (B) is a so-called support layer.
- the support layer has a function of ensuring high mechanical strength and having a function of not reducing the water permeability as much as possible.
- the division of functions between the layer (A) and the layer (B) is not limited to the above. In the porous membrane of the present embodiment, only one surface may be the surface on the liquid-to-filter side.
- the thickness of the layer (A) is preferably 1/100 or more and less than 40/100 of the film thickness. By making the thickness of the layer (A) relatively thick in this way, it can be used even if the raw water contains insoluble matter such as sand and agglomerates. This is because the surface hole diameter does not change even if it is worn to some extent. Within this thickness range, a balance between desirable blocking performance and high water permeability can be achieved. More preferably, the film thickness is 2/100 or more and 30/100 or less.
- the thickness of the layer (A) is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 80 ⁇ m or less.
- a melt-kneaded product containing a thermoplastic resin, an organic liquid, and an inorganic fine powder is discharged from a spinneret having an annular discharge port. It comprises a step of forming a hollow fiber-like melt-kneaded product and a step of coagulating the hollow fiber-like melt-kneaded product and then extracting and removing organic liquid and inorganic fine powder to prepare a porous film (preferably a porous hollow fiber membrane).
- the melt-kneaded product may be composed of two components of a thermoplastic resin and a solvent, or may be composed of three components of a thermoplastic resin, an inorganic fine powder and a solvent.
- thermoplastic resin used in the method for producing a porous film (preferably a porous hollow fiber membrane) of the present embodiment has elasticity and does not show plasticity at room temperature, but exhibits plasticity by appropriate heating and can be molded. It is a resin that becomes.
- Thermoplastic resin is a resin that returns to its original elastic body when cooled and the temperature drops, and does not cause any chemical changes such as molecular structure during that time (for example, "Chemical Encyclopedia Editorial Committee Editing, Chemical Encyclopedia”. 6 Reduced Edition, Kyoritsu Publishing, pp. 860 and 867, 1963 ”).
- thermoplastic resins examples include the resins described in the section on thermoplastics (pages 829-882) of 12695 chemical products (Chemical Industry Daily, 1995), and the 3rd revised edition of the Chemical Handbook Application Edition (edited by the Chemical Society of Japan). , Maruzen, 1980), such as the resin described on pages 809-810.
- specific examples of thermoplastic resins include polyethylene, polyolefins such as polypropylene, fluororesins such as polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, polyamides, polyetherimides, polystyrenes, polysulfones, polyvinyl alcohols, and polyphenylene ethers.
- crystalline polyolefins, fluororesins such as polyvinylidene fluoride, ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers, and crystalline thermoplastic resins such as polyvinyl alcohol can be preferably used from the viewpoint of exhibiting strength. More preferably, a fluororesin such as polyolefin or polyvinylidene fluoride, which has high water resistance due to its hydrophobicity and can be expected to be durable in the filtration of ordinary aqueous liquids, can be used.
- the fluororesin is a vinylidene fluoride resin (PVDF), a chlorotrifluoroethylene resin, a tetrafluoroethylene resin, an ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), or an ethylene-monochromelotrifluoroethylene copolymer.
- PVDF vinylidene fluoride resin
- ETFE ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer
- ECTFE ethylene-monochromelotrifluoroethylene copolymer
- ECTFE ethylene-monochromelotrifluoroethylene copolymer
- hexafluoropropylene resin hexafluoropropylene resin
- a mixture of these resins are preferably contained alone or in combination of two or more as a main component, and consist only of a resin containing these alone or in combination of two or more. Is more preferable.
- polyvinylidene fluoride which is excellent in chemical durability such as chemical resistance
- polyvinylidene fluoride examples include vinylidene fluoride homopolymers and vinylidene fluoride copolymers having a vinylidene fluoride ratio of 50 mol% or more.
- vinylidene fluoride copolymer examples include a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of ethylene tetrafluoride, propylene hexafluoride, ethylene trifluoride and ethylene. Can be done.
- a vinylidene fluoride homopolymer is particularly preferable.
- the concentration of the thermoplastic resin in the melt-kneaded product is preferably 30% by mass to 48% by mass. It is preferably 32% by mass to 45% by mass. If it is 30% by mass or more, it is easy to secure the mechanical strength, and if it is 48% by mass or less, the water permeability does not deteriorate.
- the concentration of the thermoplastic resin in the melt-kneaded product of the layer (B) is preferably 34% by mass to 48% by mass. More preferably, it is 35% by mass to 45% by mass.
- the concentration of the thermoplastic resin in the melt-kneaded product of the layer (A) is preferably 10% by mass or more and 35% by mass or less, more preferably 12% by mass or more and less than 35% by mass. If it is 10% by mass or more, both the pore diameter of the surface and the mechanical strength can be achieved, and if it is 35% by mass or less, the water permeability does not deteriorate.
- the organic liquid used is a potential solvent for the thermoplastic resin used in this embodiment.
- the potential solvent means a solvent that hardly dissolves the thermoplastic resin at room temperature (25 ° C.) but can dissolve the thermoplastic resin at a temperature higher than room temperature. It does not have to be liquid at room temperature as long as it is liquid at the melt-kneading temperature with the thermoplastic resin.
- thermoplastic resin is polyethylene
- examples of organic liquids are phthalates such as dibutyl phthalate, diheptyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, and ditridecyl phthalate; sebacic acid.
- Sebasic acid esters such as dibutyl; Adipic acid esters such as dioctyl adipate; Trimellitic acid esters such as trioctyl trimellitic acid; Phthalate esters such as tributyl phosphate and trioctyl phosphate; propylene glycol dicaplate, propylene Examples thereof include glycerin esters such as glycol dioleate; paraffins such as liquid paraffin; and mixtures thereof.
- thermoplastic resin is vinylidene fluoride
- examples of organic liquids include dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate, diheptyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, etc.
- Phthalate esters Sebasic acid esters such as dibutyl sebacate; Adipic acid esters such as dioctyl adipate; benzoic acid esters such as methylbenzoate and ethylbenzoate; triphenyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid esters such as tricresyl; ketones such as ⁇ -butyrolactone, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, cyclohexanone, acetophenone, isophorone; and mixtures thereof can be mentioned.
- the inorganic fine powder examples include silica, alumina, titanium oxide, zirconia oxide, calcium carbonate and the like, and in particular, fine powder silica having an average primary particle diameter of 3 nm or more and 500 nm or less is preferable. More preferably, it is 5 nm or more and 100 nm or less. Hydrophobic silica fine powder that does not easily aggregate and has good dispersibility is more preferable, and more preferably, hydrophobic silica having a MW (methanol wettability) value of 30% by volume or more.
- the MW value referred to here is a value of% by volume of methanol in which the powder is completely wetted.
- the above-mentioned "average primary particle size of inorganic fine powder” means a value obtained from the analysis of electron micrographs. That is, first, a group of inorganic fine powders is pretreated by the method of ASTM D3849. Then, the diameters of 3000 to 5000 particles captured in the transmission electron micrograph are measured, and the average primary particle diameter of the inorganic fine powder is calculated by arithmetically averaging these values.
- the amount of the inorganic fine powder added is preferably such that the mass ratio of the inorganic fine powder in the melt-kneaded product is 5% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less. More preferably, it is 10% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less. When the proportion of the inorganic fine powder is 5% by mass or more, the effect of kneading the inorganic fine powder can be sufficiently exhibited, and when it is 40% by mass or less, stable spinning is possible.
- the melt-kneading can be performed by using a normal melt-kneading means, for example, an extruder.
- a normal melt-kneading means for example, an extruder.
- an extruder is used will be described below, but the means for melt-kneading is not limited to the extruder.
- FIG. 2 shows an example of a manufacturing apparatus used for carrying out the manufacturing method of the present embodiment.
- the apparatus for producing a porous hollow fiber membrane shown in FIG. 2 includes an extruder 10, a nozzle for forming hollow fibers 20, a coagulation bath 30 in which a solution for coagulating a film-forming stock solution is stored, and a porous hollow fiber membrane 40. It is provided with a plurality of rollers 50 for transporting and winding.
- Reference numeral 60 is a suction machine, and 70 is a high temperature container.
- the space S shown in FIG. 2 is a free-running portion through which the film-forming stock solution discharged from the hollow fiber molding nozzle 20 reaches the solution in the coagulation bath 30.
- a hollow fiber forming nozzle 20 having one or more annular discharge ports arranged concentrically is attached to the tip of the extruder 10, and the melt-kneaded product is extruded by the extruder 10 to be hollow. It is discharged from the thread molding nozzle 20.
- a hollow fiber molding nozzle 20 having two or more annular discharge ports is attached to the tip of the extruder 10, and each annular discharge port is melted by a different extruder 10.
- hollow filamentous extruders having a multi-layer structure can be obtained by merging and superimposing the melt-kneaded products supplied at the discharge ports.
- the different compositions refer to the case where the constituent substances of the melt-kneaded product are different, or the case where the constituent substances are the same but the constituent ratios are different. Even if the same type of thermoplastic resin is used, if the molecular weight and the molecular weight distribution are clearly different, it is considered that the constituent substances are different.
- the merging position of the melt-kneaded products having different compositions may be the lower end surface of the hollow fiber molding nozzle 20 or different from the lower end surface of the hollow fiber molding nozzle 20.
- the spun discharge parameter R is a value obtained by dividing the discharge line speed V (m / sec) by the slit width d (m) of the discharge port.
- the discharge line speed V (m / sec) is a value obtained by dividing the discharge capacity (m 3 / sec) per hour of the molten kneaded product by the cross-sectional area (m 2 ) of the discharge port.
- R is 10 or more, there is no problem such as pulsation of the yarn diameter of the hollow extruded product, and the spinning can be performed stably with good productivity. Further, when R is 1000 or less, the elongation at break, which is one of the important strengths of the obtained porous hollow fiber membrane, can be maintained sufficiently high.
- the elongation at break is the elongation rate with respect to the original length when pulled in the longitudinal direction of the membrane.
- the value obtained by dividing the discharge linear velocity V of the molten kneaded product laminated after the resin merges by the slit width d of the discharge port is defined as the spun discharge parameter R.
- the range of R is more preferably 50 or more and 1000 or less.
- the hollow fiber-like melt-kneaded product discharged from the discharge port passes through a refrigerant such as air or water to solidify, and is allowed to pass through the above-mentioned idle portion S made of an air layer by the target porous hollow fiber membrane. After that, it is passed through a coagulation bath 30 containing water or the like. That is, the idle portion S is a portion from the discharge port of the hollow fiber molding nozzle 20 to the water surface of the coagulation bath 30.
- a container such as a cylinder may be used for the idle portion S from the discharge port, if necessary. After passing through the coagulation bath 30, it is wound up in a skein or the like as needed.
- a high-temperature container such as a cylinder for 0.015 seconds or more immediately after the discharge port of the melt-kneaded product.
- a high-temperature container such as a cylinder for 0.015 seconds or more immediately after the discharge port of the melt-kneaded product.
- the solvent vapor accumulated in the high-temperature container is suppressed from closing the surface, that is, the pores, and further, the solvent vapor is absorbed to reduce the resin concentration on the surface layer of the melt-kneaded product.
- the porosity and the porosity near the surface can be increased.
- 0.18 seconds or less is preferable. It is more preferably 0.018 seconds or more and 0.14 seconds or less, and further preferably 0.021 seconds or more and 0.12 seconds or less.
- a cylinder is used for the entire idle portion, but this is because the phase separation is promoted by the moisture in the idle portion, and in the present invention, the surface is opened by the solvent vapor.
- the set temperature of the high temperature container is preferably (T-60) ° C to (T + 60) ° C with respect to the discharge temperature T of the melt-kneaded product. More preferably, it is from (T-50) ° C to (T + 50) ° C. When the temperature is (T-60) ° C. or higher, the effect of the solvent vapor can be sufficiently exhibited. Although there is no particular reason, the temperature is preferably (T + 60) ° C. or lower for reasons such as raising the set temperature excessively to prevent deterioration of the resin kneaded product.
- the time for the molten kneaded material to pass through the idle running portion S is called the free running time, and the free running time is preferably 0.20 seconds or more.
- the idle running time is more preferably 0.20 seconds or more and 2.0 seconds or less. If it is 2.0 seconds or less, stable production is possible. It is preferably 0.30 seconds or more and 1.5 seconds or less, and more preferably 0.40 seconds or more and 1.1 seconds or less.
- the polymer-rich partial phase and the organic liquid-rich partial phase are finely divided and exist.
- the inorganic fine powder is added and the inorganic fine powder is fine powder silica
- the fine powder silica is unevenly distributed in the organic liquid concentrated partial phase.
- the organic liquid concentrated phase portion becomes a hole. Therefore, a porous hollow fiber membrane can be obtained.
- Extraction and removal of organic liquid and extraction and removal of inorganic fine powder can be performed at the same time if they can be extracted and removed with the same solvent. Usually, it is extracted and removed separately.
- a liquid suitable for extraction that is miscible with the organic liquid without dissolving or modifying the used thermoplastic resin. Specifically, it can be carried out by contacting by a method such as immersion.
- the liquid is preferably volatile so that it can be easily removed from the hollow fiber membrane after extraction. Examples of the liquid include alcohols and methylene chloride. If the organic liquid is water-soluble, water can also be used as the extraction liquid.
- Extraction and removal of inorganic fine powder is usually performed using an aqueous liquid.
- the inorganic fine powder is silica
- it can be carried out by first contacting it with an alkaline solution to convert the silica into a silicate, and then contacting it with water to extract and remove the silicate.
- the porous hollow fiber membrane By extracting and removing the organic liquid and the inorganic fine powder from the solidified porous hollow fiber membrane in this way, the porous hollow fiber membrane can be obtained.
- the hollow fiber membrane after solidification (i) before the extraction and removal of the organic liquid and the inorganic fine powder, (ii) after the extraction and removal of the organic liquid and before the extraction and removal of the inorganic fine powder, and (iii) after the extraction and removal of the inorganic fine powder.
- the porous hollow fiber membrane is stretched in the longitudinal direction within a stretching ratio of 3 times or less. be able to.
- the porous hollow fiber membrane obtained by the production method of the present embodiment has high mechanical strength. Therefore, it is possible to carry out stretching with a draw ratio of 1.1 times or more and 3.0 times or less. Stretching improves the water permeability of the porous hollow fiber membrane.
- the space temperature during the stretching step is more preferably 10 ° C. or higher and 140 ° C. or lower, and even more preferably 20 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower.
- Hollow fiber membranes containing organic liquids have less fracture during stretching than hollow fiber membranes containing no organic liquids. Further, since the hollow fiber membrane containing the organic liquid material can increase the shrinkage of the hollow fiber membrane after stretching, the degree of freedom in setting the shrinkage rate after stretching is increased.
- the hollow fiber membrane containing the inorganic fine powder it is preferable to stretch the hollow fiber membrane containing the inorganic fine powder.
- the hollow fiber membrane is less likely to be flattened during stretching due to the hardness of the hollow fiber membrane due to the presence of the inorganic fine powder contained in the hollow fiber membrane. Further, it is possible to prevent the pore diameter of the finally obtained hollow fiber membrane from becoming too small or the yarn diameter from becoming too small.
- the hollow fiber membrane containing either the organic liquid or the inorganic fine powder rather than stretching the hollow fiber membrane after the extraction is completed, and further, the organic liquid or the inorganic fine powder is preferable. It is more preferable to stretch the hollow fiber membrane containing both the organic liquid substance and the inorganic fine powder than to stretch the hollow fiber membrane containing any one of the above.
- the method of extracting the stretched hollow fiber membrane has an advantage that the extraction solvent easily permeates the inside of the hollow fiber membrane because the voids are increased on the surface and inside of the hollow fiber membrane due to the stretching.
- the method of extracting after the step of stretching and then shrinking is a hollow fiber membrane having a low tensile elastic modulus and being easily bent. Therefore, when the extraction is performed in a liquid stream, the hollow fiber membrane is hollow. The filament membrane is easily shaken by the liquid flow, and the stirring effect is increased, so that there is an advantage that highly efficient extraction can be performed in a short time.
- the hollow fiber membrane is stretched and then contracted, a hollow fiber membrane having a low tensile elastic modulus can be finally obtained.
- low tensile elastic modulus means that the yarn easily stretches with a small force and returns to its original state when the force is lost.
- the tensile elastic modulus is low, the hollow fiber membrane is not crushed flat and is easily bent, and is easily shaken by a water flow during filtration. Since the bending of the thread is not constant and sways according to the water flow, the layer of the pollutant adhering to and accumulating on the membrane surface is easily peeled off without growing, and the amount of filtered water can be maintained high. Furthermore, when the yarn is forcibly shaken by flushing or air scrubbing, the shaking is large and the cleaning recovery effect is enhanced.
- the yarn length shrinkage rate with respect to the yarn length increment due to stretching is in the range of 0.3 or more and 0.9 or less.
- the yarn length shrinkage rate is 0.6.
- the yarn length shrinkage ratio is 0.9 or more, the water permeability tends to be low, and when it is less than 0.3, the tensile elastic modulus tends to be high, which is not preferable. In the present invention, it is more preferable that the yarn length shrinkage ratio is in the range of 0.50 or more and 0.85 or less.
- the hollow fiber membrane finally obtained may be cut even when the hollow fiber membrane is stretched to the maximum yarn length at the time of drawing during use. It disappears.
- the ratio Z representing the degree of guarantee of the elongation at break can be defined by the following equation.
- the production method of the present invention includes a step of stretching and then shrinking, the tensile fracture elongation is extremely small at low elongation, and the distribution of the tensile fracture elongation can be narrowed.
- the space temperature in the process of stretching and then shrinking is preferably in the range of 0 ° C. or higher and 160 ° C. or lower from the viewpoint of shrinkage time and physical properties. If it is lower than 0 ° C, shrinkage takes time and is not practical, and if it exceeds 160 ° C, the elongation at break and the water permeability are lowered, which is not preferable.
- the hollow fiber membrane it is also preferable to crimp the hollow fiber membrane during the shrinkage step. As a result, a hollow fiber membrane having a high degree of crimp can be obtained without being crushed or damaged.
- the hollow fiber membrane has a straight tubular shape without bending, when bundled into a filtration module, there is a possibility that a gap between the hollow fibers cannot be removed and the yarn bundle has a low porosity. high.
- a hollow fiber membrane having a high degree of crimping when used, the interval between the hollow fiber membranes is widened on average due to the bending of individual yarns, and a yarn bundle having a high degree of lacunarity can be obtained.
- the voids of the yarn bundle are reduced and the flow resistance is increased, especially when used under external pressure, and the filtration pressure is not effectively transmitted to the central portion of the yarn bundle. Furthermore, the cleaning effect inside the yarn bundle is reduced when the filtered deposits are peeled off from the hollow fiber membrane by backwashing or flushing.
- the yarn bundle made of a hollow fiber membrane having a high degree of crimp has a large lacunarity, and the hollow fiber membrane gap is maintained even by external pressure filtration, so that drift is unlikely to occur.
- the degree of crimp is preferably in the range of 1.5 or more and 2.5 or less.
- a case of 1.5 or more is preferable for the above reason, and a case of less than 2.5 can suppress a decrease in the filtration area per volume.
- a method of crimping the hollow fiber membrane in the step of stretching and then shrinking, while shrinking the hollow fiber membrane, for example, a pair of gear rolls with irregularities or a pair of sponge belts with irregularities are used. Examples include a method of picking up while sandwiching.
- the take-up machine is used on the upstream side and the downstream side of the drawing, and in each take-up machine, a hollow fiber membrane is sandwiched between the opposing belts, and both belts are moved in the same direction at the same speed. By doing so, the thread is fed. Further, in this case, it is preferable that the yarn feeding speed on the downstream side is made higher than the yarn feeding speed on the upstream side to perform the stretching. When the yarn is stretched in this way, it is possible to stretch the yarn without losing the stretching tension and to prevent the yarn from being flattened.
- the inner side in contact with the drive roll is made of a highly elastic belt such as a fiber reinforced belt, and the outer surface in contact with the hollow fiber membrane is made of an elastic body.
- the compressive elastic modulus in the thickness direction of the elastic body is 0.1 MPa or more and 2 MPa or less, and the thickness of the elastic body is 2 mm or more and 20 mm.
- silicone rubber as the elastic body on the outer surface from the viewpoint of chemical resistance and heat resistance.
- the stretched film may be heat-treated to increase the compressive strength. It is desirable that the heat treatment be performed at 80 ° C. or higher and 160 ° C. or lower. When the temperature is 160 ° C. or lower, the decrease in elongation at break and the water permeability can be suppressed, and when the temperature is 100 ° C. or higher, the compressive strength can be increased. Further, it is desirable to perform the heat treatment on the hollow fiber membrane after the extraction is completed, because the changes in the yarn diameter, the porosity, the pore diameter, and the water permeability are small.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the solvent for PVDF in order to achieve both high pore size and high compressive strength.
- a method of increasing the pore opening rate there are a method of lowering the concentration of PVDF and a method of raising the temperature of the fluid for forming the hollow portion as described above.
- the method of forming a film by lowering the PVDF concentration is used, the pore size also becomes large, so it is necessary to select a solvent that can achieve a high pore size and a small pore size.
- the following parameter P is a relational expression between the three-dimensional solubility parameter of PVDF and the three-dimensional solubility parameter of the solvent, and evaluates the solubility of PVDF and the solvent.
- the right side represents the solubility range of the Hansen solubility parameter three-dimensionally, and the distance from the three-dimensional solubility parameter ( ⁇ dp, ⁇ pp, ⁇ hp) of PVDF to the three-dimensional solubility parameter ( ⁇ dm, ⁇ pm, ⁇ hm) of the solvent is quantified.
- the parameter P between the solvent used to prepare the melt-kneaded product B forming the layer (B) and PVDF is preferably larger than 7.88, more preferably 7.88. From 10.0. When this value is 7.88 or more, the decrease in water permeability can be suppressed.
- the parameter P between the solvent used and PVDF is preferably 7.88, more preferably 0 to 7.88, still more preferably 1. It is from .00 to 7.88. When this value is 7.88 or less, a high pore opening rate and a small pore diameter can be achieved.
- the measurement method used in this embodiment is as follows.
- Tables 1 and 2 show the composition of the film, the manufacturing conditions, and various performances.
- the wet film refers to a film in which the pores are filled with pure water but the hollow portion is not filled with pure water.
- a sample membrane having a length of 10 to 20 cm is immersed in ethanol to fill the pores with ethanol, and then pure water immersion is repeated 4 to 5 times to sufficiently replace the pores with pure water.
- the dried film can be obtained by holding one end of the hollow fiber by hand and shaking it well about 5 times, then holding the hand at the other end and shaking it about 5 times again to remove water in the hollow portion. Further, the dried film can be obtained by drying in an oven, for example, at 60 ° C. until the weight becomes constant after the weight of the wet film is measured.
- the boundary can also be determined by the following method.
- a method for determining the boundary between the layer (A) and the layer (B) in the case of a two-layer structure porous hollow fiber membrane will be described. The following is a method when the layer (A) is used as a blocking layer and the layer (B) is used as a supporting layer.
- a cross section of the hollow fiber membrane was photographed with the above electron microscope, and a photograph was used in which the shapes of 20 or more holes could be confirmed. In order to observe all the cross sections, there are multiple images. In this example and the comparative example, the measurement was performed at a magnification of 5000.
- the cross-section electron microscope sample was obtained by cutting a membrane sample frozen in ethanol into round slices.
- a line L that is, a line connecting points having the same film thickness
- 100 lines were drawn at intervals of dividing the thickness into 101 equal parts, and as shown in FIG. 3B, the length Lh at which the line L crossed the portion corresponding to the pore portion h in the image was measured.
- the average value of the crossing length Lh was calculated by an arithmetic mean, and the cross-sectional hole diameter in each film thickness portion was obtained.
- the magnification of the scanning electron micrograph is sufficiently high, lines with the same distance from the surface FA may be approximated by a straight line.
- the cross-sectional hole diameter in each film film is standardized, and the point where the standardized value reaches the point closest to 0.7 from the surface FA for the first time is the boundary of the layer. Layered.
- Three-dimensional solubility parameter The three-dimensional solubility parameter is quoted from the following book. Hansen, Charles (2007). Hansen Solubility Parameters: User's handbook, Second Edition. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press. (ISBN 978-0-8494-7248-3)
- Binarization was performed by a discriminant analysis method. By obtaining the occupied area of the binarized image thus obtained, the opening rates of the surface FA and the surface FB were obtained. For the hole diameter, calculate the equivalent circle diameter for each hole existing on the surface, add the hole areas of each hole in order from the one with the largest hole diameter, and the sum is 50% of the total hole area of each hole. It was determined by the hole diameter of the hole to reach.
- Membrane surface scratch resistance This is an index for determining the degree of deterioration of water permeability due to film surface scratching.
- Wet hollow fiber membranes (sample length: 100 mm) that have been soaked in ethanol and then soaked in pure water several times are lined up on a metal plate, and fine sand (particle size 130 ⁇ m: Fuji BrownFRR # 120) is watered at 20% by mass.
- the suspended water suspended in the membrane was sprayed from a nozzle set 70 cm above the membrane at a pressure of 0.1 MPa, and the suspended water was sprayed on the outer surface of the membrane. After spraying for 15 minutes, the membrane was turned over and sprayed for another 15 minutes. Pure water flux was measured before and after spraying, and the film-resistant surface scraping rate was calculated from the following formula.
- Film-resistant surface scraping rate [%] 100 x (pure water flux after spraying) / (pure water flux before spraying)
- Pore ratio, polymer skeleton size, cross-sectional pore diameter The porous hollow fiber membrane was cut into an annular shape with a cross section orthogonal to the yarn length direction, and then embedded in an epoxy resin. After trimming, the sample cross section was subjected to BIB processing to prepare a smooth cross section and conductively treated to prepare a speculum sample. The speculum samples were prepared at one cutting point for each sample. Using an electron microscope SU7000 manufactured by HITACHI, electron microscope (SEM) images were acquired for the membrane cross section of the prepared speculum. The image acquisition conditions were as follows, and five visual fields including the outer surface of each speculum sample were imaged.
- Image acquisition conditions Acceleration voltage: 1kV Detector: Reflective electron detector Imaging magnification: 5,000 times (display magnification of the device) Image resolution: 2560 ⁇ 1920 pixels ImageJ was used for image analysis.
- the vacant portion (the portion where the vacancy is embedded by the embedding resin) is applied to the filtered SEM image by performing the Threshold treatment (Image-Adjust-Treshold: maximum entropy method (MaxEtropy is selected)).
- Threshold treatment Image-Adjust-Treshold: maximum entropy method (MaxEtropy is selected)
- the pixel of the film part closest to the upper part of the image was defined as the point of 0 nm film thickness.
- a region having a predetermined thickness for example, a thickness of 100 nm, and in some cases, a thickness of 50 nm was continuously cut out in the film thickness direction, and the porosity, the polymer skeleton size, and the cross-sectional pore diameter were calculated from each image by the method shown below. ..
- the porosity in the region of 0 to 300 nm, the polymer skeleton size, and the cross-sectional pore diameter are continuously cut out and calculated above, respectively, in the regions of 0 to 100 nm, 100 to 200 nm, and 200 to 300 nm.
- the porosity, polymer skeleton size, and cross-sectional pore diameter were used as arithmetic mean values.
- the porosity, polymer skeleton size, and cross-sectional pore diameter in the region of 0 to 1250 nm are continuously cut and calculated as 0 to 50 nm, 50 nm to 100 nm, ... 1150 nm to 1200 nm to 1200 nm, respectively.
- the porosity, polymer skeleton size, and cross-sectional pore diameter in the 1250 nm region were used as arithmetic mean values. Since the region of 0 to 100 nm is an image including the pores on the outermost surface of the membrane, the outermost surface of the membrane is defined when calculating the porosity and the cross-sectional pore diameter, and the numerical value is calculated from the binary image of only the pores. Need to calculate. In order to obtain a binary image of only the vacancies, this time, using the pencil tool of Adobe Photoshop Elements9, the boundary between the perforated part / the embedding resin part on the outermost surface of the membrane was manually determined and then embedded. By filling the resin part, a binary image of only the pores was obtained.
- FIG. A line was drawn with a pencil tool so as to connect both ends of the perforated portion on the outermost surface of the film to an image in which the polymer skeleton had a brightness of 255 (white) and the pores and the embedding resin had a brightness of 0 (black). Then, the embedded resin portion was filled with a brightness of 0 (black) using a fill tool to obtain a binarized image of only the pores in the region of 0-100 nm. The positions of both ends of the perforations on the outermost surface of the membrane were arbitrarily determined by the operator.
- An analyze-Histogram was applied to the LocalTickness image to obtain the numerical details of the LocalHistogram.
- the arithmetic mean value was calculated from the acquired numerical values of Localsickness in the five fields of view, and was defined as the polymer skeleton size.
- An analyze-Histogram was applied to the LocalTickness image to obtain the numerical details of the LocalHistogram.
- the arithmetic mean value was calculated from the acquired numerical values of Localsickness in the five fields of view, and defined as the cross-sectional hole diameter.
- a filtration module 11 as shown in FIG. 7 was prepared using the hollow fiber membrane 12.
- the filtration module 11 has an effective film length of 1 m and 300 hollow fibers, and the hollow fibers at both ends are sealed with an epoxy-based encapsulant 13.
- the hollow portion of the hollow fiber membrane is open at the upper end of the module, and the hollow portion of the hollow fiber membrane is sealed at the lower end.
- River water having a turbidity of 2 to 4 degrees was filtered from the outer surface side of the hollow fiber through the raw water and the air inlet 14, and filtered water was obtained from the inner surface side of the upper end portion.
- the setting Flux (m / day) is the value obtained by dividing the filtration flow rate (m 3 / day) by the outer surface area (m 2 )). Flux was set to the limit Flux (m / day). The rapid increase in the differential pressure between the membranes was judged with an increase rate of about 50 kPa / 5 days as a guide.
- Example 1 Vinylidene fluoride homopolymer (KF-W # 1000 manufactured by Kureha) as a thermoplastic resin, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) (manufactured by CG Esther Co., Ltd.) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (CG) as organic liquids.
- DEHP di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
- DBP dibutyl phthalate
- CG dibutyl phthalate
- Mixture with (manufactured by Esther Co., Ltd.), fine powder silica (manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., trade name: AEROSIL-R972, primary particle size of about 16 nm) is used as an inorganic fine powder, and an extruder is used with a hollow fiber molding nozzle.
- the hollow fiber membrane was melt-extruded.
- An object was extruded from a hollow fiber forming nozzle having an outer diameter of 2.0 mm and an inner diameter of 0.9 mm at a discharge temperature of 240 ° C. using air as a fluid for forming a hollow portion.
- the hollow filamentous melt-kneaded product extruded at a discharge temperature of 240 ° C. passes through a high-temperature container having a set temperature of 240 ° C.
- FIG. 5 is an electron micrograph of the obtained porous hollow fiber membrane in the vicinity of the liquid to be filtered.
- Example 3 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 1 except that the free-running portion passed through the high-temperature container was set to 0.018 seconds. Table 1 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 4 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 1 except that the wind speed of the idle portion was set to 1.8 m / sec. Table 1 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 5 The composition of the melt-kneaded product using a mixture of di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DOA) (manufactured by Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.) and dibutyl sebacate (DBS) (manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) as an organic liquid.
- DOA di (2-ethylhexyl) adipate
- DBS dibutyl sebacate
- fine powder silica 40.0: 25.0: 12.0: 23.0 (mass ratio).
- a porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method. Table 1 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 6 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 1 except that the outer diameter was 0.9 mm and the inner diameter was 0.6 mm. Table 1 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 7 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 1 except that the stretching and shrinking steps were not performed. Table 1 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 8 A two-layer structure porous hollow fiber membrane was produced, in which the layer (A) was on the outer surface side of the hollow fiber membrane and the layer (B) was on the inner surface side of the hollow fiber membrane.
- Vinylidene fluoride homopolymer was used as the thermoplastic resin
- a mixture of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and dibutyl phthalate was used as the organic liquid
- fine silica was used as the inorganic fine powder.
- the melt-kneaded product used air as a fluid for forming a hollow portion and was extruded from a nozzle for forming a triple ring hollow fiber at a discharge temperature of 250 ° C.
- the nozzle for forming a triple ring hollow fiber has an outermost diameter of 2.0 mm and an innermost diameter of 0.9 mm, and the diameter of the portion corresponding to the boundary between the melt-kneaded product discharge port of the layer (A) and the layer (B) is 1.8 mm. And said.
- a porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 1.
- the obtained porous hollow fiber membrane is a porous membrane having an outer surface (outer diameter side surface) as a surface to be filtered.
- Table 2 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- FIG. 6 is an electron micrograph of the obtained porous hollow fiber membrane in the vicinity of the liquid to be filtered.
- a porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained in the same manner as in Example 8 except that the ratio) was set. Table 2 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- a porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 8 except that the free running time was 0.42 seconds. Table 2 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 11 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 8 except that the free-running portion passed through the high-temperature container was set to 0.018 seconds. Table 2 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 12 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 8 except that the wind speed of the idle portion was set to 1.8 m / sec. Table 2 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 13 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 8 except that the outer diameter was 0.9 mm and the inner diameter was 0.6 mm. Table 2 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 1 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 1 except that the free-running portion passed through the high-temperature container was set to 0.012 seconds. Table 1 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 2 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 1 except that the wind speed of the idle portion was set to 2.1 m / sec. Table 1 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 3 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 7 except that the free-running portion passed through the high-temperature container was set to 0.012 seconds. Table 1 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- a porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 1 except that the passing time of the running portion in the high temperature container was 0.012 seconds and the wind speed of the free running portion was 2.1 m / sec. Table 1 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 5 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 8 except that the free-running portion passed through the high-temperature container was set to 0.012 seconds. Table 2 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 6 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 8 except that the wind speed of the idle portion was set to 2.1 m / sec. Table 2 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- Example 7 A porous hollow fiber membrane was obtained by the same method as in Example 10 except that the free-running portion passed through the high-temperature container was set to 0.012 seconds. Table 2 shows the detailed composition and conditions.
- a porous membrane having high filtration performance and scratch resistance is provided.
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Abstract
Description
(1)得られる水質の除濁レベルが高く且つ安定している(得られる水の安全性が高い)。
(2)濾過装置の設置スペースが小さくてすむ。
(3)自動運転が容易である。
(a)室温で溶解できる適当な溶剤のないポリエチレン等のポリマーでも製膜が可能になる。
(b)高温で溶解したのち冷却固化させて製膜するので、特に熱可塑性樹脂が結晶性樹脂である場合、製膜時に結晶化が促進され高強度膜が得られやすい。
膜表面擦過による透水性能低下は、濾過運転時ではなく、外圧式濾過により膜外表面に堆積した濁質を空気洗浄等により膜外表面からはがす時に主として起こるとされている。しかし、この現象そのものがあまり知られていなかったこともあり、膜面擦過による透水性能劣化への対応技術の開発はあまりなされていない。特開平11-138164号公報は、エアバブリング洗浄による膜性能変化を抑制する手段として、破断強度の高い膜を用いることを開示するに過ぎない。
[1]
被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率の、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が1.05以上であることを特徴とする、多孔質膜。
[2]
前記被濾過液側表面の開孔率が25%以上である、[1]に記載の多孔質膜。
[3]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率が35%以上である、[1]又は[2]に記載の多孔質膜。
[4]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上である、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[5]
前記被濾過液側表面の開孔率が35%以上である、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[6]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率の、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が0.7以上である、[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[7]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率が20%以上である、[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[8]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上である、[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[9]
前記被濾過液側表面の開孔率が35%以上であり、該被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率が40%以上である、[1]~[8]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[10]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける断面孔径が300nm以下である、[1]~[9]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[11]
前記膜厚が100μm以上500μm以下である、[1]~[10]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[12]
前記多孔質膜が中空糸膜であり、熱可塑性樹脂からなる、[1]~[11]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[13]
前記熱可塑性樹脂が、主成分としてフッ素樹脂を含む、[12]に記載の多孔質膜。
[14]
前記フッ素樹脂が、フッ化ビニリデン樹脂(PVDF)、クロロトリフルオロエチレン樹脂、テトラフルオロエチレン樹脂、エチレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、エチレン-モノクロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン樹脂、及びこれら樹脂の混合物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つを含む、[13]に記載の多孔質膜。
[15]
被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率と、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率との積が860%・%以上であることを特徴とする、多孔質膜。
[16]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率が35%以上である、[15]に記載の多孔質膜。
[17]
前記被濾過液側表面の開孔率が25%以上である、[15]又は[16]に記載の多孔質膜。
[18]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率の、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が1.05以上である、[15]~[17]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[19]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上である、[15]~[18]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[20]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率と、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率との積が1140%・%以上である[15]~[19]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[21]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率の、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が0.7以上である、[15]~[20]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[22]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率が20%以上である、[15]~[21]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[23]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上である、[15]~[22]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[24]
前記被濾過液側表面の開孔率が35%以上であり、該被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率が40%以上である、[15]~[23]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[25]
前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける断面孔径が300nm以下である、[15]~[24]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[26]
前記膜厚が100μm以上500μm以下である、[15]~[25]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[27]
前記多孔質膜が中空糸膜であり、熱可塑性樹脂からなる、[15]~[26]のいずれかに記載の多孔質膜。
[28]
前記熱可塑性樹脂が、主成分としてフッ素樹脂を含む、[27]に記載の多孔質膜。
[29]
前記フッ素樹脂が、フッ化ビニリデン樹脂(PVDF)、クロロトリフルオロエチレン樹脂、テトラフルオロエチレン樹脂、エチレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、エチレン-モノクロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン樹脂、及びこれら樹脂の混合物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つを含む、[28]に記載の多孔質膜。
本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率の、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が1.05以上である多孔質膜、又は被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率と、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率との積が860%・%以上である多孔質膜である。いずれの多孔質膜でも、高い濾過性能と耐擦過性を有する。
本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率の、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が1.05以上であり、上記空孔率と上記開孔率との積が860%・%以上であることが好ましい。
以下、本実施形態の多孔質膜について説明する。
但し、本実施形態の多孔質膜は、中空糸膜の膜構造を有する多孔質膜(中空糸状の多孔質膜)に限定されるものではなく、平膜、管状膜などの他の膜構造を有するものであってもよい。
本実施形態の多孔質膜は、中空糸膜であり熱可塑性樹脂を含むことが好ましく、中空糸膜であり熱可塑性樹脂のみからなっていてもよい。上記熱可塑性樹脂は主成分としてフッ素樹脂を含むことが好ましく、フッ素樹脂のみからなっていてもよい。上記フッ素樹脂としては、フッ化ビニリデン樹脂(PVDF)、クロロトリフルオロエチレン樹脂、テトラフルオロエチレン樹脂、エチレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、エチレン-モノクロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン樹脂、及びこれら樹脂の混合物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つを含むことが好ましく、フッ化ビニリデン樹脂(PVDF)、クロロトリフルオロエチレン樹脂、テトラフルオロエチレン樹脂、エチレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、エチレン-モノクロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン樹脂、及びこれら樹脂の混合物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つのみからなっていてもよい。
上記割合が1.05以上であると表面の孔と膜内部の表面近傍の空孔の連通性が良く、最も濾過に寄与する表面近傍の孔の閉塞が生じにくい。また、表面近傍の孔の連通性が良いことにより、汚れを逆洗などの洗浄やクロスフロー効果によって容易に除去できることから高い濾過性能を発現させることができる。上記割合は好ましくは1.10以上であり、さらに好ましくは1.10以上2.50以下である。2.50以下であると、表面の孔を形成するポリマーの変形が生じにくく阻止性能を維持できる。
また、本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.2%までの厚みにおける空孔率の該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が1.05以上であることが好ましく、より好ましくは1.10以上2.50以下、さらに好ましくは1.10以上1.50以下である。
開孔率が25%以上であると高い濾過性能を有することができる。開孔率が高いと、孔1個当たりの膜汚れの負荷量が小さく、完全に閉塞される孔が少ないため高い濾過性能を発現できると推定している。好ましくは、上記開孔率は好ましくは30%以上であり、より好ましくは35%以上であり、さらに好ましくは37%以上である。また、上記開孔率は60%以下であってよい。
上記空孔率が35%以上であると、開孔率と同様、孔1個当たりの膜汚れの負荷量が小さく、完全に閉塞される孔が少ないため高い濾過性能を発現できると推定している。好ましくは35%以上85%以下であり、さらに好ましくは38%以上80%以下、さらに好ましくは40%以上78%以下、特に好ましくは44%以上75%以下である。上記空孔率が85%以下であると実用上十分な強度を有することができる。
本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側表面の開孔率が35%以上であり、且つ該被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率が40%以上であることが好ましい。
また、本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.2%までの厚みにおける空孔率が35%以上であることが好ましく、より好ましくは35%以上85%以下、さらに好ましくは38%以上80%以下、さらに好ましくは40%以上78%以下、特に好ましくは44%以上75%以下である。上記空孔率が35%以上であると、孔1個当たりの膜汚れの負荷量が小さく、完全に閉塞される孔が少ないため高い濾過性能を発現でき、40%以上であるとより幅広い被濾過液性状に対して高い濾過性能を発現でき、85%以下であると実用上十分な強度を有することができる。
上記割合が0.7以上であると表面の孔と膜内部の表面近傍の空孔の連通性が良く、表面の孔を最大限濾過に活用でき高い濾過性能を発現させることができる。上記割合は好ましくは0.7以上1.1以下である。上記割合が1.1以下であると、表面の孔を形成するポリマーの変形が生じにくく阻止性能を維持できる。
本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率の該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合(本明細書において「0.12%の割合」と称する場合がある)が、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率の該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合(本明細書において「0.04%の割合」と称する場合がある)よりも、大きいことが好ましい。0.12%の割合が大きい方が、表面から膜厚方向に対して奥へ行くにつれて連通性が同等もしくは向上しているということであり、より高い濾過性能を発現させることができる。
0.12%の割合と0.04%の割合との差(「0.12%の割合」-「0.04%の割合」)は、0.1以上0.8以下であることが好ましく、より好ましくは0.2以上0.7以下、さらに好ましくは0.25以上0.6以下である。
また、本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.067%までの厚みにおける空孔率の該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が0.7以上であることが好ましく、より好ましくは0.7以上1.1以下、さらに好ましくは0.8以上1.0以下である。
上記空孔率が20%以上であると、開孔率と同様、孔1個当たりの膜汚れの負荷量が小さく、完全に閉塞される孔が少ないため高い濾過性能を発現できると推定している。上記空孔率が好ましくは20%以上80%以下、より好ましくは25%以上75%以下、さらに好ましくは30%以上70%以下である。上記空孔率が80%以下であると圧力がかかった際に膜構造を維持することができ、実用上十分な強度を有することができる。
本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率が、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率よりも大きいことが好ましい。0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率と、0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率との差(「0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率(%)」-「0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率(%)」)は、5%以上30%以下であることが好ましく、より好ましくは10%以上25%以下である。
また、本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.067%までの厚みにおける空孔率が20%以上であることが好ましく、より好ましくは20%以上80%以下、さらに好ましくは25%以上75%以下、さらに好ましくは30%以上70%以下である。上記空孔率が20%以上であると、開孔率と同様、孔1個当たりの膜汚れの負荷量が小さく、完全に閉塞される孔が少ないため高い濾過性能を発現できる80%以下であると圧力がかかった際に膜構造を維持することができ、実用上十分な強度を有することができる。
上記ポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上であると、エアースクラビング等で膜円周方向に揺れた場合に擦過することによる透水性能の低下を抑えられ好ましい。これはポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上であると、多孔質膜を構成するポリマーが十分な強度を有するため、擦過によって孔が変形することなく構造が維持することができるため透水性能の低下を抑制できる。上記ポリマー骨格サイズは好ましくは100nm以上300nm以下、さらに好ましくは105nm以上260nm以下である。
上記ポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上であると、エアースクラビング等で膜円周方向に揺れた場合に擦過することによる透水性能の低下を抑えられ好ましい。上記ポリマー骨格サイズは好ましくは100nm以上300nm以下、さらに好ましくは110nm以上200nm以下である。
本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズと被濾過液側最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズとの差(「0.12%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズ」-「0.04%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズ」)が、±15nmの範囲内であることが好ましく、より好ましくは±10nmの範囲内である。また、0.12%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズが、0.04%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズ以上であってよい。
また、本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側最表面から膜厚に対して0.067%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上であることが好ましく、より好ましくは100nm以上300nm以下、さらに好ましくは110nm以上200nm以下である。
上記断面孔径は、好ましくは100nm以上300nm以下、さらに好ましくは120nm以上280nm以下、さらに好ましくは150nm以上250nm以下である。断面孔径が300nm以下であれば、実用上十分な阻止性能を有することができる。
また、本実施形態の多孔質膜は、被濾過液側最表面から膜厚に対して0.2%までの厚みにおける断面孔径が300nm以下であることが好ましく、より好ましくは100nm以上300nm以下、さらに好ましくは120nm以上280nm以下、さらに好ましくは150nm以上250nm以下である。
本発明者らは、膜全体の空孔率測定では差が検知できない極表層の空孔率を含む因子が濾過性能に影響を及ぼすことを見出した。具体的には、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率の該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合や、被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率と該被濾過液側表面の開孔率との積を制御することで濾過性能が向上することを見出した。
例えば、層(A)を、いわゆる阻止層とし、小さい表面孔径により被処理液(原水)中に含まれる異物の膜透過を阻止する機能を発揮させ、層(B)をいわゆる支持層とし、この支持層は高い機械的強度を担保すると共に、透水性をできるだけ低下させない機能を有するというような機能分担にする。層(A)と層(B)の機能の分担は前記に限定されるものではない。本実施形態の多孔質膜は、一方の表面のみが被濾過液側表面であってよい。
本実施形態の多孔質膜(好ましくは多孔性中空糸膜)の製造方法としては、熱可塑性樹脂、有機液体、無機微粉を含む溶融混練物を、円環状吐出口を有する紡糸口金から吐出して中空糸状溶融混練物を成形する工程と、中空糸状溶融混練物を凝固させた後、有機液体及び無機微粉を抽出除去して多孔質膜(好ましくは多孔性中空糸膜)を作製する工程を備える方法が好ましい。溶融混練物は、熱可塑性樹脂及び溶媒の二成分からなるものでもよく、熱可塑性樹脂、無機微粉及び溶媒の三成分からなるものであってもよい。
層(A)の溶融混錬物における熱可塑性樹脂の濃度は、10質量%以上35質量%以下が好ましく、更に好ましくは、12質量%以上35質量%未満である。10質量%以上であれば、表面の孔径と機械的強度を両立することができ、35質量%以下であれば、透水性能の低下が生じない。
なお、凝固後の中空糸膜に対し、(i)有機液体および無機微粉の抽出除去前、(ii)有機液体の抽出除去後で無機微粉の抽出除去前、(iii)無機微粉の抽出除去後で有機液体の抽出除去前、(iv)有機液体および無機微粉の抽出除去後、のいずれかの段階で、多孔性中空糸膜の長手方向への延伸を、延伸倍率3倍以内の範囲で行うことができる。一般に中空糸膜を長手方向に延伸すると透水性能は向上するが、耐圧性能(破裂強度および耐圧縮強度)が低下するため、延伸後は実用的な強度の膜にならない場合が多い。しかしながら、本実施形態の製造方法で得られる多孔性中空糸膜は機械的強度が高い。よって延伸倍率1.1倍以上3.0倍以内の延伸は実施可能である。延伸により、多孔性中空糸膜の透水性能が向上する。ここで言う延伸倍率とは、延伸後の中空糸長を延伸前の中空糸長で割った値を指す。例えば、中空糸長10cmの多孔性中空糸膜を、延伸して中空糸長を20cmまで伸ばした場合、下記式より、延伸倍率は2倍である。
20cm÷10cm=2
本発明においては、有機液状体及び無機微粉体の両方を含む中空糸膜を延伸することがより望ましい。
糸長収縮率={(延伸時最大糸長)-(収縮後糸長)}/[(延伸時最大糸長)-(元糸長)]=(20-14)/(20-10)=0.6
糸長収縮率は0.6となる。糸長収縮率が0.9以上の場合は透水性能が低くなり易く、0.3未満の場合は引っ張り弾性率が高くなり易いため好ましくない。本発明においては、糸長収縮率が0.50以上0.85以下の範囲内であることがより好ましい。
ここで、延伸倍率をX、延伸による糸長増分に対する糸長収縮率をYとしたとき、破断伸度の保障の程度を表す率Zは、以下の式で定義できる。
Z=(延伸時最大糸長-収縮後糸長)/収縮後糸長=(XY-Y)/(X+Y-XY)
Zは0.2以上1.5以下が好ましく、より好ましくは、Zは0.3以上1.0以下である。Zが小さすぎると破断伸度の保障が少なくなり、Zが大きすぎると延伸時の破断の可能性が高くなるわりに透水性能が低くなる。
高い中空糸膜からなる糸束は、空隙度が大きく外圧濾過でも中空糸膜間隙が保たれ、偏流が起こりにくい。
P=((σdm-σdp)2+(σpm-σpp)2+(σhm-σhp)2)0.5
[式中、σdm及びσdpは溶媒及びポリフッ化ビニリデンの分散力項をそれぞれ示し、σpm及びσppは溶媒及びポリフッ化ビニリデンの双極子結合力項をそれぞれ示し、σhm及びσhpは溶媒及びポリフッ化ビニリデンの水素結合項をそれぞれ示す。]
なお、上記の考え方はPVDFに限るものではない。
中空糸膜を膜長手方向に15cm間隔で垂直な向きにカミソリなどで薄く切り、顕微鏡を用いて断面の内径の長径と短径、外径の長径と短径を測定し、以下の式(2)、(3)により、それぞれ内径と外径を計算し、その計算した外径から内径を減算し、2で除した値を膜厚として計算した。20点測定し、その平均値を、その条件における内径、外径、膜厚とした。
中空糸膜を50質量%のエタノール水溶液中に30分間浸漬させた後、水中に30分間浸漬し、中空糸膜を湿潤化した。約10cm長の湿潤中空糸膜の一端を封止し、他端の中空部内へ注射針を入れ、注射針から0.1MPaの圧力にて25℃の純水を中空部内へ注入し、外表面へと透過してくる純水の透過水量を測定し、以下の式により純水透過流束を決定した。ここに膜有効長とは、注射針が挿入されている部分を除いた、正味の膜長を指す。また、測定数は10点とし、その平均値を各条件における純水透水率とした。
引張り、破断時の荷重と変位を以下の条件で測定した。
サンプル:(2)の方法で作製した湿潤中空糸膜
測定機器:インストロン型引張試験機(島津製作所製AGS-X)チャック間距離:5cm
引張り速度:20cm/分
以下の式により破断強度および破断伸度を決定した。
膜全体の空孔率は、以下の式より決定できる。
空孔率(膜全体)%=100×(湿潤膜重量[g]-乾燥膜重量[g])/水比重[g/cm3]/(膜体
積[cm3])
ここで、湿潤膜とは、孔内は純水が満たされているが、中空部内には純水が入っていない状態の膜を指す。具体的には、10~20cm長のサンプル膜をエタノール中に浸漬して孔内をエタノールで満たした後に純水浸漬を4~5回繰り返して孔内を充分に純水で置換し、かかる後に中空糸の一端を手で持って5回ほど良く振り、さらに他端に手を持ちかえてまた5回程よく振って中空部内の水を除去することで得ることができる。また、乾燥膜は、前記湿潤膜の重量測定後にオーブン中で例えば60℃で恒量になるまで乾燥させて得ることができる。
膜体積は、以下の式膜体積[cm3]=π×{(外径[cm]/2)^2-(内径[cm]/2)^2}×膜長[cm]
により求めることができる。膜1本では重量が小さすぎて重量測定の誤差が大きくなる場合は、複数本の膜を用いることができる。
HITACHI製電子顕微鏡SU8000シリーズを使用し、加速電圧3kVで膜の断面を観察する。本実施例および比較例では1000倍にて、層と層の境界近傍を撮影した。撮影した画像により、層と層の間に境界線が判別できる場合は、その境界線を層と層の境界とする。本実施例および比較例における多孔性中空糸膜においても、境界が判別できるため、その境界線を層と層の境界とした。
上記の電子顕微鏡により、中空糸膜の断面を撮影し、20個以上の孔の形状が確認できる写真を用いた。断面を全て観察するために、画像は複数枚となる。本実施例および比較例では5000倍で測定を行った。断面の電子顕微鏡サンプルは、エタノール中で凍結した膜サンプルを輪切りに割断して得た。
画像を、市販の画像解析ソフトWinroof6.1.3を用いて、図3Aに示すように、表面FAからの距離が等しい線L(すなわち同じ膜厚になる点を結んだ線)を、全膜厚を101等分する間隔で100本引き、図3Bに示すように、その線Lが画像中の空孔部hに相当する部分を横切る長さLhを測定した。その横切る長さLhの平均値を算術平均により算出して、各膜厚部における断面孔径を求めた。走査型電子顕微鏡写真の倍率が十分に高い場合は、表面FAからの距離が等しい線を直線で近似しても良い。求めた断面孔径の最大値を用いて、各膜厚部における断面孔径を規格化し、表面FAから、その規格化した値が0.7に最も近くなる点に初めて到達した点を、層の境界層とした。
三次元溶解度パラメータは以下の成書から引用した。Hansen, Charles (2007). Hansen Solubility Parameters: A user’s handbook, Second Edition. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press.(ISBN 978-0-8493-7248-3)
(4)と同様の電子顕微鏡にて、被濾過液側表面を撮影した。20個以上の孔の形状が確認できる倍率で撮影し、本実施例および比較例では10000倍で撮影を行った。
撮影した画像を用いて、例えば、国際公開第2001/53213号公報に記載されているように、画像のコピーの上に透明シートを重ね、黒いペン等を用いて孔部分を黒く塗り潰し、透明シートを白紙にコピーすることにより、孔部分は黒、非孔部分は白と明確に区別した。その後に市販の画像解析ソフトWinroof6.1.3を使い、判別分析法により二値化を行った。こうして得た二値化画像の占有面積を求めることにより、表面FA、表面FBの開孔率を求めた。
孔径は、表面に存在した各孔に対し、円相当径を算出し、孔径の大きい方から順に各孔の孔面積を足していき、その和が、各孔の孔面積の総和の50%に達するところの孔の孔径で決定した。
膜面擦過による透水性能劣化の程度を判断するための1指標である。エタノール浸漬した後数回純水浸漬を繰り返した湿潤中空糸膜(サンプル長さ:100mm)を金属板の上に並べ、微小な砂(粒径130μm:Fuji BrownFRR#120)を20質量%で水に懸濁させた懸濁水を、膜の上方70cmにセットしたノズルから0.1MPaの圧力で噴射し、膜外表面に懸濁水を吹き付けた。15分間吹き付けを行った後、膜を裏返してまた15分間の吹き付けを行った。吹き付けの前後で純水フラックスを測定し、下記式から耐膜面擦過率を求めた。
耐膜面擦過率[%]=100×(吹き付け後純水フラックス)/(吹き付け前純水フラックス)
多孔性中空糸膜を、糸長方向に直交する断面で円環状に裁断したのち、エポキシ樹脂に包埋した。トリミング後、試料断面にBIB加工を施して平滑断面を作製、導電処理し、検鏡試料を作製した。検鏡試料は、各試料とも裁断箇所1箇所について作製した。
HITACHI製電子顕微鏡SU7000を使用し、作製した検鏡試料の膜断面について電子顕微鏡(SEM)画像を取得した。画像の取得条件は以下の通りで、各検鏡試料について外表面部を含む視野を5視野撮像した。
画像取得条件
加速電圧:1kV
検出器:反射電子検出器
撮像倍率:5,0000倍(装置の表示倍率)
像解像度:2560×1920ピクセル
画像解析には、ImageJを用いた。初めに、Plugins-Bilateral Filter Fiji(spatial radius=3、range radius=50の条件で10回)を実施し、フィルター処理を施した。フィルター処理を行ったSEM画像に対して、Threshold処理(Image-Adjust-Treshold:最大エントロピー法(MaxEntropyを選択))を施すことにより、空孔部(包埋樹脂により空孔が包埋された部分)とポリマー骨格部に二値化した。
二値化した画像の上部を基準に、画像上部から最も近い膜部分のピクセルを膜厚0nmの地点とした。膜厚方向へ所定の厚み(例えば、厚み100nm、場合によっては厚み50nm)の領域を連続的に切りとり、各画像から、以下に示す手法により、空孔率、ポリマー骨格サイズ、断面孔径を算出した。ここで、例えば、0~300nmの領域の空孔率、ポリマー骨格サイズ、断面孔径については、それぞれ、連続的に切りとり上記算出を行った0~100nm、100~200nm、200~300nmの領域の空孔率、ポリマー骨格サイズ、断面孔径の相加平均値とした。また、例えば、0~1250nmの領域の空孔率、ポリマー骨格サイズ、断面孔径については、それぞれ、連続的に切りとり上記算出を行った0~50nm、50nm~100nm・・・1150nm~1200nm、1200nm~1250nmの領域の空孔率、ポリマー骨格サイズ、断面孔径の相加平均値とした。
なお、0~100nmの領域は、膜最表面の開孔部を含む画像のため、空孔率および断面孔径を算出する際、膜最表面を定義し、空孔のみの二値像から数値を算出する必要がある。空孔のみの二値像を得るために、今回は、Adobe社Photoshop Elements9の鉛筆ツールを用いて、手作業により、膜最表面の開孔部/包埋樹脂部の境界を決定後、包埋樹脂部を塗りつぶすことで、空孔のみの二値像を得た。具体的な作業例を図4に示した。ポリマー骨格が輝度255(白)、空孔と包埋樹脂が輝度0(黒)の画像に対し、膜最表面開孔部の両端をつなぐように、鉛筆ツールでラインを描画した。次いで、塗りつぶしツールを用いて、包埋樹脂部分を輝度0(黒)に塗りつぶすことで、0-100nmの領域における空孔のみの二値化像を得た。膜最表面開孔部両端の位置は、作業者が任意判断で決定した。
空孔率(%):空孔の二値像(空孔部が輝度0=黒)の画像に対し、Analyze-Analyze Particlesを適用し、Summary中の%areaの5視野の相加平均値を空孔率とした。Analyze Particlesの設定は以下の通りとした。
Size(Pixel^2):0-infinity
Circularity:0-1.00
Summarize:チェックボックスにチェックが入った状態
Exclude on edges:チェックボックスにチェックがない状態
Include Holes:チェックボックスにチェックがない状態
ポリマー骨格サイズ:膜の二値像(ポリマーに相当する部分が輝度0=黒の画像)に対し、ImageJのPlugins-BoneJ-Thicknessを適用し、LocalThickness画像を取得した。LocalThickness画像について、Analyze-Histogramを適用し、Localthicknessの数値詳細を取得した。取得した5視野のLocalthicknessの数値から、相加平均値を計算し、ポリマー骨格サイズと定義した。
断面孔径:孔の二値像(孔に相当する部分が輝度0=黒の画像)に対し、ImageJのPlugins-BoneJ-Thicknessを適用し、LocalThickness画像を取得した。LocalThickness画像について、Analyze-Histogramを適用し、Localthicknessの数値詳細を取得した。取得した5視野のLocalthicknessの数値から、相加平均値を計算し、断面孔径と定義した。
中空糸膜12を用いて図7に示すような濾過モジュール11を作成した。濾過モジュール11は、有効膜長さ1m、中空糸本数300本からなり、両末端の中空糸間をエポキシ系封止材13で封止されている。モジュールの上部端部は中空糸膜の中空部が開口しており、また下部端部は中空糸膜の中空部が封止されている。原水及びエアーの導入口14を経て、中空糸の外表面側より濁度2~4度の河川水を濾過し、上部端部の内表面側より濾過水を得た。設定Flux(設定Flux(m/日)は濾過流量(m3/日)を膜外表面積(m2)で割った値)を段階的に上げていき膜間差圧が急激に上昇し始める直前のFluxを限界Flux(m/日)とした。膜間差圧の急激な上昇は、50kPa/5日程度の上昇速度を目安に判断した。
熱可塑性樹脂としてフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー(クレハ社製KF-W#1000)、有機液体としてフタル酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル)(DEHP)(シージーエスター株式会社製)とフタル酸ジブチル(DBP)(シージーエスター株式会社製)との混合物、無機微粉として微粉シリカ(日本アエロジル株式会社製、商品名:AEROSIL-R972、1次粒子径が約16nm)を用い、中空糸成型用ノズルを用いて押出機による中空糸膜の溶融押出を行った。溶融混練物として組成がフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー:フタル酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル):フタル酸ジブチル:微粉シリカ=40.0:30.8:6.20:23.0(質量比)の溶融混練物を、中空部形成用流体として空気を用い、共に240℃の吐出温度にて、外径2.0mm、内径0.9mmの中空糸成形用ノズルから押し出した。
吐出温度240℃で押出した中空糸状溶融混練物は、設定温度240℃の高温容器を0.053秒通過し、高温容器区間も合わせて0.60秒の空中走行を経た後30℃の水を入れた凝固浴槽へ導いた。30m/分の速度で引き取り、ベルトに挟んで60m/分の速度で延伸させた後、140℃の熱風を当てながら45m/分の速度で収縮させ、かせに巻き取った。空走部の風速は、0.80m/秒とした。
得られた中空糸状物をイソプロピルアルコール中に浸漬させてフタル酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル)およびフタル酸ジブチルを抽出除去した後、乾燥させた。次いで、50質量%のエタノール水溶液中に30分間浸漬させた後、水中に30分間浸漬し、次いで、20質量%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液中に70℃にて1時間浸漬し、さらに水洗を繰り返して微粉シリカを抽出除去し、多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
得られた多孔性中空糸膜は、外表面(外径側表面)を被濾過液側表面とする多孔質膜である。
表1に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
図5は、得られた多孔性中空糸膜の被濾過液側近傍断面の電子顕微鏡写真である。
溶融混練物の組成をフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー:フタル酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル):フタル酸ジブチル:微粉シリカ=34.0:32.5:8.10:25.4(質量比)とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表1に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
空走部の高温容器通過時間を0.018秒とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表1に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
空走部の風速を1.8m/秒とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表1に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
有機液体としてアジピン酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル)(DOA)(東京化成工業株式会社製)とセバシン酸ジブチル(DBS)(富士フイルム和光純薬株式会社製)との混合物を用い、溶融混練物の組成をフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー:アジピン酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル):セバシン酸ジブチル:微粉シリカ=40.0:25.0:12.0:23.0(質量比)とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表1に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
外径を0.9mm、内径を0.6mmとした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表1に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
延伸、収縮工程を未実施であること以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表1に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
層(A)を中空糸膜の外表面側とし、層(B)を中空糸膜の内表面側とする、二層構造の多孔性中空糸膜を製造した。熱可塑性樹脂としてフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー、有機液体としてフタル酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル)とフタル酸ジブチルとの混合物、無機微粉として微粉シリカを用いた。層(A)の溶融混練物の組成をフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー:フタル酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル):フタル酸ジブチル:微粉シリカ=34.0:32.5:8.1:25.4(質量比)とし、層(B)の溶融混練物の組成をフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー:フタル酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル):フタル酸ジブチル:微粉シリカ=40.0:31.7:5.3:23.0(質量比)として、押出機2台による中空糸膜の溶融押出を行った。溶融混練物は、中空部形成用流体として空気を用い、250℃の吐出温度で3重環中空糸成形用ノズルから押出した。3重環中空糸成型用ノズルは最外径を2.0mm、最内径を0.9mmとし、層(A)と層(B)の溶融混練物吐出口の境界にあたる部分の径は1.8mmとした。溶融混練物の吐出後の工程は、実施例1と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
得られた多孔性中空糸膜は、外表面(外径側表面)を被濾過液側表面とする多孔質膜である。
表2に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
図6は、得られた多孔性中空糸膜の被濾過液側近傍断面の電子顕微鏡写真である。
層(A)の溶融混練物の組成をフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー:フタル酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル):フタル酸ジブチル:微粉シリカ=25.0:35.9:10.3:28.8(質量比)とした以外は、実施例8と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表2に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
層(A)の溶融混練物の組成をフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー:フタル酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル):フタル酸ジブチル:微粉シリカ=20.0:38.3:10.9:30.8(質量比)とし、空走時間を0.42秒とした以外は、実施例8と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表2に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
空走部の高温容器通過時間を0.018秒とした以外は実施例8と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表2に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
空走部の風速を1.8m/秒とした以外は実施例8と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表2に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
外径を0.9mm、内径を0.6mmとした以外は、実施例8と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表2に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
空走部の高温容器通過時間を0.012秒とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表1に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
空走部の風速を2.1m/秒とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表1に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
空走部の高温容器通過時間を0.012秒とした以外は実施例7と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表1に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
溶融混練物の組成をフッ化ビニリデンホモポリマー:フタル酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル):フタル酸ジブチル:微粉シリカ=34.0:32.5:8.10:25.4(質量比)とし、空走部の高温容器通過時間を0.012秒、空走部の風速を2.1m/秒とした以外は実施例1と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表1に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
空走部の高温容器通過時間を0.012秒とした以外は実施例8と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表2に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
空走部の風速を2.1m/秒とした以外は実施例8と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表2に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
空走部の高温容器通過時間を0.012秒とした以外は実施例10と同様の方法で多孔性中空糸膜を得た。
表2に、詳細な組成および条件を示す。
Claims (29)
- 被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率の、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が1.05以上であることを特徴とする、多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の開孔率が25%以上である、請求項1に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率が35%以上である、請求項1又は2に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の開孔率が35%以上である、請求項1~4いずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率の、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が0.7以上である、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率が20%以上である、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上である、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の開孔率が35%以上であり、該被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率が40%以上である、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける断面孔径が300nm以下である、請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記膜厚が100μm以上500μm以下である、請求項1~10のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記多孔質膜が中空糸膜であり、熱可塑性樹脂からなる、請求項1~11のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記熱可塑性樹脂が、主成分としてフッ素樹脂を含む、請求項12に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記フッ素樹脂が、フッ化ビニリデン樹脂(PVDF)、クロロトリフルオロエチレン樹脂、テトラフルオロエチレン樹脂、エチレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、エチレン-モノクロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン樹脂、及びこれら樹脂の混合物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つを含む、請求項13に記載の多孔質膜。
- 被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率と、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率との積が860%・%以上であることを特徴とする、多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率が35%以上である、請求項15に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の開孔率が25%以上である、請求項15又は16に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率の、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が1.05以上である、請求項15~17のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上である、請求項15~18のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率と、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率との積が1140%・%以上である請求項15~19のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率の、該被濾過液側表面の開孔率に対する割合が0.7以上である、請求項15~20のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおける空孔率が20%以上である、請求項15~21のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.04%までの厚みにおけるポリマー骨格サイズが100nm以上である、請求項15~22のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の開孔率が35%以上であり、該被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける空孔率が40%以上である、請求項15~23のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記被濾過液側表面の最表面から膜厚に対して0.12%までの厚みにおける断面孔径が300nm以下である、請求項15~24のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記膜厚が100μm以上500μm以下である、請求項15~25のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記多孔質膜が中空糸膜であり、熱可塑性樹脂からなる、請求項15~26のいずれか一項に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記熱可塑性樹脂が、主成分としてフッ素樹脂を含む、請求項27に記載の多孔質膜。
- 前記フッ素樹脂が、フッ化ビニリデン樹脂(PVDF)、クロロトリフルオロエチレン樹脂、テトラフルオロエチレン樹脂、エチレン-テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、エチレン-モノクロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン樹脂、及びこれら樹脂の混合物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つを含む、請求項28に記載の多孔質膜。
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