WO2022014543A1 - 不織布セパレータ - Google Patents
不織布セパレータ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022014543A1 WO2022014543A1 PCT/JP2021/026187 JP2021026187W WO2022014543A1 WO 2022014543 A1 WO2022014543 A1 WO 2022014543A1 JP 2021026187 W JP2021026187 W JP 2021026187W WO 2022014543 A1 WO2022014543 A1 WO 2022014543A1
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- nonwoven fabric
- layer
- fabric separator
- separator
- separator according
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/497—Ionic conductivity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/403—Manufacturing processes of separators, membranes or diaphragms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/24—Alkaline accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/411—Organic material
- H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
- H01M50/417—Polyolefins
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/44—Fibrous material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
- H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
- H01M50/457—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising three or more layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/491—Porosity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
- H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
- H01M50/494—Tensile strength
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nonwoven fabric separator.
- in-vehicle power devices that are required to be environmentally friendly are equipped with nickel-metal hydride batteries or lithium-ion batteries in addition to conventional lead-acid batteries, and have high performance such as high output and low resistance, as well as high reliability. Is required.
- a non-woven fabric, a microporous membrane, or the like has been widely used as a separator for a power storage device.
- the functions of the separator include having electrical insulation to prevent a short circuit due to physical contact between the electrodes and having appropriate strength.
- nickel hydrogen batteries, Nikado batteries, lead storage batteries, etc. use strongly basic or strongly acidic electrolytes as electrolytes, the separator must have chemical stability with respect to these electrolytes. , It is required to have excellent wettability and liquid retention property to the electrolytic solution, and not to significantly hinder the ion permeability between the electrodes.
- a non-woven fabric structure there is a trade-off relationship between electrical insulation (short-circuit resistance) and ion permeability, and the separator is required to have both of these characteristics.
- the separator for alkaline batteries a KOH aqueous solution is used as the electrolytic solution, and a polyolefin-based wet short fiber non-woven fabric is used as the separator.
- Patent Document 1 is composed of 40 to 70 mass% of high-strength composite adhesive fibers having a tensile strength of 5 cN / dtex or more and 30 to 60 mass% of ultrafine fibers having a fiber diameter of 2 to 5 ⁇ m, and the high-strength composite adhesive fibers are bonded to each other. It is a separator for alkaline batteries made of non-woven fabric that is three-dimensionally entwined with each other. The separator for alkaline batteries has a texture of more than 50 g / m 2 , a specific surface area of 0.70 m 2 / g or more, and a breaking strength of 150 N. A separator for an alkaline battery, characterized by having a size of / 5 cm or more, is described.
- Patent Document 2 describes a spunbonded polyolefin nonwoven fabric having a fiber diameter of 8 to 30 ⁇ m, a grain weight of 5 to 30 g / m 2 , and a tensile strength of 2 to 20 kg / 5 cm, and a fiber diameter of 6 to 20 ⁇ m and a grain weight of 5 to 5.
- a non-woven fabric laminate having (Ds / Dm) of 1.5 ⁇ (Ds / Dm) ⁇ 3 is described.
- Patent Document 1 defines the amount of ultrafine fibers, and states that ultrafine fibers make it easy to prevent short circuits due to dendrites.
- the technique described in Patent Document 1 has a structure in which ultrafine fibers and composite adhesive fibers are highly three-dimensionally entangled, and it is presumed that the ion permeability in the electrolytic solution decreases in the thickness direction of the separator. Will be done.
- Patent Document 2 defines the fiber diameter and basis weight of each layer, and teaches a non-woven fabric separator having high strength and excellent short-circuit suppression.
- attention is not paid to the behavior of the separator in the electrolytic solution. It is difficult to achieve both ion permeability and short-circuit resistance by simply adjusting the basis weight and fiber diameter.
- an object to be solved by one aspect of the present invention is to provide a nonwoven fabric separator having both excellent ion permeability and excellent short-circuit resistance.
- a non-woven fabric separator containing a polyolefin-based non-woven fabric which satisfies the permeability parameters of the following formulas (1) and (2).
- Pmax are parameters indicating permeability
- Pmax indicates the degree of attenuation of ultrasonic transmission when the nonwoven fabric separator is filled with water
- Tmax is until the nonwoven fabric separator is filled with water. Indicates the time.
- the nonwoven fabric separator has at least two layers including a nonwoven fabric layer (I layer) made of the ultrafine fibers and a nonwoven fabric layer (II layer) made of fibers having a fiber diameter of more than 5 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- thermocompression bonding area ratio is 20% or less.
- a nonwoven fabric separator having excellent ion permeability and excellent short resistance can be provided.
- the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment includes a polyolefin-based nonwoven fabric and satisfies the permeability parameters represented by the following formulas (1) and (2).
- the permeability parameter is a value indicating the permeability of the nonwoven fabric separator to water or the permeability of ions in a state where water has penetrated into the nonwoven fabric separator, and the transmission intensity of ultrasonic waves transmitted from the ultrasonic transmitter is the relevant value. It is obtained by measuring from the time when the target solution starts to permeate into the non-woven fabric separator.
- the ultrasonic transmission property changes depending on the state of liquid permeation into the nonwoven fabric separator, and the void air portion inside the nonwoven fabric separator is replaced with the liquid permeated from the surface to increase the density and improve the ultrasonic wave transmissibility.
- an ultrasonic transmissive value according to the material, structure, etc. of the nonwoven fabric separator itself is obtained, and this value is in the liquid. It can be an index showing the ion permeability of the non-woven fabric separator.
- of the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment is a value evaluated using water as a solution, and is 38.5 dB or less in one embodiment.
- of the present disclosure indicates the degree of attenuation of ultrasonic transmission when the nonwoven fabric separator is filled with water (that is, the water is completely permeated), and the ion permeability of the nonwoven fabric separator in the electrolytic solution. It is an index showing. The lower the
- is 38.5 dB in one embodiment, and preferably 38 dB or less, 35 dB or less, 30 dB or less, or 15 dB or less from the viewpoint of suppressing the resistance of the storage battery. can do.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but there is a trade-off relationship between the ion permeability of the nonwoven fabric separator and the short-circuit resistance, and from the viewpoint of obtaining the desired short-circuit resistance, substantially, for example, 1 dB or more, or 5 dB or more. , Or 10 dB or more.
- the permeability parameter Tmax of the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment is a value evaluated using water as a solution, and is 11.5 minutes or less in one embodiment.
- Tmax of the present disclosure indicates the time until the nonwoven fabric separator is filled with water (that is, until the water is completely permeated), and is an index indicating the affinity of the nonwoven fabric separator with the electrolytic solution. The smaller the Tmax, the higher the permeability of the nonwoven fabric separator to the electrolytic solution.
- Tmax is larger than 11.5 minutes, the affinity between the nonwoven fabric separator and the electrolytic solution is poor, the resistance value between the electrodes is high, and the capacity appearance rate of the storage battery is also low. A decrease in the capacity appearance rate is a fatal drawback of the storage battery.
- the upper limit of Tmax is preferably 11 minutes or less, 10 minutes or less, 5 minutes or less, or 1 minute or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but can be set to 0.3 seconds or more, which is the detection limit of the device.
- and Tmax vary depending on the structure of the nonwoven fabric separator and the affinity for the electrolytic solution.
- the structure of the nonwoven fabric separator when the nonwoven fabric separator has a fiber layer having a void structure linearly in the thickness direction, the values of the permeability parameters
- the void structure that is straight in the thickness direction is a void structure that allows ions to move in the thickness direction in the nonwoven fabric separator (this is shown as ultrasonic wave propagation in the measurement of the permeability parameter). Means.
- the void size between fibers and its distribution, and the diameter of the fibers themselves (that is, the diameter of the fibers themselves ( That is, the wraparound distance at the time of ion collision) and its distribution, the total thickness of the nonwoven fabric separator (that is, the moving distance of ions), and the like can be mentioned.
- the affinity of the nonwoven fabric separator with respect to the electrolytic solution when the nonwoven fabric separator has a fiber surface having a small difference in interface energy from the electrolytic solution, the permeability parameters
- the layer structure of the nonwoven fabric separator, the basis weight, the dispersed state of the fibers, the voids, the thickness, the fiber diameter, the collection method, the calendar method, the hydrophilization processing conditions, etc. are adjusted to control the void structure of the fiber layer.
- and Tmax can be adjusted within the scope of the present disclosure.
- the SP value (solubility parameter) or the like is used as a guide.
- the SP value can be adjusted by adjusting the treatment time, the treatment concentration, etc. at the time of the hydrophilization processing described later, and the permeability parameters
- the hydrophilization processing depth of the nonwoven fabric separator may be adjusted so that the hydrophilic treatment can be stably carried out for a long period of time and the damage to the nonwoven fabric separator is reduced.
- the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment includes a polyolefin-based nonwoven fabric (that is, a nonwoven fabric composed of a polyolefin-based resin).
- Polyolefin-based resins have higher chemical resistance (strong acid resistance and strong base resistance) at each stage than other materials, and have extremely high chemical stability in various electrolytic solutions. Therefore, a non-woven fabric separator made of a polyolefin fiber does not undergo a decomposition reaction even when used in a nickel-metal hydride battery or the like at a relatively high temperature as expected for in-vehicle use, and has strength as a non-woven fabric. No deterioration occurs.
- the non-woven fabric separator can maintain the separator structure in the storage battery for a long period of time, performance stability can be expected and cycle characteristics and the like can be improved.
- the polyolefin resin include homopolymers or copolymers of ⁇ -olefins such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-hexene, 4-methyl-1-pentene and 1-octene; high-pressure low-density polyethylene and wire.
- Low density polyethylene high density polyethylene
- polypropylene propylene homopolymer
- polypropylene random copolymer poly1-butene, poly4-methyl-1-pentene
- ethylene / propylene random copolymer ethylene / Examples thereof include 1-butene random copolymer, propylene / 1-butene random copolymer and the like, and polypropylene and polyethylene are preferable.
- two or more kinds of resins having different melting points can be used from the above-mentioned polyolefin resins. Two or more kinds of resins having different melting points may be contained in one fiber.
- a high-strength nonwoven fabric separator can be obtained by using a sheath core yarn composed of a core and a sheath and having a melting point of the thermoplastic resin of the sheath lower than the melting point of the thermoplastic resin of the core.
- the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment is preferably a long fiber nonwoven fabric separator (that is, a nonwoven fabric separator composed of continuous long fibers).
- the continuous length fiber means a fiber defined by JIS-L0222.
- Nonwoven fabrics made of short fibers tend to have low strength because the fibers are not continuous and the single yarn strength is low, and the non-woven fabric may be broken due to the process tension of each process. In addition, fibers may fall off in a processing process such as a slit, which may cause a defect.
- the non-woven fabric composed of continuous long fibers has extremely high strength, and since the strength is well maintained even in the electrolytic solution, it has excellent resistance to electrode burrs and movement of the electrode active material during an electric reaction. , Advantageous as a separator for storage batteries.
- the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment preferably has the lowest porosity of 20% or more, more preferably 30% or more, still more preferably 40% or more, and most preferably 50% or more in the porosity distribution in the thickness direction. be.
- the lowest porosity in the porosity distribution in the thickness direction is technically limited to 95%.
- the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment preferably contains ultrafine fibers having a fiber diameter of 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m.
- a non-woven fabric separator having excellent withstand voltage resistance can be obtained, and the short-circuit resistance most required as a separator can be exhibited.
- the ultrafine fibers can form an extremely dense layer, which is advantageous in the production of a low resistance nonwoven fabric separator.
- the fiber diameter is 5 ⁇ m or less, the fiber gap does not become too large, and a short circuit, which is a fatal defect as a storage area, can be prevented more reliably.
- the fiber diameter is 0.1 ⁇ m or more, the ion permeability in the electrolytic solution can be well maintained.
- the fiber diameter of the ultrafine fiber is more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m to 4.5 ⁇ m, and further preferably 0.3 ⁇ m to 4.0 ⁇ m.
- the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment has a nonwoven fabric layer (I layer) composed of ultrafine fibers having a fiber diameter of 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m and a nonwoven fabric layer (II layer) composed of fibers having a fiber diameter of more than 5 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m or less. ) And at least two layers are preferable.
- the nonwoven fabric layer (I layer) composed of ultrafine fibers having a fiber diameter of 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m is a functional layer
- the nonwoven fabric layer (II layer) composed of fibers having a fiber diameter of more than 5 ⁇ m and 30 ⁇ m or less is strong. It plays a role as a layer.
- the laminated nonwoven fabric having two or more layers in which the nonwoven fabric layer (I layer) and the nonwoven fabric layer (II layer) are combined, a denser and network-like nonwoven fabric structure is compared with the case where each layer is used alone as a separator. As a result, it becomes possible to form a space that is more uniform and can be filled with a large amount of electrolytic solution.
- the nonwoven fabric layer (I layer) is arranged in the gaps between the fibers constituting the nonwoven fabric layer (II layer), the fibers are arranged more uniformly.
- the nonwoven fabric separator having at least two layers as described above has a high separator strength because it has a strength layer II, which not only facilitates post-processing but also has very high productivity.
- a two-layer structure of I layer-II layer a three-layer structure of I layer-II layer-I layer, and a three-layer structure of II layer-I layer-II layer (that is, as an intermediate layer of two II layers).
- a three-layer structure in which the I layer is arranged), a four-layer structure of I layer-II layer-II layer, and the like are preferable.
- the three-layer structure of the two layers II and the I layer arranged between the II layers is particularly excellent in handleability because the outer layer of the nonwoven fabric separator is composed of a strength layer (that is, the II layer). preferable.
- each non-woven fabric layer used in this embodiment is not limited.
- the method for producing the nonwoven fabric layer (II layer) is preferably a spunbond method, a dry method, a wet method, or the like.
- the fibers constituting the nonwoven fabric layer (II layer) may be thermoplastic resin fibers or the like.
- the method for producing the nonwoven fabric layer (I layer) composed of ultrafine fibers is preferably a method such as a dry method or a wet method using ultrafine fibers, an electrospinning method, a melt-blowing method, or a force. Spinning etc.
- the nonwoven fabric layer (I layer) is particularly preferably a melt blown nonwoven fabric layer from the viewpoint that the nonwoven fabric layer composed of ultrafine fibers can be easily and densely formed. Further, the fiber may be used for producing a non-woven fabric after realizing splitting or fibrillation by beating, partial melting, or the like.
- a method for forming a laminated nonwoven fabric by laminating a plurality of layers having a nonwoven fabric layer (I layer) made of ultrafine fibers and a nonwoven fabric layer (II layer) made of thermoplastic resin fibers for example, heat is used.
- heat examples thereof include a method of unification by target bonding, a method of injecting a high-speed water stream to entangle three-dimensionally, a method of unifying with a particulate or fibrous adhesive, and the like.
- Examples of the method of integration by thermal coupling include integration by thermal embossing (thermal embossing roll method) and integration by high-temperature hot air (air-through method). Integration by thermal bonding is preferable from the viewpoint of maintaining the tensile strength and bending flexibility of the nonwoven fabric and maintaining heat stability.
- Integration by thermal bonding is also preferable in that a laminated nonwoven fabric having a plurality of nonwoven fabric layers can be formed without using a binder.
- the binder When a binder is used when the fibers are integrated to form a laminated nonwoven fabric, the binder may elute into the electrolytic solution. There is no problem if the binder does not participate in the electrode reaction and does not affect the battery performance, but depending on the binder, the electrode reaction may be affected and the desired capacity or voltage may not be obtained. Further, if the pore structure peculiar to the non-woven fabric is blocked by the binder, the holding effect of the electrolytic solution may be reduced. For the above reasons, a non-woven fabric that is integrated only by heat and does not use a binder is preferable. Further, from the viewpoint of rationality in the process of forming the laminated nonwoven fabric, integration by heat alone is preferable because the cost can be further reduced.
- Integration by thermal bonding can be realized by heat-bonding two or more non-woven fabric layers.
- the heat bonding step can be performed, for example, by joining using a flat roll at a temperature 50 to 120 ° C. lower than the melting point of the resin constituting the nonwoven fabric layer and at a linear pressure of 100 to 1000 N / cm.
- the linear pressure in the heat bonding step is 100 N / cm or more, good adhesion can be obtained and good strength can be exhibited.
- the linear pressure is 1000 N / cm or less, the deformation of the fiber does not increase and the decrease in the porosity due to the increase in the apparent density can be avoided, which is advantageous from the viewpoint of remarkably obtaining the advantages of the present embodiment.
- the most preferable method for forming the laminated nonwoven fabric according to the present embodiment is to sequentially produce a spunbonded nonwoven fabric layer, a melt blown nonwoven fabric layer and / or a spunbonded nonwoven fabric layer, laminate them, and emboss roll or a hot press roll. It is a method of crimping with. This method is preferable when it is intended to obtain a uniform nonwoven fabric with a low basis weight because a laminated nonwoven fabric can be formed from the same material and can be produced on a continuously integrated production line. Specifically, one or more spunbonded non-woven fabric layers are spun on a conveyor using a thermoplastic resin, and an ultrafine fiber having a fiber diameter of 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m is spun on the thermoplastic resin by a melt blow method.
- One or more non-woven fabric layers are sprayed, then one or more non-woven fabrics made of thermoplastic resin fibers using a thermoplastic resin are laminated, and then these layers are pressure-bonded using an embossed roll or a flat roll.
- a method of integrating with a non-woven fabric is preferable.
- the ultrafine fiber non-woven fabric layer (I layer) by the melt blown method is directly sprayed onto the non-woven fabric layer (II layer) composed of the thermoplastic resin fiber, so that the ultrafine fibers by the melt blown method are sprayed directly.
- the non-woven fabric layer (I layer) can be penetrated into the non-woven fabric layer (II layer) composed of thermoplastic resin fibers.
- the ultrafine fibers produced by the melt blown method invade and are fixed in the nonwoven fabric layer (II layer) composed of the thermoplastic resin fibers, which not only improves the strength of the laminated nonwoven fabric structure itself.
- the extrafine fiber nonwoven fabric layer (I layer) is less likely to move due to an external force
- the voids in the nonwoven fabric layer (II layer) composed of the thermoplastic resin fiber can be made uniform by the ultrafine fiber layer. This facilitates securing an appropriate interfiber distance and forming a laminated nonwoven fabric having an appropriate pore size distribution. That is, according to the above method, in the laminated nonwoven fabric, a part of the I layer penetrates into the II layer and the continuous I layer can be maintained, so that the electrolytic solution is retained or ion permeates in the plane of the nonwoven fabric. Sex becomes smooth.
- the suction wind speed is preferably 10 m / sec to 43 m / sec, and more preferably 13 m / sec to 21 m / sec.
- the ratio ((i) / (ii) of the nonwoven fabric layer (I layer) marking (i) to the nonwoven fabric layer (II layer) marking (ii) in the laminated nonwoven fabric. )) Is not limited to the following, but is preferably 1/20 to 2/1 in order to give good strength to the nonwoven fabric separator and to form a dense structure with small fiber gaps.
- the value of the above ratio is 1/20 or more, the relative basis weight of the I layer is not too small, so that the I layer is likely to be formed without unevenness in the surface direction of the nonwoven fabric.
- the basis weight (i) is the total basis weight when two or more layers of I are present in the nonwoven fabric separator, and the basis weight (ii) is the total basis weight of two or more layers II in the nonwoven fabric separator. If so, it is the total basis weight of them. Further, when it is difficult to measure the basis weight of each layer, it can be calculated with reference to the discharge amount of each layer at the time of manufacturing the nonwoven fabric separator.
- the basis weight (i) of the I layer in the nonwoven fabric separator is preferably 0.8 to 45 g / m 2 , or 1 to 40 g / m 2 , or 2 to 30 g / m 2 . In one embodiment, the basis weight (ii) of the II layer in the nonwoven fabric separator is preferably 5 to 65 g / m 2 , or 7 to 60 g / m 2 , or 10 to 55 g / m 2 .
- the average flow rate hole diameter of the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m.
- the average flow rate hole diameter is 50 ⁇ m or less, internal short circuits are unlikely to occur between the electrodes, and the characteristics as a battery are good.
- the average flow rate hole diameter is 0.1 ⁇ m or more, the ion permeability between the electrodes does not become too low, and the resistance value as a separator can be maintained low.
- the average flow rate hole diameter of the nonwoven fabric separator is more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m to 40 ⁇ m, and further preferably 0.5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the bubble point corresponding to this is preferably 5 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment is preferably 30 to 300 ⁇ m, and the basis weight is preferably 10 to 100 g / m 2 .
- the thickness is 300 ⁇ m or less, the distance between the electrodes does not become too large, and the resistance can be kept low. Further, when the thickness is 300 ⁇ m or less, the thickness per cell does not become too large, and as a result, the number of cells that can be mounted on the entire storage battery can be increased to increase the capacity.
- the thickness is 30 ⁇ m or more, the resistance to the active material motion during the electrode reaction is good and short circuit is unlikely to occur. From the above viewpoint, the thickness is more preferably 40 to 250 ⁇ m, further preferably 50 to 200 ⁇ m.
- the basis weight is 100 g / m 2 or less, it is easy to set the thickness of the entire nonwoven fabric separator within a preferable range.
- the basis weight is 10 g / m 2 or more, the strength of the nonwoven fabric separator is good, and it is possible to have good strength even when the electrode is held in a bag shape by, for example, the nonwoven fabric separator.
- the basis weight is more preferably 15 to 80 g / m 2 , and even more preferably 20 to 60 g / m 2 .
- the porosity of the nonwoven fabric separator of this embodiment is preferably 30 to 95%. When the porosity of the nonwoven fabric separator is within this range, it is preferable from the viewpoint of permeability of the electrolytic solution, ion permeability, liquid retention amount, cycle life, and prevention of short circuit.
- the porosity of the nonwoven fabric separator can be, for example, 40 to 90%, 45 to 85%, or 50 to 80%.
- the ventilation resistance of the nonwoven fabric separator of this embodiment is preferably 0.1 to 15 kPa ⁇ sec / m.
- the aeration resistance is 15 kPa ⁇ sec / m or less, it is possible to maintain low resistance without impairing ion permeability. If the air permeation resistance is 0.1 kPa ⁇ sec / m or more, a slight short circuit can be suppressed.
- the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment preferably has a tensile strength of 15 to 300 N / 50 mm from the viewpoint of handleability, reduction of defect rate, and the like. If the tensile strength is 300 N / 50 mm or less, the handling is good. When the tensile strength is 15 N / 50 mm or more, breakage does not easily occur when the electrode is inserted, and the resistance to process tension in each process is good. The tensile strength is more preferably 30 to 300 N / 50 mm.
- the nonwoven fabric separator of this embodiment preferably has a hydrophilic functional group.
- the hydrophilic functional group can be imparted, for example, by a method of hydrophilizing a non-woven fabric.
- the presence of the hydrophilic functional group facilitates holding the electrolytic solution in the void portion of the nonwoven fabric separator, so that the permeability parameter
- a non-woven fabric separator having a hydrophilic functional group can provide a separator for a storage battery excellent in ion permeability and liquid retention property of an electrolytic solution, and the storage battery obtained by using the non-woven fabric separator has excellent battery performance. obtain.
- the method of hydrophilization includes a physical processing method, for example, hydrophilization by corona treatment or plasma treatment; a chemical processing method, for example, introduction of a hydrophilic functional group, for example, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group by oxidation treatment or the like. Introducing acid groups and the like; water-soluble polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polystyrene sulfonic acid, or polyglutamic acid, and / or surfactants such as nonionic surfactants, anionic surfactants. , Processing with a treatment agent such as a cationic surfactant or an amphoteric surfactant; can be adopted.
- a physical processing method for example, hydrophilization by corona treatment or plasma treatment
- a chemical processing method for example, introduction of a hydrophilic functional group, for example, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group by oxidation treatment or the like.
- Introducing acid groups and the like water
- a person skilled in the art can select an appropriate hydrophilization processing method and conditions, for example, the amount of the treatment agent used and the amount of the hydrophilic functional group introduced, in consideration of the affinity with the electrolytic solution.
- the hydrophilization process is particularly preferably the introduction of a hydrophilic functional group by a sulfonation process.
- any known treatment method such as hot concentrated sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, or a method using SO 3 gas can be preferably used.
- the compressibility of the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment is preferably 35% or more, 38% or more, or 40 from the viewpoint of improving the adhesion between the electrode surface and the nonwoven fabric separator and keeping the resistance value at the interface low. % Or more. From the viewpoint of handling, the compression ratio may be 90% or less, 85% or less, or 80% or less in one embodiment.
- the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment is integrated by thermal bonding.
- the nonwoven fabric can be satisfactorily formed by thermally adhering the fibers constituting the nonwoven fabric layer to each other by calendar processing.
- the calendering process include a method of crimping the non-woven fabric layer with a thermal roll. Since this method can be carried out on a continuously integrated production line, it is suitable for the purpose of obtaining a uniform non-woven fabric with a low basis weight.
- the heat bonding step can be performed, for example, at a temperature 50 ° C. to 120 ° C. lower than the melting point of the thermoplastic resin constituting the nonwoven fabric, and a linear pressure of 100 to 1000 N / cm.
- the thermal roll used in the calendering process may be a roll having an uneven surface such as an embossed or satin pattern, or a smooth flat roll.
- the surface pattern of the roll having an uneven surface is not limited as long as the fibers can be bonded to each other by heat, such as an embossed pattern, a satin pattern, a rectangular pattern, and a line pattern.
- thermocompression bonding area ratio of the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment is preferably 20% or less, 15% or less, or 5% or less, most preferably, from the viewpoint of improving the ion permeability and lowering the resistance value of the storage battery. It is 0%. In one embodiment, the thermocompression bonding area ratio may be 1% or more, 2% or more, or 3% or more.
- the light transmittance of the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment is preferably 70% or more, 75% or more, or 80% or more from the viewpoint of increasing the ion transmittance and obtaining a high capacity. From the viewpoint of ease of manufacturing the nonwoven fabric separator, the light transmittance may be 99% or less, 97% or less, or 95% or less in one embodiment.
- the storage battery equipped with the nonwoven fabric separator of the present embodiment may be any storage battery as long as it uses an electrolytic solution.
- Examples of the battery using the electrolytic solution include a lead storage battery, an alkaline battery (Nikado battery, a nickel hydrogen battery), a lithium ion battery, an electrolytic capacitor, an electric double layer capacitor, and the like.
- Alkaline batteries are particularly preferable.
- Alkaline batteries use an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide as an electrolytic solution, and a non-woven fabric separator made of an olefin-based resin having chemical stability is suitable.
- the length direction of the nonwoven fabric is the MD direction (machine direction), and the width direction is the direction perpendicular to the length direction.
- Grating (g / m 2 ), Grating (i) / Grating (ii) ratio According to the method specified in JIS L-1906, test pieces of 20 cm in length ⁇ 25 cm in width were placed at 3 locations per 1 m in the width direction of the sample. The mass was measured by collecting 9 points per 1 m ⁇ 1 m in total at 3 points per 1 m in the length direction, and the average value was converted into the mass per unit area to obtain the index. The basis weight (i) / basis weight (ii) ratio was calculated from the total basis weight of the actual measurement based on the discharge amount ratio of each layer at the time of manufacturing the nonwoven fabric.
- Thickness ( ⁇ m) According to the method specified in JIS L-1906, the thickness of 10 points per 1 m of the width of the test piece was measured, and the average value was obtained. The thickness was measured under the condition of a load of 9.8 kPa.
- Porosity ⁇ 1- (apparent density) / (resin density) ⁇ / 100 The porosity was calculated.
- the resin density values are 0.94 (for polypropylene (PP) fibers), 0.94 (for polypropylene / polyethylene (PP / PE) core-sheath fibers), and 1.13 (for nylon (Ny) fibers). Were used respectively.
- the non-woven fabric separator was cut into 10 cm ⁇ 10 cm, sandwiched between iron plates at 60 ° C. from above and below, pressed at a pressure of 0.30 MPa for 90 seconds, and then platinum was vapor-deposited. Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JSM-6510, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.), a non-woven fabric separator vapor-deposited with platinum was photographed under the conditions of an acceleration voltage of 15 kV and a working distance of 21 mm.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the imaging magnification was 10,000 times for threads having an average fiber diameter of less than 0.5 ⁇ m, 6000 times for threads having an average fiber diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and less than 1.5 ⁇ m, and 4000 times for threads having an average fiber diameter of 1.5 ⁇ m or more.
- the field of view at each shooting magnification was 12.7 ⁇ m ⁇ 9.3 ⁇ m at 10000 times, 21.1 ⁇ m ⁇ 15.9 ⁇ m at 6000 times, and 31.7 ⁇ m ⁇ 23.9 ⁇ m at 4000 times. More than 100 fibers were randomly photographed, and the diameters of all the fibers were measured. However, the fibers fused in the yarn length direction were excluded from the measurement targets.
- Opening diameter distribution (average flow rate hole diameter and maximum hole diameter)
- a palm poromometer (model: CFP-1200AEX) manufactured by PMI was used.
- Sylwick manufactured by PMI was used for the immersion liquid, and the sample was immersed in the immersion liquid to sufficiently degas, and then the measurement was performed.
- the filter is used as a sample, the filter is immersed in a liquid whose surface tension is known in advance, and pressure is applied to the filter from the state where all the pores of the filter are covered with the liquid film, and the pressure at which the liquid film is destroyed is applied. And the pore size of the pores calculated from the surface tension of the liquid is measured.
- the cumulative filter flow rate (unit:%).
- the pore diameter of the liquid film that is destroyed by the pressure at which the cumulative filter flow rate becomes 50% is called the average flow rate pore diameter.
- the maximum pore size of the nonwoven fabric separator of the present disclosure is a liquid that is destroyed by measuring the nonwoven fabric separator as the above filter sample and having a cumulative filter flow rate in the range of -2 ⁇ , that is, a pressure at which the cumulative filter flow rate is 2.3%.
- the pore size of the membrane was used. Three points were measured for each sample by the above measurement method, and the average flow rate hole diameter and the minimum hole diameter and the maximum hole diameter were calculated as the average value.
- Ventilation resistance (kPa ⁇ s / m) Using a KES-F8-AP1 ventilation resistance tester manufactured by Kato Tech Co., Ltd., the ventilation resistance (kPa ⁇ s / m) was measured from the differential pressure at a breathability of 4 cm 3 / cm 2 ⁇ s.
- Dynamic permeability evaluation (permeability parameter) Permeability parameters were calculated using a dynamic permeability tester (DPM30) manufactured by Emco.
- the ultrasonic frequency is 2 MHz
- the permeation solution is ion-exchanged water
- the water temperature is 25 ° C
- the attenuation of the ultrasonic transmission intensity is measured from the contact start time
- the attenuation when the water completely permeates is Pmax.
- the time required was calculated as Tmax.
- Tmax When the ultrasonic transmission intensity when t (min) has elapsed from the time when the nonwoven fabric separator comes into contact with water is P (t) and the degree of attenuation is
- thermocompression bonding area ratio Any 20 places of the nonwoven fabric separator were cut into 30 mm squares, and a 50-fold morphological image was taken by SEM. After printing the photographed image on A4 size, the area of the portion where the form as the crimping portion was visually recognized was obtained and the crimping area ratio was calculated.
- the lowest porosity (%) in the porosity distribution in the thickness direction A test piece having an MD direction of 5 mm and a CD direction of 5 mm was arbitrarily cut, and the field of view at the time of image analysis was about 0.65 mm ⁇ 0.65 mm, and the thickness of the test piece was measured so as to be within the field of view.
- a high-resolution 3DX-ray microscope nano3DX manufactured by Rigaku Co., Ltd. was used as the measuring device, and CT measurement was performed using low-energy, high-intensity X-rays that can obtain contrast even with light elements. The detailed conditions are shown below.
- X-ray target Cu X-ray tube voltage: 40 kV X-ray tube current: 30mA Lens: 0.27 ⁇ m / pix Binning: 2 Rotation angle: 180 ° Number of projections: 1000 sheets Exposure time: 10 seconds / sheet Spatial resolution: 0.54 ⁇ m / pix
- noise is removed by the Median Filter
- binarization is performed by the Otsu method
- the region is divided into fibers and space
- the void ratio at each position in the thickness direction is calculated by the following equation. Calculated in.
- Porosity number of pixels in space ⁇ (number of pixels in fiber + number of pixels in space) x 100 After that, the lowest porosity in the thickness direction was defined as the lowest porosity in the porosity distribution in the thickness direction.
- Electrode group Between the paste-like nickel positive electrode (40 mm width) using a foamed nickel base material as the current collector of the battery and the paste-like hydrogen storage alloy negative electrode (40 mm), the non-woven separators of Examples and Comparative Examples described below are placed. An electrode pair was prepared by interposing them, and a plurality of electrode pairs were laminated by interposing a non-woven separator to prepare an electrode group.
- the electrode group prepared as described above was housed in a cylindrical outer can, and an electrolytic solution (10% KOH aqueous solution) was injected.
- a cylindrical nickel-metal hydride battery was produced by sealing the outer can (capacity: 1.7 Ah).
- the battery was charged at 25 ° C. at 0.1 C for 15 minutes, and the charging was repeated 5 times until the final voltage reached 0.8 V.
- a non-woven fabric layer (II layer) having a fiber diameter of 15 ⁇ m composed of thermoplastic resin fibers was formed. Specifically, polypropylene is discharged from a spunbond spinneret (V-shaped nozzle) at a spinning temperature of 220 ° C., and the yarn is cooled symmetrically from both sides by a cooling device directly under the spinneret (both wind speeds are 0.5 m). / S), continuous long fibers were obtained by pulling with a draw jet, and the fibers were spread and dispersed in a web conveyor shape to form a web on a collection net.
- spunbond spinneret V-shaped nozzle
- a polypropylene (PP) solution was used as the ultrafine fibrous nonwoven fabric layer (I layer), spun by the melt blown method under the condition of a spinning temperature of 220 ° C., and sprayed onto the above-mentioned thermoplastic resin long fiber web. ..
- the distance from the melt blown nozzle to the thermoplastic resin long fiber web was set to 300 mm
- the suction force on the collection surface directly under the melt blown nozzle was set to 0.2 kPa
- the wind speed was set to 7 m / sec.
- a continuous long fiber nonwoven fabric (15 ⁇ m) produced by the same spunbond method as described above was laminated thereto to obtain a nonwoven fabric having a II layer-I layer-II layer laminated structure. Further, the thickness and the apparent density were adjusted so as to be integrated with a calendar roll and to have a desired thickness. Finally, the obtained non-woven fabric was subjected to hydrophilic treatment by sulfonation treatment to obtain a non-woven fabric separator.
- the suction wind speed on the collection net at the time of I layer collection was 13 m / sec in Examples 1 to 5, 10 to 15, 17 to 22, 10 m / sec in Example 24, and 21 m / sec in Example 25. And, in Example 26, it was adjusted to 43 m / sec.
- Example 6 A non-woven fabric layer (II layer) having a fiber diameter of 15 ⁇ m composed of thermoplastic resin fibers was formed. Specifically, polypropylene is discharged from a spunbond spinneret (V-shaped nozzle) at a spinning temperature of 220 ° C., and the yarn is cooled symmetrically from both sides by a cooling device directly under the spinneret (both wind speeds are 0.5 m). / S), continuous long fibers were obtained by pulling with a draw jet, and the fibers were spread and dispersed in a web conveyor shape to form a web on a collection net.
- spunbond spinneret V-shaped nozzle
- a polypropylene (PP) solution was used as the ultrafine fibrous nonwoven fabric layer (I layer), and the spinning was performed by the melt blown method under the condition of a spinning temperature of 220 ° C., and the suction wind speed on the collection net was set to 13 m / sec.
- a non-woven fabric having a layer II-I layer laminated structure was obtained by spraying on a thermoplastic resin long fiber web. After that, the non-woven fabric separator was obtained by performing calendar processing and sulfonation treatment in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 7 Using a polypropylene (PP) solution, spinning by a melt blown method under a spinning temperature of 220 ° C., the suction air velocity on the collecting net was set to 13 m / sec, and the web was formed by blowing onto the collecting net. A non-woven fabric having an I-layer single-layer structure was obtained. After that, the non-woven fabric separator was obtained by performing calendar processing and sulfonation treatment in the same manner as in Example 1.
- PP polypropylene
- Example 8 The web was laminated directly on the continuous long fiber nonwoven fabric produced by the spunbond method in the same manner as in Example 1 by the same melt blown method as in Example 1 to form a II layer-I layer structure. Further, the web was laminated on it by the melt blown method and the spunbond method to form a II layer-I layer-I layer laminated structure. After that, the non-woven fabric separator was obtained by performing calendar processing and sulfonation treatment in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 9 A non-woven fabric separator was obtained by sulfonate-treating a short fiber non-woven fabric made of polypropylene resin and having a fiber diameter of 3.3 ⁇ m.
- Example 16 After producing a nonwoven fabric in the same manner as in Example 1, a hydrophilic treatment was applied by applying a surfactant to obtain a nonwoven fabric separator. Sodium dialkylsulfosuccinate was used as the surfactant, and the coating amount was 0.1% with respect to the weight of the non-woven fabric.
- Example 23 Continuous long fibers having a PE / PP sheath core structure with a fiber diameter of 16 ⁇ m were collected on a net by a spunbond method to obtain a continuous long fiber non-woven fabric. After that, by laminating an ultrafine polypropylene non-woven fabric by the melt blow method as in Example 1 and a continuous long fiber non-woven fabric having a PE / PP sheath core structure as described above, a laminated non-woven fabric having a layer II-I layer-II layer laminated structure. Got After that, the non-woven fabric separator was obtained by performing calendar processing and sulfonation treatment in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 2 A non-woven fabric separator was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the suction wind speed on the collection net at the time of forming the I layer was set to 5 m / sec.
- the non-woven fabric separator of the present invention has an optimized material and a highly controlled structure, and thus, in one aspect, has excellent ion permeability, liquid retention, electrical insulation and chemical stability. It is possible to have it, and it is also excellent in processing suitability in a battery.
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Abstract
Description
[1]ポリオレフィン系不織布を含む不織布セパレータであって、下記式(1)及び(2)の浸透性パラメータを満たす、不織布セパレータ。
|Pmax|≦38.5dB ...(1)
Tmax≦11.5分 ...(2)
{式中、Pmax及びTmaxはともに浸透性を示すパラメータであり、Pmaxは不織布セパレータに水が満たされた状態での超音波伝達の減衰度を示し、Tmaxは不織布セパレータに水が満たされるまでの時間を示す。}
[2]前記不織布セパレータが、長繊維不織布セパレータである、[1]に記載の不織布セパレータ。
[3]前記不織布セパレータが、繊維径0.1μm~5μmを有する極細繊維を含む、[1]又は[2]に記載の不織布セパレータ。
[4]前記不織布セパレータが、前記極細繊維で構成される不織布層(I層)と、繊維径5μm超30μm以下を有する繊維で構成されている不織布層(II層)とを含む、少なくとも2層で構成されている、[3]に記載の不織布セパレータ。
[5]前記不織布セパレータが、2層の前記II層と、前記II層の間に配置された前記I層との3層で構成されている、[4]に記載の不織布セパレータ。
[6]前記I層が、メルトブロウン不織布層である、[4]又は[5]に記載の不織布セパレータ。
[7]前記I層の目付け(i)の前記II層の目付け(ii)に対する比(i)/(ii)が、1/20~2/1である、[4]~[6]のいずれかに記載の不織布セパレータ。
[8]平均流量孔径が0.1μm~50μmであり、バブルポイントが5μm~100μmである、[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の不織布セパレータ。
[9]通気抵抗が0.1kPa・s/m~15kPa・s/mである、[1]~[8]のいずれかに記載の不織布セパレータ。
[10]空隙率が30%~95%である、[1]~[9]のいずれかに記載の不織布セパレータ。
[11]引張強度が15N/50mm~300N/50mmである、[1]~[10]のいずれかに記載の不織布セパレータ。
[12]親水性官能基を有する、[1]~[11]のいずれかに記載の不織布セパレータ。
[13]熱圧着面積率が20%以下である、[1]~[12]のいずれかに記載の不織布セパレータ。
[14]圧縮率が35%以上である、[1]~[13]のいずれかに記載の不織布セパレータ。
[15]光透過率が70%以上である、[1]~[14]のいずれかに記載の不織布セパレータ。
[16]厚み方向の空隙率分布における最も低い空隙率が20%以上である、[1]~[15]のいずれかに記載の不織布セパレータ。
|Pmax|≦38.5dB ...(1)
Tmax≦11.5分 ...(2)
一態様において、不織布セパレータ中のI層の目付け(i)は、好ましくは、0.8~45g/m2、又は1~40g/m2、又は2~30g/m2である。
一態様において、不織布セパレータ中のII層の目付け(ii)は、好ましくは、5~65g/m2、又は7~60g/m2、又は10~55g/m2である。
JIS L-1906に規定の方法に従い、縦20cm×横25cmの試験片を、試料の幅方向1m当たり3箇所、長さ方向1m当たり3箇所の、計1m×1m当たり9箇所採取して質量を測定し、その平均値を単位面積当たりの質量に換算して目付けを求めた。また、目付け(i)/目付け(ii)比は、不織布製造時の各層の吐出量比率をもとに実測の総目付けから算出した。
JIS L-1906に規定の方法に従い、試験片の幅1m当たり10箇所の厚みを測定し、その平均値を求めた。荷重9.8kPaの条件下で厚みの測定を行った。
上記(1)にて測定した目付け(g/m2)、及び上記(2)にて測定した厚み(mm)を用い、単位を調整して以下の式:
見掛け密度=(目付け)/(厚み)
により見掛け密度を算出した。
上記(3)にて計算した見掛け密度(g/cm3)を用いて、以下の式:
空隙率={1-(見掛け密度)/(樹脂密度)}/100
より空隙率を算出した。なお樹脂密度の値としては、0.94(ポリプロピレン(PP)繊維について)、0.94(ポリプロピレン/ポリエチレン(PP/PE)芯鞘繊維について)、及び1.13(ナイロン(Ny)繊維について)をそれぞれ用いた。
不織布セパレータを10cm×10cmにカットし、上下から60℃の鉄板で挟み0.30MPaの圧力で90秒間プレスした後、白金を蒸着した。走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)(JSM-6510 日本電子株式会社製)を用いて、加速電圧15kV、ワーキングディスタンス21mmの条件で、白金が蒸着された不織布セパレータを撮影した。撮影倍率は、平均繊維径が0.5μm未満の糸は10000倍、平均繊維径が0.5μm以上1.5μm未満の糸は6000倍、1.5μm以上の糸は4000倍とした。それぞれの撮影倍率での撮影視野は、10000倍では12.7μm×9.3μm、6000倍では21.1μm×15.9μm、4000倍では31.7μm×23.9μmとした。ランダムに繊維100本以上を撮影し、全ての繊維径を測長した。ただし、糸長方向で融着している繊維同士は測定対象から除いた。以下の式:
Dw=ΣWi・Di=Σ(Ni・Di2)/(Ni・Di)
{式中、Wi=繊維径Diの重量分率=Ni・Di/ΣNi・Diであり、Niは繊維径がDiである糸の本数である。}
により求められる重量平均繊維径(Dw)を、繊維径(μm)とした。
PMI社のパームポロメーター(型式:CFP-1200AEX)を用いた。測定には浸液にPMI社製のシルウィックを用い、試料を浸液に浸して充分に脱気した後、測定を行なった。
d=C・r/P
(式中、d(単位:μm)はフィルターの孔径、r(単位:N/m)は液体の表面張力、P(単位:Pa)はその孔径の液膜が破壊される圧力、かつCは定数である。)
カトーテック株式会社製KES-F8-AP1通気抵抗試験機を用いて、通気度4cm3/cm2・sにおける差圧より、通気抵抗(kPa・s/m)を測定した。
JISL1913に基づき測定した。具体的には、試料(不織布セパレータ)の各端部10cmを除き、幅50mm×長さ20cmの試験片を、1m幅につき5箇所切り取った。試験片が破断するまで荷重を加え、MD方向の試験片の最大荷重時の強さの平均値を求めた。
Emco社製動的浸透性テスター(DPM30)を用いて、浸透性パラメータを算出した。超音波周波数は2MHz、浸透溶液はイオン交換水、水温は25℃として、超音波伝達強度の減衰度を接触開始時間より計測し、完全に水が浸透したときの減衰度をPmax、それまでに要した時間をTmaxとして算出した。尚、不織布セパレータが水に接触した時点からt(min)経過したときの超音波伝達強度をP(t)、減衰度を|P(t)|としたとき、以下の式を初めて満たすtをTmaxとした。
不織布セパレータの任意の20か所を30mm角に裁断し、SEMにて50倍の形態画像を撮影した。撮影した画像をA4サイズに印刷した後、圧着部としての形態が視認された部分の面積を求め圧着面積率を算出した。
JIS―L1913(圧縮率)に基づき、以下の式より圧縮率を算出した。
圧縮率(%)=(To-T1)/To
To:初荷重(50gf/cm2)を加えたときの厚み(mm)
T1:最終荷重(300gf/cm2)を加えたときの厚み(mm)
画像解析型地合計、測定装置型式:FMT-MIII 野村商事株式会社製を用いた。試料(不織布セパレータ)をセットしない状態で、光源点灯時/消灯時の透過光量をCCDカメラでそれぞれ測定した。続いて、A4サイズにカットした不織布セパレータをセットした状態で同様に透過光量を測定し、平均透過率を算出した。外的要因を排除するための校正に関しては、二段測定法を採用した。
MD方向5mm×CD方向5mmの試験片を任意にカットし、画像解析時の視野約0.65mm×0.65mmで、試験片の厚みがすべて視野内に入るように測定した。測定装置は高分解能3DX線顕微鏡nano3DX(株式会社リガク製)を用い、軽元素でもコントラストが得られる低エネルギー高輝度X線によるCT測定で行った。詳細な条件を以下に示す。
X線ターゲット:Cu
X線管電圧:40kV
X線管電流:30mA
レンズ:0.27μm/pix
ビニング:2
回転角度:180°
投影数:1000枚
露光時間:10秒/枚
空間解像度:0.54μm/pix
得られたX線CTの画像データをもとに、Median Filterによりノイズ除去し、Otsu法により二値化を行い、繊維と空間に領域分割し、厚み方向の各位置での空隙率を次式で算出した。
空隙率=空間の画素数÷(繊維の画素数+空間の画素数)×100
その後、厚み方向で最も低い空隙率を厚み方向の空隙率分布における最も低い空隙率とした。
40質量%KOH水溶液に浸漬された、約2mmの間隔で平行する白金電極(白金黒付けした直径20mmの円板形状の電極)の間に不織布セパレータを挿入し、この挿入に伴う電極間の電気抵抗の増加を不織布セパレータの電気抵抗とした。なお、電極間の電気抵抗は、1000MHzの周波数でLCRメータを用いて測定した。
電池の集電体として発泡ニッケル基材を用いたペースト状ニッケル正極(40mm幅)と、ペースト状水素吸蔵合金負極(40mm)との間に、以下で説明する実施例及び比較例の不織布セパレータを介在させて電極対を作製し、複数の電極対を、不織布セパレータを介在させて積層することにより、電極群を作製した。
上記のように作製した電極群を円筒型の外装缶に収納して、電解液(10%KOH水溶液)を注入した。外装缶を封止して円筒型ニッケル水素電池を作製した(容量:1.7Ah)。得られたニッケル水素電池を化成するため、25℃にて0.1Cで15分間充電し、終止電圧0.8Vになるまで充電を5回繰り返した。
電池を作製する際に、電極端部のバリにより電極間が導通したもの、及び不織布セパレータが貫通して破断等することにより短絡したものを不良と判断し、1000個あたりの不良の割合を不良率(%)とした。
上記のように得られた化成済みのニッケル水素電池を用いて、1Cで充電した後の放電容量(Ca)と、40℃で7日間保管した後の放電容量(Cb)を測定し、容量維持率(%)を下記式:
容量維持率(%)=(Cb/Ca)×100
により算出した。
上記のように得られた化成済みのニッケル水素電池を用いて、0.1Cで充電し、15分間休止させ、終止電圧0.8Vになるまで放電率0.2Cで放電させることを1サイクルとする充放電を繰り返し、初期容量の80%未満になるときのサイクル数を測定した。サイクル数が多いほどサイクル特性に優れることを示す。サイクル数が499回以下を「不良」、500回以上799回以下を「良」、800回以上を「優」とした。
熱可塑性樹脂繊維で構成される、繊維径15μmの不織布層(II層)を形成した。具体的には、ポリプロピレンをスパンボンド用紡糸口金(V型ノズル)から、紡糸温度220℃で吐出し、紡糸口金直下で冷却装置により糸条を両側方から対称に冷却し(共に風速0.5m/s)、ドロージェットで牽引して連続長繊維を得て、該繊維を開繊分散してウェブコンベア状に堆積しウェブを捕集ネット上に形成した。次いで、極細繊維不織布層(I層)として、ポリプロピレン(PP)溶液を用い、紡糸温度220℃の条件下で、メルトブロウン法により紡糸して、上記の熱可塑性樹脂長繊維ウェブ上に吹きつけた。この際、メルトブロウンノズルから熱可塑性樹脂長繊維ウェブまでの距離を300mmとし、メルトブロウンノズル直下の捕集面における吸引力を0.2kPa、風速を7m/secに設定した。また、その上に上記と同様のスパンボンド法で作製した連続長繊維不織布(15μm)を積層させ、II層-I層-II層積層構造からなる不織布を得た。さらに、カレンダーロールにて一体化するとともに、所望の厚みとなるように厚み及び見掛け密度を調整した。最終的には、得られた不織布をスルホン化処理することにより親水加工を施し、不織布セパレータとした。尚、I層捕集時の捕集ネット上の吸引風速を、実施例1~5、10~15、17~22では13m/sec、実施例24では10m/sec、実施例25では21m/sec、及び、実施例26では43m/secに調整した。
熱可塑性樹脂繊維で構成される、繊維径15μmの不織布層(II層)を形成した。具体的には、ポリプロピレンをスパンボンド用紡糸口金(V型ノズル)から、紡糸温度220℃で吐出し、紡糸口金直下で冷却装置により糸条を両側方から対称に冷却し(共に風速0.5m/s)、ドロージェットで牽引して連続長繊維を得て、該繊維を開繊分散してウェブコンベア状に堆積しウェブを捕集ネット上に形成した。次いで、極細繊維不織布層(I層)として、ポリプロピレン(PP)溶液を用い、紡糸温度220℃の条件下で、メルトブロウン法により紡糸して、捕集ネット上の吸引風速を13m/secとして上記の熱可塑性樹脂長繊維ウェブ上に吹きつけ、II層-I層積層構造からなる不織布を得た。以降は、実施例1と同様に、カレンダー加工、スルホン化処理を施し、不織布セパレータを得た。
ポリプロピレン(PP)溶液を用い、紡糸温度220℃の条件下で、メルトブロウン法により紡糸して、捕集ネット上の吸引風速を13m/secとして捕集ネット上に吹きつけてウェブを形成させ、I層単層構造からなる不織布を得た。以降は、実施例1と同様に、カレンダー加工、スルホン化処理を施し、不織布セパレータを得た。
実施例1と同様にスパンボンド法で作製した連続長繊維不織布上に直接、実施例1と同じメルトブロウン法によりウェブを積層させ、II層-I層構造とした。さらにその上に、メルトブロウン法、スパンボンド法により、ウェブを積層させていき、II層-I層-I層-II層積層構造とした。以降は、実施例1と同様に、カレンダー加工、スルホン化処理を施し、不織布セパレータを得た。
ポリプロピレン樹脂からなる繊維径3.3μmの短繊維不織布をスルホン化処理することで、不織布セパレータを得た。
実施例1と同様に不織布を作製した後、界面活性剤を塗布した親水化加工を施し、不織布セパレータとした。界面活性剤は、ジアルキルスルホコハク酸ナトリウムを使用し、塗布量を不織布重量に対して0.1%とした。
繊維径16μmのPE/PP鞘芯構造の連続長繊維をスパンボンド法にてネット上に捕集し、連続長繊維不織布を得た。その後実施例1と同様にメルトブロウン法により極細ポリプロピレン不織布、更に上記と同様にPE/PP鞘芯構造の連続長繊維不織布を積層させることで、II層-I層-II層積層構造の積層不織布を得た。以降は、実施例1と同様に、カレンダー加工、スルホン化処理を施し、不織布セパレータを得た。
実施例1と同様にII層-I層-II層積層不織布を得た後、カレンダー加工のみを施し、不織布セパレータを得た。
I層形成時の捕集ネット上の吸引風速を5m/secとしたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして不織布セパレータを得た。
ナイロン樹脂を用いて、実施例1と同様の方法で、II層-I層-II層積層構造から構成される不織布を得た。以降、カレンダー加工のみを施し、不織布セパレータを得た。
Claims (16)
- ポリオレフィン系不織布を含む不織布セパレータであって、下記式(1)及び(2)の浸透性パラメータを満たす、不織布セパレータ。
|Pmax|≦38.5dB ...(1)
Tmax≦11.5分 ...(2)
{式中、Pmax及びTmaxはともに浸透性を示すパラメータであり、Pmaxは不織布セパレータに水が満たされた状態での超音波伝達の減衰度を示し、Tmaxは不織布セパレータに水が満たされるまでの時間を示す。} - 前記不織布セパレータが、長繊維不織布セパレータである、請求項1に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 前記不織布セパレータが、繊維径0.1μm~5μmを有する極細繊維を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 前記不織布セパレータが、前記極細繊維で構成される不織布層(I層)と、繊維径5μm超30μm以下を有する繊維で構成されている不織布層(II層)とを含む、少なくとも2層で構成されている、請求項3に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 前記不織布セパレータが、2層の前記II層と、前記II層の間に配置された前記I層との3層で構成されている、請求項4に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 前記I層が、メルトブロウン不織布層である、請求項4又は5に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 前記I層の目付け(i)の前記II層の目付け(ii)に対する比(i)/(ii)が、1/20~2/1である、請求項4~6のいずれか1項に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 平均流量孔径が0.1μm~50μmであり、バブルポイントが5μm~100μmである、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 通気抵抗が0.1kPa・s/m~15kPa・s/mである、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 空隙率が30%~95%である、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 引張強度が15N/50mm~300N/50mmである、請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 親水性官能基を有する、請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 熱圧着面積率が20%以下である、請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 圧縮率が35%以上である、請求項1~13のいずれか1項に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 光透過率が70%以上である、請求項1~14のいずれか1項に記載の不織布セパレータ。
- 厚み方向の空隙率分布における最も低い空隙率が20%以上である、請求項1~15のいずれか1項に記載の不織布セパレータ。
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JP2001143682A (ja) | 1999-11-18 | 2001-05-25 | Tonen Tapyrus Co Ltd | アルカリ電池セパレータ基材及びそれを用いたアルカリ電池セパレータ |
JP6618291B2 (ja) | 2015-07-29 | 2019-12-11 | 日本バイリーン株式会社 | アルカリ電池用セパレータ |
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JPH11185722A (ja) * | 1997-12-19 | 1999-07-09 | Oji Paper Co Ltd | アルカリ電池セパレータ |
JPH11283602A (ja) * | 1998-03-30 | 1999-10-15 | Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd | 電池用セパレータ |
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