WO2022004239A1 - 熱可塑性樹脂及びそれを含む光学部材 - Google Patents
熱可塑性樹脂及びそれを含む光学部材 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022004239A1 WO2022004239A1 PCT/JP2021/020741 JP2021020741W WO2022004239A1 WO 2022004239 A1 WO2022004239 A1 WO 2022004239A1 JP 2021020741 W JP2021020741 W JP 2021020741W WO 2022004239 A1 WO2022004239 A1 WO 2022004239A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G64/16—Aliphatic-aromatic or araliphatic polycarbonates
- C08G64/1608—Aliphatic-aromatic or araliphatic polycarbonates saturated
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G64/04—Aromatic polycarbonates
- C08G64/06—Aromatic polycarbonates not containing aliphatic unsaturation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G63/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G63/66—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups
- C08G63/668—Polyesters containing oxygen in the form of ether groups derived from polycarboxylic acids and polyhydroxy compounds
- C08G63/672—Dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G64/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbonic ester link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G64/20—General preparatory processes
- C08G64/30—General preparatory processes using carbonates
- C08G64/307—General preparatory processes using carbonates and phenols
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/04—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of organic materials, e.g. plastics
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
- G02B1/04—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of organic materials, e.g. plastics
- G02B1/041—Lenses
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a novel thermoplastic resin and an optical member formed thereof, particularly an optical lens.
- Optical glass or transparent resin for optics is used as a material for optical elements used in various cameras such as cameras, film-integrated cameras, video cameras, and optical systems such as sensing cameras.
- Optical glass has excellent heat resistance, transparency, dimensional stability, chemical resistance, etc., and there are many types of materials with various refractive indexes and Abbe numbers, but the material cost is high and the molding processability is high. It has the problems of poor productivity and low productivity. In particular, processing an aspherical lens used for aberration correction requires extremely advanced technology and high cost, which is a major obstacle in practical use.
- optical transparent resins especially optical lenses made of thermoplastic transparent resins, have the advantage that they can be mass-produced by injection molding and that aspherical lenses can be easily manufactured. It is used as an application.
- polycarbonate made of bisphenol A, polystyrene, poly-4-methylpentene, polymethylmethacrylate, amorphous polyolefin and the like are exemplified.
- a method of correcting aberrations and chromatic aberrations by using a combination of a plurality of lenses having different refractive indexes and Abbe numbers For example, a lens made of a cycloolefin resin having a relatively low refractive index and a high Abbe number and a lens made of a polycarbonate resin having a high refractive index and a low Abbe number made of bisphenol A are combined to correct aberrations and chromatic aberrations.
- Patent Document 1 describes a low refractive index using decahydro-1, 4: 5, 8-dimethanonaphthalene diol (D-NDM), which has a high refractive index and a water absorption rate comparable to that of a polycarbonate resin having a low Abbe number.
- D-NDM 8-dimethanonaphthalene diol
- the optical design of optical lenses has been made of resin with a relatively high refractive index and a low Abbe number as described above. Not limited to the combination of a resin lens having a low refractive index and a high Abbe number, a combination with a resin lens having a low refractive index and a low Abbe number is also required.
- the designer cannot adopt it unless it is suitable as a resin for optical lenses, such as heat resistance, birefringence, and a small difference in water absorption expansion rate from the above-mentioned resin.
- the present invention provides heat for an optical lens having a low refractive index, a low Abbe number, and a water absorption rate comparable to that of a polycarbonate resin so that an optical lens designer can adopt various types of lenses. It is an object of the present invention to provide a plastic resin.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms ⁇ .
- n is in the range of 1 to 8
- R is independently selected from a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms
- R 5 and R 6 are independently selected from each other.
- thermoplastic resin according to aspect 1 wherein the Abbe number is 32.0 to 40.0.
- thermoplastic resin according to any one of aspects 1 and 2, wherein the saturated water absorption rate is 0.1% to 0.7%.
- thermoplastic resin according to any one of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the repeating unit of the above formula (1) is 1 mol% or more and 40 mol% or less.
- thermoplastic resin The thermoplastic resin of the present invention contains a repeating unit represented by the above formula (1), the above formula (2) and the above formula (3).
- the refractive index is 1.510 to 1.570.
- the repeating unit structure including a polycyclic skeleton such as D-NDM described in Prior Art Document 1 has a high atomic density per unit volume, a high refractive index and a high Abbe number.
- the repeating unit structure including the spiro ring structure of the above formula (2) and the cyclohexylidene bisphenol skeleton of the above formula (3) of the present invention the atomic density per unit volume is lowered, and the low refractive index and the low refractive index are obtained. It has a low Abbe number.
- the above equations (2) and (3) have positive birefringence
- the above equation (1) having a cardo structure has negative birefringence, so by combining them. , Low refractive index, low Abbe number and low orientation birefringence are possible.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 in the above formula (1) independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and the hydrocarbon groups include an alkyl group and a cyclo. Alkyl groups and aryl groups can be mentioned.
- alkyl group examples include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a t-butyl group and the like, and a methyl group and an ethyl group are preferable.
- cycloalkyl group examples include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a bicyclo [1.1.1] pentanyl group.
- aryl group examples include a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a naphthyl group, a xylyl group and the like, and a phenyl group is preferable.
- R 1 to R 4 are each independently preferably a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or a phenyl group, preferably a hydrogen atom or a phenyl group, and R 1 and R 2 are independently each of a hydrogen atom or a phenyl group. Yes, R 3 and R 4 are more preferably hydrogen atoms.
- the above formula (2) and the above formula (3) have positive birefringence, whereas the above formula (1) having a cardo structure has negative birefringence.
- the amount of introduction of the above formula (1) can be increased without significantly increasing the refractive index, low refractive index and low orientation birefringence are possible.
- the repeating unit represented by the above formula (1) is 9,9-bis (4- (hydroxyethoxy) phenyl) fluorene (hereinafter, may be abbreviated as BPEF), 9,9-bis (4- (hydroxyethoxy) bis). ) -3-Phenylphenyl) It is preferably a repeating unit derived from fluorene, and more preferably a repeating unit derived from 9,9-bis (4- (hydroxyethoxy) phenyl) fluorene.
- the repeating unit represented by the above formula (1) is 1 mol% or more, 5 mol% or more, 10 mol% or more, 12 mol% or more, 15 mol% or more, 20 mol% or more, 25 mol% or more, 30 mol. % Or more may be contained, and 40 mol% or less, 35 mol% or less, 30 mol% or less, 25 mol% or less, 20 mol% or less, 15 mol% or less, 10 mol% or less may be contained.
- the repeating unit of the above formula (1) is preferably 1 mol% or more and 40 mol% or less, more preferably 5 mol% or more and 35 mol% or less, still more preferably 10 mol% or more and 35 mol% or less, and particularly preferably 12 mol. It can be contained in an amount of% or more and 35 mol% or less, most preferably 15 mol% or more and 35 mol% or less.
- the repeating unit represented by the above formula (2) is 3,9-bis (2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl) -2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro (5.5) undecane (hereinafter referred to as ".” , SPG) is a repeating unit derived from.
- the thermoplastic resin of the present invention may contain the repeating unit represented by the above formula (2) in an amount of 25 mol% or more, 30 mol% or more, 35 mol% or more, 40 mol% or more, 45 mol% or more, 50 mol% or more. , 60 mol% or less, 55 mol% or less, 50 mol% or less, 45 mol% or less, 40 mol% or less may be contained.
- the repeating unit of the above formula (2) is preferably 25 mol% or more and 60 mol% or less, more preferably 30 mol% or more and 60 mol% or less, still more preferably 30 mol% or more and 55 mol% or less, and particularly preferably 30 mol. It can be contained in% or more and 50 mol% or less.
- N in the above formula (3) represents a range of 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 5, more preferably 1 to 3, and even more preferably 3.
- R independently represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and a methyl group and an ethyl group are preferable, and a methyl group is more preferable.
- R 5 and R 6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples of the hydrocarbon group include an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, and an aryl group.
- alkyl group examples include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a t-butyl group and the like, and a methyl group and an ethyl group are preferable.
- cycloalkyl group examples include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a bicyclo [1.1.1] pentanyl group.
- aryl group examples include a phenyl group, a tolyl group, a naphthyl group and a xylyl group, and a phenyl group is preferable.
- R 5 and R 6 hydrogen atoms, methyl groups, and phenyl groups are preferable, hydrogen atoms or phenyl groups are more preferable, and hydrogen atoms are even more preferable.
- the repeating unit represented by the above formula (3) is 4,4'-(3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexylidene) bisphenol (hereinafter, may be abbreviated as BisTMC), 4,4'-cyclohexylidene. It is preferably a repeating unit derived from bisphenol (hereinafter, may be abbreviated as BisZ) and 4,4'-(3-methylcyclohexylidene) bisphenol (hereinafter, may be abbreviated as Bis3MZ), preferably from BisTMC. More preferably, it is an induced repeating unit.
- the thermoplastic resin of the present invention may contain the repeating unit represented by the above formula (3) in an amount of 20 mol% or more, 25 mol% or more, 30 mol% or more, 35 mol% or more, 40 mol% or more, and 50 mol% or less. , 45 mol% or less, 40 mol% or less, 35 mol% or less, and 30 mol% or less may be contained.
- the repeating unit of the above formula (3) is preferably 20 mol% or more and 50 mol% or less, more preferably 25 mol% or more and 50 mol% or less, still more preferably 25 mol% or more and 45 mol% or less, and particularly preferably 30 mol. It can be contained in an amount of% or more and 45 mol% or less.
- thermoplastic resin of the present invention contains repeating units other than the repeating units represented by the above formulas (1), (2) and (3), as long as the above-mentioned advantageous effects of the present invention can be obtained. It may be included. Dihydroxy compounds that provide such repeating units include ethylene glycol, propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, heptanediol, octanediol, nonanediol, and tricyclo [5.2.1.02,6] decandidi.
- Such repeating units may be 10 mol% or less in all repeating units.
- the thermoplastic resin of the present invention preferably does not have a phenolic hydroxyl group at the terminal. That is, when a monomer having a repeating unit represented by the above formula (3) is polymerized and bonded to the terminal, the terminal group becomes a phenolic hydroxyl group. Therefore, for example, it is preferable to reduce the amount of the terminal phenolic hydroxyl group of the thermoplastic resin by using a carbonic acid diester in an amount larger than that of the raw material dihydroxy compound at the time of polymerization and using a phenyl group at the end.
- the entire terminal is composed of a terminal phenolic hydroxyl group, a terminal alcoholic hydroxyl group and a terminal phenyl group.
- the terminal phenolic hydroxyl group ratio can be obtained by the following method.
- the terminal phenolic hydroxyl group is observed by 1H NMR measurement of the thermoplastic resin, and the integral of the corresponding peak is taken and set as 1.
- the integrated intensity (A) for one proton of the fluorene structure is obtained from the integrated intensity of the peaks at the 4th and 5th positions of the fluorene structure derived from the above equation (1).
- the ratio of the terminal phenolic hydroxyl group is 0.
- the average degree of polymerization of the thermoplastic resin is obtained from the number average molecular weight obtained by GPC measurement of the thermoplastic resin and the molecular weight and mol ratio of each repeating unit, and from the mol% of the above formula (1) and the integrated strength (A).
- the terminal phenolic hydroxyl group ratio can be obtained as 1 / (B) ⁇ 100.
- the ratio of terminal phenolic hydroxyl groups to all terminals of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention is preferably 30% or less, 20% or less, 15% or less, 10% or less, 5% or less, 3% or less, 1% or less, or It is 0.5% or less.
- the refractive index of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention is 1.510 or more, 1.515 or more, 1.520 or more, 1.525 or more, 1.530 when measured at a temperature of 20 ° C. and a wavelength of 589 nm. It may be 1.535 or more, 1.540 or more, 1.570 or less, 1.565 or less, 1,560 or less, or 1.555 or less.
- the refractive index of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention may be 1.510 to 1.570, 1.520 to 1.570, 1.520 to 1.560, and 1.530 to 1.560.
- the Abbe number of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention may be 32.0 or more, 32.5 or more, 33.0 or more, 33.5 or more, or 34.0 or more, and 40.0 or less, 39.5. Hereinafter, it may be 39.0 or less, 38.5 or less, 38.0 or less, 37.5 or less, or 37.0 or less.
- the Abbe number of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention may be 32.0 to 40.0, 32.0 to 38.0, 32.0 to 37.0, and 32.0 to 36.0.
- the specific viscosity of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention is preferably in the range of 0.12 to 0.32, more preferably in the range of 0.18 to 0.30. When the specific viscosity is 0.12 to 0.32, the balance between moldability and strength is excellent.
- the specific viscosity is measured by measuring the specific viscosity ( ⁇ SP) at 20 ° C. of a solution of 0.7 g of a thermoplastic resin in 100 ml of methylene chloride with an Ostwald viscometer and calculating from the following formula.
- Specific viscosity ( ⁇ SP) (t-t0) / t0 [T0 is the number of seconds for methylene chloride to fall, and t is the number of seconds for the sample solution to fall]
- the absolute value of the orientation birefringence ( ⁇ n) of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention is preferably 6.0 ⁇ 10 -3 or less, more preferably 5.5 ⁇ 10 -3 or less, and 5.0. more preferably ⁇ 10 -3 or less, preferably 4.5 ⁇ 10 -3 or less.
- orientation birefringence is less than the above, it does not have a large effect on chromatic aberration, so the performance as designed by the optical can be maintained.
- Orientation birefringence ( ⁇ n) is measured at a wavelength of 589 nm after a 100 ⁇ m thick cast film obtained from the thermoplastic resin is stretched twice at Tg + 10 ° C.
- thermoplastic resin of the present invention has a total light transmittance of 1 mm thickness of preferably 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more, still more preferably 88% or more.
- the saturated water absorption rate of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention may be 0.10% or more, 0.15% or more, 0.20% or more, 0.25% or more, 0.30% or more, 0.70%. Hereinafter, it may be 0.65% or less and 0.60% or less.
- the saturated water absorption rate of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention may be 0.10% to 0.70%, 0.20% to 0.70%, and 0.30% to 0.65%.
- the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention may be 130 ° C. or higher, 135 ° C. or higher, 140 ° C. or higher, or 145 ° C. or higher, or 160 ° C. or lower, 155 ° C. or lower, 150 ° C. or lower. ..
- the glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention is preferably 130 ° C. to 160 ° C., more preferably 135 ° C. to 160 ° C., further preferably 135 ° C. to 155 ° C., and particularly preferably 140 ° C. to 155 ° C.
- thermoplastic resin of the present invention a polycarbonate containing a carbonate structure represented by the formula (1), the formula (2) and the formula (3) in a repeating unit, or the formula (1), the formula (2) and the formula ( Examples thereof include a repeating unit represented by 3) and a polyester carbonate containing an ester structure other than these in the repeating unit.
- polycarbonate is preferable from the viewpoint of heat resistance and moisture resistance.
- the polycarbonate resin of the present invention is produced by a reaction means known per se for producing an ordinary polycarbonate resin, for example, a method of reacting a dihydroxy compound with a carbonic acid precursor such as a carbonic acid diester. Next, the basic means for these manufacturing methods will be briefly described.
- the transesterification reaction using a carbonic acid diester as a carbonic acid precursor is carried out by a method of distilling the produced alcohol or phenol by stirring the dihydroxy component in a predetermined ratio with the carbonic acid diester while heating it in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the reaction temperature varies depending on the boiling point of the alcohol or phenol produced, but is usually in the range of 120 to 300 ° C.
- the reaction is completed by distilling off the produced alcohols or phenols under reduced pressure from the initial stage. Further, if necessary, a terminal terminator, an antioxidant or the like may be added.
- Examples of the carbonic acid diester used in the transesterification reaction include esters such as aryl groups and aralkyl groups having 6 to 12 carbon atoms which may be substituted. Specific examples thereof include diphenyl carbonate, ditriel carbonate, bis (chlorophenyl) carbonate and m-cresyl carbonate. Of these, diphenyl carbonate is particularly preferable.
- the amount of the diphenyl carbonate used is preferably 0.95 to 1.10 mol, more preferably 0.98 to 1.04 mol, based on 1 mol of the total dihydroxy compound.
- a polymerization catalyst can be used in order to accelerate the polymerization rate, and examples of the polymerization catalyst include alkali metal compounds, alkaline earth metal compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds and the like.
- an organic acid salt, an inorganic salt, an oxide, a hydroxide, a hydride, an alkoxide, a quaternary ammonium hydroxide and the like of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal are preferably used, and these compounds are used. It can be used alone or in combination.
- alkali metal compounds include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydrogencarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, lithium carbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, cesium acetate, lithium acetate, etc.
- Examples thereof include 2 lithium hydrogen acid, 2 sodium phenyl phosphate, 2 sodium salt of bisphenol A, 2 potassium salt, 2 cesium salt, 2 lithium salt, sodium salt of phenol, potassium salt, cesium salt, lithium salt and the like.
- alkaline earth metal compounds include magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, strontium carbonate, barium carbonate, magnesium diacetate, calcium diacetate, strontium diacetate, and diacetic acid. Barium and the like are exemplified.
- nitrogen-containing compound examples include quaternary ammonium hydroxides having alkyl and aryl groups such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, tetrapropylammonium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and trimethylbenzylammonium hydroxide.
- examples thereof include bases or basic salts such as tetramethylammonium borohydride, tetrabutylammonium borohydride, tetrabutylammonium tetraphenylborate, and tetraphenylammonium tetraphenylborate.
- ester exchange catalysts include salts of zinc, tin, zirconium, lead, titanium, germanium, antimony and osmium, such as zinc acetate, zinc benzoate, zinc 2-ethylhexanoate, tin chloride (II), Tin chloride (IV), tin acetate (II), tin acetate (IV), dibutyltin dilaurate, dibutyltin oxide, dibutyltin dimethoxyd, zirconium acetylacetonate, zirconium oxyacetate, zirconium tetrabutoxide, lead acetate (II), lead acetate ( IV) Titanium tetrabutoxide (IV) or the like is used.
- the catalyst used in International Publication No. 2011/010741 and JP-A-2017-179323 may be used.
- a catalyst composed of aluminum or a compound thereof and a phosphorus compound may be used.
- it may be 8 ⁇ 10-5 mol or more, 9 ⁇ 10 -5 mol or more, 1 ⁇ 10-4 mol or more, 1 ⁇ 10 -3 mol or less, 8 ⁇ with respect to the total of 1 mol of all the monomer units used. It can be used in an amount of 10-4 mol or less and 6 ⁇ 10-4 mol or less.
- Examples of the aluminum salt include organic acid salts and inorganic acid salts of aluminum.
- Examples of the organic acid salt of aluminum include a carboxylate of aluminum, specifically, aluminum formate, aluminum acetate, aluminum propionate, aluminum oxalate, aluminum acrylate, aluminum laurate, aluminum stearate, and the like. Examples thereof include aluminum benzoate, aluminum trichloroacetate, aluminum lactate, aluminum citrate, and aluminum salicylate.
- Examples of the inorganic acid salt of aluminum include aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum chloride chloride, aluminum carbonate, aluminum phosphate, and aluminum phosphonate.
- Examples of the aluminum chelate compound include aluminum acetylacetonate, aluminumacetylacetate, aluminumethylacetoacetate, and aluminumethylacetate acetate diiso-propoxide.
- Examples of the phosphorus compound include a phosphonic acid-based compound, a phosphinic acid-based compound, a phosphine oxide-based compound, a phosphonic acid-based compound, a subphosphinic acid-based compound, and a phosphinic acid-based compound.
- phosphonic acid-based compounds, phosphinic acid-based compounds, and phosphine oxide-based compounds can be mentioned in particular, and phosphonic acid-based compounds can be particularly mentioned.
- the amount of these polymerization catalysts used is preferably 0.1 ⁇ mol to 500 ⁇ mol, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ mol to 300 ⁇ mol, and even more preferably 1 ⁇ mol to 100 ⁇ mol with respect to 1 mol of the dihydroxy component.
- catalyst deactivating agent it is also possible to add a catalytic deactivating agent in the latter stage of the reaction.
- known catalyst deactivating agents are effectively used, and among these, ammonium salts and phosphonium salts of sulfonic acids are preferable.
- salts of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid such as dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid tetrabutylphosphonium salt and salts of paratoluenesulfonic acid such as paratoluenesulfonic acid tetrabutylammonium salt are preferable.
- esters of sulfonic acid methyl benzenesulfonic acid, ethyl benzenesulfonate, butyl benzenesulfonic acid, octyl benzenesulfonic acid, phenylbenzenesulfonic acid, methyl paratoluenesulfonate, ethyl paratoluenesulfonate, butyl paratoluenesulfonate, Octyl paratoluenesulfonate, phenyl paratoluenesulfonate and the like are preferably used.
- the dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid tetrabutylphosphonium salt is most preferably used.
- the amount of these catalyst deactivating agents used is preferably 0.5 to 50 mol per 1 mol of the catalyst when at least one polymerization catalyst selected from the alkali metal compound and / or the alkaline earth metal compound is used. , More preferably 0.5 to 10 mol, and even more preferably 0.8 to 5 mol.
- the thermoplastic resin of the present invention may be a polyester carbonate resin.
- the polyester carbonate resin is produced by a reaction method known per se for producing an ordinary polyester carbonate resin, for example, a method of polycondensing a dihydroxy compound with a carbonate precursor such as a carbonic acid diester and a dicarboxylic acid or an ester-forming derivative thereof.
- the reaction is carried out in a non-aqueous system in the presence of an acid binder and a solvent.
- an acid binder for example, pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine, tertiary amine and the like are used.
- a solvent for example, a halogenated hydrocarbon such as methylene chloride or chlorobenzene is used. It is desirable to use a terminal terminator such as phenol or p-tert-butylphenol as the molecular weight modifier.
- the reaction temperature is usually 0 to 40 ° C., and the reaction time is preferably several minutes to 5 hours.
- a dihydroxy compound and a dicarboxylic acid or a diester thereof and a bisaryl carbonate are mixed under an inert gas atmosphere, and the reaction is carried out under reduced pressure at usually 120 to 350 ° C, preferably 150 to 300 ° C. The degree of decompression is changed stepwise, and finally the alcohols produced at 133 Pa or less are distilled off from the system.
- the reaction time is usually about 1 to 4 hours.
- a polymerization catalyst can be used to promote the reaction.
- alkali metal compounds include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, lithium hydrogencarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, lithium carbonate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, lithium acetate, and sodium stearate.
- nitrogen-containing basic compound examples include tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetraethylammonium hydroxide, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, trimethylbenzylammonium hydroxide, trimethylamine, triethylamine, dimethylbenzylamine, triphenylamine, and dimethylaminopyridine.
- the catalyst listed as the transesterification catalyst can be similarly used in the above-mentioned method for producing polycarbonate.
- the catalyst may be removed or deactivated in order to maintain thermal stability and hydrolysis stability after the completion of the polymerization reaction.
- a method of inactivating the catalyst by adding a known acidic substance is preferably carried out.
- these substances include esters such as butyl benzoate, aromatic sulfonic acids such as p-toluene sulfonic acid, and aromatic sulfonic acids such as butyl p-toluene sulfonate and hexyl p-toluene sulfonic acid.
- Esters such as sulphonic acid, sulphonic acid, phosphonic acid, triphenyl sulphonate, monophenyl sulphonate, diphenyl sulphonate, diethyl sulphonate, din-propyl sulphonate, sulphonic acid Subphosphate esters such as din-butyl, din-hexyl sulfonate, dioctyl sulfonate, monooctyl sulfonate, triphenyl phosphate, diphenyl phosphate, monophenyl phosphate, dibutyl phosphate, phosphorus Phosphonic acids such as dioctyl acid and monooctyl phosphate, phosphonic acids such as diphenylphosphonic acid, dioctylphosphonic acid and dibutylphosphonic acid, phosphonic acid esters such as diethylphenylphosphonate, triphenylphosphine
- Phosphins such as ethane, boric acid such as boric acid and phenylboric acid, aromatic sulfonates such as dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid tetrabutylphosphonium salt, organic halogens such as stearate chloride, benzoyl chloride and p-toluenesulfonic acid chloride.
- organic halogens such as stearate chloride, benzoyl chloride and p-toluenesulfonic acid chloride.
- Compounds, alkyl sulfates such as dimethylsulfate, organic halides such as benzyl chloride and the like are preferably used.
- These deactivating agents are used in an amount of 0.01 to 50 times mol, preferably 0.3 to 20 times mol, based on the amount of the catalyst.
- the deactivating effect becomes insufficient, which is not preferable. Further, if the amount is more than 50 times mol with respect to the amount of the catalyst, the heat resistance is lowered and the molded product is easily colored, which is not preferable.
- a step of volatilizing and removing the low boiling point compound in the thermoplastic resin at a pressure of 13.3 to 133 Pa and a temperature of 200 to 320 ° C. may be provided.
- Thermoplastic resin composition contains, if necessary, a mold release agent, a heat stabilizer, an ultraviolet absorber, a brewing agent, an antistatic agent, a flame retardant, a plasticizer, a filler, an antioxidant, and a light stabilizer.
- a polymer metal deactivating agent, a lubricant, a surfactant, an antibacterial agent and other additives can be appropriately added and used as a resin composition.
- the specific mold release agent and heat stabilizer those described in the pamphlet of International Publication No. 2011/010741 are preferably mentioned.
- stearic acid monoglyceride, stearic acid triglyceride, pentaerythritol tetrastearate, and a mixture of stearic acid triglyceride and stearyl stearate are preferably used.
- the amount of the ester in the release agent is preferably 90% by weight or more, more preferably 95% by weight or more, when the release agent is 100% by weight.
- the mold release agent to be blended with the thermoplastic resin is preferably in the range of 0.005 to 2.0 parts by weight, more preferably in the range of 0.01 to 0.6 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin. It is preferably in the range of 0.02 to 0.5 parts by weight, more preferably.
- heat stabilizer examples include phosphorus-based heat stabilizers, sulfur-based heat stabilizers, and hindered phenol-based heat stabilizers.
- Particularly preferable phosphorus-based heat stabilizers include tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite and bis (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenyl) pentaerythritol diphos. Fight, tetrakis (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) -4,4'-biphenylenediphosphonite is used.
- the content of the phosphorus-based heat stabilizer in the polycarbonate resin is preferably 0.001 to 0.2 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin.
- a particularly preferable sulfur-based heat stabilizer is pentaerythritol-tetrakis (3-laurylthiopropionate).
- the content of the sulfur-based heat stabilizer in the thermoplastic resin is preferably 0.001 to 0.2 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin.
- Preferred hindered phenolic heat stabilizers include octadecyl-3- (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate and pentaerythritol-tetrakis [3- (3,5-di-tert). -Butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate].
- the content of the hindered phenolic heat stabilizer in the thermoplastic resin is preferably 0.001 to 0.3 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin.
- Phosphorus-based heat stabilizer and hindered phenol-based heat stabilizer can be used together.
- the UV absorber is at least one UV absorber selected from the group consisting of benzotriazole-based UV absorbers, benzophenone-based UV absorbers, triazine-based UV absorbers, cyclic iminoester-based UV absorbers, and cyanoacrylate-based UV absorbers. Is preferable.
- benzotriazole-based UV absorber more preferably, 2- (2-hydroxy-5-tert-octylphenyl) benzotriazol, 2,2'-methylenebis [4- (1,1,3,3-tetramethyl) Butyl) -6- (2H-benzotriazole-2-yl) phenol].
- benzophenone-based ultraviolet absorber examples include 2-hydroxy-4-n-dodecyloxybenzophenone and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-2'-carboxybenzophenone.
- triazine-based UV absorbers examples include 2- (4,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2-yl) -5-[(hexyl) oxy] -phenol and 2- (4,6-bis (4,6-bis).
- 2.4-Dimethylphenyl) -1,3,5-triazine-2-yl) -5-[(octyl) oxy] -phenol and the like can be mentioned.
- 2,2'-p-phenylenebis (3,1-benzoxazine-4-one) is particularly suitable.
- cyanoacrylate-based UV absorbers examples include 1,3-bis-[(2'-cyano-3', 3'-diphenylacryloyl) oxy] -2,2-bis [(2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl). Acryloyl) oxy] methyl) propane, 1,3-bis-[(2-cyano-3,3-diphenylacryloyl) oxy] benzene and the like can be mentioned.
- the blending amount of the ultraviolet absorber is preferably 0.01 to 3.0 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the thermoplastic resin, and as long as the blending amount is within the range, the molded product of the thermoplastic resin is used. It is possible to impart sufficient weather resistance to the resin.
- Antioxidants include triethylene glycol-bis [3- (3-tert-butyl-5-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate] and 1,6-hexanediol-bis [3- (3,5-di).
- -Tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate pentaerythritol-tetrakis [3- (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate]
- octadecyl-3- (3,5-di-) tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate 1,3,5-trimethyl-2,4,6-tris (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) benzene, N, N-hexamethylene Bis (3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-hydrocinnamide), 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-benzylphosphonate-die
- the blending amount of the antioxidant is preferably 0.50 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.05 to 0.40 parts by mass, and 0. It is more preferably 05 to 0.20 parts by mass or 0.10 to 0.40 parts by mass, and particularly preferably 0.20 to 0.40 parts by mass.
- the optical member of the present invention contains the above-mentioned thermoplastic resin.
- Such an optical member is not particularly limited as long as it is an optical application in which the above-mentioned thermoplastic resin is useful, but is not limited to an optical disk, a transparent conductive substrate, an optical card, a sheet, a film, an optical fiber, a lens, a prism, and an optical film. , Substrate, optical filter, hard coat film and the like.
- the optical member of the present invention may be composed of a resin composition containing the above-mentioned thermoplastic resin, and the resin composition may contain, if necessary, a heat stabilizer, a plasticizer, a light stabilizer, and the like.
- Additives such as polymerized metal deactivating agents, flame retardants, lubricants, antistatic agents, surfactants, antibacterial agents, UV absorbers, mold release agents, brewing agents, fillers, and antioxidants can be added. can.
- an optical lens can be particularly mentioned.
- an optical lens include an image pickup lens for a mobile phone, a smartphone, a tablet terminal, a personal computer, a digital camera, a video camera, an in-vehicle camera, a surveillance camera, and a sensing camera such as a TOF camera.
- the optical lens of the present invention is manufactured by injection molding, it is preferable to mold it under the conditions of a cylinder temperature of 230 to 350 ° C. and a mold temperature of 70 to 180 ° C. More preferably, molding is performed under the conditions of a cylinder temperature of 250 to 300 ° C. and a mold temperature of 80 to 170 ° C.
- the cylinder temperature is higher than 350 ° C.
- the thermoplastic resin is decomposed and colored
- the melt viscosity is high and molding tends to be difficult.
- the mold temperature is higher than 180 ° C., it tends to be difficult to remove the molded piece made of the thermoplastic resin from the mold.
- the mold temperature is less than 70 ° C, the resin hardens too quickly in the mold at the time of molding, making it difficult to control the shape of the molded piece, or sufficiently transferring the mold attached to the mold. Tends to be difficult.
- the optical lens of the present invention preferably uses the shape of an aspherical lens as needed. Since it is possible to eliminate spherical aberration with a single lens for aspherical lenses, it is not necessary to remove spherical aberration by combining multiple spherical lenses, resulting in weight reduction and reduction of molding costs. It will be possible. Therefore, the aspherical lens is particularly useful as a camera lens among optical lenses.
- the thermoplastic resin of the present invention has high molding fluidity, it is particularly useful as a material for an optical lens having a thin wall, a small size, and a complicated shape.
- the thickness of the central portion is 0.05 to 3.0 mm, more preferably 0.05 to 2.0 mm, and further preferably 0.1 to 2.0 mm.
- the diameter is 1.0 mm to 20.0 mm, more preferably 1.0 to 10.0 mm, and even more preferably 3.0 to 10.0 mm.
- the shape is a meniscus lens having one side convex and one side concave.
- the lens made of the thermoplastic resin of the present invention is molded by any method such as mold molding, cutting, polishing, laser processing, electric discharge machining, and etching. Among these, mold molding is more preferable from the viewpoint of manufacturing cost.
- thermoplastic resin composition The composition ratio of each thermoplastic resin was calculated by measuring 1H NMR with JEM-ECZ400S manufactured by JEOL.
- thermoplastic resin was measured by a Discovery DSC25Auto type manufactured by TA Instruments Japan Co., Ltd. at a heating rate of 20 ° C./min. The sample was measured at 5-10 mg.
- ⁇ Abbe number> The measurement wavelength of the Abbe number was calculated from the refractive indexes of 486.13 nm, 587.56 nm, and 656.27 nm using the following formula.
- ⁇ d (nd-1) / (nF-nC)
- nd Refractive index at wavelength 587.56 nm
- nF Refractive index at wavelength 486.13 nm
- nC means the refractive index at a wavelength of 656.27 nm.
- Example 1 21.93 g (0.05 mol) of 9,9-bis [4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl] fluorene (BPEF), 173.50 g (0.57 mol) of 3,9-bis (2-hydroxy-1) , 1-Dimethylethyl) -2,4,8,10-Tetraoxaspiro (5.5) Undecane (SPG), 117.95 g (0.38 mol) 4,4'-(3,3,5-trimethyl) Cyclohexylidene) Bisphenol (BisTMC), 218.50 g (1.02 mol) of diphenyl carbonate, and 0.125 mL (5.0 ⁇ mol of sodium hydrogen carbonate) of sodium hydrogen carbonate aqueous solution having a concentration of 40 mmol / L as a catalyst and 274 mmol / L tetra.
- BPEF 9,9-bis [4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl] fluorene
- SPG Undecane
- Examples 2 to 10 A polycarbonate resin was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the monomer ratio was changed so that the composition ratios of BPEF, SPG, and BisTMC were the ratios shown in Table 1.
- thermoplastic resin of the present invention is used as an optical material and is used for optical members such as optical lenses, prisms, optical disks, transparent conductive substrates, optical cards, sheets, films, optical fibers, optical films, optical filters, and hard coat films. It can be very useful especially for optical lenses.
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Abstract
Description
式(1)、式(2)及び式(3)で表される繰返し単位を含み、屈折率が1.510~1.570である、熱可塑性樹脂:
アッベ数が32.0~40.0である、態様1に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
飽和吸水率が0.1%~0.7%である、態様1~2のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
ガラス転移温度が130℃~160℃である、態様1~3のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
配向複屈折が6×10-3以下である、態様1~4のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
上記式(1)の繰返し単位が1mol%以上40mol%以下である態様1~5のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
上記式(2)の繰返し単位が30mol%以上60mol%以下である態様1~6のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
上記式(3)の繰返し単位が20mol%以上50mol%以下である態様1~7のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
態様1~8のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂を含む、光学部材。
本発明の熱可塑性樹脂は、上記式(1)、上記式(2)及び上記式(3)で表される繰返し単位を含む。また、屈折率が1.510~1.570である。
上記式(1)中のR1、R2、R3及びR4は、それぞれ独立に、水素原子又は炭素原子数1~10の炭化水素基を表し、炭化水素基としては、アルキル基、シクロアルキル基、及びアリール基を挙げることができる。
末端フェノール性水酸基比率=(末端フェノール性水酸基量/全末端量)×100
として求めることができる。なお、全末端は、末端フェノール性水酸基、末端アルコール性水酸基及び末端フェニル基からなる。
当然ながら、末端フェノール性水酸基のピークが観測されないときは末端フェノール性水酸基比率は0である。
(B)=(A)×100×2/([上記式(1)のmol%]×平均重合度)
本発明の熱可塑性樹脂の全末端に対する、末端フェノール性水酸基比率は、好ましくは、30%以下、20%以下、15%以下、10%以下、5%以下、3%以下、1%以下、又は0.5%以下である。
本発明の熱可塑性樹脂の屈折率は、温度:20℃、波長:589nmで測定した場合に、1.510以上であり、1.515以上、1.520以上、1.525以上、1.530以上、1.535以上、又は1.540以上であってもよく、1.570以下であり、1.565以下、1、560以下、又は1.555以下であってもよい。例えば、本発明の熱可塑性樹脂の屈折率は、1.510~1.570、1.520~1.570、1.520~1.560、1.530~1.560であってもよい。
νd=(nd-1)/(nF-nC)
nd:波長587.56nmでの屈折率、
nF:波長486.13nmでの屈折率、
nC:波長656.27nmでの屈折率を意味する。
比粘度(ηSP)=(t-t0)/t0
[t0は、塩化メチレンの落下秒数、tは、試料溶液の落下秒数]
本発明のポリカーボネート樹脂は、通常のポリカーボネート樹脂を製造するそれ自体公知の反応手段、例えばジヒドロキシ化合物に炭酸ジエステルなどのカーボネート前駆物質を反応させる方法により製造される。次にこれらの製造方法について基本的な手段を簡単に説明する。
本発明の熱可塑性樹脂は、ポリエステルカーボネート樹脂であっても良い。ポリエステルカーボネート樹脂は、通常のポリエステルカーボネート樹脂を製造するそれ自体公知の反応手段、例えばジヒドロキシ化合物に炭酸ジエステルなどのカーボネート前駆物質とジカルボン酸又はそのエステル形成誘導体を重縮合反応させる方法により製造される。
本発明の熱可塑性樹脂には、必要に応じて、離型剤、熱安定剤、紫外線吸収剤、ブルーイング剤、帯電防止剤、難燃剤、可塑剤、充填剤、酸化防止剤、光安定剤、重合金属不活性化剤、滑剤、界面活性剤、抗菌剤などの添加剤を適宜添加して樹脂組成物として用いることができる。具体的な離型剤、熱安定剤としては、国際公開2011/010741号パンフレットに記載されたものが好ましく挙げられる。
本発明の光学部材は、上記の熱可塑性樹脂を含む。そのような光学部材としては、上記の熱可塑性樹脂が有用となる光学用途であれば、特に限定されないが、光ディスク、透明導電性基板、光カード、シート、フィルム、光ファイバー、レンズ、プリズム、光学膜、基盤、光学フィルター、ハードコート膜等を挙げることができる。
本発明の光学部材として、特に光学レンズを挙げることができる。このような光学レンズとしては、携帯電話、スマートフォン、タブレット端末、パソコン、デジタルカメラ、ビデオカメラ、車載カメラ、監視カメラ等のための撮像レンズや、TOFカメラ等のセンシングカメラを挙げることができる。
〈熱可塑性樹脂組成〉
JEOL製JNM-ECZ400Sにて1H NMRを測定することによって、各熱可塑性樹脂の組成比を算出した。
得られた熱可塑性樹脂をティー・エイ・インスツルメント・ジャパン(株)製Discovery DSC25Auto型により、昇温速度20℃/minで測定した。試料は5~10mgで測定した。
各熱可塑性樹脂の3mm厚試験片を作製し研磨した後、島津製作所製のカルニュー精密屈折計KPR-2000を使用して、屈折率nd(587.56nm)を測定した。
アッベ数の測定波長は、486.13nm、587.56nm、656.27nmの屈折率から下記の式を用いて算出した。
νd=(nd-1)/(nF-nC)
nd:波長587.56nmでの屈折率、
nF:波長486.13nmでの屈折率、
nC:波長656.27nmでの屈折率を意味する。
熱可塑性樹脂を塩化メチレンに溶解した後、ガラスシャーレ上にキャストし、十分乾燥することで厚さ100μmのキャストフィルムを作製した。該フィルムをTg+10℃で2倍延伸し、日本分光(株)製エリプソメーターM-220を用いて589nmにおける位相差(Re)を測定し、下記式より配向複屈折の絶対値(|Δn|)を求めた。
|Δn|=|Re/d|
Δn:配向複屈折
Re:位相差(nm)
d:厚さ(nm)
射出成型により得られた板状成型片をISO62に準拠して測定した。
シリンダー温度270℃、金型温度115℃で、住友重機(株)製SE30DU射出成形機を用いて厚さ0.2mm、凸面曲率半径5mm、凹面曲率半径4mm、Φ5mmの非球面レンズを射出成形した。非球面レンズを二枚の偏光板の間に挟み直交ニコル法で光漏れを目視することにより光学歪みを評価した。評価は以下の基準で行った。
A:殆ど光漏れがない。
B:僅かに光漏れが認められる。
C:光漏れがある。
F:光漏れが顕著である。
21.93g(0.05mol)の9,9-ビス[4-(2-ヒドロキシエトキシ)フェニル]フルオレン(BPEF)、173.50g(0.57mol)の3,9-ビス(2-ヒドロキシ-1,1-ジメチルエチル)-2,4,8,10-テトラオキサスピロ(5.5)ウンデカン(SPG)、117.95g(0.38mol)の4,4’-(3,3,5-トリメチルシクロヘキシリデン)ビスフェノール(BisTMC)、218.50g(1.02mol)のジフェニルカーボネート、及び触媒として濃度40mmol/Lの炭酸水素ナトリウム水溶液0.125mL(炭酸水素ナトリウム 5.0μmol)と274mmol/Lのテトラメチルアンモニウムヒドロキシド水溶液0.109mL(テトラメチルアンモニウムヒドロキシド 30μmol)を、窒素雰囲気下180℃に加熱し溶融させた。その後、10分間かけて減圧度を20kPaに調整した。60℃/hrの速度で250℃まで昇温を行い、フェノールの流出量が70%になった後で1時間かけて反応器内圧を133Pa以下とした。合計3.5時間撹拌して反応を行い、反応終了後フラスコから樹脂を取り出した。得られたポリカーボネート樹脂の組成比を、NMRによって測定した。
BPEF、SPG、及びBisTMCの組成比が表1に記載の比率となる様に、モノマー比率を変更したこと以外は実施例1と同様にして、ポリカーボネート樹脂を製造した。
各実施例及び比較例の構成並びにその評価結果を、以下の表1にまとめた。
Claims (9)
- アッベ数が32.0~40.0である、請求項1に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
- 飽和吸水率が0.1%~0.7%である、請求項1~2のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
- ガラス転移温度が130℃~160℃である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
- 配向複屈折が6×10-3以下である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
- 上記式(1)の繰返し単位が1mol%以上40mol%以下である請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
- 上記式(2)の繰返し単位が30mol%以上60mol%以下である請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
- 上記式(3)の繰返し単位が20mol%以上50mol%以下である請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載の熱可塑性樹脂を含む、光学部材。
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JP7395748B2 (ja) | 2023-12-11 |
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