WO2021253714A1 - 一种碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents

一种碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料及其制备方法与应用 Download PDF

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WO2021253714A1
WO2021253714A1 PCT/CN2020/127192 CN2020127192W WO2021253714A1 WO 2021253714 A1 WO2021253714 A1 WO 2021253714A1 CN 2020127192 W CN2020127192 W CN 2020127192W WO 2021253714 A1 WO2021253714 A1 WO 2021253714A1
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carbon
lithium
source
titanium
composite material
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PCT/CN2020/127192
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English (en)
French (fr)
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李忆非
张旭锋
吴志连
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宁波锋成先进能源材料研究院有限公司
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Publication of WO2021253714A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021253714A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the application relates to a carbon/titanium phosphate composite material and a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the field of lithium ion batteries.
  • Organic lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in the field of portable power supplies and power batteries due to their high open circuit voltage, high energy density, long cycle life and low self-discharge rate.
  • organic-based lithium-ion batteries are applied to megawatt-level large-scale energy storage systems, the use of a large number of toxic and flammable organic electrolytes greatly reduces the safety of the energy storage system.
  • the use of solid electrolyte can improve the safety of the battery, but it is difficult to meet the needs of large-scale energy storage systems for high power and fast response characteristics. The power performance of water-based batteries is even better.
  • the water-based lithium-ion battery combines the characteristics of ion-deintercalation materials and water-based electrolytes, and has the advantages of high safety, good power performance, and environmental friendliness.
  • the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte of water-based lithium-ion batteries is narrow, which greatly limits the working voltage and energy density of water-based lithium-ion batteries.
  • the electrochemical reaction environment of the electrode material in the aqueous electrolyte is more complicated, with more side reactions, which affects the structure and electrochemical stability of the material, and limits the cycle life of the battery.
  • LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 with a fast ion conductor (NASICON) structure has three-dimensional ion channels and fast ion conductivity, and has many applications in solid electrolytes.
  • NASHCON fast ion conductor
  • the low intrinsic electronic conductivity of the polyanion salt limits its electrochemical performance.
  • the cycle performance of the materials reported earlier is not ideal.
  • the lithium intercalation potential is too low (close to the hydrogen evolution potential of the electrolyte, which is likely to cause water decomposition), and the electrode material after ion intercalation (reduced state) has strong reducibility (possibly It is related to the side reaction of water or dissolved oxygen in water), and the poor stability of the electrode/electrolyte interface.
  • its electrochemical performance can be greatly improved through methods such as carbon coating, nanomaterials, and ion doping.
  • LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 anode with good cycle performance can be prepared.
  • the preparation process of low-cost LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 anode materials in solid phase and quasi-solid phase using titanium oxide as the titanium source usually adopts wet ball milling to realize the mixing of raw materials.
  • the post-treatment process of this method is such as dry spraying. Pellet and other processes have caused material waste and air pollution due to the problems of raw materials hanging on the wall and overflow with high-temperature gas. At the same time, the cycle performance of the obtained materials still poses great challenges.
  • a method for preparing a carbon/titanium phosphate composite material is provided.
  • the method is simple in process and easy to operate.
  • the dispersion of the additive aqueous solution in the method can not only ensure that the raw materials are uniformly dispersed during mixing, but also The hardness of the material particles after drying is reduced, and the post-processing of the material is more convenient.
  • This method avoids post-processing processes such as spray granulation, improves the utilization rate of raw materials, and the entire preparation process is green, environmentally friendly and pollution-free; the method is prepared
  • the obtained carbon/titanium phosphate composite material is used as the negative electrode of an aqueous lithium-ion battery, the specific capacity of the half-cell is nearly 88mAh/g, and there is no significant attenuation after 100 cycles.
  • a method for preparing carbon/titanium phosphate composite material is characterized in that it at least includes the following steps:
  • the molar ratio of the lithium source, the titanium source, and the phosphorus source described in step (1) is 1.1-1.3:2:3, wherein the lithium source is based on the molar amount of lithium element, and the titanium source is based on the molar amount of titanium element.
  • Phosphorus source is based on the molar amount of phosphorus element;
  • the mass of the carbon source is 5%-25% of the total mass of the lithium source, titanium source, and phosphorous source.
  • the mass of the carbon source is such that the upper limit of the total mass of the lithium source, titanium source, and phosphorus source is selected from 25%, 20%, 15%, and 10%, and the lower limit is independently selected from 5%, 20%, 15%, 10%.
  • the lithium source is selected from at least one of lithium acetate, lithium carbonate, and lithium hydroxide;
  • the titanium source is selected from at least one of titanium dioxide, metatitanic acid, and titanium phosphate;
  • the phosphorus source is selected from at least one of ammonia dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, lithium dihydrogen phosphate, and phosphoric acid;
  • the carbon source is selected from at least one of glucose, sucrose, and citric acid.
  • the specific conditions include:
  • the ball mill speed is 200 ⁇ 600r/min
  • Ball milling time is 0.5 ⁇ 5h
  • the ball-to-material ratio is 10-5:1.
  • the additive in the additive aqueous solution in step (2) is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and/or sodium polyacrylate;
  • the mass concentration of the additive aqueous solution is 1 to 5%;
  • the mass ratio of the mixed powder I to the additive aqueous solution is 3-10:1.
  • the upper limit of the mass ratio of the mixed powder I to the additive aqueous solution is independently selected from 10:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4.35:1
  • the lower limit is independently selected from 3:1, 9:1, 8:1, 7:1, 6:1, 5:1, 4.35:1.
  • the mixing in step (2), the specific conditions include:
  • the stirring time is 0.5-5h.
  • the specific conditions include:
  • the drying temperature is 70 ⁇ 120°C;
  • the drying time is 5-15h.
  • the pulverization in step (3) is selected from dry ball milling or jet pulverization, wherein the specific conditions of ball milling include:
  • the ball mill speed is 200 ⁇ 600r/min
  • Ball milling time is 0.5 ⁇ 5h
  • the particle size of the mixed powder II obtained after pulverization in step (3) is 20-200 ⁇ m.
  • the upper limit of the particle size of the mixed powder II obtained after pulverization in step (3) is independently selected from 200 ⁇ m, 180 ⁇ m, 160 ⁇ m, 140 ⁇ m, 120 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 80 ⁇ m, 60 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ m, and the lower limit is independently selected from 20 ⁇ m, 180 ⁇ m , 160 ⁇ m, 140 ⁇ m, 120 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 80 ⁇ m, 60 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ m.
  • the specific conditions include:
  • the inactive atmosphere refers to a nitrogen atmosphere or an inert atmosphere.
  • the heating program is a stepped heating:
  • the heating rate is 2°C-15°C/min.
  • the upper limit of the heating rate is independently selected from 15°C/min, 13°C/min, 11°C/min, 9°C/min, 7°C/min, 5°C/min, 3°C/min, and the lower limit is independent
  • the ground is selected from 2°C/min, 13°C/min, 11°C/min, 9°C/min, 7°C/min, 5°C/min, 3°C/min.
  • the preparation method includes:
  • Step A The initial raw materials for preparing the carbon/titanium phosphate composite material include a lithium source, a titanium source and a phosphorus source, a carbon source and other additives. After weighing the lithium source, titanium source, phosphorus source, and carbon source in proportion, place them in a ball milling tank for full ball milling.
  • material A ie, mixed powder I
  • the lithium source is at least one of lithium acetate, lithium carbonate, and lithium hydroxide
  • the titanium source is titanium dioxide, partial At least one of titanic acid and titanium phosphate
  • the phosphorus source is at least one of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, diammonium phosphate, lithium dihydrogen phosphate, and phosphoric acid
  • the carbon source is at least one of glucose, sucrose, and citric acid
  • the milling time is 0.5h ⁇ 5h, and the speed is 200r/min ⁇ 600r/min.
  • the raw materials and the amount used are: lithium carbonate 7.4g, titanium dioxide 32.0g, dihydrogen ammonium phosphate 69.0g, sucrose 22.0g; ball milling time 3h, rotation speed 200r/min.
  • Step B Add the additive aqueous solution to the material A, and then stir it for a long time to make it fully mixed, and the paste-like material B is obtained after mixing;
  • the additive in the additive aqueous solution is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), At least one of the sodium polyacrylates, the mass fraction of the additive aqueous solution is 1% to 5%, the solid-to-liquid ratio of the material is 15 to 5:1, and the stirring time is 0.5h to 5h.
  • CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
  • the additive used is CMC
  • the mass of the aqueous solution is 30 g
  • the mixture is stirred and ground for 3 hours.
  • Step C Place the above-mentioned materials in a blast drying oven for drying.
  • the temperature of the oven is set to 70°C to 120°C for a duration of 5h to 15h to obtain a dried material C.
  • the temperature of the oven is 100°C and the duration is 15 hours.
  • Step D The above-mentioned dried material C is fully ball-milled again to obtain material D (ie, mixed powder II) after ball-milling; the ball-milling time is 0.5h-5h, and the rotation speed is 200r/min-600r/min.
  • the ball milling time is 3h and the rotation speed is 200r/min.
  • Step E The material D is sintered at a high temperature in an inert atmosphere kiln.
  • the inert gas is at least one of argon, nitrogen and helium.
  • the temperature rise program is a stepped temperature rise, and the temperature is kept at 100°C ⁇ 350°C for 0.5h ⁇ 6h. Insulation at 350°C ⁇ 450°C for 0.5h ⁇ 6h, 450°C ⁇ 650°C for 0.5h ⁇ 6h, 650°C ⁇ 1000°C for 2 ⁇ 10h, heating rate 2°C ⁇ 15°C/min, material E is obtained after sintering.
  • the sintering furnace is a tube furnace
  • the inert gas is argon
  • the sintering procedure is 300°C/3h, 400°C/3h, 500°C/3h, 800°C/8h
  • the temperature rise rate is 5°C/min.
  • the second aspect of the present application provides a carbon/titanium phosphate composite material prepared by any of the preparation methods described above.
  • the third aspect of the present application provides the application of the carbon/titanium phosphate composite material prepared by any of the aforementioned preparation methods in the field of water-based lithium ion batteries.
  • an electrode which includes an electrode active material, a conductive agent, a binder, and a current collector.
  • the electrode active material is a carbon/titanium phosphate salt prepared by any one of the above-mentioned preparation methods. Composite materials.
  • the conductive agent is selected from at least one of conductive carbon black, Ketjen black, or carbon nanotubes.
  • the binder is selected from at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion, polyvinylidene fluoride, hydroxypropyl cellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, and polyethylene;
  • the current collector is selected from at least one of stainless steel mesh, stainless steel sheet, titanium mesh, copper mesh, and porous aluminum foil;
  • the active material, conductive agent, and binder have a mass ratio of 7:2:1;
  • the surface density of the electrode active material is 1-2 mg ⁇ cm -2 .
  • the fifth aspect of the present application provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned electrode, which at least includes the following steps:
  • a slurry containing the electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder is compounded on the current collector to form an electrode.
  • the electrode active material is a carbon/titanium phosphate composite material prepared by any one of the aforementioned preparation methods.
  • the conductive agent is selected from at least one of conductive carbon black, Ketjen black, or carbon nanotubes.
  • the binder is selected from at least one of polytetrafluoroethylene emulsion, polyvinylidene fluoride, hydroxypropyl cellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, and polyethylene;
  • the current collector is selected from at least one of stainless steel mesh, stainless steel sheet, titanium mesh, copper mesh, and porous aluminum foil;
  • the active material, conductive agent, and binder have a mass ratio of 7:2:1;
  • the surface density of the electrode active material is 1-2 mg ⁇ cm -2 .
  • the compounding includes at least one of coating, rolling, squeezing, and kneading.
  • the sixth aspect of the present application provides an aqueous lithium ion half-cell, including:
  • An electrolyte the electrolyte being an aqueous solution containing a lithium salt
  • the positive electrode is at least one of the above-mentioned electrode and the electrode prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method.
  • the negative electrode is activated carbon cloth.
  • the water-based lithium ion half-cell further includes a separator, and the separator is selected from at least one of glass fiber filter paper, AGM separator, and cellulose non-woven fabric separator;
  • the lithium salt in the electrolyte is selected from at least one of lithium chlorate, lithium sulfate, lithium nitrate, lithium acetate, lithium formate, and lithium phosphate;
  • the concentration of lithium ions in the electrolyte is 1.5-2.5M.
  • the seventh aspect of the present application provides an aqueous lithium-ion full battery, including:
  • a negative electrode where the negative electrode is at least one of the above-mentioned electrode and the electrode prepared by the above-mentioned preparation method;
  • An electrolyte the electrolyte being an aqueous solution containing a lithium salt
  • the positive electrode contains a positive electrode active material; the positive electrode active material is at least one of lithium manganate, lithium iron phosphate, and lithium cobalt oxide.
  • the lithium salt in the electrolyte is selected from at least one of lithium chlorate, lithium sulfate, lithium nitrate, lithium acetate, lithium formate, and lithium phosphate.
  • the electrolyte is a saturated aqueous solution of lithium salt
  • the water-based lithium ion full battery further includes a separator, and the separator is selected from at least one of a glass fiber filter paper, an adsorption type glass fiber separator, and a cellulose non-woven fabric separator.
  • the full battery mentioned in this application is a secondary battery.
  • the raw material mixture powder is obtained by dry ball milling, and then the raw material mixture powder is fully dispersed uniformly by the additive aqueous solution, and then the micron-sized reactant powder is obtained by ball milling, and finally the carbon/titanium phosphate composite material is obtained by solid-phase sintering It avoids the problems of sedimentation and wall hanging of the material after it becomes a paste, ensures that the mixture powder is evenly mixed and dispersed, greatly improves the utilization rate of raw materials, and the entire preparation process is green, environmentally friendly and pollution-free;
  • the water-based battery completely avoids the unsafe factors of organic electrolyte, and has a very stable charging and discharging platform.
  • the carbon-coated lithium titanium phosphate material greatly improves its electrical conductivity.
  • Fig. 1 is an XRD pattern of a carbon/titanium phosphate composite material provided in Example I of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a scanning electron micrograph of a carbon/titanium phosphate composite material provided in Example 1 of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of the specific charge and discharge capacity of a full battery 1 provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a cycle stability diagram of a full battery 1 provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a diagram of the specific charge and discharge capacity of the full battery provided by the comparative example.
  • Figure 6 is a graph of full battery cycle stability provided by the comparative example.
  • CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
  • Step A First weigh the lithium source, titanium source, phosphorus source, and carbon source in proportion, then place them in a ball milling tank for full dry ball milling. After ball milling and mixing, material A (the average particle size of the secondary particles is 10 Micrometers);
  • the lithium source, titanium source, phosphorus source, carbon source and the amount used are: lithium carbonate 7.4g, titanium dioxide 32.0g, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 69.0g, and sucrose 22.0g;
  • the ball milling time is 3h
  • the speed is 200r/min
  • the ball-to-battery ratio is 7:1.
  • Step B Add the additive aqueous solution to the material A, and then stir it for a long time to make it fully mixed, and the paste-like material B is obtained after mixing;
  • the additive used is CMC
  • the mass concentration of the aqueous solution is 1%
  • the total mass of the aqueous solution is 30g
  • the stirring time is 3h.
  • Step C Place the above-mentioned material B in a blast drying box for drying to obtain a dried material C.
  • the oven temperature is 100°C
  • the drying time is 15 hours.
  • Step D The above-mentioned dried material C is fully ball-milled again, and material D is obtained after ball-milling;
  • the ball milling time is 3h
  • the rotating speed is 200r/min
  • the ball-to-battery ratio is 7:1.
  • Step E The material D is sintered at a high temperature in an inert atmosphere kiln, and the carbon/titanium phosphate composite material Li 1.05 Ti 2 (PO 4 ) 3 is obtained after sintering;
  • the sintering furnace is a tube furnace
  • the inert gas is argon
  • the sintering program is 300°C/3h, 400°C/3h, 500°C/3h, 800°C/8h
  • the heating rate is 5°C/min.
  • the preparation method is the same as in Example I, except that the additive in step B is sodium polyacrylate (molecular weight Mw ranges from 1000 to 8000).
  • the preparation method is the same as that in Example I, except that the dry ball milling process of step D is changed to jet pulverization, that is, the dried material C is subjected to jet pulverization, and the material D (particles up to 20 microns) is obtained after pulverization.
  • the sintering program is 300°C/3h, 400°C/3h, 500°C/3h, 800°C/8h, and the heating rate is 5°C/min to obtain the carbon/titanium phosphate composite material.
  • Electrolyte Lithium sulfate (Li 2 SO 4 ) saturated aqueous solution
  • Diaphragm glass fiber filter paper (porosity is less than 1 micron, thickness is about 260 microns)
  • Anode active material carbon/titanium phosphate composite material
  • the production process of the negative pole piece the active material, the conductive agent SP, and the binder PTFE are mixed and stirred in an ethanol solution to form a slurry in a mass ratio of 7:2:1, coated on the stainless steel mesh, and then dried in a vacuum.
  • the electrode area is about 1.5 cm 2
  • the area density of the active material is about 1 to 2 mg cm -2 .
  • the production process of the positive pole piece the active material, the conductive agent SP, and the binder PTFE are mixed and stirred in an ethanol solution to form a slurry in a mass ratio of 8:1:1, coated on the stainless steel mesh, and then vacuum dried.
  • the electrode area is about 1.5 cm 2
  • the area density of the active material is about 1 to 2 mg cm -2 .
  • the battery used is CR2032 button battery.
  • the negative active material is marked as the full battery 1 provided by the full battery in Example I; the active material is marked as the full battery 2 provided in the Example II; the full battery provided by the active material is recorded as the full battery 3 ; The full battery provided by the comparative example with the active material is marked as full battery a.
  • Example I The carbon/titanium phosphate composite material provided in Example I was tested with a field emission scanning electron microscope of FEI company's Sirion200 model, and the typical test results are shown in FIG. 2.
  • Figure 2 provides materials corresponding to Example I. As shown in Figure 2, the particle size distribution of the material can be uniform, and the average particle size is about 20um;
  • the materials provided in Examples II and III are also carbon/titanium phosphate composite materials, with a purity of more than 95% and a particle size of 20-200um.
  • the full batteries 1 to 3, a provided in Example 1 were subjected to charge-discharge test and cycle performance test.
  • Charge and discharge test conditions include:
  • the full battery 1 is taken as a typical representative. As shown in Figure 3, under this test condition, the full battery 1 has a discharge specific capacity of about 88mAh/g. After more than 100 cycles, the specific capacity still remains at Above 83mAh/g, there is no obvious attenuation; the specific discharge capacity of full batteries 2 and 3 is in the range of 79-85mAh/g, after more than 100 cycles, the specific capacity remains above 71mAh/g;
  • the capacity retention rate of the full battery 1 is above 94%; the discharge capacity retention rate of the full batteries 2 and 3 is in the range of 83% to 89%.
  • the discharge specific capacity of the full battery a provided by the comparative example can only reach 66 mAh/g, and the capacity retention rate of the full battery a is 75% after more than 100 cycles.

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Abstract

本申请公开了一种碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料及其制备方法与应用，所述方法包括：对锂源、钛源、磷源、碳源进行干法球磨Ⅰ，得到混合粉体Ⅰ；将所述混合粉体Ⅰ与添加剂水溶液混合、干燥，得到混合材料；对所述混合材料进行干法球磨Ⅱ，得到混合粉体Ⅱ；对所述混合粉体Ⅱ进行烧结，得到碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料。该方法工艺简单、易于操作，同时该方法中通过添加剂水溶液分散既能保证原材料在混合时分散均匀，又能降低在烘干之后材料颗粒的硬度，整个制备过程绿色、环保、无污染；该方法制备得到的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料用作水系锂离子全电池负极时质量比容量近88mAh/g，循环100圈后无明显衰减。

Description

一种碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料及其制备方法与应用 技术领域
本申请涉及一种碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料及其制备方法与应用，属于锂离子电池领域。
背景技术
有机系锂离子电池以开路电压高、能量密度大、循环寿命长且自放电率低等特点，已被广泛应用于便携式电源和动力电池领域。但是，将有机系锂离子电池应用于兆瓦级大规模储能系统中时，大量有毒且易燃的有机电解质的使用极大地降低了储能系统的安全性。采用固态电解质能提高电池的安全性，但难以满足大规模储能系统对高功率、快速响应等特性的需求。水系电池的功率性能更为优异。水系锂离子电池综合了离子脱嵌型材料和水系电解液的特点，具有安全性高、功率性能好及环境友好等优势。但是，水系锂离子电池电解液的电化学稳定窗口窄，极大地限制了水系锂离子电池的工作电压和能量密度。同时，电极材料在水系电解液中电化学反应环境更为复杂，副反应较多，影响材料的结构和电化学稳定性，限制了电池的循环使用寿命。这些难题给水系锂离子电池的研发和应用带来了巨大的挑战。
快离子导体(NASICON)结构的LiTi 2(PO 4) 3具有三维的离子通道、快速的离子传导能力，在固态电解质中有很多应用。但是，将其用作电极材料时，聚阴离子盐的低本征电子电导率限制了其电化学性能。此外，早期报道的材料的循环性能也不理想，可能与其嵌锂电位过低(接近于电解液的析氢电位，易造成水分解)、离子嵌入后的电极材料(还原态)还原性强(可能与水或水中的溶解氧发生副反应)、电极/电解液界面的稳定性差等原因相关。但通过碳包覆、材料纳米化、离子掺杂等方法可以大幅度提高其电化学性能。比如，通过钛酸四丁酯为钛源，醋酸锂为锂源、磷酸为磷源、柠檬酸为碳源的溶胶凝胶工艺，便能制备出循环性能良好的LiTi 2(PO 4) 3负极材料。但是，以氧化钛为钛源的固相及准固相的低成本LiTi 2(PO 4) 3负极材料制备工 艺通常采用湿法球磨的方式实现原料的混合，该方法后处理过程如干燥喷雾造粒等工艺由于原料挂壁、随高温气体溢出等问题既造成了材料的浪费，又对空气造成污染，同时所得材料循环性能仍存在很大挑战。
发明内容
根据本申请的一个方面，提供了一种碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备方法，该方法工艺简单、易于操作，同时该方法中通过添加剂水溶液分散既能保证原材料在混合时分散均匀，又能降低在烘干之后材料颗粒的硬度，使材料的后处理更加方便，该方法避免了喷雾造粒等后处理过程，提高了原料利用率，且整个制备过程绿色、环保、无污染；该方法制备得到的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料用作水系锂离子电池负极时半电池比容量近88mAh/g，循环100圈后无明显衰减。
一种碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备方法其特征在于，至少包括以下步骤：
(1)对锂源、钛源、磷源、碳源进行干法球磨，得到混合粉体I；
(2)将所述混合粉体I与添加剂水溶液混合、干燥，得到混合材料；
(3)对所述混合材料进行粉碎，得到混合粉体II；
(4)对所述混合粉体II进行烧结，得到碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料。
可选地，所述碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料中的磷酸钛盐的化学式为Li xTi 2(PO 4) 3，其中x＝1～1.3。
可选地，步骤(1)所述的锂源、钛源、磷源的摩尔比为1.1～1.3∶2∶3，其中锂源以锂元素摩尔量计、钛源以钛元素摩尔量计、磷源以磷元素摩尔量计；
所述碳源的质量为所述锂源、钛源、磷源总质量5％～25％。
可选地，所述碳源的质量为所述锂源、钛源、磷源总质量的上限选自25％、20％、15％、10％，下限独立地选自5％、20％、15％、10％。
可选地，所述锂源选自醋酸锂、碳酸锂、氢氧化锂中的至少一种；
可选地，所述钛源选自二氧化钛、偏钛酸、磷酸钛中的至少一种；
可选地，所述磷源选自磷酸二氢氨、磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢锂、磷酸中的至少一种；
可选地，所述碳源选自葡萄糖、蔗糖、柠檬酸中的至少一种。
可选地，步骤(1)所述的球磨，具体条件包括：
球磨转速为200～600r/min；
球磨时间为0.5～5h；
球料比为10～5∶1。
可选地，步骤(2)所述添加剂水溶液中添加剂为羧甲基纤维素钠和/或聚丙烯酸钠；
所述添加剂水溶液的质量浓度为1～5％；
所述混合粉体I与所述添加剂水溶液的质量比为3～10∶1。
可选地，所述混合粉体I与所述添加剂水溶液的质量比上限独立地选自10∶1、9∶1、8∶1、7∶1、6∶1、5∶1、4.35∶1，下限独立地选自3∶1、9∶1、8∶1、7∶1、6∶1、5∶1、4.35∶1。
可选地，步骤(2)所述混合，具体条件包括：
在搅拌条件下进行；
搅拌时间为0.5～5h。
可选地，步骤(2)所述干燥，具体条件包括：
干燥温度为70～120℃；
干燥时间为5～15h。
可选地，步骤(3)所述粉碎选自干法球磨或气流粉碎，其中球磨的具体条件包括：
球磨转速为200～600r/min；
球磨时间为0.5～5h；
可选地，步骤(3)中粉碎后得到的混合粉体II粒径为20～200μm。
可选地，步骤(3)中粉碎后得到的混合粉体II粒径上限独立地选自200μm、180μm、160μm、140μm、120μm、100μm、80μm、60μm、40μm，下限独立地选自20μm、180μm、160μm、 140μm、120μm、100μm、80μm、60μm、40μm。
可选地，步骤(4)所述烧结，具体条件包括：
在非活性气氛下进行；其中，所述非活性气氛是指氮气气氛或惰性七分。
升温程序为阶梯式升温：
先在100℃～350℃保温0.5h～6h，然后在350℃～450℃保温0.5h～6h，，之后在450℃～650℃保温0.5h～6h，最后在650℃～1000℃保温2～10h。
优选地，升温速率为2℃～15℃/min。
可选地，所述升温速率上限独立地选自15℃/min、13℃/min、11℃/min、9℃/min、7℃/min、5℃/min、3℃/min，下限独立地选自2℃/min、13℃/min、11℃/min、9℃/min、7℃/min、5℃/min、3℃/min。
在一具体实施例中，所述制备方法包括：
步骤A：制备碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的初始原料有锂源、钛源及磷源，碳源及其他添加剂。先将锂源、钛源、磷源、碳源按比例称量好之后，将其置于球磨罐中进行充分球磨，球磨混合后得材料A(即混合粉体I)；其中，锂源、钛源及磷源的投料摩尔比为Li∶Ti∶P＝1.1～1.3∶2∶3，所述锂源为醋酸锂、碳酸锂、氢氧化锂中的至少一种；钛源为二氧化钛、偏钛酸、磷酸钛中的至少一种；磷源为磷酸二氢氨、磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢锂、磷酸中的至少一种，碳源为葡萄糖、蔗糖、柠檬酸中的至少一种；球磨时间为0.5h～5h，转速为200r/min～600r/min。
优选地，所用原料及用量为：碳酸锂7.4g，二氧化钛32.0g，磷酸二氢氨69.0g，蔗糖22.0g；球磨时间3h，转速200r/min。
步骤B：在材料A中加入添加剂水溶液，然后长时间搅拌均匀，使其充分混合，混匀后得到糊状的材料B；所述添加剂水溶液中的添加剂为羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)、聚丙烯酸钠中的至少一种，添加剂水溶液质量分数为1％～5％，材料固液比为15～5∶1；搅拌时间为0.5h～5h。
优选地，所用添加剂为CMC，其水溶液质量为30g，搅拌研磨3h。
步骤C：将上述材料置于鼓风干燥箱中烘干，烘箱温度设为70℃ ～120℃，时长5h～15h，得干燥的材料C。
优选地，烘箱温度100℃，时长15h。
步骤D：将上述烘干的材料C再次充分球磨，球磨后得材料D(即混合粉体II)；球磨时间为0.5h～5h，转速为200r/min～600r/min。
优选地，球磨时间3h，转速200r/min。
步骤E：将材料D在惰性气氛的窑炉中高温烧结，惰性气体为氩气、氮气、氦气中的至少一种，升温程序为阶梯式升温，100℃～350℃保温0.5h～6h，350℃～450℃保温0.5h～6h，450℃～650℃保温0.5h～6h，650℃～1000℃保温2～10h，升温速度2℃～15℃/min，烧结后得到材料E.
优选地，烧结窑炉为管式炉，惰性气体为氩气，烧结程序为300℃/3h，400℃/3h，500℃/3h，800℃/8h，升温速度5℃/min。
本申请的第二方面，提供了上述任一项所述制备方法制备得到的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料。
本申请的第三方面，提供了上述任一项所述制备方法制备得到的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料在水系锂离子电池领域的应用。
本申请的第四方面，提供了一种电极，包括电极活性物质、导电剂、粘结剂和集流体，所述电极活性物质为上述任一项所述制备方法制备得到的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料。
可选地，所述导电剂选自导电炭黑、科琴黑或碳纳米管中的至少一种。
可选地，所述粘结剂选自聚四氟乙烯乳液、聚偏氟乙烯、羟丙基纤维素、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、聚乙烯中的至少一种；
所述集流体选自不锈钢网、不锈钢片、钛网、铜网、多孔铝箔中的至少一种；
可选地，所述活性物质、导电剂、粘结剂按照质量比例为7∶2∶1；
可选地，所述电极活性物质的面密度为1～2mg·cm -2。
本申请的第五方面，提供了上述电极的制备方法，至少包括以下步骤：
将含有所述电极活性物质、导电剂、粘结剂的浆料复合到所述集 流体上，制成电极。所述电极活性物质为上述任一项所述制备方法制备得到的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料。
可选地，所述导电剂选自导电炭黑、科琴黑或碳纳米管中的至少一种。
可选地，所述粘结剂选自聚四氟乙烯乳液、聚偏氟乙烯、羟丙基纤维素、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶、聚乙烯中的至少一种；
所述集流体选自不锈钢网、不锈钢片、钛网、铜网、多孔铝箔中的至少一种；
可选地，所述活性物质、导电剂、粘结剂按照质量比例为7∶2∶1；
可选地，所述电极活性物质的面密度为1～2mg·cm -2。
所述复合包括涂敷、辊压、挤压、捏合中的至少一种。
本申请的第六方面，提供了一种水系锂离子半电池，包括：
负极；
电解液，所述电解液为含有锂盐的水溶液；和
正极，所述正极为上述电极、上述制备方法制备的电极中的至少一种。
可选地，所述负极为活性碳布。
进一步地，所述水系锂离子半电池还包括隔膜，所述隔膜选自玻璃纤维滤纸、AGM隔膜、纤维素无纺布隔膜中的至少一种；
可选地，所述电解液中的锂盐选自氯酸锂、硫酸锂、硝酸锂、醋酸锂、甲酸锂、磷酸锂中的至少一种；
可选地，所述电解液中锂离子的浓度为1.5～2.5M。
本申请的第七方面，提供了一种水系锂离子全电池，包括：
负极，所述负极为上述电极、上述制备方法制备的电极中的至少一种；
电解液，所述电解液为含有锂盐的水溶液；和
正极，所述正极含有正极活性物质；所述正极活性物质为锰酸锂、磷酸铁锂、钴酸锂中的至少一种。
可选地，所述电解液中的锂盐选自氯酸锂、硫酸锂、硝酸锂、醋酸锂、甲酸锂、磷酸锂中的至少一种。
可选地，所述电解液为锂盐的饱和水溶液；
可选地，所述水系锂离子全电池还包括隔膜，所述隔膜选自玻璃纤维滤纸、吸附式玻璃纤维隔膜、纤维素无纺布隔膜中的至少一种。
本申请中所述全电池为二次电池。
本申请能产生的有益效果包括：
1)该方法简单便捷，易于操作及批量生产；此外用到的材料和设备也廉价易得，有望在以后工业化过程中占据成本优势；
2)先通过干法球磨得原料混合物粉体，再通过添加剂水溶液使原料混合物粉体充分分散均匀，再通过球磨得到微米级的反应物粉体最终通过固相烧结得到碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料，避免了材料在成糊状之后出现沉降、挂壁等问题，保证混合物粉体混合分散均匀，极大地提高了原料的利用率，且整个制备过程绿色、环保、无污染；
3)在水系电池中，该方法制备得到的材料组装的全电池比容量可达到88mAh/g，循环100圈后无明显衰减，优于其他固相法合成的磷酸钛锂材料在水系电池中的性能。
4)该水系电池完全避开了有机电解液的不安全因素，并且有非常稳定的充放电平台。
5)由于磷酸钛锂材料本身导电性能不好，经过碳包覆的磷酸钛锂材料极大地改善了其导电性。
6)由于添加剂的加入，既解决了材料在成糊状之后的沉降而造成的混料不均一问题，也使得材料在烘干之后研磨的过程中变得容易了许多。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例I提供的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的XRD图；
图2为本发明实施例I提供的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的扫描电镜图；
图3为本发明实施例提供的全电池1的充放电比容量图；
图4为本发明实施例提供的全电池1的循环稳定性图；
图5为对比例提供的全电池充放电比容量图；
图6为对比例提供的全电池循环稳定性图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例详述本申请，但本申请并不局限于这些实施例。
如无特别说明，本申请的实施例中的原料均通过商业途径购买。
其中，羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)购买自深圳市科晶智达科技有限公司；型号为KJ GROUP，分子量为40万。
实施例I 碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备
步骤A：先将锂源、钛源、磷源、碳源按比例称量好之后，置于球磨罐中进行充分干法球磨，球磨混合后得材料A(二次颗粒的平均粒径为10微米)；
其中，所用锂源、钛源、磷源、碳源及用量分别为：碳酸锂7.4g，二氧化钛32.0g，磷酸二氢铵69.0g，蔗糖22.0g；
球磨时间3h，转速200r/min、球料比7∶1。
步骤B：在材料A中加入添加剂水溶液，然后长时间搅拌均匀，使其充分混合，混匀后得到糊状的材料B；
其中，所用添加剂为CMC，其水溶液质量浓度为1％、水溶液总质量为30g，搅拌时间为3h。
步骤C：将上述材料B置于鼓风干燥箱中烘干，得干燥的材料C。
其中，烘箱温度100℃，烘干时长15h。
步骤D：将上述烘干的材料C再次充分球磨，球磨后得材料D；
其中，球磨时间3h，转速200r/min，球料比7∶1。
步骤E：将材料D在惰性气氛的窑炉中高温烧结，烧结后得到碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料Li 1.05Ti 2(PO 4) 3；
其中，烧结窑炉为管式炉，惰性气体为氩气，烧结程序为300℃/3h，400℃/3h，500℃/3h，800℃/8h，升温速度5℃/min。
实施例II 磷酸钛盐@碳复合材料的制备
与实施例I制备方法相同，唯一不同的是步骤B中添加剂为聚丙烯酸钠(分子量Mw范围为1000～8000)。
实施例III 碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备
与实施例I制备方法相同，唯一不同的是将步骤D的干法球磨工艺改为气流粉碎，即将上述烘干的材料C进行气流粉碎，粉碎后得到材料D(颗粒达20微米)。
对比例 碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备
将碳酸锂7.4g、二氧化钛32.0g、磷酸二氢氨69.0g、蔗糖22.0g、加入水醇混合液(水和乙醇的质量比为1∶10)的混合液中，原料粉体与乙醇和水的混合液的质量比为30∶70。通过球磨机高速200r/min球磨3h获得均匀的浆料。将得到的浆料采用喷雾干燥方法，设定进风温度220℃，出风温度110℃，收集得到的球形粉体前驱物。将前驱物放入惰性气体保护的烧结炉，烧结程序300℃/3h，400℃/3h，500℃/3h，800℃/8h，升温速度5℃/min即可获得碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料。
实施例IV 全电池组装：
全电池结构组成
电解液：硫酸锂(Li 2SO 4)饱和水溶液
隔膜：玻璃纤维滤纸(孔隙率1微米以下，厚度260微米左右)
负极活性物质：碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料
正极活性物质：锰酸锂
负极极片制作流程：将活性物质、导电剂SP、粘结剂PTFE按照质量比例为7∶2∶1，在乙醇溶液中混合搅拌形成泥浆状，涂覆到不锈钢网上，然后真空烘干。电极面积约为1.5cm 2，活性物质的面密度约为1～2mg cm -2。
正极极片制作流程：将活性物质、导电剂SP、粘结剂PTFE按照质量比例为8∶1∶1，在乙醇溶液中混合搅拌形成泥浆状，涂覆到不锈钢网上，然后真空烘干。电极面积约为1.5cm 2，活性物质的面密度约为1～2mg cm -2。
所使用电池为CR2032纽扣电池。
其中，负极活性物质由实施例I提供的全电池记为全电池1；活性物质由实施例II提供的全电池记为全电池2；活性物质由实施例III提供的全电池记为全电池3；活性物质由对比例提供的全电池记为全 电池a。
实施例V 碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的结构表征
采用德国BRUKER公司D8 ADVANCE DAVINC型号的X射线粉末衍射仪对实施例I～III提供的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料进行测试，典型的测试结果如图1所示。图1对应实施例I提供材料。从图1可以看出X射线衍射谱图主峰位与标准卡片完全一一对应，证明得到了碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料；衍射峰没有出现其它杂质峰，说明合成的材料纯度很高，通过计算碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的纯度接近98％。
采用FEI公司Sirion200型号的场发射扫描电镜对实施例I提供的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料进行测试，典型的测试结果如图2所示。图2对应实施例I提供材料。如图2所示，可以材料粒径分布均一，平均粒径为20um左右；
实施例II、III提供的材料同样为碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料，且纯度均达到95％以上、粒径在20～200um。
实施例VI 全电池的电性能表征
对实施例1提供的全电池1～3、a进行充放电测试和循环性能测试。
充放电测试条件包括：
在室温1C(100mAh/g)测试条件下测量全电池的充放电曲线；
在室温1C(100mAh/g)测试条件下测量全电池的循环性能，得到循环性能曲线；
其中，以全电池1作为典型代表，如图3所示，在该测试条件下，全电池1发挥出了大约88mAh/g的放电比容量，经过100多次的循环之后，比容量依然保持在83mAh/g以上，无明显衰减；全电池2、3的放电比容量在79-85mAh/g范围内，经过100多次的循环之后，比容量依然保持在71mAh/g以上；
如图4所示，在经过100多次的循环之后，全电池1的容量保持率在94％以上；全电池2、3的放电容量保留率在83％～89％范围内。
参见图5和6，相同测试条件下，对比例提供的全电池a的放电比容量仅能达到66mAh/g，经过100多次的循环之后全电池a的容 量保持率在75％。
仅是本申请的几个实施例，并非对本申请做任何形式的限制，虽然本申请以较佳实施例揭示如上，然而并非用以限制本申请，任何熟悉本专业的技术人员，在不脱离本申请技术方案的范围内，利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许的变动或修饰均等同于等效实施案例，均属于技术方案范围内。

Claims (15)

  1. 一种碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，至少包括以下步骤：
    (1)对锂源、钛源、磷源、碳源进行干法球磨，得到混合粉体Ⅰ；
    (2)将所述混合粉体Ⅰ与添加剂水溶液混合、干燥，得到混合材料；
    (3)对所述混合材料进行粉碎，得到混合粉体Ⅱ；
    (4)对所述混合粉体Ⅱ进行烧结，得到碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(1)所述的锂源、钛源、磷源的摩尔比为1.1～1.3:2：3，其中锂源以锂元素摩尔量计、钛源以钛元素摩尔量计、磷源以磷元素摩尔量计；
    所述碳源的质量为所述锂源、钛源、磷源总质量的5％～25％。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，所述锂源选自醋酸锂、碳酸锂、氢氧化锂中的至少一种；
    所述钛源选自二氧化钛、偏钛酸、磷酸钛中的至少一种；
    所述磷源选自磷酸二氢铵、磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢锂中的至少一种；
    所述碳源选自葡萄糖、蔗糖、柠檬酸中的至少一种。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(1)所述的球磨，具体条件包括：
    球磨转速为200～600r/min；
    球磨时间为0.5～5h；
    球料比为10～5:1。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(2)所述添加剂水溶液中添加剂为羧甲基纤维素钠和/或聚丙烯酸钠；
    所述添加剂水溶液的质量浓度为1～5％；
    所述混合粉体Ⅰ与所述添加剂水溶液的质量比为3～10：1。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(2)所述混合，具体条件包括：
    在搅拌条件下进行；
    搅拌时间为0.5～5h。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(2)所述干燥，具体条件包括：
    干燥温度为70～120℃；
    干燥时间为5～15h。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(3)所述的粉碎选自干法球磨或气流粉碎。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(4)所述烧结，具体条件包括：
    在非活性气氛下进行；
    升温程序为阶梯式升温：
    先在100℃～350℃保温0.5h～6h，然后在350℃～450℃保温0.5h～6h，之后在450℃～650℃保温0.5h～6h，最后在650℃～1000℃保温2～10h。
  10. 由权利要求1～9任一项所述制备方法制备得到的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料。
  11. 由权利要求1～9任一项所述制备方法制备得到的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料在水系锂离子电池领域的应用。
  12. 一种电极，包括电极活性物质、导电剂、粘结剂和集流体，其特征在于，所述电极活性物质选自权利要求1～8任一项所述制备方法制备得到的碳/磷酸钛盐复合材料中的至少一种。
  13. 权利要求12所述电极的制备方法，其特征在于，包括：将含有所述电极活性物质、导电剂、粘结剂的浆料复合到所述集流体上，制成电极。
  14. 一种水系锂离子半电池，其特征在于，包括：
    负极；
    电解液：所述电解液为含有锂盐的水溶液；
    正极：所述正极选自权利要求12所述的电极、权利要求13所述的制备方法制备的电极中的至少一种。
  15. 一种水系锂离子全电池，其特征在于，包括：
    负极，所述负极选自权利要求12所述的电极、权利要求13所述的制备方法制备的电极中的至少一种；
    电解液，所述电解液为含有锂盐的水溶液；和
    正极，所述正极含有正极活性物质；所述正极活性物质为锰酸锂、磷酸铁锂、钴酸锂中的至少一种。
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CN114551867B (zh) * 2022-01-12 2024-04-16 福州大学 一种可实现快充的磷酸钒钠复合正极材料、制备方法及应用
CN116477593A (zh) * 2022-01-15 2023-07-25 太仓中科赛诺新能源科技有限公司 一种高稳定高电导率复合型钛磷氧化物及其制备方法
CN116477593B (zh) * 2022-01-15 2024-05-28 太仓中科赛诺新能源科技有限公司 一种高稳定高电导率复合型钛磷氧化物及其制备方法
CN114700096A (zh) * 2022-04-14 2022-07-05 三峡大学 一种Mo@Mo2C纳米复合材料的合成方法
CN114700096B (zh) * 2022-04-14 2023-10-27 三峡大学 一种Mo@Mo2C纳米复合材料的合成方法
CN115425213A (zh) * 2022-09-29 2022-12-02 六盘水师范学院 一种碳纳米管辅助碳包覆磷酸钛镁电极材料及其制备方法和应用
CN115709976A (zh) * 2022-11-15 2023-02-24 广东国光电子有限公司 一种改性磷酸锰铁锂材料及其制备方法与电池
CN115709976B (zh) * 2022-11-15 2023-11-03 广东国光电子有限公司 一种改性磷酸锰铁锂材料及其制备方法与电池
CN116759637A (zh) * 2023-08-09 2023-09-15 合肥国轩高科动力能源有限公司 磷酸钛铝锂固态电解质、其制备方法及应用
CN116759637B (zh) * 2023-08-09 2023-12-15 合肥国轩高科动力能源有限公司 磷酸钛铝锂固态电解质、其制备方法及应用

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