Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/20—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/22—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by carboxyl groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C269/00—Preparation of derivatives of carbamic acid, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C269/06—Preparation of derivatives of carbamic acid, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups by reactions not involving the formation of carbamate groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
  • C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/10—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C271/16—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atoms of the carbamate groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
  • C08F2/46—Polymerisation initiated by wave energy or particle radiation
  • C08F2/48—Polymerisation initiated by wave energy or particle radiation by ultraviolet or visible light
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
  • C08J7/12—Chemical modification
  • C08J7/16—Chemical modification with polymerisable compounds
  • C08J7/18—Chemical modification with polymerisable compounds using wave energy or particle radiation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D4/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on organic non-macromolecular compounds having at least one polymerisable carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond ; Coating compositions, based on monomers of macromolecular compounds of groups C09D183/00 - C09D183/16
  • C09D4/06—Organic non-macromolecular compounds having at least one polymerisable carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond in combination with a macromolecular compound other than an unsaturated polymer of groups C09D159/00 - C09D187/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
  • C09D7/40—Additives
  • C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
  • C09D7/63—Additives non-macromolecular organic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
  • C08J2367/00—Characterised by the use of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
  • C08J2367/02—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds

Definitions

• composition comprising at least one free-radically polymerizable monomer, oligomer, or combination thereof; and the fluorinated photoinitiator compound described herein.
• the at least one free-radically polymerizable monomer and/or oligomer is fluorinated.
• a method of making a cured composition comprising providing a composition comprising at least one free-radically polymerizable monomer, oligomer, or combination thereof and a fluorinated photoinitiator compound, as described herein, and (e.g. UV) radiation curing the composition.
• the method further comprises coating the polymerizable composition onto a substrate prior to radiation curing.
• FIGs.1-3 are graphs of absorbance (A) as a function of wavelength for illustrative fluorinated photoinitiator compounds comprising a perfluorinated group, photoinitiator group, and amide linking group.
• the solid lines represent a concentration of 0.1 wt.% in acetonitrile and the dashed lines represent a concentration of 0.01 wt.% in acetonitrile.
• Detailed Description Presently described are compounds comprising a perfluorinated group bonded to at least one terminal photoinitiator group with an organic linking group comprising at least one amide moiety.
• the compound has the following formula (Formula 1) R f -[C(O)NH-R 1 -N(R 2 )-CH 2 CH 2 -C(O)-X-L-PI)] n wherein R f is a monovalent perfluorooxyalkyl group or divalent perfluoroxyalkylene group; R 1 is an alkylene group optionally comprising one or more catenary oxygen atoms, R 2 is H or an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; X is -O-, -S-, or -NR 3 -, wherein R 3 is H or an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; L is a covalent bond or divalent organic linking group; PI is a photoinitiator group; and n is 1 when R f is a monovalent perfluorooxyalkyl group or n is 2 when R f is a divalent perfluorooxyalkylene group.
• R 1 is an alkylene group optionally
• the term “catenary” refers to substituting a carbon atom of a carbon chain with a substituent (e.g. O or N).
• a pendent substituent e.g.-OH
• the monovalent perfluorooxyalkyl group comprises moieties of 1 to 6 (e.g. linear or branched) perfluorinated carbon atoms and a single oxygen atom, such as CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 O-.
• the number of perfluorinated carbon atoms is at least 2 or 3. In some embodiments, the number of perfluorinated carbon atoms is no greater than 5 or 4.
• the monovalent perfluorooxyalkyl group comprises perfluorinated poly(oxyalkylene) groups having repeat units of divalent perfluoroxyalkylene groups, having the general structure -[C m F 2m O] s - , wherein for each s, m independently ranges from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, m is at least 2 or 3. In some embodiments, the m is no greater than 5 or 4. In some embodiments, s is at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, s is no greater than 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, or 10. In one embodiment, Rf is “HFPO-”.
• HFPO- refers to the end group CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 O-[CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O] s -CF(CF 3 )- wherein s is an integer of 2 to 25, as previously described.
• HFPO- generally exist as a distribution or mixture of molecules with a range of values for s. Thus, s may be expressed as an average value. Such average value is typically not an integer.
• the divalent perfluoroxyalkylene group comprises moieties of 2 to 6 (e.g.
• the number of perfluorinated carbon atoms is at least 2 or 3. In some embodiments, the number of perfluorinated carbon atoms is no greater than 5 or 4.
• the divalent perfluorooxyalkyl group comprises perfluorinated poly(oxyalkylene) groups, having the general structure –[C m F 2m O] s - wherein for each s, m independently ranges from 1 to 6. In some embodiments, m is at least 2 or 3. In some embodiments, the m is no greater than 5 or 4. In some embodiments, s is at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, s is no greater than 25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, or 10.
• -HFPO- refers to the group -(CF 3 )CF-[OCF 2 (CF 3 )CF] s -O(CF 2 ) p O-[CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O] t -CF(CF 3 )-, wherein p ranges from 2 to 6 and s and t are independently integers of 2 to 25. In some embodiments p is 3 or 4. In some embodiments, the sum of s and t is at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, the sum of s and t is no greater than 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, or 10.
• Divalent - HFPO- generally also exists as a distribution or mixture of molecules with a range of values for s and t. Thus, the sum of s and t may be expressed as an average value. Such average value is typically not an integer.
• Rf is preferably a monovalent perfluorooxyalkyl group or a divalent perfluoroxyalkylene group
• Rf can alternatively be a perfluorinated alkyl or a perfluorinated alkylene group as known in art.
• the perfluorinated alkyl or a perfluorinated alkylene group typically comprises 2 to 6 perfluorinated carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the number of perfluorinated carbon atoms is at least 2 or 3.
• the number of perfluorinated carbon atoms is no greater than 5 or 4.
• Some representative compounds according to Formula 1 include:
• the fluorinated photoinitiator compounds described herein can be prepared by any suitable method. In typical embodiments, such compounds comprise the (e.g. Michael addition) reaction product of i) an amino functional perfluorinated compound; and ii) a compound comprising an acryl group and a photoinitiator group.
• acryl means acrylate, thioacrylate or acrylamide.
• the fluorochemical compounds described herein may be prepared in a two-step process. The first step is the reaction of a perfluorinated methyl ester compound with a polyamine to produce the corresponding perfluorinated amine.
• the second step is Michael addition of the perfluorinated amines to the acryl group of the compound comprising an acryl group and a photoinitiator group.
• the reactants are combined in a suitable solvent.
• a catalyst is optionally added, and the reaction mixture is heated at a temperature, and for a time sufficient for the reaction to occur.
• Progress of the Michael addition reaction can be determined by monitoring the olefin concentration by use of 1 H Fourier Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (FT-NMR).
• FT-NMR 1 H Fourier Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
• a fluorinated solvent is utilized.
• Various partially fluorinated or perfluorinated solvents are known including perfluorocarbons (PFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs), and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), as well as fluorinated ketones and fluorinated alkyl amines.
• PFCs perfluorocarbons
• HCFCs hydrochlorofluorocarbons
• PFPEs perfluoropolyethers
• HFCs hydrofluorocarbons
• fluorinated ketones and fluorinated alkyl amines are commercially available, for example, under the trade designation NOVEC from 3M Company, St. Paul, MN.
• the solvent is non-fluorinated, such as in the case of ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl amyl ketone and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP); ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran and methyl tetrahydrofurfuryl ether; esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; cyclic esters such as delta-valerolactone and gamma-valerolactone.
• ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl amyl ketone and N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP)
• ethers such as tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran and methyl tetrahydr
• Perfluorooxyalkyl and perfluoroxyalkylene compounds can be obtained by oligomerization of hexafluoropropylene oxide that result in terminal carbonyl fluoride group(s).
• the carbonyl fluoride group(s) may be converted to an ester by reactions known to those skilled in the art.
• Preparation of perfluorinated methyl ester compounds are described, for example, in US 3,250,808 and US 9,718,896.
• An amino functional perfluorinated compound can be prepared by reaction of the terminal ester group(s) of the perfluorinated compound with a polyamine.
• Useful polyamines comprise at least two amine groups. The amine groups are typically primary, secondary, or a combination thereof.
• the polyamine (e.g. diamine) comprises a terminal primary amine group (i.e. NH 2 ) and a terminal secondary amine group.
• examples of such polyamines include H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 )H, H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 2 CH 3 )H, H 2 NCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 )H, and .
• Primary amines exhibit greater reactivity with the ester group of the perfluorinated ester compound than secondary amines.
• the opposing secondary amine group of the polyamine (e.g. diamine) reacts with the acryl group of the compound comprising the photoinitiator group.
• the photoinitiator comprises a phenone group (i.e. an aromatic ketone containing a phenyl group directly attached to the carbonyl group).
• phenone groups include for example benzophenone and acetophenone.
• Some representative compounds comprising an acryl group and a (e.g. phenone) photoinitiator group are described as follows:
• Various (e.g. divalent) organic linking groups, (e.g. L of Formula 1) are represented by these compounds, as set forth in the above table. The (e.g.
• divalent organic linking group can be a covalent bond or comprise moieties such as ester, urethane, alkoxy, and alkylene optionally comprising one or more catenary oxygen or sulfur atoms, and combinations thereof.
• the optionally substituted alkylene group is typically a C 1 -C 12 alkylene, and any interval of integers within this range, such as C 2 -C 6 .
• L of Formula 1) include for example -R 4 X-, -R 4 XC(O)-, -R 4 NHC(O)X-, or -R 4 NHC(O)XR 4 X-, wherein X is the same as defined for Formula 1 and R 4 is a divalent alkylene optionally comprising one or more catenary oxygens.
• the optionally substituted alkylene group is typically a C 1 -C 12 alkylene, and any interval of integers within this range such as C 2 -C 6 .
• Such moieties include an amide moiety, one or more amine moieties, an alkylene moiety, and a carbonyl moiety.
• the organic linking group has a sufficiently low molecular weight such that the fluorinated photoinitiator compound falls within the molecular weight range as will subsequently be described. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the organic linking groups is no greater than 300, 250, 200, 150, 100 or 75 g/mole.
• Compounds comprising an acryl group and a photoinitiator group can be synthesized by reaction of a hydroxy-functional photoinitiator with a hydroxy-reactive acryl compound, such as an isocyanato (C 1 -C 4 )alkyl acrylate.
• the perfluorinated methyl ester reactant comprises a mixture of perfluoroxyalkylene groups of various chain lengths
• the resulting (e.g. Michael addition) fluorinated photoinitiator compound also comprises a mixture of perfluorooxyalkylene groups of various chain lengths.
• the (e.g. Michael addition) photoinitiator compound (e.g. according to Formula 1) typically has a (e.g.
• the (e.g. number average) molecular weight of no greater than 5000, 4500, 4000, 3500, 3000, or 2500 g/mole. In some embodiments, the (e.g. number average) molecular weight is no greater than 2200, 2100, 2000, 1900, or 1800 g/mole. In some embodiments, the (e.g. number average) molecular weight is at least 500, 1000, or 1500 g/mole.
• the molecular weight can be calculated by the equivalent weight of the reactants (i.e. amino functional perfluorinated compound and compound comprising an acryl group and a photoinitiator group) as further described in the forthcoming examples. Alternatively, the molecular weight of the (e.g.
• Michael addition) photoinitiator compound (e.g. according to Formula 1) can be determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid chromatography optionally followed by NMR, and/or mass spectrometry.
• the (e.g. Michael addition) photoinitiator compound (e.g. according to Formula 1) has an average wt.% fluorine of at least 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, or 55 wt.%.
• the wt.% fluorine can be calculated from the reactants.
• the wt.% fluorine can be calculated utilizing Combustion Ion Chromatography (CIC) as described in WO2017/172390.
• the (e.g. Michael addition) photoinitiator compound (e.g. according to Formula 1) has an average wt.% fluorine of at least 30, 35 or 40 wt.% ranging up to 45 wt.% fluorine.
• Photoinitiators with a sufficiently high fluorine content are miscible with highly fluorinated free-radically polymerizable monomers oligomers and mixtures thereof. Less fluorinated compounds can concurrently function as a photoinitiator and a low surface energy additive for less fluorinated and non-fluorinated free-radically polymerizable materials.
• the (e.g. Michael addition) photoinitiator compounds (e.g.
• Photoinitiators are often characterized according to absorption wavelength maximums or in other words absorption peaks.
• Irgacure 2959 is reported to have the following absorbance properties:
• the absorbance of a photoinitiator solution can be determined using a spectrophotometer (according the test method described in the examples).
• the solvent of the photoinitiator solution is suitable for dissolving the photoinitiator.
• acetonitrile is a suitable solvent.
• concentration of photoinitiator dissolved in the solution for determining the absorbance is sufficiently high such that the measured absorbance is greater than the baseline “noise”.
• a concentration of 0.01 wt.% or 0.1 wt.% is useful for determining the absorbance properties of a photoinitiator.
• One of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that there is a linear relationship between absorbance and concentration. Therefore, the absorbance at other concentrations can be calculated.
• the illustrative fluorinated photoinitiator compounds have an absorbance of greater than 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.50, 0.60, 0.70 for a 0.01 wt.% concentration in acetonitrile solution at a pathlength of 1 cm typically at a wavelength in a wavelength range from 250 to 300 nm.
• the illustrative fluorinated photoinitiator compounds have a peak wavelength within the same range (e.g. about 275 nm).
• a peak wavelength within the same range (e.g. about 275 nm).
• photoinitiator groups will have different absorption properties. Absorption wavelength maximums are reported for various photoinitiators in Industrial Photoinitiators, A Technical Guide, W Arthur Green, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2010.
• a (e.g. photo)polymerizable composition comprising at least one free-radically polymerizable (e.g. acryl) monomer, oligomer, polymer, or combination thereof; and the fluorinated photoinitiator compound, as described herein.
• Such photoinitiators are particularly advantageous for use in a polymerizable composition comprising fluorinated free-radically polymerizable monomer(s), oligomer(s), or combinations thereof.
• the fluorinated free-radically polymerizable monomer(s), oligomer(s), or combinations thereof have a fluorine content of at least 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, or 65 wt.% and typically less than 75 wt.%.
• the (e.g. photo)polymerizable composition comprises one or more fluorinated photoinitiator compound in an amount of at least 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, or 3.5 wt.% solids.
• the amount of fluorinated photoinitiator compound is typically no greater than 15, 10 or 5 wt.% solids.
• the fluorinated photoinitiator may be a single compound as described herein, a combination of compounds as described herein, or at least one fluorinated photoinitiator as described herein in combination with a different fluorinated photoinitiator, such as described in the literature.
• the fluorinated photoinitiator compound, as described herein is utilized during the (e.g. photo)polymerization of a fluorinated oligomer comprising a perfluorinated (e.g. perfluorooxyalkyl or perfluorooxyalkylene) group.
• Suitable fluorinated acrylate monomers and oligomers include mono- and di-(meth)acrylates with molecular weights from about 200-3000 g/mole, including mono- and di-acrylates of perfluoropolyether oligomers, such as described in U.S. Pat. No.8,658,248.
• the (e.g. photo)polymerizable composition comprises an HFPO oligomer diacrylate such as depicted as follows, where n is selected such that the molecular weight (Mn) is at least 1000, 1500, or 2000 g/mole.
• Such HFPO oligomer diacrylate can be fully cured by the fluorinated photoinitiator described herein, as described in greater detail in the examples.
• a method of making a cured composition comprising providing a (e.g. photo)polymerizable composition comprising the fluorinated photoinitiator as described herein; and radiation curing the (e.g. photo)polymerizable composition.
• the method further comprises coating the (e.g. photo)polymerizable composition onto a substrate prior to radiation curing.
• the polymerizable composition forms a film or film layer.
• radiation curing comprises exposing the (e.g.
• UV light sources can be of various types.
• Low light intensity sources such as blacklights, generally provide intensities ranging from 0.1 or 0.5 mW/cm 2 (millwatts per square centimeter) to 10 mW/cm 2 (as measured in accordance with procedures approved by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology as, for example, with a UVIMAP UM 365 L-S radiometer manufactured by Electronic Instrumentation & Technology, Inc., in Sterling, VA).
• High light intensity sources generally provide intensities greater than 10, 15, or 20 mW/cm 2 ranging up to 450 mW/cm 2 or greater.
• high intensity light sources provide intensities up to 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 or 1000 mW/cm 2 .
• UV light can be provided by various light sources such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), fluorescent blacklights, arc-lamps such as xenon-arc lamps and medium and low-pressure mercury lamps (including germicidal lamps), microwave-driven lamps, lasers, etc., or a combination thereof.
• the composition can also be polymerized with higher intensity light sources as available from Fusion UV Systems Inc. Lamps that emit ultraviolet or blue light are typically preferred.
• the UV exposure time for polymerization and curing can vary depending on the intensity of the light source(s) used.
• complete curing with a low intensity light course can be accomplished with an exposure time ranging from about 30 to 300 seconds; whereas complete curing with a high intensity light source can be accomplished with shorter exposure time ranging from about 1 to 20 seconds.
• the (e.g. photo)polymerizable composition comprises cured fluorinated free- radically polymerizable monomer(s), oligomer(s), and combinations thereof, the cured composition can have a low refractive index.
• Low refractive index layers may be deposited by a process of vapor coating fluorinated acrylate monomers and/or oligomers, optionally with adhesion promoter(s) and/or photoinitiator(s), and curing by exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UV), electron beam (e-beam), ionizing radiation (gamma rays) or plasma radiation.
• the adhesion promoter also referred to as a coupling agent
• the adhesion promoter may be fluorinated or non-fluorinated. Fluorinated coupling agents are described in the literature and also described in concurrently filed US provisional patent application Attorney Docket Nos.83052US002 and 83094US002, incorporated herein by reference.
• Example 2 AEBP (296.31 MW, 0.05062 mol) and HFPO-C(O)NH-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2- NH(CH 3 ) 66.24 g (1246.15 number average MW, 0.0532 mol), were dissolved with heat in 90.2 g of ethyl acetate and 81.0 g of Novec 7200 in a 500 mL flask equipped with magnetic stir bar under dry air, and allowed to stir at room temperature overnight.
• the Irgacure 2959 did not completely dissolve, and 0.0322 g (400 ppm based on total solids) BHT and 0.008 g (100 ppm based on total solids) 4- hydroxy TEMPO were added.
• 30.52 g (0.216 mol, 141.12 MW) IEA was added via a pressure equalizing addition funnel, reaching a maximum temperature of 34°C at about 40 min. Addition was complete at 1.75 h, at which time analysis of an aliquot showed a small -NCO peak at 2265 cm -1 . After stirring overnight, FTIR showed no -NCO peak.
• Example 3 The product of Preparation 4, 5.00 g (0.0137 mol, 365.38 MW), and 17.91 g (0.0144 mol, 1246.15 number average MW) HFPO-C(O)NH-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2- NH(CH 3 ), along with 25 g of Novec 7200 and 10 g ethyl acetate were added to a 100 mL flask equipped with stir bar under dry air. The reaction, initially cloudy, cleared after 2 h of mixing at room temperature.
• the stoichiometric equivalent weight of the HFPO-[C(O)NH-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2- NH(CH 3 )] was determined to be 1377.88 g/mole. Therefore, the total molecular weight of the compound of Example 2 was 1743.26 g/mole and Example 2 had 50.5% fluorine by weight.
• UV-VIS measurements of photoinitiators 0.1 wt.% and 0.01% wt.% solutions of the fluorinated photoinitiator acetonitrile were prepared. Spectrophotometer cuvettes were filled with the solutions.
• a Lambda 365 UV-Vis spectrometer ( PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA) was used to measure the UV-VIS spectrum of photoinitiator solutions at a 10 mm pathlength. UV-VIS absorbances as a function of wavelength of the compounds of Examples 1-3 are depicted in FIGs.1-3 Curing Effectiveness An evaluation of the curing effectiveness of the materials was done by spin-coating a mixture of HFPO oligomer diacrylate and the fluorinated photoinitiator material(s) at varying concentrations onto an unprimed PET substrate (Weinview SC100, 3000 RPM, 10 sec).
• the HFPO oligomer diacrylate and fluorinated PI mixtures were diluted in a solvent (Novec 7200 or 1,1,1- trifluorotoluene, 1:4) to yield a “dry” thickness of approximately 1-2 micrometers.
• a solvent Novec 7200 or 1,1,1- trifluorotoluene, 1:4
• the samples were transferred to a conveyor belt and exposed to UVC germicidal lamps (12) in a water-cooled, nitrogen-purged enclosure. The UVC lamps were allowed to warm up and stabilize for thirty minutes prior to dosimetry characterization and spin-coating.
• UV dosimetry was completed using an EIT Power Puck II (EIT, Leesburg, VA): the measured peak irradiance was 10 mW/cm 2 , and a line speed of 7 feet per minute (2.13 m/min) was chosen to yield a UVC dose of 54 mJ/cm 2 . If the deposited film was not completely cured, as determined by the criteria listed in Table 2 below, the film was exposed again to the UVC light until the film was completely cured, or the film had not completely cured after six sequential passes.
• EIT Power Puck II EIT, Leesburg, VA
• Example 1 had low miscibility with the HFPO oligomer diacrylate, Example 1 is surmised to be compatible with free-radically polymerizable monomer and oligomers having a lower fluorine content. Further Example 1 can concurrently function as a photoinitiator and a low surface energy additive for less fluorinated or non-fluorinated free-radically polymerizable materials.

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