Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/658—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients o-phenolic cannabinoids, e.g. cannabidiol, cannabigerolic acid, cannabichromene or tetrahydrocannabinol
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
  • A61K47/10—Alcohols; Phenols; Salts thereof, e.g. glycerol; Polyethylene glycols [PEG]; Poloxamers; PEG/POE alkyl ethers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0014—Skin, i.e. galenical aspects of topical compositions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
  • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
  • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
  • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
  • A61K9/7038—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer
  • A61K9/7046—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
  • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
  • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
  • A61K9/7038—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer
  • A61K9/7046—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/7053—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl, polyisobutylene, polystyrene
  • A61K9/7061—Polyacrylates
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/70—Web, sheet or filament bases ; Films; Fibres of the matrix type containing drug
  • A61K9/7023—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms
  • A61K9/703—Transdermal patches and similar drug-containing composite devices, e.g. cataplasms characterised by shape or structure; Details concerning release liner or backing; Refillable patches; User-activated patches
  • A61K9/7038—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer
  • A61K9/7046—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds
  • A61K9/7069—Transdermal patches of the drug-in-adhesive type, i.e. comprising drug in the skin-adhesive layer the adhesive comprising macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polysiloxane, polyesters, polyurethane, polyethylene oxide
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/08—Antiepileptics; Anticonvulsants

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to the transdermal administration of cannabidiol (CBD) for the reduction of seizure frequency in the treatment of, for example, “treatment-resistant epilepsy” (TRE), including treatment resistant pediatric epilepsy, or Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.
• TRE treatment-resistant epilepsy
• TSC Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
• FIRES febrile infection related epilepsy syndrome
• the reduction of total convulsive frequency has surprisingly been shown to be greater than 50%, through 70% to greater than 90% in a significant number of patients. Indeed a significant number of patients have been seizure free at the end of three months treatment.
• the CBD used is in the form of a highly purified extract of cannabis such that the CBD is present at greater than, for example, 98% of the total extract (w/w) and the other components of the extract are characterised.
• THC tetrahydrocannabinol
• it is a synthetically produced CBD (See U.S. Patent No. 10,195,159).
• the CBD may be used concomitantly with one or more other anti-epileptic drags (AED).
• AED anti-epileptic drags
• the CBD may be formulated for administration separately, sequentially or simultaneously with one or more AED or the combination may be provided in a single dosage form.
• the CBD is formulated for administration separately, sequentially or simultaneously it may be provided as a kit or together with instructions to administer the one or more components in the manner
• Cannabis (marijuana) is a schedule-I drag in USA. Cannabis is a flowering plant which contains more than 400 phytonutrient (micronutrient). More than 100 different types of terpenoids, essential oils, antioxidants and cannabinodis have been extracted from the plant. From all of the phytochemicals, only tetryhydrocannbinol (THC) showed significant psychoactive effect. A number of research papers have been published on THC due to its psychoactive and therapeutic effects.
• cannabis and its derivatives can be used for the treatment of pain, antimicrobial, type-2 related metabolic disorder, decrease intraocular pressure, Dravet syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS), epilepsy, nausea, pain and wasting associated with AIDS, arthritis and rheumatism, migraines, muscle spasticity associated with multiple sclerosis and paralysis, alcohol and narcotics withdrawal, stress and depression, asthma, fibromyalgia, inflammatory pain, and pain and/or inflammation associated with chemotherapy.
• FDA approved Marinol and Syndros contains delta 9-THC, which currently using in pain and/or inflammation associated with chemotherapy treatments.
• cannabidiol for the treatment of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), Dravet Syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome.
• LGS Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome
• Epidiolex contains naturally derived cannabidiol from Sativex plant in oral solution form (100 mg/ml). According to the FDA Label, the recommended dose of Epidiolex described in Table 1.
• Epidiolex has mainly five dose dependent side effects: 1) Hepatocellular injury, 2) Somnolence and sedation, 3) Suicidal Behavior and Ideation, 4) Hypersensitivity Reaction and 5) withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs 1 .
• Epidiolex The discontinuation rate of Epidiolex is high due to hepatocellular injury and somnolence and sedation side effects.
• Table 2 provides the dose dependent side effects due to Epidiolex 1 .
• the TDDS system is delivering the drug molecule constantly at defined input rate. Instead of peaks and valley in plasma concentrations like in oral delivery, the TDDS maintain the average plasma concentration at predetermined constant input rate.
• US 9375417 fails to provide any in-vitro or in-vivo data.
• US 6328992 discloses reservoir and adhesive matrix patches, however, these examples contain mixture of cannabinoids (such as delta-8-THC, delta-9-THC, cannabidiol, and cannabinol) instead of cannabidiol only.
• the THC is a psychoactive agent and an addictive substance, so the utility is problematic.
• US 8449908 discloses delivery of the cumulative amount of 60600 ng in 48 hrs through the human cadaver skin. This amount represents the flux of 1925 ng/sqcm/hr.
• the patch area can be calculated using following equation.
• transdermal matrix patches which can deliver synthetic cannabidiol for 1 day, and/or 2-days, and/or 3 -days, and/or 4 days, and/or 5 days, and/or 6 days, and/or 7 days, and/or up to 15 days.
• transdermal drug delivery a transdermal patch or transdermal composition is applied topically to the skin surface. Throughout the duration of topical application of a transdermal patch or transdermal composition drug is continuously released and delivered through the intact skin (via transcellular, intercellular and transappendageal routes) to achieve systemic effect. Therefore, once applied transdermal composition or transdermal patch can deliver drug into systemic circulation throughout the day or even for more than one day depending on the duration of its application which can be even up to a week.
• Transdermal delivery can reduce the dosing frequency of CBD which is currently administered several times a day.
• transdermal compositions or transdermal formulations or transdermal patch of highly purified CBD can be applied topically to skin thereby delivering the drug throughout the duration of topical application.
• the duration of topical application can be once in a day, once in two days, once in three days, once in four days, once in five days, once in a week. Therefore, transdermal delivery can overcome the multiple dose regimen of oral delivery by reducing the dosing frequency.
• transdermal drug delivery the drug is delivered slowly and continuously throughout the duration of topical application hence there are no peaks and troughs in drug Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 plasma concentration which are associated with multiple dose administration in a day. Therefore, by transdermal delivery of highly purified CBD, patients can have the therapeutic effect of the drug for extended period of time without drastic changes in drug plasma concentration.
• transdermal delivery drug In transdermal delivery drug is delivered into systemic circulation through the skin, it escapes the first pass hepatic metabolism therefore to achieve the desired therapeutic activity less drug is required, resulting into less adverse effects or side effects.
• Cannabinol has high lipid solubility and after oral administration undergoes hepatic first pass metabolism, therefore of the administered dose only 10% - 20% reaches systemic circulation, thus as compared to oral dose, transdermal delivery a small dose of cannabidiol can give the desired therapeutic effects at a lower dose than oral.
• transdermal delivery is easy, noninvasive and convenient. Administration of a transdermal patch or transdermal composition does not require medical supervision as patients can topically apply the transdermal patch or transdermal composition themselves. Therefore, transdermal delivery can overcome the drawbacks of injections which are often painful and requires medical supervision.
• transdermal delivery As drug plasma concentration can be controlled by controlling the rate of drug delivery from transdermal composition or transdermal patch. With transdermal delivery a small amount of cannabidiol can be delivered for longer duration than oral administration. Transdermal formulations of cannabidiol also provide more abuse deterrence than immediate release dosage forms.
• transdermal delivery can provide patient friendly, simplified and convenient therapeutic regimen over traditional delivery systems.
• Transdermal delivery can reduce the dosing frequency of highly purified CBD.
• dosing frequency can be once in a day, once in two days, once in three days, once in four days, once in five days, once in six days, once in a week.
• transdermal administration of drug combination two or more drugs can be delivered simultaneously.
• dosing frequency of transdermal patch or transdermal composition containing drug combination can be once in a day, once in two days, once in three days, once in four days, once in five days, once in six days, once in a week. It would be a great addition to the patient compliance.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least about 90% (w/w) cannabidiol (CBD), in a dosage form for transdermal delivery.
• CBD cannabidiol
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises at least about 95% CBD.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises at least about 98% CBD.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which comprises at least about 99% CBD.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition formulated as transdermal liquid formulation, transdermal semisolid formulation, or transdermal polymer matrix formulation.
• compositions further comprising carriers or ingredients in effective amount selected from the group consisting of solvents, gelling agents, polymers, penetration enhancers, emollients, skin irritation reducing agents, buffering agents, pH stabilizers, solubilizers, suspending agents, dispersing agents, stabilizers, plasticizers, surfactants, antioxidants, oxidants, and combinations thereof.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising carriers or ingredients in effective amount selected from the group consisting of solvents, gelling agents, polymers, penetration enhancers, emollients, skin irritation reducing agents, buffering agents, pH stabilizers, solubilizers, suspending agents, dispersing agents, stabilizers, plasticizers, surfactants, antioxidants, oxidants, and combinations thereof in the range of 0.01% - 95% w/w or w/v.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition wherein the carrier is present in the range of 0.01% - 99.8% w/w or w/v.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which is formulated as a transdermal patch.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition formulated as a transdermal patch, wherein the transdermal patch is selected from the group such as to reservoir patch, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, extended release transdermal film a liquid reservoir system, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, a mucoadhesive patch, and combinations thereof.
• the transdermal patch is selected from the group such as to reservoir patch, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, extended release transdermal film a liquid reservoir system, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, a mucoadhesive patch, and combinations thereof.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition indicated for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient, wherein the seizure disorder disorders include, for example, complex partial seizures, simple partial seizures, partial seizures with secondary generalization, generalized seizures (including absence, grand mal (tonic clonic), status Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 epilepticus, tonic, atonic, myoclonic), neonatal and infantile spasms, drug-induced seizures, trauma-induced seizures, and febrile seizures, and additional specific epilepsy syndromes such as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet syndrome, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, progressive epilepsy with mental retardation, and progressive myoclonic epilepsy, as well as seizures associated with CNS mass lesions.
• the seizure disorder disorders include, for example, complex partial seizures, simple partial seizures, partial seizures with secondary generalization, generalized seizures (including absence
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which is formulated as the transdermal formulation which can be administered in a dosage regimen selected from the group consisting of once daily, twice daily, three times a day, once in 1-8 hrs, once in 1-24 hrs, once in two days, once in three days, once in four days, once in five days, once in six days, once in a week, once in a 8 to about 13 days, once in two weeks, once in 15 days to about 30 days.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which may be formulated as microneedles.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition wherein said CBD or derivative thereof is produced by a synthetic route.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition co administered with at least one additional an anti-epileptic agent selected from the group consisting of: clobazam; levetiracetam; topiramate; stiripentol; phenobarbital; lacsamide; valproic acid; zonisamide; perampanel; and fosphenytoin.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising at least one additional an anti-epileptic agent selected from the group consisting of: clobazam; levetiracetam; topiramate; stiripentol; phenobarbital; lacsamide; valproic acid; zonisamide; perampanel; and fosphenytoin.
• the disclosure provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient comprising: selecting a patient in need of treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder; topically applying the pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein.
• the disclosure provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient wherein the seizure disorder includes complex partial seizures, simple partial seizures, partial seizures with secondary generalization, generalized seizures (including absence, grand mal (tonic clonic), status epilepticus, tonic, atonic, myoclonic), neonatal and infantile spasms, drag-induced seizures, trauma-induced seizures, and febrile seizures, and additional specific epilepsy syndromes such as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet syndrome, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, progressive epilepsy with mental retardation, and progressive myoclonic epilepsy, as well as
• the disclosure provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient wherein the topical application of a transdermal patch for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 disorder in a patient, wherein the seizure disorder include, for example, complex partial seizures, simple partial seizures, partial seizures with secondary generalization, generalized seizures (including absence, grand mal (tonic clonic), status epilepticus, tonic, atonic, myoclonic), neonatal and infantile spasms, drag-induced seizures, trauma-induced seizures, and febrile seizures, and additional specific epilepsy syndromes such as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet syndrome, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, progressive epilepsy with mental retardation, and progressive myoclonic epilepsy, as well as seizures associated with CNS mass lesions is selected from the group
• the disclosure provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient further providing a constant rate of delivery of the active components of the transdermal patch over a time period.
• the disclosure provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient further providing a steady absorption rates of the active components of the transdermal patch over a time period.
• the disclosure provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient further achieving a constant blood serum levels of the active components of the transdermal patch over a time period.
• the disclosure provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient further achieving a reduced variability in dosage of the active components of the transdermal patches over a time period.
• the disclosure provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient further providing a plasma concentration of the active components of the transdermal patch in a therapeutic range over a period of time.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a highly purified extract of cannabis which comprises at least about 90% (w/w) cannabidiol (CBD), in a dosage form for transdermal delivery.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition wherein the highly purified extract of cannabis comprises at least about 95% CBD.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition wherein the highly purified extract of cannabis comprises at least about 98% CBD.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition wherein the highly purified extract of cannabis comprises at least about 99% CBD.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition formulated as transdermal liquid formulation, transdermal semisolid formulation, or transdermal polymer matrix formulation.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising carriers or ingredients in effective amount selected from the group consisting of solvents, gelling agents, polymers, penetration Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 enhancers, emollients, skin irritation reducing agents, buffering agents, pH stabilizers, solubilizers, suspending agents, dispersing agents, stabilizers, plasticizers, surfactants, antioxidants, oxidants, and combinations thereof.
• carriers or ingredients in effective amount selected from the group consisting of solvents, gelling agents, polymers, penetration Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 enhancers, emollients, skin irritation reducing agents, buffering agents, pH stabilizers, solubilizers, suspending agents, dispersing agents, stabilizers, plasticizers, surfactants, antioxidants, oxidants, and combinations thereof.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising carriers or ingredients in effective amount selected from the group consisting of solvents, gelling agents, polymers, penetration enhancers, emollients, skin irritation reducing agents, buffering agents, pH stabilizers, solubilizers, suspending agents, dispersing agents, stabilizers, plasticizers, surfactants, antioxidants, oxidants, and combinations thereof in the range of 0.01% - 95% w/w or w/v.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition wherein the carrier is present in the range of 0.01% - 99.8% w/w or w/v.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which is formulated as a transdermal patch.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition formulated as a transdermal patch, wherein the transdermal patch is selected from the group such as to reservoir patch, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, extended release transdermal film a liquid reservoir system, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, a mucoadhesive patch, and combinations thereof.
• the transdermal patch is selected from the group such as to reservoir patch, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, extended release transdermal film a liquid reservoir system, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, a mucoadhesive patch, and combinations thereof.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition indicated for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient, wherein the seizure disorder disorders include, for example, complex partial seizures, simple partial seizures, partial seizures with secondary generalization, generalized seizures (including absence, grand mal (tonic clonic), status epilepticus, tonic, atonic, myoclonic), neonatal and infantile spasms, drug-induced seizures, trauma-induced seizures, and febrile seizures, and additional specific epilepsy syndromes such as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy, Treatment Resistant Pediatric Epilepsy, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, progressive epilepsy with mental retardation, and progressive myoclonic epilepsy, as well as seizures associated with CNS mass lesions.
• the seizure disorder disorders include, for example, complex partial seizures, simple partial
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which is formulated as the transdermal formulation which can be administered in a dosage regimen selected from the group consisting of once daily, twice daily, three times a day, once in 1-8 hrs, once in 1-24 hrs, once in two days, once in three days, once in four days, once in five days, once in six days, once in a week, once in a 8 to about 13 days, once in two weeks, once in 15 days to about 30 days.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which may be formulated as microneedles.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition wherein said CBD or derivative thereof is produced by a synthetic route.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition co- Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 administered with at least one additional an anti-epileptic agent selected from the group consisting of: clobazam; levetiracetam; topiramate; stiripentol; phenobarbital; lacsamide; valproic acid; zonisamide; perampanel; and fosphenytoin.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising at least one additional an anti-epileptic agent selected from the group consisting of: clobazam; levetiracetam; topiramate; stiripentol; phenobarbital; lacsamide; valproic acid; zonisamide; perampanel; and fosphenytoin.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a highly purified extract of cannabis which comprises at least about 90% (w/w) cannabidiol (CBD), in a dosage form for transdermal delivery wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises: about 9% to about 12% w/w of the highly purified CBD; optionally, about 30% to about 99% solvent; optionally, about 1% to about 20% penetration enhancer(s), wherein the pH of the composition is maintained at approximately 4.0 to 8.0.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition formulated as transdermal liquid formulation, transdermal semisolid formulation, or transdermal polymer matrix formulation.
• compositions further comprising carriers or ingredients in effective amount selected from the group consisting of gelling agents, polymers, emollients, skin irritation reducing agents, buffering agents, pH stabilizers, solubilizers, suspending agents, dispersing agents, stabilizers, plasticizers, surfactants, antioxidants, oxidants, and combinations thereof.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising carriers or ingredients in effective amount selected from the group consisting of gelling agents, polymers, emollients, skin irritation reducing agents, buffering agents, pH stabilizers, solubilizers, suspending agents, dispersing agents, stabilizers, plasticizers, surfactants, antioxidants, oxidants, and combinations thereof in the range of 0.01% - 95% w/w or w/v.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which is formulated as a transdermal patch.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition formulated as a transdermal patch, wherein the transdermal patch is selected from the group such as to reservoir patch, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, extended release transdermal film a liquid reservoir system, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, a mucoadhesive patch, and combinations thereof.
• the transdermal patch is selected from the group such as to reservoir patch, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, extended release transdermal film a liquid reservoir system, a microreservoir patch, a matrix patch, a pressure sensitive adhesive patch, a mucoadhesive patch, and combinations thereof.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition indicated for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient, wherein the seizure disorder disorders include, for example, complex partial seizures, simple partial seizures, partial seizures with secondary generalization, generalized seizures (including absence, grand mal (tonic clonic), status epilepticus, tonic, atonic, myoclonic), neonatal and infantile spasms, drug- Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 induced seizures, trauma-induced seizures, and febrile seizures, and additional specific epilepsy syndromes such as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy, Treatment Resistant Pediatric Epilepsy, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, progressive epilepsy with mental retardation, and progressive myoclonic epilepsy, as well as seizures associated with CNS mass lesions.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which is formulated as the transdermal formulation which can be administered in a dosage regimen selected from the group consisting of once daily, twice daily, three times a day, once in 1-8 hrs, once in 1-24 hrs, once in two days, once in three days, once in four days, once in five days, once in six days, once in a week, once in a 8 to about 13 days, once in two weeks, once in 15 days to about 30 days.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition which may be formulated as microneedles.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition wherein said CBD or derivative thereof is produced by a synthetic route.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition co-administered with at least one additional an anti-epileptic agent selected from the group consisting of: clobazam; levetiracetam; topiramate; stiripentol; phenobarbital; lacsamide; valproic acid; zonisamide; perampanel; and fosphenytoin.
• the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition further comprising at least one additional an anti-epileptic agent selected from the group consisting of: clobazam; levetiracetam; topiramate; stiripentol; phenobarbital; lacsamide; valproic acid; zonisamide; perampanel; and fosphenytoin.
• the disclosure provides a method for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient comprising: selecting a patient in need of treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder; topically applying the pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein.
• the seizure disorder includes complex partial seizures, simple partial seizures, partial seizures with secondary generalization, generalized seizures (including absence, grand mal (tonic clonic), status epilepticus, tonic, atonic, myoclonic), neonatal and infantile spasms, drug-induced seizures, trauma-induced seizures, and febrile seizures, and additional specific epilepsy syndromes such as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy, Treatment Resistant Pediatric Epilepsy, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, progressive epilepsy with mental retardation, and progressive myoclonic epile
• the disclosure provides a method wherein the topical application of a transdermal patch for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient, wherein the seizure Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 disorder include, for example, complex partial seizures, simple partial seizures, partial seizures with secondary generalization, generalized seizures (including absence, grand mal (tonic clonic), status epilepticus, tonic, atonic, myoclonic), neonatal and infantile spasms, drug- induced seizures, trauma-induced seizures, and febrile seizures, and additional specific epilepsy syndromes such as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy, Treatment Resistant Pediatric Epilepsy, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, progressive epilepsy with mental retardation, and progressive myoclonic epilepsy, as well as seizures associated with C
• the disclosure provides a method further providing a constant rate of delivery of the active components of the transdermal patch over a time period.
• the disclosure provides a method further providing a steady absorption rates of the active components of the transdermal patch over a time period.
• the disclosure provides a method further achieving a constant blood serum levels of the active components of the transdermal patch over a time period.
• the disclosure provides a method further achieving a reduced variability in dosage of the active components of the transdermal patches over a time period.
• the disclosure provides a method further providing a plasma concentration of the active components of the transdermal patch in a therapeutic range over a period of time.
• compositions of the disclosure for the production of a medicament for treating the indications as set forth herein.
• the present disclosure provides a use of the pharmaceutical compositions described above, an amount effective for use in a medicament, and most preferably for use as a medicament for treating a disease or disorder in a subject, for example as disclosed herein.
• the present disclosure provides a use of the pharmaceutical compositions described above, and at least one additional therapeutic agent, in an amount effective for use in a medicament, and most preferably for use as a medicament for treating a disease or disorder associated with disease in a subject, for example as disclosed herein.
• Cannabinoids are a group of 21 -carbon-containing terpenophenolic compounds produced by Cannabis species. Cannabinoids may also be synthetically produced.
• the term "cannabinoid” refers hereinafter to a class of diverse chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid receptors on cells that repress neurotransmitter release in the brain. These receptor proteins include the endocannabinoids (produced naturally in the body by humans and animals), the phytocannabinoids (found in cannabis and some other plants), and synthetic cannabinoids.
• Lipophilic cannabinoids are generally grouped as endocannabinoids (most typically as mammalian endocannabinoids); phytocannabinoids, from plant sources; and synthetic cannabinoids.
• Such cannabinoids are also often classified into the following subclasses: Cannabigerols (CBG); Cannabichromenes (CBC); Cannabidiol (CBD); Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); Cannabinol (CBN); Cannabidiol (CBDL); Cannabicyclol (CBL); Cannabielsoin (CBE); and, Cannabitriol (CBT).
• THC Tetrahydrocannbinol
• cannabis refers to all pharmaceutically acceptable forms of cannabis and its derivatives either alone or in combinations thereof, for example, in following forms but not limited to such as free base or salts or isomers or amorphous or crystalline or co crystalline or solid solution or prodrugs or analogs or derivatives or metabolites.
• cannabidiol s free base or its salts or its isomers or its amorphous form or its crystalline form or its co crystalline form or its solid solution or its prodrugs or its analogs or its derivatives or synthetic forms.
• the compound may be in the form of, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, such as an acid addition salt or a base salt, or a solvate thereof, including a hydrate thereof.
• Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which form non toxic salts and examples are the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulphate, bisulphate, nitrate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, acetate, maleate, fumarate, lactate, tartrate, citrate, gluconate, succinate, saccharate, benzoate, methanesulphonate, ethanesulphonate, benzenesulphonate, p-toluenesulphonate and pamoate salts.
• Suitable base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts and examples are the sodium, potassium, aluminium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and diethanolamine salts.
• CBD includes the free base thereof, salts thereof, isomers thereof, amorphous forms thereof, crystalline forms thereof, co crystalline forms thereof, prodrugs thereof, analogs thereof, derivatives thereof, and synthetic forms thereof, alone or in combinations thereof.
• the CBD is highly purified.
• the CBD is present as a highly purified extract of cannabis which comprises at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.75% (w/w) CBD.
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise CBD as disclosed herein at a concentration of about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 9.1%, about 9.2%, about 9.3%, about 9.4%, about 9.5%, about 9.6%, about 9.7%, about 9.8%, about 9.9% about 9.25%, about 9.5%, about 9.75%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise CBD at a concentration of about 1 Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 to 25%, of about 5% to 20%, about 8% to about 15%, or about 9% to about 14%, about 9% to about 13%, about 9% to about 12%, w/w of the formulation.
• the dose of CBD is greater than, for example, about 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 mg/kg/day. In certain embodiments, the dose of CBD is greater than, for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, or 275 mg/day.
• the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” includes acid addition salts or addition salts of free bases.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the cannabidiol within its scope all the possible isomers and their mixtures, and any pharmaceutically acceptable metabolite, bioprecursor and/or pro-drug, such as, for example, a compound which has a structural formula different from the one of the compounds of the disclosure, and yet is directly or indirectly converted in vivo into a compound of the disclosure, upon administration to a subject, such as a mammal, particularly a human being.
• the terms “subject” and “patient” are used interchangeably.
• the term “patient” refers to an animal, preferably a mammal such as a non-primate (e.g., cows, pigs, horses, cats, dogs, rats etc.) and a primate (e.g., monkey and human), and most preferably a human.
• the subject is a non-human animal such as a farm animal (e.g., a horse, pig, or cow) or a pet (e.g., a dog or cat).
• the subject is a human.
• the term “agent” refers to any molecule, compound, methodology and/or substance for use in the prevention, treatment, management and/or diagnosis of a disease or condition.
• the term “effective amount” refers to the amount of a therapy that is sufficient to result in the prevention of the development, recurrence, or onset of a disease or condition, and one or more symptoms thereof, to enhance or improve the prophylactic effect(s) of another therapy, reduce the severity, the duration of a disease or condition, ameliorate one or more symptoms of a disease or condition, prevent the advancement of a disease or condition, cause regression of a disease or condition, and/or enhance or improve the therapeutic effect(s) of another therapy.
• the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the federal or a state government, or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia, European Pharmacopeia, or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly, in humans.
• therapeutic agent refers to any molecule, compound, and/or substance that is used for treating and/or managing a disease or disorder.
• the terms “therapies” and “therapy” can refer to any method(s), composition(s), and/or agent(s) that can be used in the prevention, treatment and/or management of a disease or condition, or one or more symptoms thereof.
• the terms “therapy” and “therapies” refer to small molecule therapy.
• derivative or “derivatized” as used herein includes, for example, chemical modification of a compound of the disclosure, or extracted from botanical sources or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof or mixtures thereof. That is, a “derivative” may be a functional equivalent of a compound of the disclosure, which is capable of inducing the improved pharmacological functional activity in a given subject.
• composition As used herein, the terms “composition” and “formulation” are used interchangeably.
• transdermal delivery means delivery of drug into systemic circulation through the skin.
• transdermal compositions described herein are for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient, wherein the seizure disorder disorders include, for example, complex partial seizures, simple partial seizures, partial seizures with secondary generalization, generalized seizures (including absence, grand mal (tonic clonic), status epilepticus, tonic, atonic, myoclonic), neonatal and infantile spasms, drug-induced seizures, trauma-induced seizures, and febrile seizures, and additional specific epilepsy syndromes such as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet syndrome, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, progressive epilepsy with mental retardation, and progressive myoclonic epilepsy, as well as seizures associated with CNS mass lesions.
• the seizure disorder disorders include, for example, complex partial seizures, simple partial seizures, partial seizures with secondary generalization, generalized seizures (including absence, grand mal (tonic clonic), status epi
• Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by repeated seizures over time.
• Types of epilepsy can include, but are not limited to generalized epilepsy, e.g., childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, epilepsy with grand-mal seizures on awakening, West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014
• Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy Treatment Resistant Pediatric Epilepsy, partial epilepsy, e.g., temporal lobe epilepsy, frontal lobe epilepsy, benign focal epilepsy of childhood.
• partial epilepsy e.g., temporal lobe epilepsy, frontal lobe epilepsy, benign focal epilepsy of childhood.
• Status epilepticus can include, e.g., convulsive status epilepticus, e.g., early status epilepticus, established status epilepticus, refractory status epilepticus, super-refractory status epilepticus; non-convulsive status epilepticus, e.g., generalized status epilepticus, complex partial status epilepticus; generalized periodic epileptiform discharges; and periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges.
• Convulsive status epilepticus is characterized by the presence of convulsive status epileptic seizures, and can include early status epilepticus, established status epilepticus, refractory status epilepticus, super-refractory status epilepticus.
• Early status epilepticus is treated with a first line therapy.
• Established status epilepticus is characterized by status epileptic seizures which persist despite treatment with a first line therapy, and a second line therapy is administered.
• Refractory status epilepticus is characterized by status epileptic seizures which persist despite treatment with a first line and a second line therapy, and a general anesthetic is generally administered.
• Super refractory status epilepticus is characterized by status epileptic seizures which persist despite treatment with a first line therapy, a second line therapy, and a general anesthetic for 24 hours or more.
• Non-convulsive status epilepticus can include, e.g., focal non-convulsive status epilepticus, e.g., complex partial non-convulsive status epilepticus, simple partial non- convulsive status epilepticus, subtle non-convulsive status epilepticus; generalized non- convulsive status epilepticus, e.g., late onset absence non-convulsive status epilepticus, atypical absence non-convulsive status epilepticus, or typical absence non-convulsive status epilepticus.
• focal non-convulsive status epilepticus e.g., complex partial non-convulsive status epilepticus, simple partial non- convulsive status epilepticus, subtle non-convulsive status epilepticus
• generalized non- convulsive status epilepticus e.g., late onset absence non-convulsive status epilepticus, atypical absence non-convulsive
• compositions described herein can also be administered as a prophylactic to a subject having a CNS disorder e.g., a traumatic brain injury, status epilepticus, e.g., convulsive status epilepticus, e.g., early status epilepticus, established status epilepticus, refractory status epilepticus, super-refractory status epilepticus; non-convulsive status epilepticus, e.g., generalized status epilepticus, complex partial status epilepticus; generalized periodic epileptiform discharges; and periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges; prior to the onset of a seizure.
• a CNS disorder e.g., a traumatic brain injury
• status epilepticus e.g., convulsive status epilepticus, e.g., early status epilepticus, established status epilepticus, refractory status epilepticus, super-refractory status epilepticus
• a seizure is the physical findings or changes in behavior that occur after an episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
• the term "seizure” is often used interchangeably with Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014
• Convulsions are when a person's body shakes rapidly and uncontrollably. During convulsions, the person's muscles contract and relax repeatedly.
• seizures are divided into two broad categories: generalized and partial (also called local or focal). Classifying the type of seizure helps doctors diagnose whether or not a patient has epilepsy.
• Generalized seizures are produced by electrical impulses from throughout the entire brain, whereas partial seizures are produced (at least initially) by electrical impulses in a relatively small part of the brain.
• the part of the brain generating the seizures is sometimes called the focus.
• Absence seizures cause a short loss of consciousness (just a few seconds) with few or no symptoms.
• the patient most often a child, typically interrupts an activity and stares blankly. These seizures begin and end abruptly and may occur several times a day. Patients are usually not aware that they are having a seizure, except that they may be aware of "losing time.”
• Myoclonic seizures consist of sporadic jerks, usually on both sides of the body. Patients sometimes describe the jerks as brief electrical shocks. When violent, these seizures may result in dropping or involuntarily throwing objects.
• Clonic seizures are repetitive, rhythmic jerks that involve both sides of the body at the same time.
• Tonic seizures are characterized by stiffening of the muscles.
• Atonic seizures consist of a sudden and general loss of muscle tone, particularly in the arms and legs, which often results in a fall.
• Seizures described herein can include epileptic seizures; acute repetitive seizures; cluster seizures; continuous seizures; unremitting seizures; prolonged seizures; recurrent seizures; status epilepticus seizures, e.g., refractory convulsive status epilepticus, non-convulsive status epilepticus seizures; refractory seizures; myoclonic seizures; tonic seizures; tonic-clonic seizures; simple partial seizures; complex partial seizures; secondarily generalized seizures; atypical absence seizures; absence seizures; atonic seizures; benign Rolandic seizures; febrile seizures; emotional seizures; focal seizures; gelastic seizures; generalized onset seizures; infantile spasms; Jacksonian seizures; massive bilateral myoclonus seizures; multifocal seizures; neonatal onset seizures; nocturnal seizures; occipital lobe seizures; post traumatic seizures; subtle seizures; Sylvan seizures; visual reflex seizures; or withdrawal seizures.
• status epilepticus seizures e.g., refractory convulsive status epilepticus, non
• the CBD is present in an amount that reduces total seizure frequency by greater than 70% with respect to the seizure frequency achieved on concomitant anti-epileptic drugs (AED). More preferably the CBD is present in an amount that reduces total seizure frequency by greater than 90% with respect to the seizure frequency achieved on concomitant anti-epileptic drugs (AED). More preferably still the CBD is present in an amount that reduces total seizure frequency by 100% with respect to the seizure frequency achieved on concomitant anti-epileptic drugs (AED).
• the CBD is present as a highly purified extract of cannabis which comprises at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.75% (w/w) CBD.
• the one or more AED is preferably selected from the group consisting of: clobazam; levetiracetam; topiramate; stiripentol; phenobarbital; lacsamide; valproic acid; zonisamide; perampanel; and fosphenytoin.
• the CBD is used in combination with clobazam.
• the number of different anti-epileptic drugs or the dose of AED that are used in combination with the CBD is reduced. More preferably the dose of AED which is reduced is of clobazam.
• the dose of CBD is greater than, for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or 45 mg/kg/day.
• a for a 15 kg patient a dose of greater than 75 mg of CBD per day would be provided.
• Doses greater than 5 mg/kg/day such as greater than 10/mg/kg/day, greater than 15 mg/kg/day, greater than 20 mg/kg/day and greater than 25 mg/kg/day are also envisaged to be effective.
• the dose of CBD Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 is greater than, for example, about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, or 275 mg/day.
• the disclosure provides a method of treating treatment-resistant epilepsy comprising administering cannabidiol (CBD) to a subject, wherein the epilepsy is febrile infection related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES).
• CBD cannabidiol
• FIRES febrile infection related epilepsy syndrome
• the disclosure provides a method of treating treatment-resistant epilepsy comprising administering cannabidiol (CBD) to a subject in an amount sufficient to reduce total seizure frequency by greater than 50% with respect to the seizure frequency achieved on one or more concomitant anti-epileptic drugs (AED).
• CBD cannabidiol
• composition or transdermal formulation of contains highly purified CBD. More preferably transdermal formulation may include highly purified CBD.
• transdermal drug delivery system which may include without any limitation to transdermal formulation, transdermal patches, topical formulation, microneedles, iontophoresis, metered dose transdermal spray.
• Transdermal formulation which includes liquids for example without any limitation like solutions, suspensions, dispersions, emulsion.
• Transdermal formulation includes semisolids for example without any limitations like gels, ointments, emulsions, creams, suspension, paste, lotion, balm. Liquid formulation and/or gel formulation incorporated in transdermal patch is preferred.
• Transdermal formulations which includes polymer matrix without any limitations like adhesive matrix, non-adhesive matrix.
• transdermal patch may include all transdermal drug delivery systems stated in art preferably but not limited to reservoir patch, matrix patch, bilayer matrix patch, multilayer matrix patch, microreservoir patch, adhesive systems, transdermally applicable tape and other.
• a transdermal patch comprises transdermal formulation containing highly purified CBD contained in a reservoir or a matrix, and an adhesive which allows the transdermal patch to adhere to the skin, allowing the passage of the highly purified CBD from the transdermal patch through the skin of the patient.
• the Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 transdermal delivery system can be occlusive, semi-occlusive or non-occlusive, and can be adhesive or non-adhesive.
• the transdermal formulation comprising highly purified CBD can be incorporated within the patch and patch can be applied topically to the skin surface.
• the patch can be left on the subject for any suitable period of time.
• the transdermal patches provide for a constant rate of delivery of the active components of the transdermal patch over a predetermined time period.
• the predetermined time period is 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 120 hours, 144 hours, 7 days, 8 to 13 days, two weeks, or 15 days.
• the transdermal patches described herein provide a steady absorption rate of the active components of the transdermal patches by the patient over a predetermined time.
• the predetermined time period is 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 120 hours, 144 hours, 7 days, 8 to 13 days, two weeks, or 15 days.
• the transdermal patches described herein provide a constant blood serum level of the active components of the transdermal patches in a patient over a predetermined time.
• the predetermined time period is 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 120 hours, 144 hours, 7 days, 8 to 13 days, two weeks, or 15 days.
• the transdermal patches described herein provide a plasma concentration of the active components of the transdermal patches in a therapeutic range in a patient over a predetermined time.
• the predetermined time period is 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 120 hours, 144 hours, 7 days, 8 to 13 days, two weeks, or 15 days.
• the transdermal patches described herein allow for reduced variability in dosage of active components in a patient over a predetermined time.
• the predetermined time period is 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours, 120 hours, 144 hours, 7 days, 8 to 13 days, two weeks, or 15 days.
• the topical formulation stated in the art which include, for example without any limitation, semisolids such as ointment, cream, emulsion, micro emulsion, nano emulsion, paste, balms, gels, lotions, mousses.
• Liquids such as solutions, suspensions, micro suspension, nano Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 suspension, dispersions, nano dispersion etc. Sprays, aerosols, magma, etc.
• the topical formulation comprising highly purified CBD can be topically applied to the skin surface for transdermal delivery of cannabidiol.
• the transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation of some embodiments of the present disclosure may include carriers or ingredients in effective amount either alone or in combinations thereof without any limitation to the following carriers or ingredients such as solvents, gelling agents, polymers, biodegradable polymers, penetration enhancers, emollients, skin irritation reducing agents, buffering agents, pH stabilizers, solubilizers, suspending agents, dispersing agents, stabilizers, plasticizers, tackifiers, surfactants, volatile chemicals, antioxidants, oxidants, chelating agents, complexing agents, diluents, excipients, material to prepare patch, material to prepare matrix patch, material to prepare reservoir patch etc.
• carriers or ingredients such as solvents, gelling agents, polymers, biodegradable polymers, penetration enhancers, emollients, skin irritation reducing agents, buffering agents, pH stabilizers, solubilizers, suspending agents, dispersing agents, stabilizers, plasticizers, tackifiers, surfactants,
• Cannabidiol may be dissolved, suspended, dispersed or uniformly mixed in the above stated single carrier, mixture of carriers and combinations of carrier. Any combination of two or more drugs such as cannabidiol may be dissolved, suspended, dispersed or uniformly mixed in the above stated single carrier, mixture of carriers and combinations of carrier.
• the desired optimum transdermal and/or topical formulation of cannabidiol alone or in combinations thereof may comprise without any limitation to following carriers as stated from example 1 to example 11 either alone or in combinations thereof.
• the transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation of the disclosure may comprise solvents known to those skilled in the art either alone or in combinations thereof without any limitation to following like alcohol C1-C20 such as but not limited to (methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, butanol, propanol etc.), polyhydric alcohols, glycols such as but not limited to (propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, hexylene glycol, butyene glycol, glycerine etc.), derivative of glycols, pyrrolidone such as but not limited to (N methyl 2- pyrrolidone, Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014
• sulfoxides such as but not limited to (dimethyl sulfoxide, decymethylsulfoxide etc), dimethylisosorbide, mineral oils, vegetable oils, water, polar solvents, semi polar solvents, non polar solvents, volatile chemicals which can be used to make matrix patch such as but not limited to (ethanol, propanol, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol, dichloromethane, chloroform, toluene, IP A), acids such as but not limited to acetic acid, lactic acid, levulinic acid, bases and others. More preferably in the range of 0.01 % - 95% w/w or w/v.
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise solvent(s) at a concentration of about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 75%, about 75%, about 75%,
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise solvent(s) at a concentration of about 30 to 99%, of about 35% to 95%, about 40% to about 90% w/w.
• the solvent(s) will represent approximately 1 wt % to 75 wt %, preferably 2 wt % to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 wt. % to 20 wt. % of the formulation.
• the transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation of the disclosure may comprise gelling agents and/or thickening and/or suspending agents known to those skilled in the art either alone or in combinations thereof without any limitation to following like natural polymers, polysaccharides and its derivatives such as but not limited to (agar, alginic acid and derivatives, cassia tora, collagen, gelatin, gellum gum, guar gum, pectin, potassium, or sodium carageenan, tragacanth, xantham, gum copal, chitosan, resin etc.), semisynthetic polymers and its derivatives such as without any limitation to cellulose and its derivatives (methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxylpropyl cellulose, hydroxylpropylmethyl cellulose etc.), synthetic polymers and its derivatives such as without any limitation to carboxyvinyl polymers or carbomers (carbopol 940, carbopol 934, carbopol 97 lp NF),
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise gelling agents and/or thickening and/or suspending agents at a concentration of about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise gelling agents and/or thickening and/or suspending agents at a concentration of about 1 to 20%, of about 5% to 25%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 15% to about 18%, about 30% to about 70%, about 35% to about 65%, and about 40% to about 64% w/w.
• the gelling agents and/or thickening and/or suspending agents will represent approximately 1 wt % to 75 wt %, preferably 2 wt % to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 wt. % to 20 wt. % of the formulation.
• the transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation of the disclosure may comprise penetration or permeation enhancers known to those skilled in the art either alone or in combination thereof without any limitation to the following, such as sulfoxides, and similar chemicals such as but not limited to (dimethylsulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide, decymethylsulfoxide, dimethylisosorbide etc), 1,3-butanediol, azone, Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 pyrrolidones such as but not limited to (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidon etc.), esters, fatty acid esters such as but not limited to (propylene glycol monolaurate, butyl ethanoate, ethyl ethanoate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, methyl ethanoate, decyl oleate, glycerol monooleate, glycerol
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise permeation enhancer(s) at a concentration of about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise penetration or permeation enhancer(s) at a concentration of about 1 to 20%, of about 5% to 25%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 15% to about 18%, about 30% to about 70%, about 35% to about 65%, and about 40% to about 64% w/w.
• the permeation enhancer(s) will represent approximately 1 wt % to 75 wt %, preferably 2 wt % to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 wt. % to 20 wt. % of the formulation.
• the transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation of the disclosure may comprise plasticizers known to those skilled in the art either alone or in combination thereof without any limitation to following like glycerol and its esters, phosphate esters, glycol derivatives, sugar Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 alcohols, sebacic acid esters, citric acid esters, tartaric acid esters, adipate, phthalic acid esters, triacetin, oleic acid esters and all the plasticizers which can be used in transdermal drug delivery system referred in the book “Handbook of Plasticizers” (George Wypych, 2004, Chem Tec Publishing). More preferably in the range of 0.01% - 95% w/w or w/v.
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise plasticizer (s) at a concentration of about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 75%, about 7
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise plasticizer(s) at a concentration of about 1 to 20%, of about 5% to 25%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 15% to about 18%, about 30% to about 70%, about 35% to about 65%, and about 40% to about 64% w/w.
• the plasticizer(s) will represent approximately 1 wt % to 75 wt %, preferably 2 wt % to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 wt. % to 20 wt. % of the formulation.
• the transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation of the disclosure may comprise emollients, humectants, skin irritation reducing agents and the similar compounds or chemicals known to those skilled in the art either alone or in combinations thereof without any limitation to following like petrolatum, lanolin, mineral oil, dimethicone, zinc oxide, glycerin, propylene glycol and others. More preferably in the range of 0.01% - 95% w/w or w/v.
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise emollients, humectants, skin irritation reducing agents and the similar compounds or chemicals at a concentration of about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 about 29%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%,
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise emollients, humectants, skin irritation reducing agents and the similar compounds or chemicals at a concentration of about 1 to 20%, of about 5% to 25%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 15% to about 18%, about 30% to about 70%, about 35% to about 65%, and about 40% to about 64% w/w.
• the emollients, humectants, skin irritation reducing agents and the similar compounds or chemicals will represent approximately 1 wt % to 75 wt %, preferably 2 wt % to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 wt. % to 20 wt. % of the formulation.
• the transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation of the disclosure may comprise solubilizers, surfactants, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents and similar compounds or chemicals known to those skilled in the art either alone or in combination thereof without any limitation to following like polysorbate (e.g., TWEEN®) such as but not limited to (polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, etc.), span such as but not limited to (span 80, span 20 etc.), surfactants such as (anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric), propylene glycol monocaprylate type I, propylene glycol monocaprylate type II, propylene glycol dicaprylate, medium chain triglycerides, propylene glycol monolaurate type II, linoleoyl polyoxyl-6 glycerides, oleoyl-polyoxyl-6-glycerides, lauroyl polyoxyl-6-gylcerides, ethy
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise solubilizers, surfactants, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents and similar compounds or chemicals at a concentration of about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 35%, about Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise solubilizers, surfactants, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents and similar compounds or chemicals at a concentration of about 1 to 20%, of about 5% to 25%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 15% to about 18%, about 30% to about 70%, about 35% to about 65%, and about 40% to about 64% w/w.
• the solubilizers, surfactants, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents and similar compounds or chemicals will represent approximately 1 wt % to 75 wt %, preferably 2 wt % to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 wt. % to 20 wt. % of the formulation.
• Different techniques and ingredients can be used to increase the stability and/or solubility of highly purified CBD in formulation such as without any limitation to coating, encapsulation, microencapsulation, nanoencapsulation, lyophilization, chelating agents, complexing agents, etc.
• the transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation of the disclosure may comprise auxiliary pH buffering agents and pH stabilizers and similar compounds known to those skilled in the art which helps to maintain the appropriate pH of formulation preferably in the range of 4.0-8.0 either alone or in combination thereof without any limitation to following such as phosphate buffer, acetate buffer, citrate buffer, etc., acids such as but not limited to (carboxylic acids, inorganic acids, sulfonic acids, vinylogous carboxylic acids and others), base such as but not limited to (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, triethylamine, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate) etc. More preferably in the range of 0.01% - 30% w/w or w/v.
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise auxiliary pH buffering agents and pH stabilizers and similar compounds at a concentration of about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise auxiliary pH buffering agents and pH stabilizers and similar compounds at a concentration of about 1 to 20%, of about 5% to 25%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 15% to about 18%, about 30% to about 70%, about 35% to about 65%, and about 40% to about 64% w/w.
• the auxiliary pH buffering agents and pH stabilizers and similar compounds will represent approximately 1 wt % to 75 wt %, preferably 2 wt % to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 wt. % to 20 wt. % of the formulation.
• the pH of the formulation is maintained at about 4.0, about 4.5, about 5.0, about 5.5, about 6.0, about 6.5, about 7.0, about 7.5, or about 8.0. In certain embodiments, the pH of the formulation is maintained at a range of about 4.0 to about 8.0, about 4.5 to about 7.5, or about 5.0 to about 7.0.
• the transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation of the disclosure may comprise antioxidants such as but not limited to (sodium metabisulfite, citric acid, ascorbic acid, BHA, BHT), oxidizing agents, stabilizers, discoloring agents, preservatives and similar compounds or chemicals known to those skilled in the art which helps to get a stable formulation can be used either alone or in combination thereof without any limitation. More preferably in the range of 0.01% - 50% w/w or w/v.
• antioxidants such as but not limited to (sodium metabisulfite, citric acid, ascorbic acid, BHA, BHT), oxidizing agents, stabilizers, discoloring agents, preservatives and similar compounds or chemicals known to those skilled in the art which helps to get a stable formulation can be used either alone or in combination thereof without any limitation. More preferably in the range of 0.01% - 50% w/w or w/v.
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise antioxidants at a concentration of about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.05%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1%, about 2%, about 3%, about 4%, about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 21%, about 22%, about 23%, about 24%, about 25%, about 26%, about 27%, about 28%, about 29%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 61%, about 62%, about 63%, about 64%, about 65%, about 66%, about 67%, about 68%, about 69%, about 70%, about 75%, about 75%, and
• formulations of the disclosure may comprise antioxidants at a concentration of about 1 to 20%, of about 5% to 25%, about 10% to about 20%, or about 15% to about 18%, about 30% to about 70%, about 35% to about 65%, and about 40% to about 64% w/w.
• the Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 antioxidants will represent approximately 1 wt % to 75 wt %, preferably 2 wt % to 30 wt %, more preferably 5 wt. % to 20 wt. % of the formulation.
• transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation of the disclosure may be formulated in ointment and/or cream base known to those skilled in the art.
• transdermal delivery system of the disclosure in patch form known to those skilled in the art, for example, such as but not limited to reservoir patch, matrix patch, drug in adhesives, transdermal films and may include, such as but are not limited to polymers, copolymers, derivatives, backing film, release membranes, release liners, etc. either alone or in combinations thereof.
• Pressure sensitive adhesives such as but not limited to silicone polymers, rubber based adhesives, acrylic polymers, acrylic copolymers, polyisobutylene, acrylic acid - isooctyl acrylate copolymer, hot melt adhesives, polybutylene etc.
• backing film such as but not limited to ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, vinyl acetate resins, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, metal foils, polyester, aluminized films, polyethylene, etc.
• release membrane such as but not limited to microporous polyethylene membrane, microporous polypropylene membrane, rate controlling ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer membrane etc.
• release liners such as but not limited to siliconized polyester films, fluoropolymer coated polyester film, polyester film, siliconized polyethylene terephthalate film, etc.
• the transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation and/or transdermal delivery system of the disclosure may deliver at least therapeutic effective dose of highly purified CBD.
• Therapeutic effective highly purified CBD alone or in combinations thereof in human plasma required for treating and/or preventing pain and/or inflammation.
• Therapeutic effective highly purified CBD dose refers to the therapeutic concentration of in human plasma required for treating and/or preventing pain and/or inflammation.
• the precise therapeutic effective dose of highly purified CBD in the transdermal formulation or topical formulation or transdermal delivery system can be determined by those skilled in the art based on factors such as but not limited to the patient’s condition etc.
• the transdermal formulation or topical formulation or transdermal delivery system will be available in different dosage strengths and patch sizes in order to achieve optimum therapeutic outcome based on patient’s requirement.
• the transdermal formulation and/or topical formulation and/or transdermal delivery system of the disclosure may deliver at least therapeutic effective dose of highly purified CBD.
• Therapeutic effective highly purified CBD refers to the therapeutic concentration of highly purified CBD thereof in human plasma required for the treatment and/or prevention and/or control of seizure disorder in a patient, wherein the seizure disorder disorders include, for example, complex partial seizures, simple partial seizures, partial seizures with secondary generalization, generalized seizures (including absence, grand mal (tonic clonic), status epilepticus, tonic, atonic, myoclonic), neonatal and infantile spasms, drug-induced seizures, trauma-induced seizures, and febrile seizures, and additional specific epilepsy syndromes such as juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, Lennox-Gastaut, Dravet syndrome, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy, progressive epilepsy with mental retardation, and progressive myoclonic epilepsy, as well as seizures associated with
• the transdermal formulation or transdermal patch of highly purified CBD preferably but not limited to can be applied to the skin surface in any of the following dosage regimens such as once in a day, once in two days, once in three days, once in four days, once in five days, once in six days, once in a week, once in a 8 to about 13 days, once in two weeks, once in 15 days.
• CBD cannabidiol
• PG propylene glycol
• CBD Cannabidiol
• PEG-400 Polyethylene Glycol-
• the prepared transdermal formulations were then subjected to a flux measurement test as follows. Human cadaver skin, stored at -80°C, was thawed at room temperature in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and visually inspected for defects before using in the study. Transdermal flux was then measured using standard Franz diffusion cells composed of a cylindrical donor compartment and a separate water jacketed cylindrical receptor compartment with the volume of
• the human cadaver skin was clamped between the two compartments with the dermis side facing toward the receptor compartment.
• the donor compartment was filled with the transdermal CBD formulations prepared as described above.
• the receptor compartment was filled with receptor medium, held at constant temperature, and constantly stirred to collect the CBD as it diffuses through the skin and into receptor compartment. It is important to confirm that the receptor fluid is always in contact with the skin.
• the receptor compartment was emptied at 24 hr intervals for assay of CBD and replaced with fresh receptor solution. In order to maintain the sink condition in receptor compartment, it is important keep the CBD concentration in receptor compartment less than 10% of its solubility.
• Table 3 The experimental conditions are provided in Table 3:
• CBD Cannabidiol
• Synthetic Cannabidiol formulations for transdermal delivery were prepared by the same procedure described in Example 2. Flux measurement was also performed as described in Example 2. The experimental conditions are the same as provided in Table 5 of Example 2.
• CBD cannabidiol
• transdermal patch containing synthetic cannabidiol all of the components from Table 9, with the exception of the CBD, were mixed together with stirring for 18 hours.
• the CBD was added 30 minutes before spreading the formulation.
• the formulation was spread using a commercial benchtop spreader. Specifically, the formulation matrix is evenly spread onto an 8x14 inch sheet of release liner (such as 3M 9744) to a thickness of 0.5mm. The sheet is then place in an oven at 100° F for one hour to evaporate off the ethyl acetate and ethanol adhesive solvent.
• An opaque backing membrane (such as 3M 9730 NR film) with low permeability to oxygen, for inhibition of photo and oxidative degradation, is then carefully applied to the sheet by hand to avoid formation of bubbles and voids.
• a circular die (1.5 inches diameter) was used to cut patches (7 cm 2 ) for subsequent studies.
• the general procedure for flux measurements of transdermal formulations in the examples above was as follows.
• Transdermal flux was measured using standard Franz diffusion cells composed of a cylindrical donor compartment and a separate water jacketed cylindrical receptor compartment with the volume of 13 mL.
• the human cadaver skin was clamped between the two compartments with the dermis side facing toward the receptor compartment.
• the general procedure for flux measurement of the transdermal adhesive patch is as follows.
• the release liner is peeled off the patch and the adhesive surface is applied to a piece of human cadaver skin (Example 15, Table 9 only).
• the transdermal patch was adhered to the skin with the patch on the side of the skin in contact with the donor compartment.
• the receptor compartment was filled with receptor medium, held at constant temperature, and constantly stirred to collect the CBD as it diffuses from the adhered patch, through the skin and into receptor compartment. It was confirmed that the receptor fluid Attorney Docket Number: Ml 386/20014 was always in contact with the skin.
• the receptor compartment was emptied at 24 hour intervals for assay of CBD and replaced with fresh receptor solution. In order to maintain the sink condition in receptor compartment, the CBD concentration in the receptor compartment was maintained at less than 10% of its solubility.
• the experimental conditions are the same as provided in Table 5 of Example 13.

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