WO2020052096A1 - 一种三维有序多孔二氧化钌膜电极及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种三维有序多孔二氧化钌膜电极及其制备方法 Download PDF

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WO2020052096A1
WO2020052096A1 PCT/CN2018/118079 CN2018118079W WO2020052096A1 WO 2020052096 A1 WO2020052096 A1 WO 2020052096A1 CN 2018118079 W CN2018118079 W CN 2018118079W WO 2020052096 A1 WO2020052096 A1 WO 2020052096A1
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ruthenium dioxide
film electrode
porous
dioxide film
dimensional ordered
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PCT/CN2018/118079
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English (en)
French (fr)
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韩卫清
范越
刘睿谦
刘思琪
孙秀云
李健生
沈锦优
刘晓东
王进军
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南京理工大学
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C02F1/46109—Electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C02F1/46109—Electrodes
    • C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
    • C02F2001/46138—Electrodes comprising a substrate and a coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
    • C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
    • C02F2101/16—Nitrogen compounds, e.g. ammonia

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  • the invention belongs to the technical field of electrocatalytic electrode preparation, and particularly relates to a three-dimensional ordered porous ruthenium dioxide film electrode and a preparation method thereof.
  • Cyclazoles are widely used in the pesticide industry. They have the characteristics of high toxicity and complex water quality. They are difficult to degrade wastewater and cannot be efficiently removed by traditional water treatment processes.
  • Electrochemical oxidation is widely used in the treatment of refractory wastewater due to its characteristics of strong controllability, rapid response, high efficiency, and no secondary pollution.
  • the electrochemical oxidation method is to use a catalytically active electrode to break down pollutants through oxidation reaction or anode reaction products to achieve the degradation of pollutants.
  • the nature of the electrode surface active layer determines the degree of oxidation of the oxidized substance. Therefore, it is of great significance to prepare an electrode with a high specific surface area for the catalytic activity of the dioxide.
  • the present invention provides a three-dimensional ordered spherical stacked porous interconnected ruthenium dioxide film electrode with electrocatalytic efficiency, mass transfer efficiency, high utilization of ruthenium dioxide, simple preparation, and large specific surface area.
  • a three-dimensional ordered porous ruthenium dioxide film electrode characterized in that the electrode includes a porous titanium substrate and a three-dimensional ordered ruthenium dioxide active surface layer, and the three-dimensional ordered ruthenium dioxide active surface layer is a three-dimensional ordered spherical stack.
  • the resulting connected structure forms porous channels for liquid circulation between stacked spheres.
  • the surface of the porous titanium substrate is covered with polystyrene microspheres.
  • the concentration of each substance in the solution of ruthenium trichloride, potassium chloride and hydrochloric acid is 4-6 mM, 0.08-0.12M, and 0.18-0.20M, respectively.
  • the electrodeposition current density is 5-25 mA / cm 3 , and the electrodeposition time is 0.5-3 h.
  • the high-temperature sintering temperature is 450-550 ° C, and the sintering time is 1-3h.
  • the porous titanium substrate is prepared by the following method:
  • Step 1 Clean and acid-etch the surface of the titanium plate
  • Step 2 Disperse the emulsion containing polystyrene microspheres onto the surface of an acid-etched titanium plate after ultrasonic dispersion, and then dry to obtain a porous titanium substrate covered with polystyrene microspheres.
  • the conditions of acid etching in step 1 are as follows: the acid etching solution is 0.1-0.4M / L oxalic acid solution, the acid etching time is 30-120min, and the temperature is 100 ⁇ 10 ° C; The pore diameter is 3 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the particle size of the polystyrene microspheres is 1-5 ⁇ m
  • the drying temperature is 60-80 ° C.
  • the drying time is 3-24 hours.
  • An application of the above-mentioned three-dimensional ordered porous ruthenium dioxide film electrode is characterized in that it is applied to the treatment of epazole-based wastewater.
  • the present invention has the following significant advantages:
  • the ruthenium dioxide film electrode provided by the present invention further improves the specific surface area of the electrode and increases the number of electrochemically active sites through a three-dimensional ordered spherical stacked porous connected structure; and the channels are connected to further the transmission of the electrode. Mass efficiency, electrocatalytic efficiency, electrocatalytic-filtration synergy and utilization of ruthenium dioxide have been enhanced.
  • a ruthenium dioxide film electrode is prepared on the surface of a porous titanium substrate by an electrodeposition method. Compared with a conventional brush coating method, the ruthenium dioxide film electrode is prepared by an electrodeposition method. It is simple and has good electrocatalytic effect.
  • an emulsion containing polystyrene microspheres is ultrasonically dispersed on the surface of a porous titanium substrate semi-finished product on the titanium plate after acid etching, and dried to obtain a surface covered with the surface.
  • a porous titanium matrix of polystyrene microspheres thus forming a three-dimensional ordered spherical stacked porous interconnected structure on the surface of the titanium plate, providing a basis for electrodepositing a ruthenium dioxide film electrode with a three-dimensional ordered spherical stacked porous interconnected structure, thereby further To improve the performance of ruthenium dioxide film electrodes.
  • FIG. 1 is a FESEM image of a ruthenium dioxide film electrode prepared by a template electrodeposition method.
  • FIG. 2 (a) is a FESEM image of a ruthenium dioxide film electrode prepared by electrodeposition method
  • FIG. 2 (b) is a FESEM image of a ruthenium dioxide film electrode prepared by brush coating method.
  • FIG. 3 is a cyclic voltammogram of a ruthenium dioxide film electrode prepared by an electrodeposition method and a ruthenium dioxide film electrode prepared by a template electrodeposition method.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the removal rate of tricyclic azole degraded by ruthenium dioxide film electrode prepared by brush coating method, electrodeposition and template electrodeposition method as a function of reaction time.
  • Example 1 is to prepare a ruthenium dioxide film electrode on the surface of a porous titanium substrate covered with polystyrene microspheres by an electrodeposition method. This method is called a template electrodeposition method in the present invention.
  • the specific method for preparing a ruthenium dioxide film electrode by template electrodeposition in the present invention is as follows:
  • Step 1 Cut the titanium plate into a size of 1.0cm ⁇ 3.0cm, sand the titanium substrate with sandpaper until the surface is smooth and smooth; ultrasonically remove the oil on the surface; then heat in a 0.2mol / L oxalic acid solution for 1h to remove the surface oxide layer of the substrate; remove the titanium After the plate, deionized water was added to ultrasonically remove excess oxalic acid attached to the titanium plate.
  • Step 2 The treated titanium plate is dried, and a 2 ⁇ m polystyrene microsphere emulsion that has been ultrasonically dispersed is added dropwise on the surface of the titanium plate, and dried at 60 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a porous titanium plate with a template.
  • Step 3 A titanium plate with a template is used as a cathode, and a titanium plate of the same size is used as an anode.
  • the two electrode plates are immersed in an electrodeposition solution, and the immersion area is also 1 cm 2 , and the distance between the two is 2.0 cm.
  • the rotation speed is 400 rpm / min, and the electrodeposition solution is an aqueous solution of 5 mmol / L ruthenium trichloride, 0.1 mol / L potassium chloride, and 0.02 mol / L hydrochloric acid, and is subjected to cross-flow electrodeposition at a current of 10 mA. After 2 h of electrodeposition
  • Step 4 Take it out after electrodeposition, rinse it with deionization, dry it in a muffle furnace and heat it to 550 ° C at a rate of 1 ° C / min, roast it for 1 hour, and naturally cool it to room temperature to obtain a three-dimensional ordered spherical stacked porous interconnected two Ruthenium oxide film electrode.
  • the FESEM image of the three-dimensional ordered spherical stacked porous interconnected ruthenium dioxide active surface layer obtained in Example 1 of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. It can be seen from the figure that the pore diameter of the three-dimensional ordered spherical stacked porous connected ruthenium dioxide active surface layer is about 2 ⁇ m, and the structure is ordered and the pores are connected. Greatly increased the specific surface area, the utilization rate of ruthenium dioxide and the mass transfer efficiency, making it have good electrochemical oxidation performance.
  • the embodiment is a method for preparing a ruthenium dioxide film electrode by an electrodeposition method on an ordinary titanium plate. We call this method an electrodeposition method.
  • the specific method for preparing a ruthenium dioxide film electrode by the electrodeposition method is as follows:
  • Step 1 Cut the titanium plate into a size of 1.0cm ⁇ 3.0cm, sand the titanium substrate with sandpaper until the surface is smooth and smooth; ultrasonically remove the oil on the surface; then heat in a 0.2mol / L oxalic acid solution for 1h to remove the surface oxide layer of the substrate; remove the titanium After the plate, deionized water was added to ultrasonically remove excess oxalic acid attached to the titanium plate.
  • Step 2 Dry the treated titanium plate.
  • Electrodeposition method to prepare ruthenium dioxide film electrode is to use titanium plate as cathode and titanium plate of the same size as anode, so that the two electrode plates are immersed in the electrodeposition solution, the immersion area is also 1 cm 2 , and the distance between the two is 2.0 cm. Turn on the magnetic stirrer and stir at a speed of 400 rpm / min.
  • the electrodeposition solution is an aqueous solution of 5 mmol / L ruthenium trichloride, 0.1 mol / L potassium chloride, and 0.02 mol / L hydrochloric acid for cross-flow electrodeposition. The current is 10 mA. After 2h of deposition.
  • Step 4 Take it out after electrodeposition, rinse it with deionization, dry it in a muffle furnace and heat it to 550 ° C at a rate of 1 ° C / min, bake it for 1 hour, and then cool it to room temperature to obtain a ruthenium dioxide film electrode.
  • Fig. 2 (a) The FESEM image of the ruthenium dioxide film electrode prepared by the electrodeposition method is shown in Fig. 2 (a).
  • the ruthenium dioxide film electrode is prepared by the brush coating method.
  • the ruthenium dioxide film coating solution is brush-coated on the treated titanium plate, and the ruthenium dioxide film electrode is obtained by multiple brushing and sintering.
  • the brush method is an existing method in the field.
  • the FESEM image of ruthenium dioxide film electrode prepared by brush coating method is shown in Figure 2 (b).
  • the active surface layer of ruthenium dioxide prepared by the electrodeposition method is undulated, while the active surface layer prepared by the brush coating method is relatively flat. Therefore, the specific surface area obtained by the electrodeposition method is slightly larger than that obtained by the brush coating method, but there is no qualitative change.
  • the cyclic voltammetry curve of the ruthenium dioxide film electrode prepared by the electrodeposition method and the three-dimensional ordered spherical stacked porous and connected ruthenium dioxide film electrode obtained in Example 1 of the present invention is shown in FIG. 3. It can be seen in the figure that the electrochemically active area of the ruthenium dioxide film electrode prepared by the template electrodeposition method is larger than that of the electrodeposition method.
  • the present invention measures the performance of the ruthenium dioxide film electrode obtained by the three methods described above.
  • the specific measurement method is as follows:

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Abstract

本发明属于电催化电极制备技术领域，具体涉及一种三维有序多孔二氧化钌膜电极及其制备方法。所述膜电极包括多孔钛基体和三维有序二氧化钌活性表层，所述的三维有序二氧化钌活性表层呈三维有序球形堆叠而成的连通结构，堆叠球形之间形成供液体流通的多孔通道。所述二氧化钌膜电极通过将含有聚苯乙烯微球的乳液，滴至钛板表面，再通过电沉积法使水合二氧化钌在模板间隙生长，最后通过高温烧结，去除模板，脱水得到。本发明的电极由于其有序多孔结构，克服了传统二氧化钌电极结构致密，二氧化钌利用率不高，无法应用于过滤式电化学氧化体系的问题。极大提高了接触面积，传质效率，过滤通量，同时降低了制备成本以及运行能耗。

Description

一种三维有序多孔二氧化钌膜电极及其制备方法 技术领域
本发明属于电催化电极制备技术领域，具体涉及一种三维有序多孔二氧化钌膜电极及其制备方法。
背景技术
环唑类被广泛应用于农药行业中，具有毒性大，水质复杂等特点，属于难降解废水，无法通过传统的水处理工艺实现高效的去除。
电化学氧化法因其可控性强、反应迅速、高效、不会引起二次污染的特点，被广泛应用于处理难降解废水。电化学氧化法是利用具有催化活性的电极通过氧化反应或者阳极反应产物破环污染物，实现对污染物的降解。电极表面活性层的性质决定了被氧化物质的氧化程度。因此，制备出具有高比表面积的二氧化催化活性层的电极具有十分重要的意义。
改善电极表面活性层结构、增大比表面积，增强传质效率是提高电化学氧化效率的途径之一。为了增大比表面积，文献1(Zhang Y,Wei K,Han W,et al.Improved electrochemical oxidation of tricyclazole from aqueous solution by enhancing mass transfer in a tubular porous electrode electrocatalytic reactor[J].ElectrochimicaActa,2015,189:1-8.)公开了采用刷涂法制备TP-Ti/RuO2管式膜电极，但是该方法制备繁琐，流程复杂，且微孔存于钛基体，并非二氧化钌活性层，电极的电化学活性面积增加的有限。总之，现有技术中刷涂法制备的二氧化钌膜电极电催化效率低，制备繁琐，二氧化钌利用率不高。
发明内容
针对现有技术中上述问题，本发明提供了一种电催化效率、传质效率、二氧化钌利用率高、制备简便、比表面积大的三维有序球形堆叠多孔连通二氧化钌膜电极。
实现本发明目的的技术解决方案为：
一种三维有序多孔二氧化钌膜电极，其特征在于，所述电极包括多孔钛基体和三维有序二氧化钌活性表层，所述的三维有序二氧化钌活性表层呈三维有序球形堆叠而成的连通结构，堆叠球形之间形成供液体流通的多孔通道。
所述多孔钛基体表面覆有聚苯乙烯微球。
一种制备上述三维有序多孔二氧化钌膜电极的方法，以多孔钛基体为阴极，在含有三氯化钌，氯化钾及盐酸的溶液中进行电沉积，通过电沉积法使水合二氧化钌在模板间隙生长，最后通过高温烧结，去除模板，脱水，得到二氧化钌膜电极。
所述三氯化钌，氯化钾及盐酸的溶液中各物质的浓度分别为4-6mM、0.08-0.12M和0.18-0.20M。
所述电沉积电流密度为5-25mA/cm 3，电沉积时间为0.5-3h。
所述高温烧结温度为450-550℃，烧结时间为1-3h。
所述多孔钛基体通过以下方法制得：
步骤1：将钛板表面清洗干净、酸蚀；
步骤2：将含有聚苯乙烯微球的乳液，经超声分散后滴至酸蚀后的钛板表面，经过烘干，得到表面覆有聚苯乙烯微球的多孔钛基体。
所述步骤1中酸蚀的条件如下：酸蚀溶液为0.1-0.4M/L的草酸溶液，酸蚀时间为30-120min，温度为100±10℃；酸蚀之后得到的钛板中孔的孔径为3μm-10μm。
所述步骤2中，聚苯乙烯微球的粒径为1-5μm，烘干温度为60-80℃，烘干时间为3-24h。
一种上述的三维有序多孔二氧化钌膜电极的应用，其特征在于，其应用在环唑类废水处理中。
本发明与现有技术相比，其显著优点如下：
(1)本发明提供的二氧化钌膜电极，通过三维有序球形堆叠多孔连通结构，进一步的提高了电极的比表面积，增多了电化学活性位点；且各孔道连通，进一步的电极的传质效率、电催化效率、电催化-过滤协同作用及二氧化钌的利用率都得到了增强。
(2)本发明提供的制备方法，在多孔钛基体的表面，通过电沉积的方法，制备出了二氧化钌膜电极，相比传统刷涂法制备的二氧化钌膜电极，电沉积法制备简便，且电催化效果好。
(3)本发明提供的制备方法，通过在酸蚀之后的钛板上，将含有聚苯乙烯微球的乳液，经超声分散后滴至多孔钛基体半成品表面，经过烘干，得到表面覆有聚苯乙烯微球的多孔钛基体；从而在钛板表面形成了三维有序球形堆叠多孔连通的结构，为电沉积三维有序球形堆叠多孔连通结构的二氧化钌膜电极，提供基础，从而进一步的提高二氧化钌膜电极的性能。
(4)本发明提供的制备方法，在电沉积之后，通过将高温烧结的烧结温度控制在 450-550℃，电沉积产物水合二氧化钌脱水为二氧化钌，由于水的去除，原本致密结构出现了间隙，比表面积增大；高温使聚苯乙烯微球模板得以去除，比表面积进一步增大。
附图说明
图1为模板电沉积法制备的二氧化钌膜电极的FESEM图。
图2(a)是电沉积法制备的二氧化钌膜电极的FESEM图，图2(b)为刷涂法制备的二氧化钌膜电极的FESEM图。
图3是电沉积法制备的二氧化钌膜电极和模板电沉积法制备的二氧化钌膜电极的循环伏安曲线图。
图4是刷涂法制备、电沉积和模板电沉积法制备的二氧化钌膜电极降解三环唑随反应时间变化的去除率图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明作进一步详细说明。
实施例1
实施例1为在覆有聚苯乙烯微球的多孔钛基体表面上，再通过电沉积的方法制备二氧化钌膜电极，本发明将这种方法称为模板电沉积法。本发明通过模板电沉积制备二氧化钌膜电极的具体方法如下：
步骤1：将钛板切割成尺寸1.0cm×3.0cm，用砂纸打磨钛基体直至表面平整光滑；超声清洗除去表面油污；然后在0.2mol/L草酸溶液中加热1h去除基体表面氧化层；取出钛板后加入去离子水超声，去除附结于钛板的多余的草酸。
步骤2：将处理好的钛板烘干，在钛板表面滴加已超声分散好的2μm聚苯乙烯微球乳液，60℃烘干1h，得到带有模板的多孔钛板。
步骤3：以带有模板的钛板作为阴极，同样大小的钛板为阳极，使两电极板浸入电沉积液中，浸没面积同为1cm 2，两者间距2.0cm，开启磁力搅拌器搅拌，转速为400rpm/min，电沉积液是5mmol/L三氯化钌、0.1mol/L氯化钾及0.02mol/L盐酸的水溶液，进行横流电沉积，电流为10mA，电沉积2h后
步骤4：电沉积后取出，用去离子冲洗，烘干后在马弗炉中以1℃/min的速度升温至550℃，焙烧1h，自然冷却至室温后得三维有序球形堆叠多孔连通二氧化钌膜电极。
本发明实施例1中所得三维有序球形堆叠多孔连通二氧化钌活性表层的FESEM图如图1所示。从图中可以看出三维有序球形堆叠多孔连通二氧化钌活性表层孔径在2μm 左右，且结构有序，孔道连通。大大增加了比表面积、二氧化钌的利用率及传质效率，使其拥有很好的电化学氧化性能。
实施例2
实施例为在普通钛板上通过电沉积的方法制备二氧化钌膜电极的方法，我们将这种方法称为电沉积法，通过电沉积法制备二氧化钌膜电极的具体方法如下：
步骤1：将钛板切割成尺寸1.0cm×3.0cm，用砂纸打磨钛基体直至表面平整光滑；超声清洗除去表面油污；然后在0.2mol/L草酸溶液中加热1h去除基体表面氧化层；取出钛板后加入去离子水超声，去除附结与钛板多余的草酸。
步骤2：将处理好的钛板烘干。
步骤3：电沉积法制备二氧化钌膜电极是以钛板作为阴极，同样大小的钛板为阳极，使两电极板浸入电沉积液中，浸没面积同为1cm 2，两者间距2.0cm，开启磁力搅拌器搅拌，转速为400rpm/min，电沉积液是5mmol/L三氯化钌、0.1mol/L氯化钾及0.02mol/L盐酸的水溶液，进行横流电沉积，电流为10mA，电沉积2h后。
步骤4：电沉积后取出，用去离子冲洗，烘干后在马弗炉中以1℃/min的速度升温至550℃，焙烧1h，自然冷却至室温后得二氧化钌膜电极。
电沉积法制备的二氧化钌膜电极的FESEM图如图2(a)所示。
刷涂法制备二氧化钌膜电极则是以在处理好的钛板上刷涂二氧化钌刷涂液，通过多次刷涂烧结得二氧化钌膜电极。刷涂法是本领域已经存在的方法，具体的方法步骤可参见文献1，Zhang Y,Wei K,Han W,et al.Improved electrochemical oxidation of tricyclazole from aqueous solution by enhancing mass transfer in a tubular porous electrode electrocatalytic reactor[J].ElectrochimicaActa,2015,189:1-8.刷涂法制备的二氧化钌膜电极的FESEM图如图2(b)所示。
从图2(a)和图2(b)中可以看出，电沉积法制备的二氧化钌活性表层起伏不平，而刷涂法制备的活性表层则较为平坦。因此，电沉积法所得的比表面积略大于刷涂法所得，但并未有质的变化。
电沉积法制备的二氧化钌膜电极与本发明实施例1中所得三维有序球形堆叠多孔连通二氧化钌膜电极以的循环伏安曲线如图3所示。图中可见模板电沉积法制备的二氧化钌膜电极电化学活性面积大于电沉积法。
为了进一步的对刷涂法、电沉积法、模板电沉积法进行比较，本发明对上述三种方法分别得到的二氧化钌膜电极的性能进行测定。具体的测定方法如下：
配制浓度为100mg/L的TC(三环唑)模拟废水各225mL，各加入7g/L的无水Na 2SO 4作为电解质，分别将刷涂法、电沉积法和模板电沉积法制备的电极作为阳极，石墨作为阴极，在磁力搅拌器的作用下，控制电流密度5mA/cm 2，比较三种电极对TC的降解性能。
在静置模式下，本发明实施例1所得三维有序球形堆叠多孔连通二氧化钌膜电极、电沉积法制备的二氧化钌膜电极和刷涂法制备的二氧化钌膜电极对TC去除效率随时间变化趋势如图4所示。从图中可看出，在磁力搅拌器的作用下，电解1h后，多孔二氧化钌膜电极、电沉积法制备的二氧化钌膜电极和刷涂法制备的二氧化钌膜电极对TC去除效率分别为85.02％、35.72％和29.80％，说明多孔二氧化钌膜电极具有更高的电化学氧化性能。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种三维有序多孔二氧化钌膜电极，其特征在于，所述电极包括多孔钛基体和三维有序二氧化钌活性表层，所述的三维有序二氧化钌活性表层呈三维有序球形堆叠而成的连通结构，堆叠球形之间形成供液体流通的多孔通道。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的二氧化钌膜电极，其特征在于，所述多孔钛基体表面覆有聚苯乙烯微球。
  3. 权利要求1所述的一种制备三维有序多孔二氧化钌膜电极的方法，其特征在于，以多孔钛基体为阴极，在含有三氯化钌，氯化钾及盐酸的溶液中进行电沉积，通过电沉积法使水合二氧化钌在模板间隙生长，最后通过高温烧结，去除模板，脱水，得到二氧化钌膜电极。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述三氯化钌，氯化钾及盐酸的溶液中各物质的浓度分别为4-6mM、0.08-0.12M和0.18-0.20M。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述电沉积电流密度为5-25mA/cm 3，电沉积时间为0.5-3h。
  6. 根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述高温烧结温度为450-550℃，烧结时间为1-3h。
  7. 根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，所述多孔钛基体通过以下方法制得：
    步骤1：将钛板表面清洗干净、酸蚀；
    步骤2：将含有聚苯乙烯微球的乳液，经超声分散后滴至酸蚀后的钛板表面，经过烘干，得到表面覆有聚苯乙烯微球的多孔钛基体。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤1中酸蚀的条件如下：酸蚀溶液为0.1-0.4M/L的草酸溶液，酸蚀时间为30-120min，温度为100±10℃；酸蚀之后得到的钛板中孔的孔径为3μm-10μm。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的方法，其特征在于，所述步骤2中，聚苯乙烯微球的粒径为1-5μm，烘干温度为60-80℃，烘干时间为3-24h。
  10. 根据权利要求1-2任一项所述的三维有序多孔二氧化钌膜电极的应用，其特征在于，其应用在环唑类废水处理中。
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