WO2018216507A1 - 電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法 - Google Patents
電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018216507A1 WO2018216507A1 PCT/JP2018/018309 JP2018018309W WO2018216507A1 WO 2018216507 A1 WO2018216507 A1 WO 2018216507A1 JP 2018018309 W JP2018018309 W JP 2018018309W WO 2018216507 A1 WO2018216507 A1 WO 2018216507A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- group
- charge transporting
- photoelectric conversion
- thin film
- conversion element
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- 125000004344 phenylpropyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002270 phosphoric acid ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- DHRLEVQXOMLTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;trioxomolybdenum Chemical compound O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.O=[Mo](=O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O DHRLEVQXOMLTIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid;trioxotungsten Chemical compound O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.O=[W](=O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O IYDGMDWEHDFVQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OBCUTHMOOONNBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorus pentafluoride Chemical compound FP(F)(F)(F)F OBCUTHMOOONNBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009832 plasma treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000172 poly(styrenesulfonic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940005642 polystyrene sulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001501 propionyl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- LLHKCFNBLRBOGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene glycol methyl ether acetate Chemical compound COCC(C)OC(C)=O LLHKCFNBLRBOGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005372 silanol group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyanoquinodimethane Chemical compound N#CC(C#N)=C1C=CC(=C(C#N)C#N)C=C1 PCCVSPMFGIFTHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N thieno[3,2-e][1]benzothiole Chemical compound C1=C2SC=CC2=C2C=CSC2=C1 CRUIOQJBPNKOJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007970 thio esters Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MLXDKRSDUJLNAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MLXDKRSDUJLNAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DENFJSAFJTVPJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(ethyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](CC)(OCC)OCC DENFJSAFJTVPJR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XVYIJOWQJOQFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(fluoro)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](F)(OCC)OCC XVYIJOWQJOQFBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FCIABWJRBPKYJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(furan-3-yl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C=1C=COC=1 FCIABWJRBPKYJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SAWDTKLQESXBDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(heptyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCCCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC SAWDTKLQESXBDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYGYKEULCAINCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(hexadecyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC OYGYKEULCAINCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(methyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](C)(OCC)OCC CPUDPFPXCZDNGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FZMJEGJVKFTGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(octadecyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC FZMJEGJVKFTGMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FHVAUDREWWXPRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(pentyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCC[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC FHVAUDREWWXPRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCVQKRGIASEUKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(phenyl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C1=CC=CC=C1 JCVQKRGIASEUKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZRQAIBMAFLMIND-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy(thiophen-2-yl)silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C1=CC=CS1 ZRQAIBMAFLMIND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JXUKBNICSRJFAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)CCCOCC1CO1 JXUKBNICSRJFAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PBTDWUVVCOLMFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethoxy-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]silane Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)C1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1 PBTDWUVVCOLMFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLGNHOJUQFHYEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCC(F)(F)F JLGNHOJUQFHYEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMEPHPOFYLLFTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(octyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC NMEPHPOFYLLFTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HILHCDFHSDUYNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(pentyl)silane Chemical compound CCCCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC HILHCDFHSDUYNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZNOCGWVLWPVKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(phenyl)silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZNOCGWVLWPVKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQYALQRYBUJWDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy(propyl)silane Chemical compound CCC[Si](OC)(OC)OC HQYALQRYBUJWDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxy-[3-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)propyl]silane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)CCCOCC1CO1 BPSIOYPQMFLKFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009281 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003774 valeryl group Chemical group O=C([*])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[Zn++].[In+3] YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/40—Thermal treatment, e.g. annealing in the presence of a solvent vapour
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D201/00—Coating compositions based on unspecified macromolecular compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/24—Electrically-conducting paints
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D7/00—Features of coating compositions, not provided for in group C09D5/00; Processes for incorporating ingredients in coating compositions
- C09D7/40—Additives
- C09D7/60—Additives non-macromolecular
- C09D7/63—Additives non-macromolecular organic
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
- H01B1/127—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising five-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polypyrroles, polythiophenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/06—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances
- H01B1/12—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of other non-metallic substances organic substances
- H01B1/124—Intrinsically conductive polymers
- H01B1/128—Intrinsically conductive polymers comprising six-membered aromatic rings in the main chain, e.g. polyanilines, polyphenylenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
- H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
- H01B1/20—Conductive material dispersed in non-conductive organic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
- H10K50/15—Hole transporting layers
- H10K50/155—Hole transporting layers comprising dopants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/20—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising organic-organic junctions, e.g. donor-acceptor junctions
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
- H10K71/13—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K71/00—Manufacture or treatment specially adapted for the organic devices covered by this subclass
- H10K71/10—Deposition of organic active material
- H10K71/12—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating
- H10K71/13—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing
- H10K71/135—Deposition of organic active material using liquid deposition, e.g. spin coating using printing techniques, e.g. ink-jet printing or screen printing using ink-jet printing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/20—Carbon compounds, e.g. carbon nanotubes or fullerenes
- H10K85/211—Fullerenes, e.g. C60
- H10K85/215—Fullerenes, e.g. C60 comprising substituents, e.g. PCBM
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a charge transporting thin film, and more specifically, a method for producing a charge transporting thin film by a coating method from a charge transporting varnish using a dopant substance containing naphthalenesulfonic acid or benzenesulfonic acid. About.
- An organic solar cell is a solar cell element using an organic substance as an active layer or a charge transport material.
- Organic thin-film solar cells developed by Tan are well known (Non-Patent Documents 1 and 2). All are lightweight, thin film, flexible, roll-to-roll, and other features that are different from the current mainstream inorganic solar cells. Formation is expected.
- organic thin-film solar cells have features such as electrolyte-free and heavy metal compound-free, as well as a recent report of 10.6% photoelectric conversion efficiency (hereinafter abbreviated as PCE) by the UCLA group. For the reason, it has attracted a lot of attention (Non-patent Document 3).
- the organic thin-film solar cell exhibits high photoelectric conversion efficiency even at low illuminance compared to a photoelectric conversion element using an existing silicon-based material, and can be thinned and pixels can be miniaturized. Due to the feature that it can also function as a color filter, it attracts attention not only as a solar battery but also as an optical sensor such as an organic CMOS image sensor (Non-patent Document 4).
- the organic thin film solar cell is generalized and referred to as an organic photoelectric conversion element (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as OPV).
- the organic photoelectric conversion element includes an active layer (photoelectric conversion layer), a charge (hole, electron) collection layer, an electrode (anode, cathode), and the like.
- the active layer and the charge collection layer are generally formed by a vacuum deposition method, but there are problems with the vacuum deposition method in terms of the complexity of the mass production process, the high cost of the apparatus, the utilization efficiency of the material, etc. There is.
- water dispersible polymer organic conductive materials such as PEDOT / PSS may be used as a coating type material for the hole collection layer, but since it is an aqueous dispersion, it is completely free of moisture. There is a problem that it is difficult to control removal and re-absorption, and it is easy to accelerate the deterioration of the element. Moreover, since the PEDOT / PSS aqueous dispersion has the property that solids are likely to aggregate, there are problems that coating film defects are likely to occur, clogging and corrosion of the coating apparatus are likely to occur, and heat resistance In terms of performance, it is insufficient, and various problems remain in mass production.
- This invention is made
- the present inventors have formed a thin film at a firing temperature within a predetermined range after applying a charge transporting varnish, thereby forming a film structure with sublimation and evaporation properties.
- the host material can be effectively doped by using naphthalene sulfonic acid and benzene sulfonic acid with low molecular weight and small steric hindrance.
- the present inventors have found that a thin film excellent in charge transportability can be obtained even if a host material is used.
- a charge transporting varnish containing a charge transporting material, an electron-accepting dopant material containing at least one selected from naphthalene sulfonic acid and benzene sulfonic acid, and an organic solvent is applied to the substrate, and the temperature is 100 to 180 ° C.
- a process for producing an organic photoelectric conversion element comprising a step of producing a charge transporting thin film by any one of production methods 1 to 4; 6).
- a charge transporting thin film is formed on the anode layer by any one of production methods 1 to 4, and then an active layer composition is formed on the thin film by coating the active layer composition.
- a charge transporting varnish comprising: a charge transporting material; an electron-accepting dopant material containing at least one selected from naphthalenesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid; and an organic solvent.
- a thin film containing a film constituent component having sublimation property and evaporation property is formed by forming a thin film at a firing temperature within a predetermined range after applying the charge transporting varnish.
- the host material can be effectively doped by using naphthalene sulfonic acid and benzene sulfonic acid with low molecular weight and small steric hindrance. As a result, charge transport is possible even with a host material with low doping. A thin film having excellent properties can be obtained.
- the charge transporting varnish of the present invention By using the charge transporting varnish of the present invention and using the thin film produced by the production method of the present invention as a hole collection layer of an organic photoelectric conversion element, 4.0% or more, more than 4.0%, and in some cases Can obtain an organic photoelectric conversion element having a high photoelectric conversion efficiency of 4.5% or more.
- the charge transport varnish of the present invention is a uniform organic solution, it is highly compatible with mass production processes, and since it exhibits high uniform film formation while flattening the underlying anode having irregularities, the device yield is high. In addition, current leakage can be suppressed and reverse bias dark current can be suppressed low.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention exhibits high conversion efficiency and high durability with respect to visible light, near-ultraviolet light, and near-infrared light without depending on irradiation light intensity.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention can be used as an organic thin film solar cell for solar power generation, indoor light power generation, and the like, and can also be suitably used for optical sensor applications including image sensors.
- a method for producing a charge transporting thin film according to the present invention includes a charge transporting varnish comprising a charge transporting material, an electron-accepting dopant material containing at least one selected from naphthalenesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid, and an organic solvent. Is applied onto a substrate and heated to 100 to 180 ° C. to evaporate the organic solvent.
- the heating temperature may be appropriately set within the above range in consideration of the heating time and the like, but it is preferably 110 to 180 ° C., more preferably 120 to 150 ° C. in view of efficiently forming a thin film.
- the heating time varies depending on the heating temperature, the target film thickness, and the like, but cannot be specified unconditionally. However, in the present invention, it is preferably about 1 to 30 minutes in view of the heating temperature range and the use of the thin film. Minutes are more preferable. If necessary, preliminary heating (pre-baking) or final heating (post-baking) below the above heating temperature range may be performed.
- Application methods include drop cast method, spin coating method, blade coating method, dip coating method, roll coating method, bar coating method, die coating method, taking into account the varnish viscosity and surface tension, desired thin film thickness, etc.
- An optimum one may be adopted from various wet process methods such as an inkjet method and a printing method (such as letterpress, intaglio, lithographic and screen printing).
- the coating is performed in an inert gas atmosphere at normal temperature and normal pressure, but even if it is performed in an air atmosphere (in the presence of oxygen) as long as the compound in the varnish is not decomposed or the composition is largely changed. It may be carried out while heating below the above temperature range.
- an optimum material may be adopted according to the use of the charge transporting thin film, but when used as a hole collection layer of an organic photoelectric conversion element or a hole injection layer of an organic electroluminescence element, an anode Becomes the base material.
- the film thickness of the charge transporting thin film produced by the production method of the present invention is usually about 1 to 200 nm, preferably about 3 to 100 nm, more preferably 3 to 30 nm.
- Methods for changing the film thickness include methods such as changing the solid content concentration in the varnish and changing the amount of solution at the time of application.
- the charge transport varnish used in the production method of the present invention includes a charge transport material, an electron accepting dopant material, and an organic solvent, and the electron accepting dopant material is selected from naphthalene sulfonic acid and benzene sulfonic acid. At least one naphthalene monosulfonic acid or benzene monosulfonic acid.
- the molecular weight of the charge transporting substance is not particularly limited, but considering the conductivity, it is preferably 200 to 2,000, and the lower limit is preferably 300 or more, more preferably 400 or more. In view of improving the solubility in a solvent, the upper limit is preferably 1,500 or less, more preferably 1,000 or less.
- the charge transporting material may be appropriately selected from known charge transporting materials, but is preferably an aniline derivative or a thiophene derivative, and particularly preferably an aniline derivative.
- aniline derivatives and thiophene derivatives include those disclosed in International Publication No. 2005/043962, International Publication No. 2013/042623, International Publication No. 2014/141998, and the like.
- the aniline derivative represented by the formula (H1) may be an oxidized aniline derivative (quinonediimine derivative) having a quinonediimine structure represented by the following formula in its molecule.
- Examples of the method for oxidizing an aniline derivative into a quinonediimine derivative include the methods described in International Publication Nos. 2008/010474 and 2014/119882.
- R 1 to R 6 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, an amino group, or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms that may be substituted with Z 1
- a alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms or an alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or a heteroaryl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may be substituted with Z 2 Represents an NHY 1 , —NY 2 Y 3 , —OY 4 , or —SY 5 group, and each of Y 1 to Y 5 independently represents an alkyl having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which may be substituted with Z 1.
- Z 1 represents a halogen atom, a nitro group, Represents a cyano group, an amino group, or an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms or a heteroaryl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms which may be substituted with Z 3 , wherein Z 2 represents a halogen atom, a nitro group or a cyano group; , An amino group, or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or an alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, which may be substituted with Z 3 , and Z 3 represents a halogen atom , A nitro group, a cyano group, or an amino group, k and l are each independently an integer of 1 to 5.
- R 7 to R 10 are each independently substituted with a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a thiol group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, or Z 1 .
- a group, an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or an acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, which may be substituted with Z 2 , and R 11 to R 14 are respectively Independently, hydrogen atom, phenyl group, naphthyl group, pyridyl group, pyrimidinyl group, pyridazinyl group, pyrazinyl group, furanyl group, pyrrolyl group, pyrazolyl group, imidazolyl group, thienyl group (these groups Halogen atom, nitro group, cyano group, hydroxyl group, thiol group, phosphoric acid group, sulfonic acid group, carboxyl group, alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, thioalkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 20 carbon atoms Alkyl group, haloalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atom
- R 15 to R 18 are each independently substituted with a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a thiol group, a phosphoric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a carboxyl group, or Z 1 .
- Z 1 and Z 2 represent the same meaning as described above.
- R 21 to R 24 are each independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxyl group, an amino group, a silanol group, a thiol group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, or a phosphoric acid ester group.
- examples of the halogen atom include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, and an iodine atom.
- the alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic.
- alkenyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms include ethenyl group, n-1-propenyl group, n-2-propenyl group, 1-methylethenyl group, n-1-butenyl group, n-2-butenyl group, n-3-butenyl group, 2-methyl-1-propenyl group, 2-methyl-2-propenyl group, 1-ethylethenyl group, 1-methyl-1-propenyl group, 1-methyl-2-propenyl group, n- Examples thereof include a 1-pentenyl group, an n-1-decenyl group, and an n-1-eicosenyl group.
- alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms examples include ethynyl group, n-1-propynyl group, n-2-propynyl group, n-1-butynyl group, n-2-butynyl group, and n-3-butynyl.
- aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms include phenyl group, 1-naphthyl group, 2-naphthyl group, 1-anthryl group, 2-anthryl group, 9-anthryl group, 1-phenanthryl group, 2-phenanthryl group. Group, 3-phenanthryl group, 4-phenanthryl group, 9-phenanthryl group and the like.
- aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms examples include benzyl group, phenylethyl group, phenylpropyl group, naphthylmethyl group, naphthylethyl group, naphthylpropyl group, and the like.
- heteroaryl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms examples include 2-thienyl group, 3-thienyl group, 2-furanyl group, 3-furanyl group, 2-oxazolyl group, 4-oxazolyl group, 5-oxazolyl group, 3-isoxazolyl group, 4-isoxazolyl group, 5-isoxazolyl group, 2-thiazolyl group, 4-thiazolyl group, 5-thiazolyl group, 3-isothiazolyl group, 4-isothiazolyl group, 5-isothiazolyl group, 2-imidazolyl group, Examples include 4-imidazolyl group, 2-pyridyl group, 3-pyridyl group, 4-pyridyl group, and the like.
- haloalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms examples include those obtained by substituting at least one hydrogen atom of the alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms with a halogen atom. Among them, a fluoroalkyl group is preferable, and perfluoro An alkyl group is more preferred.
- fluoromethyl group examples thereof include fluoromethyl group, difluoromethyl group, trifluoromethyl group, pentafluoroethyl group, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, heptafluoropropyl group, 2,2,3,3,3- Pentafluoropropyl group, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl group, 2,2,2-trifluoro-1- (trifluoromethyl) ethyl group, nonafluorobutyl group, 4,4,4-trifluoro Butyl group, undecafluoropentyl group, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-nonafluoropentyl group, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro Pentyl group, tridecafluorohexyl group, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-undecafluorohexyl group, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5 , 5,6,6-Decafluo Hexyl group
- alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms include methoxy group, ethoxy group, n-propoxy group, i-propoxy group, c-propoxy group, n-butoxy group, i-butoxy group, s-butoxy group, t-butoxy group, n-pentoxy group, n-hexoxy group, n-heptyloxy group, n-octyloxy group, n-nonyloxy group, n-decyloxy group, n-undecyloxy group, n-dodecyloxy group, n-tridecyloxy group, n-tetradecyloxy group, n-pentadecyloxy group, n-hexadecyloxy group, n-heptadecyloxy group, n-octadecyloxy group, n-nonadecyloxy group, n-eicosa Nyl
- thioalkoxy (alkylthio) group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms include methylthio group, ethylthio group, n-propylthio group, isopropylthio group, n-butylthio group, isobutylthio group, s-butylthio group, t-butylthio group.
- n-pentylthio group n-hexylthio group, n-heptylthio group, n-octylthio group, n-nonylthio group, n-decylthio group, n-undecylthio group, n-dodecylthio group, n-tridecylthio group, n-tetra
- acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms include formyl group, acetyl group, propionyl group, butyryl group, isobutyryl group, valeryl group, isovaleryl group, benzoyl group and the like.
- R 1 to R 6 are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms that may be substituted with Z 1 , or 6 to C carbon atoms that may be substituted with Z 2.
- aryl groups —NHY 1 , —NY 2 Y 3 , —OY 4 , or —SY 5 are preferred, and in this case, Y 1 to Y 5 are each an integer of 1 to C carbon atoms that may be substituted with Z 1 10 alkyl groups or aryl groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms which may be substituted with Z 2 are preferred, and alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms which may be substituted with Z 1 or substituted with Z 2. More preferred are phenyl groups, and even more preferred are alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or phenyl groups.
- R 1 to R 6 are more preferably a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a methyl group, a phenyl group, or a diphenylamino group (—NY 2 Y 3 where Y 2 and Y 3 are phenyl groups), and R 1 to R 4 Is a hydrogen atom, and R 5 and R 6 are more preferably a hydrogen atom or a diphenylamino group at the same time.
- Z 1 is preferably a halogen atom or an aryl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms which may be substituted with Z 3 , and more preferably a fluorine atom or a phenyl group More preferably, it is not present (that is, an unsubstituted group), and Z 2 is preferably a halogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may be substituted with Z 3 .
- a fluorine atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is more preferable, and it is even more preferable that it is not present (that is, an unsubstituted group).
- Z 3 is preferably a halogen atom, more preferably a fluorine atom, and even more preferably not (ie, an unsubstituted group).
- k and l are preferably k + 1 ⁇ 8 and more preferably k + 1 ⁇ 5 from the viewpoint of enhancing the solubility of the aniline derivative represented by the formula (H1).
- R 7 to R 10 are preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, A hydrogen atom is more preferable.
- R 11 and R 13 are hydrogen atoms.
- R 11 and R 13 are both hydrogen atoms
- R 12 and R 14 are each independently a phenyl group (this phenyl group is a halogen atom, a nitro group, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a thiol group, phosphoric acid, Group, sulfonic acid group, carboxyl group, alkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, thioalkoxy group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, haloalkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, 2 to 2 carbon atoms (It may be substituted with an alkenyl group having 20 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 20 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 20 carbon atoms, or an acyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.) Or a group represented by the above formula (H4)
- R 20 ' is More preferably a group represented by the following formula is a phenyl group (H4 ') in, R 11 and R 13 are both hydrogen atoms, that R 12 and R 14 are both phenyl Even more preferred.
- m is preferably 2 to 4 in view of availability of the compound, ease of production, cost, etc., and 2 or 3 is more preferable in consideration of enhancing solubility in a solvent. Considering the balance of availability, ease of production, production cost, solubility in a solvent, transparency of the resulting thin film, etc., 2 is optimal.
- R 21 to R 24 are preferably a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, a sulfonic acid group, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a —OY 4 group, a —SiY 6 Y 7 Y 8 group, Atoms are more preferred.
- p, q and r are each preferably 1 or more and p + q + r ⁇ 20, more preferably 1 or more and p + q + r ⁇ 10, respectively, from the viewpoint of increasing the solubility of the compound.
- each is preferably 1 or more and 5 ⁇ p + q + r, more preferably q is 1, p and r are each 1 or more, and 5 ⁇ p + q + r.
- the aniline derivative or thiophene derivative represented by the formulas (H1) to (H3) may be a commercially available product or one produced by a known method such as the method described in each of the above publications.
- a product purified by recrystallization or vapor deposition before preparing the charge transporting varnish.
- the purified one the characteristics of the organic photoelectric conversion element provided with the thin film obtained from the varnish can be further enhanced.
- purification by recrystallization for example, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran or the like can be used as the solvent.
- the charge transporting material represented by the formulas (H1) to (H3) is one compound selected from the compounds represented by the formulas (H1) to (H3) (that is, The dispersion of molecular weight distribution 1) may be used alone, or two or more compounds may be used in combination.
- an aniline derivative represented by the formula (H2) from the viewpoint of increasing the transparency of the hole collection layer, and it is more preferable to use a benzidine derivative in which the m is 2, and the following formula ( It is more preferable to use diphenylbenzidine represented by g).
- the charge transporting varnish of the present invention contains an electron accepting dopant material containing at least one naphthalene monosulfonic acid or benzene monosulfonic acid selected from naphthalenesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid, in addition to the charge transporting material.
- naphthalene sulfonic acid include 1-naphthalene sulfonic acid and 2-naphthalene sulfonic acid.
- 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid and benzenesulfonic acid are preferable from the viewpoint of further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the organic photoelectric conversion element using the obtained charge transporting thin film.
- electron-accepting dopant substances are included for the purpose of improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the obtained organic photoelectric conversion element according to the use of the obtained thin film. May be.
- Other electron-accepting dopant materials are not particularly limited as long as they are soluble in at least one solvent used for the charge transport varnish.
- electron-accepting dopant materials include strong inorganic acids such as hydrogen chloride, sulfuric acid, nitric acid and phosphoric acid; aluminum chloride (III) (AlCl 3 ), titanium tetrachloride (IV) (TiCl 4 ), and three odors Boron bromide (BBr 3 ), boron trifluoride ether complex (BF 3 ⁇ OEt 2 ), iron chloride (III) (FeCl 3 ), copper (II) chloride (CuCl 2 ), antimony pentachloride (V) (SbCl 5 ), Arsenic pentafluoride (V) (AsF 5 ), phosphorus pentafluoride (PF 5 ), Lewis acid such as tris (4-bromophenyl) aluminum hexachloroantimonate (TBPAH); benzenesulfonic acid, tosylic acid, camphor Sulfonic acid, hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, 5-
- organic solvent used for the preparation of the charge transporting varnish a highly soluble solvent capable of satisfactorily dissolving the charge transporting substance and the electron accepting dopant substance can be used.
- Highly soluble solvents can be used singly or in combination of two or more, and the amount used can be 5-100% by mass with respect to the total solvent used in the varnish.
- Examples of such highly soluble solvents include N-methylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-diethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, 1, Examples include 3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone.
- N-methylformamide, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-diethylformamide, N-methylacetamide, and N, N-dimethylacetamide are preferred, and N, N-dimethylacetamide is more preferred. preferable.
- Both the charge transporting substance and the electron-accepting dopant substance are preferably completely dissolved or uniformly dispersed in the organic solvent, and an organic photoelectric conversion element having high photoelectric conversion efficiency is obtained. In consideration of obtaining the hole collection layer to be given with good reproducibility, it is more preferable that these substances are completely dissolved in the organic solvent.
- the charge transporting varnish of the present invention has a viscosity of 10 to 200 mPa ⁇ s, particularly 35 to 150 mPa ⁇ s at 25 ° C., and a high-viscosity organic solvent having a boiling point of 50 to 300 ° C., particularly 150 to 250 ° C. at normal pressure. It is preferable to contain at least one kind.
- the high-viscosity organic solvent is not particularly limited.
- cyclohexanol ethylene glycol, 1,3-octylene glycol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol 2,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, propylene glycol, hexylene glycol and the like.
- the addition ratio of the high-viscosity organic solvent to the whole solvent used in the charge transporting varnish of the present invention is preferably within a range where no solid precipitates. As long as no solid precipitates, the addition ratio is 5 to 80 masses. % Is preferred.
- adjusting the surface tension of the solvent, adjusting the polarity, adjusting the boiling point, etc. 1 to 90% by mass, preferably 1 to 50% by mass, can be mixed.
- Examples of such a solvent include butyl cellosolve, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethyl carbitol, Examples include, but are not limited to, diacetone alcohol, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ethyl lactate, and n-hexyl acetate.
- An organic silane compound may be added to the charge transporting varnish of the present invention from the viewpoint of improving the electron blocking property of the obtained organic photoelectric conversion element.
- the organosilane compound include trialkoxysilane, dialkoxysilane, and the like. Among these, aryltrialkoxysilane, aryldialkoxysilane, fluorine atom-containing trialkoxysilane, and fluorine atom-containing dialkoxysilane compound are preferable.
- the silane compound represented by S1) or (S2) is more preferable.
- R represents a fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- fluoroalkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms include trifluoromethyl group, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl group, 1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl group, 3,3, 3-trifluoropropyl group, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl group, 1,1,2,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropyl group, 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl Group, 3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobutyl group, 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl group, 1,1,2,2,3,3,4, Examples include 4,4-nonafluorobutyl group.
- dialkoxysilane compounds include dimethyldimethoxysilane, dimethyldiethoxysilane, methylethyldimethoxysilane, diethyldimethoxysilane, diethyldiethoxysilane, methylpropyldimethoxysilane, methylpropyldiethoxysilane, diisopropyldimethoxysilane, and phenylmethyl.
- Dimethoxysilane vinylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-glycidoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3- (3,4-epoxycyclohexyl) ethylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxy Propylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-methacryloxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, ⁇ -aminopropi Methyl diethoxy silane, N- (2- aminoethyl) aminopropyl methyl dimethoxy silane, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl methyl dimethoxy silane, and the like.
- trialkoxysilane compounds include methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, ethyltrimethoxysilane, ethyltriethoxysilane, propyltrimethoxysilane, propyltriethoxysilane, butyltrimethoxysilane, butyltriethoxysilane, Pentyltrimethoxysilane, pentyltriethoxysilane, heptyltrimethoxysilane, heptyltriethoxysilane, octyltrimethoxysilane, octyltriethoxysilane, dodecyltrimethoxysilane, dodecyltriethoxysilane, hexadecyltrimethoxysilane, hexadecyltriethoxy Silane, octadecyltrimethoxysilane, o
- the content thereof is usually about 0.1 to 200% by mass with respect to the charge transport material and the electron-accepting dopant material of the charge transport varnish of the present invention, preferably, It is 1 to 100% by mass, and more preferably 5 to 50% by mass.
- the solid content concentration of the charge transporting varnish of the present invention is appropriately set in consideration of the viscosity and surface tension of the varnish, the thickness of the thin film to be produced, etc., but is usually 0.1 to 10.0. It is about mass%, preferably 0.5 to 5.0 mass%, more preferably 1.0 to 3.0 mass%.
- solid content means components other than the organic solvent which comprise a charge transportable varnish.
- the substance amount (mol) ratio between the charge transporting substance and the electron-accepting dopant substance is also appropriately set in consideration of the expressed charge transporting property, the type of the charge transporting substance, etc. With respect to the transporting substance 1, the electron-accepting dopant substance is 0.1 to 10, preferably 0.2 to 5.0, more preferably 0.5 to 3.0.
- the viscosity of the charge transporting varnish used in the present invention is appropriately adjusted according to the coating method in consideration of the thickness of the thin film to be produced and the solid content concentration. It is about 50 mPa ⁇ s.
- the charge transporting substance, the electron accepting dopant substance, and the organic solvent can be mixed in any order as long as the solid content is uniformly dissolved or dispersed in the solvent. That is, for example, after a charge transporting substance is dissolved in an organic solvent, an electron accepting dopant substance is dissolved in the solution. After an electron accepting dopant substance is dissolved in the organic solvent, the charge transporting substance is dissolved in the solution. In any of the methods of dissolving a substance, mixing a charge transporting substance and an electron-accepting dopant substance, and then adding the mixture to an organic solvent for dissolution, the solid content is uniformly dissolved or dispersed in the organic solvent. As long as it can be adopted.
- the charge transporting varnish is prepared in an inert gas atmosphere at normal temperature and pressure. However, unless the compound in the varnish is decomposed or the composition is largely changed, In the presence) or while heating.
- anode layer A process for producing a transparent electrode by forming a layer of anode material on the surface of a transparent substrate.
- anode material metal oxide such as indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), etc.
- high charge transporting organic compounds such as polythiophene derivatives and polyaniline derivatives can be used.
- the transparent substrate a substrate made of glass or transparent resin can be used.
- the method for forming the anode material layer is appropriately selected according to the properties of the anode material, and is usually a dry process using a sublimation compound (evaporation method) or a wet process using a varnish containing a charge transporting compound. Either process (especially spin coating or slit coating) is employed.
- a commercial item can also be used suitably as a transparent electrode, and it is preferable to use the base
- the manufacturing method of the organic photoelectric conversion element of this invention does not include the process of forming an anode layer.
- the transparent electrode to be used is preferably used after being washed with a detergent, alcohol, pure water or the like.
- the anode substrate is preferably subjected to a surface treatment such as UV ozone treatment or oxygen-plasma treatment immediately before use (when the anode material is mainly composed of an organic substance, the surface treatment may not be performed).
- the charge transporting varnish of the present invention is formed on the layer of anode material. Is used to form a hole collection layer.
- the thickness of the hole collection layer is also usually about 1 to 200 nm as described above, but is preferably about 3 to 100 nm, more preferably 3 to 30 nm.
- the active layer includes an n layer that is a thin film made of an n-type semiconductor material and a p layer that is a thin film made of a p-type semiconductor material. It may be a laminated film or a non-laminated thin film made of a mixture of these materials.
- n-type semiconductor materials include fullerene, [6,6] -phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PC 61 BM), [6,6] -phenyl-C 71 -butyric acid methyl ester (PC 71 BM), and the like. Can be mentioned.
- regioregular poly (3-hexylthiophene) P3HT
- PTB7 PTB7
- PDTP-DFBT Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2009-158921
- Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2009-158921 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2009-158921
- International Publication No. 2010/008672 examples thereof include polymers having a thiophene skeleton in the main chain such as thienothiophene unit-containing polymers, phthalocyanines such as CuPC and ZnPC, and porphyrins such as tetrabenzoporphyrin.
- thiophene skeleton in the main chain refers to a divalent aromatic ring composed only of thiophene, or thienothiophene, benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene, benzodithiophene, naphthothiophene, naphthodithiophene, anthrathiophene, anthracodi It represents a divalent fused aromatic ring containing one or more thiophenes such as thiophene, and these may be substituted with the substituents represented by R 1 to R 6 above.
- the formation method of the active layer is appropriately selected according to the properties of the n-type semiconductor or the p-type semiconductor material, and is usually a dry process using a sublimation compound (particularly vapor deposition method) or a wet process using a varnish containing a material ( In particular, either a spin coat method or a slit coat method is employed.
- n1 and n2 represent the number of repeating units and represent a positive integer.
- an electron collection layer may be formed between the active layer and the cathode layer.
- Materials for forming the electron collection layer include lithium oxide (Li 2 O), magnesium oxide (MgO), alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), lithium fluoride (LiF), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), and fluoride. strontium (SrF 2), and the like.
- the method for forming the electron trapping layer is appropriately selected according to the properties of the material, and is usually a dry process using a sublimation compound (especially vapor deposition method) or a wet process using a varnish containing a material (especially spin coating method). Or slit coat method) is employed.
- Step of forming a cathode layer on the electron collection layer As cathode materials, aluminum, magnesium-silver alloy, aluminum-lithium alloy, lithium, sodium, potassium, cesium, calcium, barium, silver, Gold etc. are mentioned, A several cathode material can be laminated
- a carrier block layer may be provided between arbitrary layers for the purpose of controlling photocurrent rectification.
- the material for forming the carrier block layer include titanium oxide and zinc oxide.
- the method for forming the carrier block layer is appropriately selected according to the properties of the material. Usually, the vapor deposition method is used when a sublimation compound is used, and the spin coating method or the slit coating method is used when a varnish in which the material is dissolved is used. Either one is adopted.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element produced by the method exemplified above was again introduced into the glove box and sealed under an inert gas atmosphere such as nitrogen in order to prevent element degradation due to the atmosphere. In the state, the function as an organic photoelectric conversion element can be exhibited, or the characteristics thereof can be measured.
- a sealing method a method in which a concave glass substrate with a UV curable resin attached to the end is attached to the film-forming surface side of the organic photoelectric conversion element in an inert gas atmosphere, and the resin is cured by UV irradiation, Examples of the method include performing a film sealing type sealing under a vacuum by a technique such as sputtering.
- composition for active layer [Preparation Example 1] 2.0 mL of chlorobenzene was added to a sample bottle containing 20 mg of PTB7 (manufactured by One Material) and 30 mg of PCBM (manufactured by Frontier Carbon, product name: nanom spectra E100), and the mixture was stirred on a hot plate at 80 ° C. for 15 hours. After allowing this solution to cool to room temperature, 60 ⁇ L of 1,8-diiodooctane (manufactured by Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was added and stirred to obtain active layer composition A1.
- Example 1-1 Production of hole collection layer and organic photoelectric conversion device [Example 1-1] A 20 mm ⁇ 20 mm glass substrate obtained by patterning an ITO transparent conductive layer serving as a positive electrode into a 2 mm ⁇ 20 mm stripe pattern was subjected to UV / ozone treatment for 15 minutes, and then the charge transporting varnish obtained in Example 1-1 was formed on the substrate. B1 was applied by spin coating. This glass substrate was heated using a hot plate at 50 ° C. for 5 minutes and further at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a hole collection layer.
- the composition A1 for the active layer obtained in Preparation Example 1 is dropped on the formed hole collection layer, and a thickness of 100 nm is formed by a spin coating method.
- An active layer was formed.
- the substrate on which the organic semiconductor layer is formed and the negative electrode mask are placed in a vacuum deposition apparatus, and the vacuum in the apparatus is exhausted to 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 Pa or less, and the negative electrode is formed by resistance heating.
- An aluminum layer was deposited to a thickness of 80 nm. Finally, it was heated on a hot plate at 80 ° C. for 10 minutes to produce an OPV element in which the area where the stripe-like ITO layer and the aluminum layer intersect was 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm.
- Example 1-2 An OPV element was produced in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except that the heating temperature at the time of forming the hole collection layer was 50 ° C. for 5 minutes and further 150 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- Example 1-3 An OPV device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except that the heating temperature at the time of forming the hole collection layer was changed to 50 ° C. for 5 minutes and further to 180 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- Example 1-1 An OPV element was produced in the same manner as in Example 1-1 except that the heating temperature at the time of forming the hole collection layer was 50 ° C. for 5 minutes and further 230 ° C. for 20 minutes.
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Abstract
Description
いずれも軽量・薄膜で、フレキシブル化可能である点、ロール・トゥ・ロールでの生産が可能である点など、現在主流の無機系太陽電池とは異なる特長を持っていることから、新たな市場形成が期待されている。
中でも、有機薄膜太陽電池は、電解質フリー、重金属化合物フリー等の特長を持つうえに、最近、UCLAらのグループによって光電変換効率(以下PCEと略す)10.6%の報告がなされたことなどの理由から、大きな注目を集めている(非特許文献3)。
有機光電変換素子は活性層(光電変換層)、電荷(正孔、電子)捕集層、および電極(陽極、陰極)等を備えて構成される。
これらの中でも活性層および電荷捕集層は、一般に真空蒸着法によって形成されているが、真空蒸着法には、量産プロセスによる複雑性、装置の高コスト化、材料の利用効率等の点で問題がある。
しかもPEDOT/PSS水分散液は、固形分が凝集し易いという性質を有しているため、塗布膜の欠陥が生じやすい、塗布装置の目詰まりや腐食を発生させやすいという問題があるうえ、耐熱性という点でも不十分であり、量産化する上で種々の課題が残されている。
1. 電荷輸送性物質と、ナフタレンスルホン酸およびベンゼンスルホン酸から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む電子受容性ドーパント物質と、有機溶媒とを含む電荷輸送性ワニスを基材上に塗布し、100~180℃に加熱して前記有機溶媒を蒸発させることを特徴とする電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法、
2. 前記電荷輸送性物質が、分子量200~2,000の電荷輸送性物質である1の電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法、
3. 前記電荷輸送性物質が、アニリン誘導体およびチオフェン誘導体から選ばれる少なくとも1種である1または2の電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法、
4. 前記加熱が、1~30分間行われる1~3のいずれかの電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法、
5. 1~4のいずれかの製造方法で電荷輸送性薄膜を作製する工程を含む有機光電変換素子の製造方法、
6. 陽極層上に、1~4のいずれかの製造方法により電荷輸送性薄膜を形成した後、この薄膜上に、活性層用組成物を塗布して活性層を形成し、さらにこの活性層上に負極を形成する有機光電変換素子の製造方法、
7. 有機光電変換素子が、有機薄膜太陽電池または光センサである5または6の有機光電変換素子の製造方法、
8. 電荷輸送性物質と、ナフタレンスルホン酸およびベンゼンスルホン酸から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む電子受容性ドーパント物質と、有機溶媒とを含むことを特徴とする電荷輸送性ワニス、
9. 1-ナフタレンスルホン酸およびベンゼンスルホン酸から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む8の電荷輸送性ワニス、
10. 有機光電変換素子の正孔捕集層形成用である8または9の電荷輸送性ワニス、
11. 有機光電変換素子が、有機薄膜太陽電池または光センサである10の電荷輸送性ワニス、
12. 8または9の電荷輸送性ワニスから作製される電荷輸送性薄膜、
13. 10の電荷輸送性ワニスから作製される正孔捕集層、
14. 陽極および活性層の間に介在させた場合に、光電変換効率が4.0%以上の有機光電変換素子を与える13の正孔捕集層、
15. 13の正孔捕集層と、それに接するように設けられた活性層とを有する有機光電変換素子、
16. 前記活性層が、フラーレン誘導体を含む15の有機光電変換素子、
17. 前記活性層が、主鎖にチオフェン骨格を含むポリマーを含む15または16の有機光電変換素子、
18. 有機薄膜太陽電池である15~17のいずれかの有機光電変換素子、
19. 光センサである15~17のいずれかの有機光電変換素子
を提供する。
本発明の電荷輸送性ワニスを用い、本発明の製造方法で作製された薄膜を有機光電変換素子の正孔捕集層として用いることで、4.0%以上、4.0%超、場合によっては4.5%以上という高い光電変換効率の有機光電変換素子を得ることができる。また、本発明の電荷輸送性ワニスは均一有機溶液であるため量産プロセスへの適合性が高く、また凹凸を有する下地の陽極を平坦化させつつ高い均一成膜性を示すため、素子の高歩留まりを実現することができるうえに、電流リークを抑制し、逆バイアス暗電流を低く抑えることができる。
さらに、本発明の有機光電変換素子は、可視光、近紫外光、近赤外光に対して照射光強度に依存せずに高い変換効率を示し、かつ高い耐久性を示す。
これらの性質により、本発明の有機光電変換素子は、太陽光発電、室内光発電等を用途とした有機薄膜太陽電池として使用できるとともに、イメージセンサを含む光センサ用途にも好適に使用できる。
本発明に係る電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法は、電荷輸送性物質と、ナフタレンスルホン酸およびベンゼンスルホン酸から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む電子受容性ドーパント物質と、有機溶媒とを含む電荷輸送性ワニスを基材上に塗布し、100~180℃に加熱して有機溶媒を蒸発させるものである。
加熱温度は、加熱時間等を勘案して上記範囲内で適宜設定すればよいが、効率的に薄膜を形成することを考慮すると、110~180℃が好ましく、120~150℃がより好ましい。
加熱時間は、加熱温度や、目的とする膜厚等によって変動するため一概には規定できないが、上記加熱温度範囲および薄膜の用途などから、本発明では1~30分程度が好ましく、5~20分程度がより好ましい。
なお、必要に応じて、上記加熱温度範囲未満での予備加熱(プリベーク)や、最終加熱(ポストベーク)を行ってもよい。
通常、塗布は、常温、常圧の不活性ガス雰囲気下で行われるが、ワニス中の化合物が分解したり、組成が大きく変化したりしない限り、大気雰囲気下(酸素存在下)で行ってもよく、上記温度範囲以下に加熱しながら行ってもよい。
基材としては、電荷輸送性薄膜の用途に応じて最適なものを採用すればよいが、有機光電変換素子の正孔捕集層や有機エレクトロルミネッセンス素子の正孔注入層として用いる場合は、陽極が基材となる。
本発明において、電荷輸送性物質の分子量は、特に限定されるものではないが、導電性という点を考慮すると、200~2,000が好ましく、下限として好ましくは300以上、より好ましくは400以上であり、溶媒に対する溶解性向上という点を考慮すると、上限として好ましくは1,500以下、より好ましくは1,000以下である。
これらアニリン誘導体およびチオフェン誘導体の具体例としては、例えば、国際公開第2005/043962号、国際公開第2013/042623号、国際公開第2014/141998号等に開示されたものが挙げられる。
炭素数1~20のアルキル基としては、直鎖状、分岐鎖状、環状のいずれでもよく、例えば、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、イソプロピル基、n-ブチル基、イソブチル基、s-ブチル基、t-ブチル基、n-ペンチル基、n-ヘキシル基、n-ヘプチル基、n-オクチル基、n-ノニル基、n-デシル基等の炭素数1~20の直鎖または分岐鎖状アルキル基;シクロプロピル基、シクロブチル基、シクロペンチル基、シクロヘキシル基、シクロヘプチル基、シクロオクチル基、シクロノニル基、シクロデシル基、ビシクロブチル基、ビシクロペンチル基、ビシクロヘキシル基、ビシクロヘプチル基、ビシクロオクチル基、ビシクロノニル基、ビシクロデシル基等の炭素数3~20の環状アルキル基などが挙げられる。
その具体例としては、フルオロメチル基、ジフルオロメチル基、トリフルオロメチル基、ペンタフルオロエチル基、2,2,2-トリフルオロエチル基、ヘプタフルオロプロピル基、2,2,3,3,3-ペンタフルオロプロピル基、2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピル基、2,2,2-トリフルオロ-1-(トリフルオロメチル)エチル基、ノナフルオロブチル基、4,4,4-トリフルオロブチル基、ウンデカフルオロペンチル基、2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,5-ノナフルオロペンチル基、2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-オクタフルオロペンチル基、トリデカフルオロヘキシル基、2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-ウンデカフルオロヘキシル基、2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6-デカフルオロヘキシル基、3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-ノナフルオロヘキシル基等が挙げられる。
特に、R1~R6は、水素原子、フッ素原子、メチル基、フェニル基またはジフェニルアミノ基(Y2およびY3がフェニル基である-NY2Y3)がより好ましく、R1~R4が水素原子であり、かつ、R5およびR6が同時に水素原子またはジフェニルアミノ基がより一層好ましい。
また、Z3は、ハロゲン原子が好ましく、フッ素原子がより好ましく、存在しないこと(すなわち、非置換の基であること)がより一層好ましい。
kおよびlとしては、式(H1)で表されるアニリン誘導体の溶解性を高める観点から、好ましくは、k+l≦8であり、より好ましくは、k+l≦5である。
また、式(H2)で表されるアニリン誘導体の溶媒に対する溶解性を高めるとともに、得られる薄膜の均一性を高めることを考慮すると、R11およびR13が共に水素原子であることが好ましい。
特に、R11およびR13が共に水素原子であり、R12およびR14が、それぞれ独立して、フェニル基(このフェニル基は、ハロゲン原子、ニトロ基、シアノ基、水酸基、チオール基、リン酸基、スルホン酸基、カルボキシル基、炭素数1~20のアルコキシ基、炭素数1~20のチオアルコキシ基、炭素数1~20のアルキル基、炭素数1~20のハロアルキル基、炭素数2~20のアルケニル基、炭素数2~20のアルキニル基、炭素数6~20のアリール基、炭素数7~20のアラルキル基、または炭素数1~20のアシル基で置換されていてもよい。)、または上記式(H4)で表される基であることが好ましく、R11およびR13が、共に水素原子であり、R12およびR14が、それぞれ独立して、フェニル基、またはR19'およびR20'が共にフェニル基である下記式(H4′)で表される基であることがより好ましく、R11およびR13が、共に水素原子であり、R12およびR14が、共にフェニル基であることがより一層好ましい。
また、mとしては、化合物の入手容易性、製造の容易性、コスト面などを考慮すると、2~4が好ましく、溶媒への溶解性を高めることを考慮すると、2または3がより好ましく、化合物の入手容易性、製造の容易性、製造コスト、溶媒への溶解性、得られる薄膜の透明性等のバランスを考慮すると、2が最適である。
また、p、qおよびrは、当該化合物の溶解性を高めるという点から、それぞれ1以上、かつ、p+q+r≦20が好ましく、それぞれ1以上、かつ、p+q+r≦10がより好ましい。さらに、高い電荷輸送性を発現させるという点から、それぞれ1以上、かつ、5≦p+q+rが好ましく、qが1、pおよびrがそれぞれ1以上、かつ、5≦p+q+rがより好ましい。
特に、正孔捕集層の透明性を高めるという点から、式(H2)で示されるアニリン誘導体を用いることが好ましく、中でも上記mが2であるベンジジン誘導体を用いることがより好ましく、下記式(g)で示されるジフェニルベンジジンを用いることがより一層好ましい。
ナフタレンスルホン酸の具体例としては、1-ナフタレンスルホン酸、2-ナフタレンスルホン酸が挙げられる。
これらの中でも、得られる電荷輸送性薄膜を用いた有機光電変換素子の光電変換効率をより高めるという点から、1-ナフタレンスルホン酸、ベンゼンスルホン酸が好ましい。
その他の電子受容性ドーパント物質は、電荷輸送性ワニスに使用する少なくとも一種の溶媒に溶解するものであれば、特に限定されない。
有機シラン化合物としては、トリアルコキシシラン、ジアルコキシシランなどが挙げられるが、とりわけ、アリールトリアルコキシシラン、アリールジアルコキシシラン、フッ素原子含有トリアルコキシシラン、フッ素原子含有ジアルコキシシラン化合物が好ましく、式(S1)または(S2)で表されるシラン化合物がより好ましい。
なお、固形分とは、電荷輸送性ワニスを構成する、有機溶媒以外の成分を意味する。
また、電荷輸送性物質と電子受容性ドーパント物質の物質量(mol)比も、発現する電荷輸送性、電荷輸送性物質の種類等を考慮して適宜設定されるものではあるが、通常、電荷輸送性物質1に対し、電子受容性ドーパント物質0.1~10、好ましくは0.2~5.0、より好ましくは0.5~3.0である。
そして、本発明において用いる電荷輸送性ワニスの粘度は、作製する薄膜の厚み等や固形分濃度を考慮し、塗布方法に応じて適宜調節されるものではあるが、通常25℃で0.1~50mPa・s程度である。
[陽極層の形成]:透明基板の表面に陽極材料の層を形成して透明電極を製造する工程
陽極材料としては、インジウム錫酸化物(ITO)、インジウム亜鉛酸化物(IZO)等の金属酸化物や、ポリチオフェン誘導体、ポリアニリン誘導体などの高電荷輸送性有機化合物を用いることができる。また、透明基板としては、ガラスあるいは透明樹脂からなる基板を用いることができる。
陽極材料の層(陽極層)の形成方法は、陽極材料の性質に応じて適宜選択され、通常、昇華性化合物を用いたドライプロセス(蒸着法)か電荷輸送性化合物を含むワニスを用いたウェットプロセス(特にスピンコート法かスリットコート法)のいずれかが採用される。
また、透明電極として市販品も好適に用いることができ、この場合、素子の歩留を向上させる観点からは、平滑化処理がされている基盤を用いることが好ましい。市販品を用いる場合、本発明の有機光電変換素子の製造方法は、陽極層を形成する工程を含まない。
使用する透明電極は、洗剤、アルコール、純水等で洗浄してから使用することが好ましい。例えば、陽極基板では、使用直前にUVオゾン処理、酸素-プラズマ処理等の表面処理を施すことが好ましい(陽極材料が有機物を主成分とする場合、表面処理を行わなくともよい)。
上述した電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法に従い、陽極材料の層上に、本発明の電荷輸送性ワニスを用いて正孔捕集層を形成する。
この際、正孔捕集層の厚みも前述と同様、通常1~200nm程度であるが、好ましくは3~100nm程度、より好ましくは3~30nmである。
活性層は、n型半導体材料からなる薄膜であるn層と、p型半導体材料からなる薄膜であるp層とを積層したものであっても、これら材料の混合物からなる非積層薄膜であってもよい。
n型半導体材料としては、フラーレン、[6,6]-フェニル-C61-酪酸メチルエステル(PC61BM)、[6,6]-フェニル-C71-酪酸メチルエステル(PC71BM)等が挙げられる。一方、p型半導体材料としては、レジオレギュラーポリ(3-ヘキシルチオフェン)(P3HT)、PTB7、PDTP-DFBT、特開2009-158921号公報および国際公開第2010/008672号に記載されているようなチエノチオフェンユニット含有ポリマー類等の、主鎖にチオフェン骨格を含むポリマー、CuPC,ZnPC等のフタロシアニン類、テトラベンゾポルフィリン等のポルフィリン類などが挙げられる。
これらの中でも、n型材料としては、PC61BM、PC71BMが、p型材料としては、PTB7等の主鎖にチオフェン骨格を含むポリマー類が好ましい。
なお、ここでいう「主鎖にチオフェン骨格」とはチオフェンのみからなる2価の芳香環、またはチエノチオフェン、ベンゾチオフェン、ジベンゾチオフェン、ベンゾジチオフェン、ナフトチオフェン、ナフトジチオフェン、アントラチオフェン、アントラジチオフェン等のような1以上のチオフェンを含む2価の縮合芳香環を表し、これらは上記R1~R6で示される置換基で置換されていてもよい。
活性層の形成方法は、n型半導体あるいはp型半導体材料の性質に応じて適宜選択され、通常、昇華性化合物を用いたドライプロセス(特に蒸着法)か材料を含むワニスを用いたウェットプロセス(特にスピンコート法かスリットコート法)のいずれかが採用される。
必要に応じて、活性層と陰極層の間に電子捕集層を形成してもよい。
電子捕集層を形成する材料としては、酸化リチウム(Li2O)、酸化マグネシウム(MgO)、アルミナ(Al2O3)、フッ化リチウム(LiF)、フッ化マグネシウム(MgF2)、フッ化ストロンチウム(SrF2)等が挙げられる。
電子捕集層の形成方法は、その材料の性質に応じて適宜選択され、通常、昇華性化合物を用いたドライプロセス(特に蒸着法)か材料を含むワニスを用いたウェットプロセス(特にスピンコート法かスリットコート法)のいずれかが採用される。
陰極材料としては、アルミニウム、マグネシウム-銀合金、アルミニウム-リチウム合金、リチウム、ナトリウム、カリウム、セシウム、カルシウム、バリウム、銀、金等が挙げられ、複数の陰極材料を積層したり、混合したりして使用することができる。
陰極層の形成方法は、その材料の性質に応じて適宜選択されるが、通常、ドライプロセス(特に蒸着法)が採用される。
必要に応じて、光電流の整流性をコントロールすること等を目的として、任意の層間にキャリアブロック層を設けてもよい。
キャリアブロック層を形成する材料としては、酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛等が挙げられる。
キャリアブロック層の形成方法は、その材料の性質に応じて適宜選択され、通常、昇華性化合物を用いる場合は蒸着法が、材料が溶解したワニスを用いる場合はスピンコート法か、スリットコート法のいずれかが採用される。
封止法としては、端部にUV硬化樹脂を付着させた凹型ガラス基板を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、有機光電変換素子の成膜面側に付着させ、UV照射によって樹脂を硬化させる方法や、真空下、スパッタリング等の手法によって膜封止タイプの封止を行う方法などが挙げられる。
(1)グローブボックス:米国VAC社製グローブボックスシステム
(2)蒸着装置:アオヤマエンジニアリング(株)製、真空蒸着装置
(3)測定装置:(株)小坂研究所製、全自動微細形状測定機ET-4000A
(4)電流値測定に用いた装置:アジレント(株)製、4156Cプレシジョン半導体パラメータ・アナライザ
(5)光電流測定に用いた光源装置:分光計器(株)製、SM-250ハイパーモノライトシステム
[調製例1]
PTB7(ワンマテリアル社製)20mgおよびPCBM(フロンティアカーボン社製、製品名:nanom spectra E100)30mgが入ったサンプル瓶の中にクロロベンゼン2.0mL加え、80℃のホットプレート上で15時間撹拌した。この溶液を室温まで放冷した後、1,8-ジヨードオクタン(東京化成工業(株)製)60μLを加えて撹拌し、活性層用組成物A1を得た。
[製造例1-1]
式[1]で示されるN,N′-ジフェニルベンジジン(東京化成工業(株)製)58.3mg(0.173mmol)と式[2]で示されるベンゼンスルホン酸(東京化成工業(株)製)43.9mg(0.277mmol)との混合物に、DMAc2.5gを加え、室温で超音波を照射しながら撹拌して溶解させた。さらにそこへ、CHN2.5gを加えて撹拌し、褐色溶液を得た。
得られた褐色溶液を、孔径0.2μmのシリンジフィルターでろ過して、電荷輸送性ワニスB1を得た。
[実施例1-1]
正極となるITO透明導電層を2mm×20mmのストライプ状にパターニングした20mm×20mmのガラス基板を15分間UV/オゾン処理した後、基板上に、実施例1-1で得られた電荷輸送性ワニスB1をスピンコート法により塗布した。このガラス基板を、ホットプレートを用いて、50℃で5分間、さらに120℃で10分間加熱して正孔捕集層を形成した。
その後、不活性ガスにより置換されたグローブボックス中で、調製例1で得られた活性層用組成物A1を、形成した正孔捕集層上に滴下し、スピンコート法により100nmの厚さの活性層を成膜した。
次に、有機半導体層が形成された基板と負極用マスクを真空蒸着装置内に設置して、装置内の真空度が1×10-3Pa以下になるまで排気し、抵抗加熱法によって、負極となるアルミニウム層を80nmの厚さに蒸着した。
最後に、ホットプレートで80℃,10分間加熱し、ストライプ状のITO層とアルミニウム層とが交差する部分の面積が2mm×2mmであるOPV素子を作製した。
正孔捕集層形成時の加熱温度を、50℃で5分間、さらに150℃で10分間とした以外は、実施例1-1と同様の方法で、OPV素子を作製した。
正孔捕集層形成時の加熱温度を、50℃で5分間、さらに180℃で10分間とした以外は、実施例1-1と同様の方法で、OPV素子を作製した。
正孔捕集層形成時の加熱温度を、50℃で5分間、さらに230℃で20分間とした以外は、実施例1-1と同様の方法で、OPV素子を作製した。
上記で作製した各OPV素子について、短絡電流密度(Jsc〔mA/cm2〕)、開放電圧(Voc〔V〕)、曲線因子(FF)、および光電変換効率(PCE〔%〕)の評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。なお光電変換効率は、下式により算出した。
PCE〔%〕=Jsc〔mA/cm2〕×Voc〔V〕×FF÷入射光強度(100〔mW/cm2〕)×100
一方、比較例のように焼成温度が230℃の場合、OPV素子の光電変換効率が実施例のそれと比較してかなり低下していることがわかる。
このように、焼成温度を本発明で規定される範囲とすることで、正孔捕集層の減膜が抑制されるためか、光電変換効率に優れた有機光電変換素子が得られることがわかる。
Claims (19)
- 電荷輸送性物質と、ナフタレンスルホン酸およびベンゼンスルホン酸から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む電子受容性ドーパント物質と、有機溶媒とを含む電荷輸送性ワニスを基材上に塗布し、100~180℃に加熱して前記有機溶媒を蒸発させることを特徴とする電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法。
- 前記電荷輸送性物質が、分子量200~2,000の電荷輸送性物質である請求項1記載の電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法。
- 前記電荷輸送性物質が、アニリン誘導体およびチオフェン誘導体から選ばれる少なくとも1種である請求項1または2記載の電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法。
- 前記加熱が、1~30分間行われる請求項1~3のいずれか1項記載の電荷輸送性薄膜の製造方法。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項記載の製造方法で電荷輸送性薄膜を作製する工程を含む有機光電変換素子の製造方法。
- 陽極層上に、請求項1~4のいずれか1項記載の製造方法により電荷輸送性薄膜を形成した後、この薄膜上に、活性層用組成物を塗布して活性層を形成し、さらにこの活性層上に負極を形成する有機光電変換素子の製造方法。
- 有機光電変換素子が、有機薄膜太陽電池または光センサである請求項5または6記載の有機光電変換素子の製造方法。
- 電荷輸送性物質と、ナフタレンスルホン酸およびベンゼンスルホン酸から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む電子受容性ドーパント物質と、有機溶媒とを含むことを特徴とする電荷輸送性ワニス。
- 1-ナフタレンスルホン酸およびベンゼンスルホン酸から選ばれる少なくとも1種を含む請求項8記載の電荷輸送性ワニス。
- 有機光電変換素子の正孔捕集層形成用である請求項8または9記載の電荷輸送性ワニス。
- 有機光電変換素子が、有機薄膜太陽電池または光センサである請求項10記載の電荷輸送性ワニス。
- 請求項8または9記載の電荷輸送性ワニスから作製される電荷輸送性薄膜。
- 請求項10記載の電荷輸送性ワニスから作製される正孔捕集層。
- 陽極および活性層の間に介在させた場合に、光電変換効率が4.0%以上の有機光電変換素子を与える請求項13記載の正孔捕集層。
- 請求項13記載の正孔捕集層と、それに接するように設けられた活性層とを有する有機光電変換素子。
- 前記活性層が、フラーレン誘導体を含む請求項15記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記活性層が、主鎖にチオフェン骨格を含むポリマーを含む請求項15または16記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 有機薄膜太陽電池である請求項15~17のいずれか1項記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 光センサである請求項15~17のいずれか1項記載の有機光電変換素子。
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