WO2018124292A1 - 骨格筋細胞及びその誘導方法 - Google Patents
骨格筋細胞及びその誘導方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018124292A1 WO2018124292A1 PCT/JP2017/047305 JP2017047305W WO2018124292A1 WO 2018124292 A1 WO2018124292 A1 WO 2018124292A1 JP 2017047305 W JP2017047305 W JP 2017047305W WO 2018124292 A1 WO2018124292 A1 WO 2018124292A1
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Definitions
- the present invention mainly relates to a skeletal muscle cell and a method for inducing the same, and more particularly to a method for inducing a skeletal muscle cell by direct reprogramming.
- Muscle is an essential tissue for animal movement and is composed of fibrous multinucleated cells with contractile ability. In induction of skeletal muscle differentiation, mononuclear myoblasts are fused while being differentiated to form multinucleated myocytes. It is known that differentiation induction of skeletal muscle is controlled by transcription factors such as MyoD family and MEF2 family.
- myoblast-like cells can be induced by introducing a skeletal muscle-specific transcription factor, MyoD family gene, into mouse fibroblasts.
- human fibroblasts have a problem in that myoblasts cannot be induced to the same extent as in mice even when a MyoD family gene is introduced.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for inducing skeletal muscle cells that can be applied to treatment of diseases associated with muscle defects.
- the present inventor introduced a MyoD gene and an L-myc gene in combination into mammalian somatic cells, directly (without direct reprogramming via pluripotent stem cells such as ES cells and iPS cells). ) It was found that skeletal muscle cells can be obtained.
- the present invention has been completed through further studies based on such findings.
- the present invention includes the following inventions.
- Item 1 A method for inducing (preparing) skeletal muscle cells, comprising introducing a MyoD family gene or an expression product thereof and a Myc family gene or an expression product thereof into a mammalian somatic cell.
- Item 2 The method according to Item 1, wherein the somatic cells are fibroblasts.
- Item 3 The method according to Item 1, wherein the somatic cell is a human somatic cell.
- Item 4 The method according to Item 1 or 2, wherein the MyoD family gene is MyoD1 gene and the Myc family gene is L-myc gene.
- Skeletal muscle cells derived from mammalian somatic cells and having an exogenous MyoD family gene or expression product thereof and Myc family gene or expression product thereof.
- Item 7 A cell obtained by the method according to any one of Items 1 to 4, or a skeletal muscle cell comprising the skeletal muscle cell according to Item 4, for treating a disease based on a deficiency, deficiency or reduced function of skeletal muscle Of transplant material.
- Item 8 A composition for inducing (preparing) skeletal muscle cells, comprising a MyoD family gene or an expression product thereof and a Myc family gene or an expression product thereof.
- skeletal muscle cells can be prepared from somatic cells in a short period of time by direct reprogramming. Since these skeletal muscle cells can be easily derived from the somatic cells of the individual to be transplanted, problems such as immunological rejection response do not occur even when the obtained skeletal muscle cells are transplanted. Moreover, since skeletal muscle cells can be directly induced from somatic cells without going through iPS cells or ES cells, problems caused by pluripotent stem cells such as canceration can be avoided.
- the mRNA expression measurement result of Myogenin gene and CKM gene is shown.
- the result of fluorescence-immunity is shown (CKM).
- the result of the fluorescence immunity is shown (Dystrophin).
- the result of fluorescence-immunity is shown (Myogenin).
- the observation result of the appearance of multinucleated myotube cells is shown.
- the results of evaluating the appearance of multinucleated myotube cells are shown.
- the mRNA expression measurement result of Myogenin gene, CKM gene, and MHC3 gene is shown.
- the time-dependent measurement result of mRNA expression of DMD gene is shown.
- summary of the method of Example 8 is shown.
- a macroscopic image of the transplanted site and the extracted tissue one week after transplantation is shown.
- the result of the immunohistochemical staining of the tissue transplanted with fibroblasts is shown.
- Paraffin section ⁇ 200 magnification.
- transduced MyoD1 and L-Myc is shown.
- Paraffin section ⁇ 200 magnification.
- the measurement result of a desmin positive cell is shown. Values are mean ⁇ standard deviation.
- Each group N 3 mice. * P ⁇ 0.05 vs. non-transfected cell transplant group.
- the result of the fluorescence insult of Desmin and CKM is shown.
- the results of heat map and clustering analysis of genes involved in skeletal muscle development are shown.
- the results of heat map and clustering analysis of genes involved in skeletal muscle contraction are shown.
- the results of the heat map and clustering analysis of genes related to myosin filaments are shown.
- the results of heat map and clustering analysis of genes related to actin filaments are shown.
- the result of the staining of rBC2LCN-FITC is shown.
- the mRNA expression measurement result of Myogenin gene and CKM gene is shown.
- the present invention relates to a method for inducing skeletal muscle cells by converting mammalian differentiated somatic cells into skeletal muscle cells.
- Convert means the transformation of somatic cells into the desired skeletal muscle cells.
- One of the preferred embodiments of the method of the present invention is that a somatic cell is transferred to a skeletal muscle without undergoing a cell initialization step represented by the production of iPS cells, which is also called “direct reprogramming” or “direct conversion”. It is a method of converting into cells.
- Induction into skeletal muscle cells can be performed either in vitro or in vivo.
- myoblasts fuse to become multinucleated myotubes and mature with muscle fibers.
- muscle satellite cells that can function as stem cells.
- myoblasts, muscle satellite cells, myotube cells, myotubes, myofibers, mature myofibers, etc. are collectively referred to as skeletal muscle cells or myocytes.
- Skeletal muscle refers to muscles other than cardiac muscle and smooth muscle among animal muscles. Skeletal muscle belongs to striated muscle among striated muscle and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated cells, and muscle fibers are made from a large number of myoblasts.
- Skeletal muscle cells are derived from mesenchymal stem cells. In differentiation in vivo, mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into myoblasts, and myotubes are formed by fusion of many myoblasts.
- the skeletal muscle cells were obtained from morphological factors such as gene expression, protein expression, multinuclear, and muscle fiber formation of skeletal muscle-specific markers such as Myogenin, creatine kinase muscle (CKM), Myosin heavy chain 3 (MHC3) It can be evaluated by functions such as characteristics and contractility.
- morphological factors such as gene expression, protein expression, multinuclear, and muscle fiber formation of skeletal muscle-specific markers such as Myogenin, creatine kinase muscle (CKM), Myosin heavy chain 3 (MHC3) It can be evaluated by functions such as characteristics and contractility.
- Somatic somatic cells may be derived from mammals. When transplanting skeletal muscle cells into a living body, it is preferable to use somatic cells (autologous cells) derived from the transplanted subject in order to reduce the risk of infection, rejection response, and the like.
- somatic cells autologous cells
- skeletal muscle cells prepared in advance from somatic cells of another person or another animal can be used for transplantation instead of autologous cells.
- skeletal muscle cells can be prepared from somatic cells of other people or other animals prepared in advance and used for transplantation. That is, a bank of skeletal muscle cells can be made and used for transplantation purposes.
- MHC can be typed in advance in order to reduce the risk of a rejection response or the like.
- the cell characteristics and tumorigenicity of skeletal muscle cells can be confirmed in advance.
- mammals include mice, rats, hamsters, humans, dogs, cats, monkeys, rabbits, cows, horses, pigs, and the like, and particularly humans.
- somatic cells to be subjected to the method of the present invention are not particularly limited.
- somatic cell a somatic cell that can be easily collected from a living body can be used.
- a MyoD family gene or expression product thereof and a Myc family gene or expression product thereof are introduced into a somatic cell.
- the “expression product” includes mRNA or protein of MyoD family gene and L-myc gene.
- microRNA, siRNA, shRNA and DNA expressing them can also be used.
- Various proteins can also be used in combination. From the viewpoint of the efficiency with which skeletal muscle cells can be obtained and from the viewpoint of convenience, it is preferable to use only two genes, MyoD family gene and Myc family gene, for example, MyoD1 gene and L-myc gene.
- the MyoD family genes are a group of genes encoding bHLH (basic helix loop helix) transcription factors involved in the control of muscle differentiation.
- MyoD family genes include MyoD1, Myf5, myogenin, and MRF4.
- the MyoD family gene is preferably the MyoD1 gene.
- Myc family genes also encode bHLH (basic helix loop helix) transcription factors.
- Examples of Myc family genes include c-myc, N-myc, and L-Myc.
- the Myc family gene is preferably L-Myc.
- genes are all highly conserved genes in vertebrates, and in this specification, unless the name of an animal is indicated, it means a gene including a homolog. Moreover, even if it is a gene which has a variation
- the cDNA base sequences of the human (Homo sapiens) MyoD1 gene and the L-myc gene and the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by them can be found in GenBank provided by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) as follows: Registered with an accession number of (if multiple revisions are registered, it is understood to refer to the latest revision): Human MyoD1 gene cDNA sequence: NM_002478 (eg, NM_002478.4), Human MyoD1 protein amino acid coordination sequence: NP_002469 (eg, NP_002469.2); Human L-myc gene cDNA sequence: NM_001033081, NM_001033082, NM_005376 (for example, NM_001033081.2, NM_001033082.2, NM_005376.4), Human L-myc protein amino acid coordination sequence: NP_001028253.1, NP_001028254.2, NP_005367.2 (for example
- the method of the present invention can be carried out in accordance with a known direct reprogramming method except that a specific gene is selected, and can be carried out in accordance with, for example, the method of any of the following documents: 1: Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Functional Cardiomyocytesby Defined Factors; Masaki Ieda, Ji-Dong Fu, Paul Delgado-Olguin, Vasanth Vedantham, Yohei Hayashi, Benoit G. Bruneau, and Deepak Srivastava Cell 142: 375-386, 2010. 2: Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors.Thomas Vierbuchen, Austin Ostermeier, Zhiping P. Pang, Yuko Kokubu, Thomas C.
- the target gene into one or a plurality of expression vectors, introduce the expression vector into the target somatic cells, and allow expression in the cells.
- Methods for introducing genes include infecting viral vectors such as retrovirus vectors, adenovirus vectors, lentivirus vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, herpes virus vectors, Sendai virus vectors, and genes and their expression products.
- viral vectors such as retrovirus vectors, adenovirus vectors, lentivirus vectors, adeno-associated virus vectors, herpes virus vectors, Sendai virus vectors, and genes and their expression products.
- non-viral vectors such as cationic liposomes, cationic polymers, electroporation, etc., plasmid vectors, episomal vectors, and gene transfection products (mRNA, protein) can also be used. it can. It is also possible to introduce mRNA. All these means for gene transfer are comprehensively referred to as a vector in this specification.
- a viral vector is preferred, and a plasmid is preferred for suppressing the risk of canceration.
- a gene that serves as a drug selection marker puromycin resistance, blasticidin S resistance, neomycin resistance, hygromycin resistance, etc.
- a drug selection marker puromycin resistance, blasticidin S resistance, neomycin resistance, hygromycin resistance, etc.
- the gene of the present invention may be introduced using a plasmid, or a viral vector such as a retroviral vector may be used. From the viewpoint of introduction efficiency and stable retention of the transgene, a viral vector is preferable, and a plasmid is preferable in order to suppress the risk of canceration.
- a gene introduced into a somatic cell can be transcribed by an LTR promoter, or can be expressed from another promoter in the vector.
- a constitutive expression promoter such as CMV promoter, EF-1 ⁇ promoter, CAG promoter, or a desired inducible promoter can be used.
- a chimeric promoter in which a part of the LTR is replaced with another promoter may be used.
- the transduction factor is a gene expression product (eg protein)
- eg protein a gene expression product
- PTD protein-transduction domain
- mammalian differentiated somatic cells can be cultured in a medium after the introduction of the gene.
- this is a preferred embodiment when skeletal muscle cells are induced (prepared) in vitro.
- Culturing can be performed in a suitable container for storing cells and media.
- suitable culture techniques include a technique of culturing under conditions of about 37 ° C. and a carbon dioxide concentration of about 5%, but is not limited thereto. Cultivation under the above conditions can be performed using, for example, a known CO 2 incubator.
- the culture period is not particularly limited as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. For example, it can be about 12 hours to about 1 month, about 1 day to about 3 weeks, and about 3 days to about 2 weeks. If necessary, the medium can be changed.
- the culture conditions are preferably according to conventional methods.
- subculture In culture, subculture can be performed as necessary. When subculture is performed, the cells are collected before or immediately after reaching the confluent state, and the cells are seeded in a new medium. In the culture of the present invention, the medium can be changed as appropriate.
- the medium used in the method of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- a normal liquid medium such as DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium), EMEM (Eagle's minimal essential medium), or ⁇ MEM (alpha Modified Minimum Essential Medium) can be used.
- serum components Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Human Serum (HS)
- antibacterial agents such as streptomycin and penicillin
- NEAA Non-Essential Amino Acids
- Growth factors such as IGF-1 can also be added.
- the “differentiation induction medium for differentiating skeletal muscle cells” refers to a medium containing a component capable of differentiating pluripotent stem cells (ES cells, iPS cells, etc.) into skeletal muscle cells.
- the differentiation induction medium for differentiating skeletal muscle cells is not particularly limited.
- myoblast differentiation medium IGF-1 10ng / ml, 100U / mL Penicillin and 100 ⁇ g / ml Streptomycin added 1% Non-Essential Amino Acids (NEAA), 5% Horse Serum added ⁇ MEM medium
- NEAA Non-Essential Amino Acids
- Horse Serum added ⁇ MEM medium horse Serum added
- skeletal muscle cells are derived from somatic cells.
- the induced skeletal muscle cells have exogenous MyoD family genes and Myc family genes.
- exogenous refers to an embodiment of a gene or its expression product introduced as a result of the above-described introduction means, which is different from the natural embodiment.
- a gene whose expression is controlled by a promoter other than a natural promoter, a position on a chromosome other than the natural promoter, or an embodiment of a gene existing outside the chromosome can be mentioned.
- Skeletal muscle cells may be obtained as a mixture with cells other than skeletal muscle cells (for example, original somatic cells).
- skeletal muscle cells and cells other than skeletal muscle cells can be separated as necessary.
- the means for separating is not particularly limited. For example, it can be separated using a cell sorter or magnetic beads.
- the skeletal muscle cells induced by the present invention can be suitably used, for example, as a transplant material described later.
- the skeletal muscle cells induced by the present invention can also be used for various researches and technical developments using skeletal muscle cells. For example, it is useful for basic research such as analysis of the effects of skeletal muscle development, differentiation, morphogenesis, mechanical stress on these, nutrition, hormones, and the like.
- skeletal muscle cells By using the skeletal muscle cells induced by the present invention, skeletal muscle cells can be established easily, quickly and inexpensively from humans and animals having various diseases and genetic backgrounds. Cell abnormalities can be analyzed by biochemical, molecular biological, immunological and other techniques, which can be used for research such as elucidation of the pathogenesis of diseases and development of diagnostic methods. If such skeletal muscle cells are used for drug development, drug toxicity tests, etc., it can be used for the development of new treatments for various diseases.
- Transplanted material Skeletal muscle cells obtained by the present invention can be used to treat various diseases.
- the skeletal muscle cells can be provided in the form of a transplant material.
- the transplant material refers to a material containing skeletal muscle that is introduced into a living body for repair and reconstruction of muscle tissue (particularly muscle fiber).
- the skeletal muscle cells obtained in the present invention can be used for preparing a transplant material. Skeletal muscle cells themselves can also serve as transplant materials. Therefore, skeletal muscle cells can be transplanted to patients as cell preparations, transplanted with a base material made of artificial material (scaffold (eg, amniotic membrane, biocompatible polymer, etc.)), or transplanted after culturing with scaffold. be able to.
- treatment intends a treatment performed while a patient is suffering from a particular disease or disorder, whereby the severity of the disease or disorder, or one or It means that a plurality of its symptoms are alleviated or the progression of the disease or disorder is delayed or slowed down.
- treatment includes “prevention”.
- the skeletal muscle cells obtained by the present invention can be used not only for treatment of diseases but also for the purpose of beauty and functional enhancement.
- treatment for humans is also referred to as treatment in this specification for convenience, and “patient” can be read as “healthy person” or “human”, and “disease” can be read as “beauty” or “function”.
- the present invention can also be used to treat not only humans but also mammals including pets such as dogs and cats and livestock such as cows, horses, pigs, sheep and chickens.
- pets such as dogs and cats
- livestock such as cows, horses, pigs, sheep and chickens.
- “patient” is read as “patient” or “mammal”.
- compositions As described above, skeletal muscle cells can be induced by introducing a MyoD family gene or an expression product thereof and a Myc family gene or an expression product thereof into a somatic cell. Therefore, the present invention further provides a composition for inducing skeletal muscle cells, which contains a MyoD family gene or an expression product thereof and a Myc family gene or an expression product thereof.
- the composition for inducing skeletal muscle cells includes a factor used for inducing skeletal muscle cells from somatic cells, and MyoD family gene or its expression product and Myc family gene or its expression product are It is desirable that it be contained in a form that can be introduced into somatic cells. Specific examples of the form in which the gene can be introduced into somatic cells include a vector in which the gene is incorporated.
- the genes may be incorporated into different vectors, or two or more genes may be incorporated into one vector at the same time.
- composition can be used, for example, as a medicine (therapeutic agent) in gene therapy.
- the MyoD family gene or its expression product and the Myc family gene or its expression product By introducing the MyoD family gene or its expression product and the Myc family gene or its expression product into fibroblasts, etc. that exist in the defective site of direct reprogramming skeletal muscle in vivo (in vivo) , Skeletal muscle cells can be induced by direct reprogramming, thereby contributing to the treatment of skeletal muscle damage and skeletal muscle regeneration.
- the composition of the present invention described above can be preferably used.
- the induction method of the present invention includes not only in vitro direct reprogramming but also in vivo direct reprogramming as described above.
- gene therapy for treating various diseases can be performed by such direct reprogramming in vivo .
- Specific examples of the disease include those described above.
- Direct reprogramming in vivo is performed in, for example, the following literature, except that the MyoD family gene or its expression product and the Myc family gene or its expression product are introduced into fibroblasts in the damaged part of skeletal muscle. It can be performed in accordance with the described in vivo direct reprogramming to cardiomyocytes.
- 1 Ieda M. Heart regeneration using reprogramming technology.Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2013; 89 (3): 118-28.
- Review. 2 Ieda M, Fu JD, Delgado-Olguin P, Vedantham V, Hayashi Y, Bruneau BG, Srivastava D.
- HDF represents human skin fibroblasts (Human Dermal Fibroblast).
- FIG. 1 shows an outline of the method.
- the cDNA coding sequences of MyoD1, L-Myc, c-Myc, Oct4, Klf4, and SOX2 genes were incorporated into the retroviral vector plasmid pMXs.puro using GeneArt Seamless Cloning & Assembly Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
- Packaging cells Plat GP cells are suspended in DMEM medium (normal medium) supplemented with 1% NEAA and 10% FBS supplemented with 100 U / mL Penicillin and 100 ⁇ g / ml Streptomycin, and 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells in a gelatin-coated 10 cm culture dish Sowing.
- the pMXs vector incorporating the above gene was introduced in various combinations with the pCMV VSV vector using X-tremeGENE 9 at the following ratio.
- aHDF a human normal skin fibroblast cell line
- the Plat GP culture supernatant was mixed with polybrene (final concentration 4 ⁇ g / mL) after passing through a syringe filter with a pore diameter of 0.45 ⁇ m (virus solution).
- the culture supernatant of human normal skin fibroblasts was removed by suction, and then a virus solution was added (Day 0).
- the culture supernatant was removed by aspiration, and myoblast differentiation medium (IGF-1 10ng / ml, 100U / mL Penicillin and 100 ⁇ g / ml Streptomycin added 1% NEAA, 5% Horse Serum-added ⁇ MEM medium) was added. Thereafter, the culture solution was changed once every two days and cultured until Day 14.
- myoblast differentiation medium IGF-1 10ng / ml, 100U / mL Penicillin and 100 ⁇ g / ml Streptomycin added 1% NEAA, 5% Horse Serum-added ⁇ MEM medium
- Example 2 ( Figure 2) Measurement of mRNA expression of Myogenin gene and CKM gene in conversion from human normal skin fibroblasts to myoblasts.
- aHDF Human normal skin fibroblasts
- Human MyoD1 gene, human Oct4 gene, human Sox2 gene, human Klf gene, human L-Myc gene, and human c-Myc gene were introduced in the combinations described.
- Rever Tra Ace qPCR RT RT Master Mix 14 days after gene introduction, total RNA was collected, and cDNA was synthesized using Rever Tra Ace qPCR RT RT Master Mix.
- Real-time PCR Master Mix 14 days after gene introduction, total RNA was collected, and cDNA was synthesized using Rever Tra Ace qPCR RT RT Master Mix.
- Real-time PCR Master Mix for the purpose of quantifying mRNA levels of Myogenin gene, CKM gene and ⁇ -actin gene, Real-time PCR Master Mix, Taqman pobe, Specific Primer and cDNA are mixed, and AB7300 Real-time PCR sysytem is used. PCR was performed. The values of Myogenin mRNA and CKM mRNA levels relative to the ⁇ -actin mRNA level of each cell were calculated.
- Example 3 Cells were cultured in a 12-well plate, and the expression of skeletal muscle cell-specific markers (Myogenin, CKM, Dystrophin) was confirmed by fluorescence-immune.
- Human normal skin fibroblast aHDF was cultured in a 12-well plate and experimented as shown in FIG. 14 days after gene introduction, the culture medium was removed from each well by suction and washed with PBS ( ⁇ ). After fixing with 4% paraformaldehyde and washing 3 times with PBS ( ⁇ ), Blocking One was added and incubated at room temperature for 60 minutes.
- the primary antibody (anti-CKM antibody, anti-Dystrophin antibody, anti-Myogenin antibody) was reacted at 4 ° C. overnight, and then washed 3 times with Wash buffer.
- Secondary antibodies Alexa 488-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody, Alexa 546-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody
- Nuclear staining was performed using fade reagent with DAPI. Images were taken using a fluorescence microscope (Keyence BZ710).
- Example 4 The cells were cultured in a 12-well plate, and the appearance of multinucleated myotube cells was observed.
- Human normal dermal fibroblast aHDF was cultured in a 12-well plate and cultured according to the procedure shown in FIG. 14 days after gene introduction, the culture medium was aspirated and removed from each well and washed with PBS ( ⁇ ). After fixing with 4% paraformaldehyde, the plate was washed three times with PBS ( ⁇ ), and nuclear staining was performed using SlowFade Gold anti fade reagent with DAPI manufactured by Life Technology. Images were taken using a fluorescence microscope (Keyence BZ710).
- Example 5 ( Figure 5) Cells were cultured in 12-well plates and the appearance of multinucleated myotubes was evaluated.
- Human normal dermal fibroblast aHDF was cultured in a 12-well plate and cultured according to the method shown in FIG. 14 days after gene introduction, the culture medium was aspirated and removed from each well and washed with PBS ( ⁇ ). After fixation with 4% paraformaldehyde, the plate was washed three times with PBS ( ⁇ ), and nuclear staining was performed using SlowFadeGold anti fade reagent with DAPI manufactured by Life Technology. The cells and nuclei were counted by observation with a phase contrast microscope.
- Example 6 ( Figure 6) Conversion results from normal human skin fibroblasts to myoblasts, measurement results of mRNA expression of Myogenin gene, CKM gene, and MHC3 gene.
- aHDF Human normal skin fibroblasts
- Human MyoD1 gene and human L-Myc gene were introduced either alone or simultaneously, and after 14 days, total RNA was recovered, and cDNA was synthesized using Rever Tra Ace qPCR RT Master Mix.
- cDNA was synthesized using Rever Tra Ace qPCR RT Master Mix.
- Example 7 ( Figure 7) Conversion results from normal human fibroblasts to myoblasts, and DMD mRNA expression over time.
- aHDF Human normal skin fibroblasts
- the human MyoD1 gene and the human L-Myc gene were co-introduced, and total RNA was recovered at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 days after introduction.
- CDNA was synthesized using Rever Tra Ace qPCR RT Master Mix.
- Real-time RT-PCR is performed using AB7300 Real-time PCR-sysytem with Real-time PCR Master Mix, Taqman pobe, Specific Primer and cDNA mixed for the purpose of quantifying mRNA levels of DMD and ⁇ -actin genes. It was. The value of DMD mRNA level relative to ⁇ -actin mRNA level of each cell was calculated.
- Example 8 ( Figure 8) Cells into which MyoD1 and L-Myc were introduced were cultured for 7 days, injected and transplanted subcutaneously into the abdomen of mice, sections were prepared from the excised specimens, and immunostaining was performed.
- Figure 8 shows an overview of the method.
- the cDNA coding sequence of MyoD1, L-Myc gene was incorporated into the retroviral vector plasmid pMXs.puro using GeneArt Seamless Cloning & Assembly Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
- Packaging cells Plat GP cells were suspended in 1% NEAA 10% FBS DMEM (normal medium) containing 100 U / mL Penicillin and 100 ⁇ g / ml Streptomycin, and 5 ⁇ 10 6 cells were seeded on a gelatin-coated 10 cm culture dish.
- the pMXs vectors containing the above genes were introduced in various combinations with the pCMV VSV vector using X-tremeGENE 9 at the following ratio.
- human normal dermal fibroblast cell line aHDF was seeded in a 10 cm culture dish at 2.2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / mL.
- the Plat GP culture supernatant was mixed with polybrene (final concentration 4 ⁇ g / mL) after passing through a syringe filter with a pore diameter of 0.45 ⁇ m (virus solution).
- the culture supernatant was removed by aspiration, and myoblast differentiation medium (IGF-1 10ng / ml, 100U / mL Penicillin and 100 ⁇ g / ml Streptomycin added 1% NEAA, 5% Horse Serum-added ⁇ MEM medium) was added. Thereafter, the culture solution was changed once every two days and cultured until Day 7.
- myoblast differentiation medium IGF-1 10ng / ml, 100U / mL Penicillin and 100 ⁇ g / ml Streptomycin added 1% NEAA, 5% Horse Serum-added ⁇ MEM medium
- the cell solution turbid in Matrigel was injected and transplanted subcutaneously on the right upper abdomen of NOD / SCID mice.
- Control mice were transplanted with 3 ⁇ 10 5 aHDF cells dissolved in 100 ⁇ L Matrigel (CORNING REF354234) stock solution on ice.
- the mouse was euthanized, the upper abdominal skin was exfoliated, and the subcutaneous transplanted tissue was removed together with the skin.
- Fig. 8B shows macroscopic images of the transplanted site and the excised tissue one week after transplantation. Fibrous nodule-like tissue was observed at the site of transplantation of cells into which MyoD1 and L-Myc genes had been introduced.
- Example 9 (FIG. 9) The tissue extracted in Example 8 was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 hours. Then, it was embedded in paraffin over 24 hours to prepare a paraffin block.
- a thin slice of 3 ⁇ m thickness was prepared from a mouse subcutaneous tissue specimen fixed with paraffin. The section was incubated at 60 ° C. for 15 minutes, then immersed in xylene for 5 minutes, and this was repeated three times. Furthermore, it was immersed in 100% ethanol for 3 minutes, and this was repeated 3 times. Thereafter, it was deparaffinized and washed with distilled water for 5 minutes.
- BLOXALL was dripped so as to cover the section, and left at room temperature for 10 minutes.
- the serum was removed by lightly striking the slide on a paper towel.
- Desmin antibody, anti-CKM antibody, anti-Dystrophin antibody, anti-ACTA antibody, or anti-Myogenin antibody was dropped to cover the section.
- the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes and washed with PBS for 5 minutes.
- the PBS was removed by tapping the slide lightly on a paper towel.
- the ImmPRESS reagent was dropped so as to cover the section, allowed to stand for 30 minutes, washed with PBS twice for 5 minutes, and the slide was lightly struck on a paper towel to remove PBS.
- ImmPACT DAB Diluent 1ml of ImmPACT DAB Diluent was added, 1 drop of ImmPACT DAB Chromogen Concentrate was added and mixed well by vortexing. The enzyme substrate solution was dropped so as to cover the section, allowed to stand for 30 seconds to 1 minute, and then washed with distilled water for 5 minutes.
- Washing was further performed twice with distilled water for 5 minutes, and nuclear staining was performed with hematoxylin solution for 5 minutes.
- the plate was washed with running water for 5 minutes, immersed in a 50 ° C water bath for 2 minutes, and then washed with running water for 2 minutes. After 3 minutes of immersion in 100% ethanol and 3 minutes of immersion in xylene for 3 minutes, dehydration was performed, and then an encapsulant was dropped to cover the section and covered with a cover glass.
- Example 10 In the same manner as in Examples 8 and 9, both human fibroblasts (aHDFs) into which no gene was introduced or a retroviral vector incorporating the MyoD1 gene and a retroviral vector incorporating the L-Myc gene were infected. After that, the cells cultured for 7 days (dMBs (directly converted myoblasts)) were mixed with Matrigel (BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA) at a volume ratio of 1: 1 and transplanted into the flank of NOG / SCID mice (number of cells). 3-5 ⁇ 10 5 mice / mouse). Seven days later, the tissue at the transplantation site was excised, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 8 h, embedded in paraffin and sliced in the same manner as in Example 9. Immunohistochemistry using an anti-desmin antibody was performed, and observation was performed at 400 times magnification using a fluorescence microscope (Keyence BZ710), and the percentage of desmin-positive cells per visual field was calculated.
- dMBs directly
- Example 11 As in Example 1, human fibroblasts were infected with a retroviral vector incorporating the MyoD1 gene (M). Another cell was infected with both a retroviral vector (L) incorporating the L-Myc gene and a retroviral vector (M) incorporating the MyoD1 gene (ML). As a control, cells not infected with the retroviral vector were also prepared (-). These were cultured in a myoblast differentiation medium in the same manner as in Example 1. 14 days after the infection, immunofluorescence staining and nuclear staining using an anti-CKM antibody were performed in the same manner as in Example 3.
- Example 12 As in Example 1, retrovirus vector (M) incorporating MyoD1 gene, retrovirus vector (L) incorporating L-Myc gene, and retrovirus incorporating c-Myc gene into human fibroblasts. -Vector (C) was infected with the described combination. As a control, cells not infected with the retroviral vector were also prepared (-). These were cultured in a myoblast differentiation medium in the same manner as in Example 1. At 14 days after infection, nuclear staining was performed in the same manner as in Example 3. Images were taken using a fluorescence microscope (Keyence BZ710) (FIG. 12A). The percentage of cells with more than 3 nuclei was also counted (FIG. 12B).
- Example 13 Similar to Example 12, human fibroblasts were infected with both a retroviral vector incorporating the MyoD1 gene and a retroviral vector incorporating the L-Myc gene (ML). As a control, cells not infected with the retroviral vector were also prepared (-). In some groups, an ERK5 pathway inhibitor, XMD8-92, was added at the indicated concentrations. These were cultured in a myoblast differentiation medium as in Example 12. At 14 days after infection, nuclear staining was performed in the same manner as in Example 3. The image imaged using the fluorescence microscope (Keyence BZ710) is shown (FIG. 13A upper stage). In addition, the percentages of cells having 4 or more nuclei, cells having 2 to 3 nuclei, and cells having 1 nucleus were calculated (bottom of FIG. 13A).
- fibroblasts without gene transfer were mononuclear cells, but about 40% of the cells infected with ML were cells with 4 or more nuclei, and about 16% were 2-3 cells. It was a cell with a nucleus. However, by adding 2 to 5 ⁇ M of EMD5 inhibitor XMD8-92, cells with 4 or more nuclei are reduced to about 10 to 12%, and cells with 2 to 3 nuclei are about 21 to 23%.
- Myogenin, CKM, and Dystrophin mRNA were quantified by Real-time RT-PCR.
- FIG. 13B Induction of the expression of these myoblast-specific genes by ML gene transfer was not suppressed by the addition of XMD8-92. Therefore, it was found that suppression of multinucleation by ERK5 pathway inhibition was not suppression of conversion to myoblasts.
- Example 14 After the same experiment as in Examples 8 and 9, the tissue section at the transplant site was subjected to immunohistochemistry using an anti-CKM antibody and an anti- ⁇ -actin antibody in the same manner as in Example 10.
- Example 15 In the same manner as in Example 1, human fibroblasts were infected with both a retroviral vector incorporating the MyoD1 gene and a retroviral vector incorporating the L-Myc gene, and then cultured in a myoblast differentiation medium. Cultured for 10 days (ML). As a control, human fibroblasts without gene transfer were also used (-). The mRNA expression of UCP1 gene and CIDEA gene as brown adipocyte markers, SOX9 gene and aggrecan gene as chondrocyte markers, and Runx2 gene and osteocalcin gene as osteoblast markers were measured by real time RT-PCR.
- Example 16 In the same manner as in Example 1, retrovirus vector (M) incorporating MyoD1 gene, retrovirus vector (L) incorporating L-Myc, and retrovirus incorporating c-Myc into human fibroblasts.
- Vector (C) was infected with M alone, a combination of MC and ML as described in the figure.
- cells not infected with the retroviral vector were also prepared (-). These were cultured in a myoblast differentiation medium in the same manner as in Example 1. 14 days after infection, the cells were stained with 200 nM MitoTracker Red probe (Invitrogen) at 37 ° C. for 15 minutes. Images were taken using a fluorescence microscope (Keyence BZ710).
- Results are shown in FIG.
- the upper photo is a phase contrast image
- the lower photo is a fluorescent image.
- cells co-introduced with MC have more mitochondria
- cells co-introduced with ML have more mitochondria. Had.
- Example 17 Human fibroblasts were infected with both a retroviral vector incorporating the MyoD1 gene and a retroviral vector incorporating the L-Myc gene, and then cultured for 6 days (ML). As a control, human fibroblasts without gene transfer were also used (-). Immunostaining with anti-desmin antibody or anti-CKM antibody and nuclear staining with DAPI were performed as described.
- Results are shown in FIG.
- the upper photo is a phase contrast image
- the lower photo is a fluorescent image. It can be seen that ML-transfected cells express the myoblast-specific genes Desmin and CKM even after a relatively short-term culture of 6 days after gene introduction.
- Example 18 As in Example 1, human fibroblasts were infected with a retroviral vector incorporating the MyoD1 gene. (M), and both a retroviral vector (L) incorporating the L-Myc gene and a retroviral vector incorporating the MyoD1 gene were infected (ML). These were cultured in myoblast differentiation medium, and RNA was extracted from each cell 14 days after infection. As controls, RNA was also extracted from cells that were not infected with retroviral vectors (-) and primary human skeletal muscle cells (pSKMS). These RNAs were subjected to DNA microarray analysis using GeneChip human Gene 1.0 ST (Affymetrix).
- FIG. 18A A gene group involved in skeletal muscle development (FIG. 18A), a gene group involved in skeletal muscle contraction (FIG. 18B), a gene group related to myosin filaments (FIG. 18C), and a gene group related to actin filaments (FIG. 18D) Shows the results of heat map and clustering analysis.
- ML-transfected cells had the highest homology with pSKMS and low homology with fibroblasts.
- M-introduced cells were more homologous to fibroblasts than pSKMS.
- Example 19 As in Example 1, human fibroblasts were infected with both a retroviral vector incorporating the MyoD1 gene and a retroviral vector incorporating the L-Myc gene (ML), and myoblast differentiation medium In culture. Every two days after infection, the cells were stained with rBC2LCN-FITC (Wako 180-02991), and the cell nuclei were stained with Hoechst33342. As a control, cells before the retrovirus vector infection (leftmost) were similarly stained. As a positive control, human iPS cells (hiPS235G1) were similarly stained. These cells were imaged using a fluorescence microscope (Keyence BZ710).
- the results are shown in FIG.
- the upper photo is a phase contrast image
- the lower photo is a fluorescent image. Since fibroblasts are not stained with rBC2LCN-FITC even when ML is infected, fibroblast-to-myoblast conversion by ML gene transfer may not go through iPS cell-like stem cells on the way. Recognize.
- Example 20 The MyoD1 gene and L-Myc gene were each introduced into the plasmid vector pCX to construct an expression vector.
- Human fibroblasts (HDFs) were transfected with MyoD1 plasmid alone or both MyoD1 plasmid and L-Myc plasmid by electroporation and cultured in myoblast differentiation medium for 14 days.
- RNA was extracted from these cells and fibroblasts (HDF) into which no gene was introduced as a control, and mRNA of Myogenin gene and CKM gene was quantified by real time RT-PCR. The results are shown in FIG.
- MyoD1 + L-Myc gene transfer can induce the conversion from fibroblasts to myoblasts even by transfection using a plasmid vector.
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Abstract
Description
体細胞は、哺乳動物由来であればよい。骨格筋細胞を生体に移植する場合には、移植される被験体由来の体細胞(自家細胞)を用いることが、感染や拒絶応答等の危険を低減させるために好ましい。しかしながら、筋の欠損などに対して移植するなどの目的の場合、自家細胞でなく、他人や他の動物の体細胞からあらかじめ準備しておいた骨格筋細胞を移植に用いることができる。またはあらかじめ準備しておいた他人や他の動物の体細胞から骨格筋細胞を作り、移植に用いることができる。すなわち、骨格筋細胞のバンクを作っておき移植目的に供することができる。このような場合、拒絶応答等の危険を低減させるために、あらかじめMHCをタイピングしておくことができる。また、あらかじめ骨格筋細胞の細胞特性や造腫瘍性などを確認しておくことができる。
本発明の方法では、体細胞にMyoDファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物及びMycファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物を導入する。ここで、「発現産物」としては、MyoDファミリー遺伝子及びL-myc遺伝子のmRNA又はタンパク質が挙げられる。
ヒトMyoD1遺伝子cDNA配列:NM_002478(例えば、NM_002478.4)、
ヒトMyoD1タンパク質アミノ酸配位列:NP_002469(例えば、NP_002469.2);
ヒトL-myc遺伝子cDNA配列:NM_001033081、NM_001033082、NM_005376(例えば、NM_001033081.2、NM_001033082.2、NM_005376.4)、
ヒトL-mycタンパク質アミノ酸配位列:NP_001028253.1、NP_001028254.2、NP_005367.2(例えば、NP_001028253、NP_001028254、NP_005367)。
本発明の方法は、特定の遺伝子を選択する以外は、公知のダイレクト・リプログラミングの手法に準じて行うことができ、例えば以下のいずれかの文献の方法に準じて行うことができる:
1: Direct Reprogramming of Fibroblasts into Functional Cardiomyocytesby Defined Factors; Masaki Ieda, Ji-Dong Fu, Paul Delgado-Olguin, Vasanth Vedantham, Yohei Hayashi, Benoit G. Bruneau, and Deepak Srivastava Cell 142: 375-386, 2010.
2: Direct conversion of fibroblasts to functional neurons by defined factors. Thomas Vierbuchen, Austin Ostermeier, Zhiping P. Pang, Yuko Kokubu, Thomas C. Sudhof& Marius Wernig. Nature 46
3: 1035-1041, 20103: Induction of human neuronal cells by defined transcription factors. Pang ZP, Yang N, Vierbuchen T, Ostermeier A, Fuentes DR, Yang TQ, Citri A, Sebastiano V, Marro S, Sudhof TC, Wernig M. Nature 476: 220-223, 2011.
4: Generation of hyaline cartilaginous tissue from mouse adult dermal fibroblast culture by defined factors Kunihiko Hiramatsu, Satoru Sasagawa, Hidetatsu Outani, Kanako Nakagawa, Hideki Yoshikawa, and Noriyuki Tsumaki, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121: 640-657, 2011.
5: Induction of functional hepatocyte-like cells from mouse fibroblasts by defined factors. Pengyu Huang, Zhiying He, Shuyi Ji, Huawang Sun, Dao Xiang, Changcheng Liu, Yiping Hu, XinWang & Lijian Hui, . Nature 475:386-389, 2011.
6: Direct conversion of mouse fibroblasts to hepatocyte-like cells by defined factors. Sayaka Sekiya & Atsushi Suzuki. Nature 475:390-393, 2011.
7: Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into functional osteoblasts by defined factors. Yamamoto K, Kishida T, Sato Y, Nishioka K, Ejima A, Fujiwara H, Kubo T, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N & Mazda O. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 112:6152-6157, 2015.
8: Reprogrammed Functional Brown Adipocytes Ameliorate Insulin Resistance and Dyslipidemia in Diet-Induced Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Kishida T, Ejima A, Yamamoto K, Tanaka S, Yamamoto T, Mazda O. Stem Cell Reports. 5: 569-581, 2015.
9: Generation of directly converted human osteoblasts that are free of exogenous gene and xenogenic protein. Yamamoto K., Sato Y., Honjo K., Ichioka H., Oseko F., Sowa Y., Yamamoto T., Kanamura N., Kishida T., Mazda O. J Cell Biochem 117:2538-2545, 2016 .
10: 国際公開公報WO2014/010746号
上記の文献1~10の内容は本明細書に参考として援用される。
本発明の方法において、哺乳動物の分化した体細胞を、遺伝子の導入後、培地中で培養することができる。例えば、インビトロで骨格筋細胞を誘導(調製)する場合の好適な態様である。
本発明の方法で用いる培地は、特に限定されない。DMEM(Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium)、EMEM(Eagle's minimal essential medium)、αMEM(alpha Modified Minimum Essential Medium)などの通常の液体培地を用いることができる。必要に応じて、血清成分(Fetal Bovine Serum(FBS)、Human Serum(HS))、ストレプトマイシン、ペニシリンなどの抗菌薬、Non-Essential Amino Acids(NEAA)等の成分を添加することができる。
かくして、体細胞から骨格筋細胞が誘導される。
本発明により得られる骨格筋細胞は、種々の疾患を治療するために用いることができる。この場合、骨格筋細胞は移植材料の形態で提供されうる。
外傷や損傷による筋損傷、サルコペニア、先天性横隔膜ヘルニア、臍帯ヘルニア、腹壁破裂、臍ヘルニア、腹部手術後の腹壁瘢痕ヘルニアなどの骨格筋細胞の欠損、不足に基づく疾患;
プルーンベリー症候群、ポーランド症候群、直腸肛門奇形(鎖肛)、鼠径ヘルニア、長期臥床後の廃用症候群などの骨格筋の機能低下に基づく疾患;
皮膚筋炎・多発筋炎、封入体筋炎、ウイルス感染に伴う筋炎、マイコプラズマ感染に伴う筋炎などの炎症性筋疾患;
糖原病II型(Pompe病)、糖原病III型、糖原病V型(McArdle病)、糖原病VII型(垂井病)などの代謝性筋疾患;
筋ジストロフィ、ミオパチー、重症筋無力症、先天性筋無力症候群、ミトコンドリア病、筋萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS)、その他の筋疾患
などが挙げられる。
前述するように、MyoDファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物及びMycファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物を体細胞に導入することにより、骨格筋細胞を誘導できる。従って、本発明は、さらに、MyoDファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物及びMycファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物を含む、骨格筋細胞を誘導するための組成物を提供する。当該骨格筋細胞を誘導するための組成物は、体細胞から骨格筋細胞を誘導するために使用される因子を含むものであり、MyoDファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物及びMycファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物が体細胞に導入可能な形態で含まれていることが望ましい。上記遺伝子が体細胞に導入可能な形態として、具体的には、上記遺伝子が組み込まれたベクターが例示される。ここで、上記遺伝子は、各々別のベクターに組み込まれていてもよく、1つのベクターに2種以上の遺伝子が同時に組み込まれていてもよい。
骨格筋の欠損部位に存在する線維芽細胞などに、MyoDファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物及びMycファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物を導入することで、当該損傷部位において骨格筋細胞をダイレクト・リプログラミングによって誘導し、もって骨格筋損傷の治療や骨格筋の再生に寄与することができる。MyoDファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物及びMycファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物の導入においては、上記の本発明の組成物を好適に使用することができる。
1: Ieda M. Heart regeneration using reprogramming technology. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 2013;89(3):118-28. Review.
2: Ieda M, Fu JD, Delgado-Olguin P, Vedantham V, Hayashi Y, Bruneau BG, Srivastava D. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes by defined factors. Cell. 2010 Aug 6;142(3):375-86.
3: Qian L, Huang Y, Spencer CI, Foley A, Vedantham V, Liu L, Conway SJ, Fu JD, Srivastava D. In vivo reprogramming of murine cardiac fibroblasts into induced cardiomyocytes. Nature. 2012 May 31;485(7400):593-8。
図1に手法の概要を示す。レトロウイルスベクタープラスミドpMXs.puroに、MyoD1, L-Myc, c-Myc, Oct4, Klf4, 及びSOX2遺伝子のcDNAコーディング配列を、GeneArt Seamless Cloning & Assembly Kit(Thermo Fisher Scientific)を用いて組み込んだ。パッケージング細胞 Plat GP細胞を、100U/mL Penicillinと100μg/ml Streptomycinを加えた1% NEAA 、10% FBS添加 DMEM培地(通常培地)に縣濁し、ゼラチンコートした10cm培養ディシュに5×106 個播種した。
ヒト正常皮膚線維芽細胞から筋芽細胞へのコンバージョンにおける、Myogenin遺伝子およびCKM遺伝子のmRNA発現計測結果。
12wellプレートで細胞培養し、骨格筋細胞特異的マーカー(Myogenin, CKM、Dystrophin)の発現を蛍光免染で確認した。
ヒト正常皮膚線維芽細胞aHDFを、12wellプレートに培養し、図1のように実験した。遺伝子導入14日後に、各wellから培養液を吸引除去し、PBS(-)で洗浄した。4%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定後、PBS(-)にて3回洗浄した後、Blocking Oneを加えて、室温で60分間インキュベートした。
12wellプレートで細胞培養し、多核の筋管細胞の出現を観察した。
ヒト正常皮膚線維芽細胞aHDFを、12wellプレートに培養し、図1の手法に従い培養を行った。遺伝子導入14日後、各wellから培養液を吸引除去し、PBS(-)で洗浄した。4%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定後、PBS(-)にて3回洗浄し、ライフテクノロジー社製のSlowFadeGold anti fade reagent with DAPIを用いて核染色を行った。蛍光顕微鏡(Keyence BZ710)を用いて撮像した。MyoD1とL-Mycを共導入した群では、多核の筋管細胞が高頻度に観察された。L-Myc またはc-Myc遺伝子をMyoD1遺伝子と共導入すると、細胞融合が亢進することがわかる。
12wellプレートで細胞培養し、多核の筋管細胞の出現を評価した。
ヒト正常皮膚線維芽細胞から筋芽細胞へのコンバージョン、Myogenin遺伝子、CKM遺伝子、MHC3遺伝子のmRNA発現計測結果。
ヒト正常皮膚線維芽細胞から筋芽細胞へのコンバージョン、DMD遺伝子のmRNA発現の経時的計測結果。
MyoD1とL-Mycを導入した細胞を7日間培養しマウスの腹部皮下に注入移植し、摘出標本から切片を作製し免疫染色を施行した。
実施例8で摘出した組織を、4%パラホルムアルデヒドで24時間固定した。その後、24時間かけてパラフィン包埋し、パラフィンブロックを作成した。
実施例8及び9と同様に、遺伝子導入をしなかったヒト線維芽細胞(aHDFs)またはMyoD1遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターとL-Myc遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターとの両方を感染させた後7日間培養した細胞(dMBs(directly converted myoblasts))を、マトリゲル(BD Bioscience, San Jose, CA)と体積比1:1 で混合し、NOG/SCIDマウスの側腹部に移植した(細胞数は3~5x105個/マウス)。7日後に移植部位の組織を摘出し、実施例9と同様に、4% paraformaldehyde で8 h 固定後paraffinで包埋し、薄切した。抗デスミン抗体を用いた免疫組織化学を行い、蛍光顕微鏡(Keyence BZ710)を用いて400倍の倍率で観察し、1視野あたりのデスミン陽性細胞のパーセンテージを算出した。
実施例1と同様に、ヒト線維芽細胞に、MyoD1遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターを感染させた(M)。また別の細胞に、L-Myc遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクター(L)とMyoD1遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクター(M)との両方を感染させた(ML)。コントロールとしてレトロウイルス・ベクターを感染させない細胞も準備した(-)。これらを実施例1と同様に、筋芽細胞分化用培地で培養した。感染14日後に、実施例3と同様に、抗CKM抗体を用いた免疫蛍光染色と核染色を行った。蛍光顕微鏡(Keyence BZ710)を用いて撮像し、総細胞数に対するCKM陽性細胞のパーセンテージを計測した。
結果を図11に示す。MyoD1遺伝子を単独導入した細胞は、約26%がCKM陽性であったが、MyoD1遺伝子とL-Myc遺伝子とを共導入した細胞は、約90%がCKM陽性であった。したがって、MyoD1とL-Myc遺伝子を共導入するとヒト線維芽細胞の約90%が筋芽細胞にコンヴァートすることが分かった。値は平均値±標準偏差。N=3ウェル/群。*P<0.05 vs. 非導入細胞。
実施例1と同様に、ヒト線維芽細胞に、MyoD1遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクター(M)、L-Myc遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクター(L)、c-Myc遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクター(C)を、記載の組み合わせで感染させた。コントロールとしてレトロウイルス・ベクターを感染させない細胞も準備した(-)。これらを実施例1と同様に、筋芽細胞分化用培地で培養した。感染14日後に、実施例3と同様に核染色を行った。蛍光顕微鏡(Keyence BZ710)を用いて撮像した(図12A)。また、3個よりも多くの核を有する細胞のパーセンテージを計測した(図12B)。
実施例12と同様に、ヒト線維芽細胞に、MyoD1遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターとL-Myc遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターとの両方を感染させた(ML)。コントロールとしてレトロウイルス・ベクターを感染させない細胞も準備した(-)。一部の群ではERK5パスウェイ阻害剤、XMD8-92 を記載の濃度で添加した。これらを実施例12と同様に、筋芽細胞分化用培地で培養した。感染14日後に、実施例3と同様に核染色を行った。蛍光顕微鏡(Keyence BZ710)を用いて撮像したイメージを示す(図13A上段)。また、4個以上の核を有する細胞、2~3個の核を有する細胞、1個の核を有する細胞のパーセンテージを算出した(図13A下段)。
実施例8、9と同様の実験後、移植部位の組織切片を、実施例10と同様の方法で、抗CKM抗体と抗αアクチン抗体をそれぞれ用いた免疫組織化学に供した。
実施例1と同様に、ヒト線維芽細胞に、MyoD1遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターとL-Myc遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターとの両方を感染させた後、筋芽細胞分化用培地で10日間培養した(ML)。コントロールとして遺伝子導入しないヒト線維芽細胞も用いた(-)。褐色脂肪細胞マーカーであるUCP1遺伝子とCIDEA遺伝子、軟骨細胞マーカーであるSOX9遺伝子とアグリカン遺伝子、骨芽細胞マーカーであるRunx2遺伝子とオステオカルシン遺伝子について、それぞれのmRNA発現をreal time RT-PCRで計測した。
実施例1と同様に、ヒト線維芽細胞に、MyoD1遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクター(M)、L-Mycを組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクター(L)、及びc-Mycを組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクター(C)を、図に記載のとおりにM単独、MC及びMLの組み合わせで感染させた。コントロールとしてレトロウイルス・ベクターを感染させない細胞も準備した(-)。これらを実施例1と同様に、筋芽細胞分化用培地で培養した。感染後14日後に、200 nM のMitoTracker Red probe (Invitrogen) で37℃で15分間染色した。蛍光顕微鏡(Keyence BZ710)を用いて撮像した。
ヒト線維芽細胞に、MyoD1遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターとL-Myc遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターとの両方を感染させた後、6日間培養した(ML)。コントロールとして遺伝子導入しないヒト線維芽細胞も用いた(-)。抗デスミン抗体または抗CKM抗体による免疫染色と、DAPIによる核染色を記載のように行った。
実施例1と同様に、ヒト線維芽細胞に、MyoD1遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターを感染させた。(M)、またL-Myc遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクター(L)とMyoD1遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターとの両方を感染させた(ML)。これらを筋芽細胞分化用培地で培養し、感染後14日目に各細胞からRNAを抽出した。コントロールとして、レトロウイルス・ベクターを感染させない細胞(-)とプライマリーのヒト骨格筋細胞(pSKMS)からもRNAを抽出した。これらのRNAを、GeneChip human Gene 1.0 ST (Affymetrix)を用いたDNAマイクロアレイ解析に供した。
実施例1と同様に、ヒト線維芽細胞に、MyoD1遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターとL-Mycを遺伝子を組み込んだレトロウイルス・ベクターの両方を感染させ(ML)、筋芽細胞分化用培地で培養した。感染後2日おきにrBC2LCN-FITC (Wako 180-02991) で染色し、また細胞核をHoechst33342で染色した。コントロールとして、レトロウイルス・ベクター感染前の細胞(一番左)も同様に染色した。陽性コントロールとして、ヒトiPS細胞(hiPS235G1)も同様に染色した。これらの細胞を、蛍光顕微鏡(Keyence BZ710)を用いて撮像した。
MyoD1遺伝子とL-Myc遺伝子とをそれぞれプラスミド・ベクターpCXに導入し、発現ベクターを構築した。ヒト線維芽細胞(HDFs)に、MyoD1プラスミドのみ、またはMyoD1プラスミドとL-Mycプラスミドの両方を、electroporationで導入し、筋芽細胞分化用培地中で14日間培養した。これらの細胞、およびコントロールとして遺伝子導入しなかった線維芽細胞(HDF)からRNAを抽出し、Myogenin遺伝子とCKM遺伝子のmRNAをreal time RT-PCRで定量した。結果を図19に示す。
Claims (8)
- 哺乳動物の体細胞に、MyoDファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物及びMycファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物を導入する工程を含む、骨格筋細胞を誘導する方法。
- 前記体細胞が線維芽細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記体細胞が、ヒトの体細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- MyoDファミリー遺伝子がMyoD遺伝子であり、Mycファミリー遺伝子がL-myc遺伝子である、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 哺乳動物の体細胞に由来し、外来性のMyoDファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物及びMycファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物を有す骨格筋細胞。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の方法により得られる、請求項5に記載の骨格筋細胞。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の方法で得られる細胞、又は、請求項5若しくは6に記載の骨格筋細胞を含む、骨格筋の欠損、不足若しくは機能低下に基づく疾患を治療するための、移植材料。
- MyoDファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物及びMycファミリー遺伝子もしくはその発現産物を含む、骨格筋細胞を誘導するための組成物。
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US20190338306A1 (en) | 2019-11-07 |
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JP7165979B2 (ja) | 2022-11-07 |
KR20190104354A (ko) | 2019-09-09 |
CN110291190A (zh) | 2019-09-27 |
JPWO2018124292A1 (ja) | 2019-11-07 |
CN110291190B (zh) | 2024-06-04 |
KR102546749B1 (ko) | 2023-06-22 |
US11242541B2 (en) | 2022-02-08 |
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