WO2018117104A1 - 半導体基板の裏面電極の電極構造及びその製造方法、並びに、該電極構造の製造に供されるスパッタリングターゲット - Google Patents
半導体基板の裏面電極の電極構造及びその製造方法、並びに、該電極構造の製造に供されるスパッタリングターゲット Download PDFInfo
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- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
- H01L21/283—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current
- H01L21/285—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation
- H01L21/28506—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers
- H01L21/28512—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers on semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
- H01L21/28568—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers on semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table the conductive layers comprising transition metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/43—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed
- H01L29/45—Ohmic electrodes
- H01L29/456—Ohmic electrodes on silicon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
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- C22C5/06—Alloys based on silver
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
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- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
- H01L21/283—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L21/00—Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/02—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
- H01L21/04—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer
- H01L21/18—Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof the devices having potential barriers, e.g. a PN junction, depletion layer or carrier concentration layer the devices having semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table or AIIIBV compounds with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
- H01L21/28—Manufacture of electrodes on semiconductor bodies using processes or apparatus not provided for in groups H01L21/20 - H01L21/268
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- H01L21/28506—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers
- H01L21/28512—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers on semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
- H01L21/2855—Deposition of conductive or insulating materials for electrodes conducting electric current from a gas or vapour, e.g. condensation of conductive layers on semiconductor bodies comprising elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table by physical means, e.g. sputtering, evaporation
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/41—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their shape, relative sizes or dispositions
- H01L29/417—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by their shape, relative sizes or dispositions carrying the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/41725—Source or drain electrodes for field effect devices
- H01L29/41741—Source or drain electrodes for field effect devices for vertical or pseudo-vertical devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L29/00—Semiconductor devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching and having potential barriers; Capacitors or resistors having potential barriers, e.g. a PN-junction depletion layer or carrier concentration layer; Details of semiconductor bodies or of electrodes thereof ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/40—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/43—Electrodes ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed
- H01L29/45—Ohmic electrodes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode structure of a back electrode formed on the back surface of a semiconductor substrate of a semiconductor device such as a power module.
- the present invention relates to a back electrode formed on the back surface of a semiconductor substrate and having a multilayer structure of Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag alloy layer, which has excellent bondability and peel strength between the Ni layer and the Ag alloy layer.
- a power module such as a MOSFET or IGBT
- electrodes are provided on both the front and back surfaces of a semiconductor substrate such as Si or SiC to ensure vertical conduction.
- a semiconductor substrate such as Si or SiC
- the back electrode disposed on the back surface of the semiconductor substrate a multi-layer structure in which a plurality of metal layers are stacked is generally applied.
- a Ti layer for electrical ohmic bonding is formed on the semiconductor substrate while ensuring adhesion with the substrate, and when the semiconductor substrate is mounted, A Ni layer is formed to ensure the bondability with the solder. Furthermore, an Ag layer is formed from the viewpoint of preventing the surface oxidation of the Ni layer in order to improve the bondability of the Ni layer.
- An example of a semiconductor device to which such a back electrode having a multilayer structure of Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag layer is applied is, for example, one described in Patent Document 1.
- the electrode structure of the back electrode is basically the above three-layer structure, but a contact layer made of a metal such as Al having a low electron barrier with respect to Si constituting the semiconductor substrate is used as an underlayer of the Ti layer. It may be additionally formed.
- the size of the power module is increasing while the output is also increased. Due to this tendency, the temperature of the mounted semiconductor device rises, and there is concern about its durability. For such a temperature rise of the semiconductor device, measures such as improvement of heat dissipation of a heat sink mounted on the substrate have been studied, but it is considered that improvement of the electrode structure is also effective.
- the present invention has been made based on the background as described above, and provides an electrode structure of a back surface electrode of a semiconductor substrate that is unlikely to cause electrode breakdown due to peeling that occurs near the Ni layer. And the manufacturing method of such an electrode structure is clarified.
- the present invention that solves the above problems is an electrode structure of a back electrode that is formed on the back side of a semiconductor substrate and has a multilayer structure in which each metal layer is laminated in the order of Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag alloy layer from the semiconductor substrate.
- the Ag alloy layer is made of an alloy of Ag and an additive metal M selected from Sn, Sb, and Pd, and the back electrode is formed from the Ag alloy layer by an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer.
- elemental analysis is performed in the depth direction up to the Ni layer, an intermediate region in which the spectra derived from all metals of Ni, Ag, and additive element M can be detected can be observed at the boundary between the Ni layer and the Ag alloy layer.
- the maximum content of additive element M is The value is 5 At least%, an electrode structure of the back electrode.
- the combination of Ni and Ag is not originally a preferable combination of metals from the viewpoint of adhesion.
- many metals have a certain degree of adhesion when they are laminated by thin film manufacturing techniques such as sputtering, vacuum deposition, plating, and CVD.
- thin film manufacturing techniques such as sputtering, vacuum deposition, plating, and CVD.
- not all combinations are the same, and there are metal combinations with poor adhesion.
- Even in the combination of Ni and Ag defects and peeling do not easily occur immediately after the back electrode is manufactured by the above-described method. However, since it is not a combination with high adhesiveness, peeling tends to occur in a high temperature atmosphere.
- the material of the metal layer formed on the Ni layer is changed from Ag (pure Ag) to an Ag alloy containing a predetermined additive element M, and the Ni layer and the Ag alloy.
- the interface state between the layers is appropriate.
- a back electrode having a multilayer structure in which peeling is unlikely to occur is obtained.
- the back electrode according to the present invention will be described more specifically.
- the electrode structure of the present invention is composed of a plurality of metal layers and is employed as a back electrode of a semiconductor substrate. These metal layers are laminated in the order of Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag alloy layer from the semiconductor substrate. The order of stacking and the technical significance of the Ti layer and the Ni layer are basically the same as those of the prior art.
- the technical significance of the Ag alloy layer is the same as that of the conventional back electrode.
- the reason why the Ag (pure Ag) is changed to the Ag alloy is to intentionally form an intermediate region to be described later and to improve the adhesion to the Ni layer.
- the Ag alloy layer may act as a supply source of the element M in the intermediate region in the manufacturing process of the back electrode.
- the Ag alloy layer is made of an alloy of Ag and an additive metal M selected from Sn, Sb, and Pd (Ag-M alloy).
- an effect can be exerted in securing the adhesion with the Ni layer.
- an intermediate region where the constituent elements of these metal layers coexist under specific conditions is observed at the boundary between the Ag alloy layer and the Ni layer.
- This intermediate region is defined as Ni at the boundary between the Ni layer and the Ag alloy layer when elemental analysis in the depth direction from the Ag alloy layer to the Ni layer is performed on the back electrode by an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS).
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectrometer
- XPS is an analyzer that measures the constituent elements and electronic state (binding energy) of a sample based on the energy of photoelectrons emitted when the sample to be measured is irradiated with X-rays.
- XPS is an analyzer that can perform excellent qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis on a measurement site.
- the composition / state in the depth direction of a sample is evaluated by analyzing spectral information obtained by alternately repeating etching (sputtering with argon ions) and measurement on the sample in the apparatus. be able to.
- the spectra derived from all metals of Ni, Ag, and additive element M are measured, and based on them, the content (atomic%) of each metal in the intermediate region is measured. Can do.
- the spectra of Ni, Ag, and additive element M have independent changes, but the additive element M shows a substantially chevron-shaped change with symmetry.
- the maximum value indicated by the symmetrical peak-shaped curved spectrum of the additive element M is 5 atomic% or more.
- the maximum amount of the additive element M in the intermediate region is less than 5 atomic%, even when an Ag alloy layer is applied instead of pure Ag, the adhesion to the Ni layer is insufficient, and peeling may occur. And the peeling prevention effect of Ag alloy layer becomes large because the maximum amount of the addition element M in an intermediate region increases from 5 atomic% or more.
- the maximum amount of the additive element M is preferably 7 atomic% or more. Further, the upper limit of the maximum amount of the additive element M in the intermediate region is preferably 40 atomic% or less.
- the thickness of the intermediate region is preferably 40 nm or more and 150 nm or less, and more preferably 70 nm or more and 150 nm or less.
- the additive element M is a metal element selected from Sn, Sb, and Pd. According to the study by the present inventors, the effect of preventing peeling of the Ag alloy layer is exhibited by these additive elements. In the vicinity of the boundary between the Ag alloy layer and the Ni layer, adhesion is ensured when these additive elements are present and form an intermediate region together with Ag and Ni.
- the intermediate region described above is formed between the Ni layer of the back electrode and the Ag alloy layer.
- the Ag alloy layer is a metal layer having the same function as the Ag layer in the prior art, and prevents surface oxidation of the Ni layer.
- This Ag alloy layer is made of an Ag alloy containing the above additive element M in a range of 1.5 atomic% to 4.5 atomic%.
- the thickness of the Ag alloy layer is preferably 50 nm or more and 1000 nm or less. If the thickness is less than 50 nm, the anti-oxidation effect of the Ni layer becomes insufficient, and if it exceeds 1000 nm, the stress increases, which may be a new factor in peeling from the Ni layer.
- the Ag alloy layer is formed on the surface of the Ni layer.
- the technical significance of the Ni layer is to ensure the bondability with the solder when mounting the semiconductor substrate, as in the prior art.
- the thickness is preferably 200 nm or more and 7000 nm or less.
- the Ni layer is formed on the surface of the Ti layer.
- the technical significance of the Ti layer is to improve adhesion to the substrate and establish electrical ohmic contact on the semiconductor substrate, as in the prior art.
- the thickness of the Ti layer is preferably 20 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- the back electrode having the electrode structure described above is formed on the back surface of the semiconductor substrate.
- the semiconductor substrate is made of a semiconductor such as Si, SiC, or GaN. Further, a metal layer such as Al may be formed as a contact layer on the semiconductor substrate, and the back electrode (Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag alloy layer) of the present invention may be formed thereon.
- the back electrode manufacturing method of the present invention is basically similar to the conventional back electrode manufacturing method. That is, in the present invention, a Ti layer and a Ni layer are sequentially formed on a semiconductor substrate, and an Ag alloy layer is further formed. However, since the back electrode of the present invention has an intermediate region between the Ni layer and the Ag alloy layer, a process for forming the intermediate electrode is required. Here, there are several methods for forming the intermediate region.
- an electrode having a three-layer structure of Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag alloy layer is first manufactured, and then an additive element M is supplied from the Ag alloy layer to the interface with the Ni layer to form an intermediate region.
- the method of doing is mentioned.
- This method is useful when the additive element M is Sn or Sb. That is, a step of forming a Ti layer on the back surface of the semiconductor substrate, a step of forming a Ni layer on the Ti layer, and Sn or Sb is contained in the Ni layer by 2.0 atomic% or more and 9.0 atomic% or less.
- the method includes a step of forming an Ag alloy layer made of an Ag alloy, and further includes a step of heating the substrate to 100 ° C. or more and 300 ° C. or less after forming the Ag alloy layer.
- the method for forming the Ti layer, Ni layer, and Ag alloy layer on the substrate can be formed by a general thin film manufacturing technique such as a sputtering method, a vacuum evaporation method, a plating method, or a CVD method.
- the film thickness can be controlled under known conditions in each process.
- a preferred method for forming each metal layer is a sputtering method.
- the additive element M is supplied to the Ni layer / Ag alloy layer interface by heating to 100 ° C. or more and 300 ° C. or less.
- the reason why the heat treatment temperature is set to 100 ° C. or more and 300 ° C. or less is that when the temperature is less than 100 ° C., the additive element M is not sufficiently supplied to the intermediate region.
- the processing time of this heat processing shall be 15 minutes or more and 120 minutes or less.
- the heat treatment atmosphere may be in the air, a reducing atmosphere or a non-oxidizing atmosphere, or in a vacuum.
- the manufacturing method of the back electrode in which the Ag alloy layer is formed on the Ni layer is useful when the additive element M is Sn or Sb.
- Sn or Sb is an element that is relatively easy to move in the Ag alloy and can be appropriately supplied to the Ni layer / Ag alloy layer interface.
- the Sn or Sb content of the Ag alloy layer formed by this method is 2.0 atomic% or more and 9.0 atomic% or less because the maximum content of the additive element M in the intermediate region (according to XPS). This is because the measured value is 5 atomic% or more.
- the second method for manufacturing the back electrode is to form a Ti layer / Ni layer, form a metal layer of the additive element M thereon, form an Ag layer, and heat-treat this to heat-treat the additive element M.
- This is a method of forming an intermediate region while diffusing and retracting a part of the additive element M from the metal layer to the Ag layer.
- This method is useful when the additive element M is Pd. That is, performing a step of forming a Ti layer on the back surface of the semiconductor substrate and a step of forming a Ni layer on the Ti layer, forming a Pd thin film on the Ni layer, forming an Ag layer, and then It is a manufacturing method of the back electrode including the process of heating the said board
- the intermediate region is formed by heating to 100 ° C. or more and 300 ° C. or less.
- Pd diffuses from the Pd layer to the Ag layer, and an intermediate region is formed.
- the Ag layer becomes an Ag alloy layer.
- the reason for setting the heat treatment temperature to 100 ° C. or more and 300 ° C. or less is that if the temperature is less than 100 ° C., the diffusion of the additive element M does not occur sufficiently. This is because the influence becomes large.
- the processing time of this heat processing shall be 15 minutes or more and 120 minutes or less.
- the heat treatment atmosphere may be in the air, a reducing atmosphere or a non-oxidizing atmosphere, or in a vacuum.
- the formation method of the Ti layer, the Ni layer, and the Ag layer is the same as the first method.
- the Pd layer can also be formed by the same thin film manufacturing technique. In this method, the thickness of the Pd layer is preferably 5 nm or more and 50 nm or less.
- the sputtering target for forming the Ag alloy layer by the sputtering method is made of an Ag alloy containing Sn or Sb in an amount of 2.0% by mass to 9.5% by mass or less, and the average grain size of the Ag alloy is as follows. It is preferable to apply a sputtering target having a particle size of 20 ⁇ m or more and 250 ⁇ m or less and a relative standard deviation (variation) of crystal grains of 20% or less with respect to the average particle size.
- This sputtering target is required to have a suitable particle size range with respect to the average particle size of the constituting crystal grains, and in addition to this, there is little variation in the particle size of individual crystal grains.
- the reason for setting these conditions is that if the average particle size is less than 20 ⁇ m, the manufacturing cost is increased, which is not realistic.
- the thickness exceeds 300 ⁇ m, the unevenness of the sputtering surface increases with the consumption of the target during sputtering, and the micro arc discharge tends to increase. Further, when the relative standard deviation (variation) exceeds 20% of the average particle diameter, the film thickness distribution in the target surface tends not to be uniform.
- Examples of the method for measuring the crystal grain size include the following methods.
- a rectangular parallelepiped sample of about 10 mm is taken at an arbitrary portion from the target surface of each sample, etched to reveal a crystal grain boundary, and a photograph with a magnification of 60 to 120 times is taken with an optical microscope. The magnification of the photograph is selected so that the crystal grains can be easily counted.
- one straight line is drawn at an arbitrary position in the vertical and horizontal directions, and the number of crystal grains cut along each straight line is counted.
- a value obtained by dividing the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the photograph by the number of each crystal grain is defined as the average grain size.
- the electrode structure of the back electrode of the semiconductor substrate according to the present invention described above is a multilayer structure of Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag alloy layer, and is observed by a predetermined method at the interface between the Ni layer and the Ag alloy layer. An intermediate region. According to the present invention, the Ag alloy layer does not easily peel from the Ni layer on the back electrode of the semiconductor substrate. This makes it possible to drive the apparatus stably while maintaining the original function of each metal layer.
- an electrode having a multilayer structure of Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag—Sn alloy layer (Examples 1 and 2) and Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag—Sb alloy layer (Example 3) Were manufactured and the configuration was examined.
- a silicon substrate size: 20 mm ⁇ 20 mm, thickness 625 ⁇ m
- each metal layer was formed on the substrate by a sputtering method.
- a commercially available Ti target and Ni target having a purity of 99.9% were used for the formation of the Ti layer and the Ni layer.
- the film thicknesses of the Ti layer and Ni layer were 100 nm and 300 nm, respectively.
- Ag alloy layer Ag-7.5 mass% Sn alloy (Example 1), Ag-9.5 mass% Sn alloy (Example 2), Ag-5.0 mass% Sb alloy (Example 3) Used the target.
- the average particle size was 23.3 ⁇ m (Example 1), 164.6 ⁇ m (Example 2), and 30.5 ⁇ m (Example 3).
- the relative standard deviation of crystal grains is 20% or less with respect to the average grain size.
- 200 nm of Ag alloy layers were formed using this target.
- XPS analysis was performed on the multilayered electrodes of each of the manufactured examples, and the configuration of the intermediate region was examined. XPS analysis was performed on the electrode of each example immediately after the formation of the Ag alloy layer, after the heat treatment, and after the PCT test.
- the analysis data obtained under the above conditions was analyzed by the following procedure using the analysis software “Multipak” to create a profile of composition (atomic%).
- a background is drawn for each element from the measurement data.
- the selection energy range [eV] of each element is specified as the following range.
- the specified range is -1.0 eV to +3.0 eV from the peak position.
- the specified range is ⁇ 1.0 eV from the peak position.
- the specified range is ⁇ 0.5 eV from the peak position.
- the specified range is ⁇ 0.5 eV from the peak position.
- the designated range is -2.5 eV to +3.0 eV from the peak position near 485 eV.
- Sb (3d5) Specify a peak near 528 eV and a peak near 530 eV together.
- the specified range is -2.5 eV to 530 eV peak position +3.5 eV from the peak position near 528 eV.
- an analysis was performed on the central portion of the substrate (20 mm ⁇ 20 mm). Considering the measurement area at the time of analysis (500 ⁇ m ⁇ 500 ⁇ m) and the sputtering conditions at the time of analysis (2 kV, 2 mm ⁇ 2 mm), when specifying the configuration of the back electrode according to the present invention, one point for each 10 mm ⁇ 10 mm area An analysis is preferably performed. In the analysis of the present embodiment, it is predicted that the etching marks by sputtering reach about 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm, so it can be said that it is sufficient to analyze one point (center portion) per 10 mm ⁇ 10 mm region.
- Example 1 the profiles (composition (atomic%) with respect to the sputtering cycle (depth)) when XPS analysis is performed are shown in FIG. 1 (Example 1) and FIG. 2 (Example 3).
- Example 1 Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag—Sn alloy layer
- Ni, Ag, Sn are formed at the interface between the Ni layer and the Ag alloy layer by heat treatment. It can be seen that a region containing each of the above elements and having a peak with a substantially mountain-shaped peak is formed. This region is an intermediate region, and the peak (maximum value) of the Sn content in this case is 12.7 atomic%.
- Example 1 After forming an Ag alloy layer of an Ag-7.5 mass% Sn alloy (Ag-6.9 atomic% Sn alloy), heat treatment is performed to form an intermediate region. As a result of this heat treatment, it was confirmed that the Ag alloy layer was an Ag-4.0 atomic% Sn alloy and the composition changed.
- the thickness of the intermediate region of Example 1 was measured from the XPS profile.
- the thickness of the intermediate region was calculated from the width (number of cycles) of the region where all of Ni, Ag, and additive element M were detected, and the etching depth per cycle estimated for each metal.
- the thickness of the intermediate region of Example 1 was 80 nm, and it was confirmed that it was within the preferred range (40 nm or more and 150 nm or less).
- Example 3 Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag—Sb alloy layer.
- the peak (maximum value) of the content of the additive element M (Sb) in the intermediate region in Example 3 is 12.4 atomic%.
- an Ag alloy layer of an Ag-5.0 mass% Sb alloy (Ag-4.5 atomic% Sb alloy) was formed and then heat-treated to form an intermediate region.
- the Ag alloy layer was changed to a composition of Ag-2.4 atomic% Sb.
- the thickness of the intermediate region of Example 3 was calculated, it was confirmed to be 100 nm and within a preferable range (40 nm or more and 150 nm or less).
- Example 2 Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag—Sn alloy layer
- the composition and thickness of the intermediate region were also measured.
- the peak (maximum value) of the content of the additive element M (Sn) in the intermediate region of Example 2 was 21.9 atomic%.
- the thickness of the intermediate region was 80 nm.
- the electrode according to each example was subjected to a PCT test (pressure cooker test: saturated pressurized steam test) as an accelerated heating test to evaluate the adhesion of the Ni layer / Ag alloy layer.
- a PCT test pressure cooker test: saturated pressurized steam test
- the substrate on which the electrode was formed was exposed to an atmosphere of a temperature of 120 ° C., a relative humidity (RH) of 100%, and 2 atm for 96 hours. And the presence or absence of peeling of an Ag alloy layer was examined about the electrode after exposure.
- Table 1 shows the maximum content of the additive element M (Sn, Sb) in the intermediate region and the PCT test results (exfoliation presence / absence) for the back electrode of each example in this embodiment.
- the back electrode in each example has an intermediate region containing an additive element M of 5 atomic% or more which is a specified amount. And it was confirmed by the PCT test that the back electrode in each Example has no peeling of the Ag alloy layer and has good adhesion with the Ni layer.
- the peel strength of the Ag alloy layer was measured.
- the peel strength was measured using a “Psycus NN type” test apparatus manufactured by Daipura Wintes Co., Ltd.
- the surface layer is peeled by cutting at a low speed with a sharp cutting edge from the surface layer (Ag alloy layer) of the back electrode to the interface with the Ni alloy layer.
- the horizontal force, vertical force, and vertical displacement applied to the cutting edge are measured to calculate the peel strength of the surface layer.
- the following conditions were applied.
- ⁇ Measurement mode Constant speed mode
- Horizontal speed 40 nm / sec
- Vertical speed 2nm / sec
- Cutting edge Single crystal diamond (blade width 0.3 mm, squeeze 20 °, Nige 10 °)
- the peel strength was measured for the PCT test of Example 2 (Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag—Sn alloy layer). For comparison, the same measurement was performed on the back electrode of the prior art, that is, the back electrode having a structure of Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag layer (after the PCT test). The results are shown in Table 2.
- the back electrode in this embodiment has a high peel strength of the Ag alloy layer, and has a peel strength of 4 times or more that of the Ag layer of the conventional back electrode.
- Second Embodiment In this embodiment, a back electrode (Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag—Pd alloy layer) to which Pd was applied as the additive element M was manufactured.
- a Ti layer and a Ni layer were formed on the same substrate as in the first embodiment by sputtering.
- the film thicknesses of the Ti layer and Ni layer were 100 nm and 300 nm, respectively.
- a Pd thin film is formed on the surface of the Ni layer, and then an intermediate layer and an Ag alloy layer are formed by forming an Ag layer and performing heat treatment.
- the Pd thin film and the subsequent Ag layer were formed by sputtering, and the Pd thin film was formed to 20 nm and the Ag layer was formed to 500 nm.
- the PCT test and the XPS analysis were performed on the back electrode according to this embodiment as in the first embodiment.
- the XPS analysis conditions were the same as in the first embodiment, but the analysis elements were specified as Ag (3d), Ni (2p), Ti (2p), Si (2p), C (1s), O (1s). ) And Pd (3d).
- the selected energy range for background correction is specified together with a peak near Pd (3d): 335 eV and a peak near 340 eV.
- the specified range was ⁇ 2.5 eV to +5.0 eV from the peak position near 335 eV.
- FIG. 3 shows the result of XPS analysis for the back electrode of the second embodiment.
- a high peak of Pd is observed near the interface with the Ni layer in the state after the formation of the Pd thin film and the formation of the Ag layer, but the Pd content is lowered by the heat treatment and becomes a gentle peak. Yes. Accordingly, Pd diffuses into the Ag layer, and an Ag alloy layer is formed. The peak of the Pd content in the intermediate region formed by this heat treatment was 16.5 atomic%.
- the Ag alloy layer has a composition of Ag-2.3 atomic% Pd. And also in the back surface electrode of this 2nd Embodiment, it was confirmed that it is a favorable state without peeling of an Ag alloy layer after a PCT test.
- the thickness of the intermediate region was calculated based on the profile of XPS analysis. As a result, the thickness of the intermediate region was calculated to be 80 nm, and it was confirmed that it was within the preferred range.
- the back electrode Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag—Sn alloy layer having a different composition in the intermediate region (maximum content of the additive element M) while the additive element M is Sn Manufactured.
- a Ti layer and a Ni layer were formed on a silicon substrate by a sputtering method.
- the film thicknesses of the Ti layer and Ni layer were 100 nm and 300 nm, respectively.
- a target of Ag-1.7 mass% Sn alloy (Comparative Example 1) was used to form an Ag-5.0 mass% Sn alloy (Example 4) and an Ag-Sn alloy layer.
- the average particle diameter of the Ag alloy is in the range of 20 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m.
- heat treatment was performed to form an intermediate region as in the first embodiment.
- the heat treatment was performed at a temperature of 250 ° C. for 60 minutes in the air.
- the electrode structure of the back electrode of the semiconductor substrate according to the present invention has a multilayer structure of Ti layer / Ni layer / Ag alloy layer, and exhibits excellent adhesion between the Ni layer and the Ag alloy layer. According to the present invention, it is possible to drive the apparatus stably while maintaining the function of each metal layer constituting the back electrode.
- the present invention is expected to be applied to semiconductor devices such as power power modules such as MOSFETs and IGBTs.
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Abstract
Description
第1実施形態:本実施形態では、Ti層/Ni層/Ag-Sn合金層(実施例1、2)、Ti層/Ni層/Ag-Sb合金層(実施例3)の多層構造の電極を製造し、その構成を検討した。いずれの実施例においても、多層構造の電極の製造は、基板としてシリコン基板(寸法:20mm×20mm、厚さ625μm)を用い、基板上にスパッタリング法にて各金属層を形成した。Ti層及びNi層の形成には、市販の純度99.9%のTiターゲット、Niターゲットを用いた。Ti層、Ni層の膜厚は、それぞれ100nm、300nmとした。
・測定領域:500μm×500μm
・ビーム径:φ100μm
・測定モード:「100μ20W15kV」選択
「パルスエネルギー選択」として「High4」選択
・測定時間:各指定元素の選択軌道数×4サイクル分とする。
・元素指定:Ag(3d)、Ni(2p)、Ti(2p)、Si(2p)、C(1s)、O(1s)、Sn(3d5)、Sb(3d5)
・スパッタリングの条件:サイクル数140
スパッタレート:2kV 2mm×2mm
スパッタ時間:60s/サイクル
(1)測定データから、各元素毎にバックグラウンドを引く。
このとき、各元素の選択エネルギー範囲[eV]を以下の範囲に指定する。
・Ag(3d):(i)368eV付近、(ii)374eV付近の2つピークが存在するが、これらをまとめて指定する。指定範囲は、(i)のピーク位置より-2eV~(ii)のピーク位置より+3eVとする。
・Ni(2p):852eV付近のピークのみ指定する。指定範囲は、ピーク位置より-2.0eV~+2.5eVとする。
・Ti(2p):454eV付近のピークのみ指定する。指定範囲は、ピーク位置より-1.0eV~+3.0eVとする。
・Si(2p):99eV付近のピークのみ指定する。指定範囲は、ピーク位置より±1.0eVとする。
・C(1s):285eV付近のピークのみ指定する。指定範囲は、ピーク位置より±0.5eVとする。
・O(1s):530eV付近のピークのみ指定する。指定範囲は、ピーク位置より±0.5eVとする。
・Sn(3d5):485eV付近のピークと487eV付近のピークを合わせて一緒に指定する。指定範囲は、485eV付近のピーク位置より-2.5eV~487eV付近のピーク位置より+3.0eVとする。
・Sb(3d5):528eV付近のピークと530eV付近のピークを合わせて一緒に指定する。指定範囲は、528eV付近のピーク位置より-2.5eV~530eV付近のピーク位置+3.5eVとする。
(2)各元素に対するバックグランドの範囲を指定後、測定データに反映させて補正する。
(3)補正後の測定データから原子%を算出する。
(4)計算データを抽出して、スパッタリング深さに応じた組成のプロファイルを作成する。
・測定モード:定速度モード
・水平速度:40nm/sec
・垂直速度:2nm/sec
・切刃:単結晶ダイヤモンド(刃幅0.3mm、スクイ20°、ニゲ10°)
Claims (9)
- 半導体基板の裏面側に形成され、前記半導体基板からTi層/Ni層/Ag合金層の順序で各金属層が積層した多層構造を有する裏面電極の電極構造であって、
前記Ag合金層は、Agと、Sn、Sb、Pdのいずれかより選択される添加金属Mとの合金からなり、
前記裏面電極を、X線光電子分光分析装置により前記Ag合金層から前記Ni層まで深さ方向に元素分析したとき、Ni層とAg合金層との境界に、Ni、Ag、添加元素Mの全ての金属由来のスペクトルが検出可能となる中間領域が観察可能な状態になっており、
更に、Ni、Ag、添加元素Mの全ての金属由来のスペクトルに基づき、前記中間領域における各金属の含有量(原子%)を換算したとき、添加元素Mの含有量の最大値が5原子%以上である、裏面電極の電極構造。 - 中間領域における添加元素Mの含有量の最大値が7原子%以上である請求項1記載の裏面電極の電極構造。
- 中間領域の厚さが40nm以上150nm以下である請求項1又は請求項2記載の裏面電極の電極構造。
- Ag合金層は、添加元素Mを1.5原子%以上4.5原子%以下含むAg合金であり、前記Ag合金層の厚さは、50nm以上1000nm以下である請求項1~請求項3のいずれかに記載の裏面電極の電極構造。
- Ni層の厚さは、200nm以上7000nm以下である請求項1~請求項4のいずれかに記載の裏面電極の電極構造。
- Ti層の厚さは、20nm以上1000nm以下である記載の請求項1~請求項5のいずれかに裏面電極の電極構造。
- 請求項1~請求項6のいずれかに記載の裏面電極の電極構造の製造方法であって、
添加元素MはSn又はSbであり、
半導体基板の裏面にTi層を形成する工程と、前記Ti層上にNi層を形成する工程、前記Ni層上に、Sn又はSbを2.0質量%以上9.5質量%以下含むAg合金からなるAg合金層を形成する工程、とを含み、
更に、前記Ag合金層を形成した後、前記基板を100℃以上300℃以下に加熱する工程を含む電極構造の製造方法。 - 請求項1~請求項6のいずれかに記載の裏面電極の電極構造の製造方法であって、
添加元素MはPdであり、
半導体基板の裏面にTi層を形成する工程と、前記Ti層上にNi層を形成する工程とを行い、
前記Ni層上にPd薄膜を形成した後、Ag層を形成し、
その後、前記基板を100℃以上300℃以下に加熱する工程を含む電極構造の製造方法。 - 請求項7に記載の裏面電極の電極構造の製造方法で使用され、Ag合金層を形成するためのスパッタリングターゲットであって、
Sn又はSbを2.0質量%以上9.5質量%以下含むAg合金からなり、
前記Ag合金の結晶粒の平均粒径20μm以上300μm以下であり、かつ、結晶粒の相対標準偏差が、平均粒径に対して20%以下であるスパッタリングターゲット。
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- 2017-12-19 EP EP17882299.5A patent/EP3561856B1/en active Active
- 2017-12-19 US US16/471,174 patent/US11501974B2/en active Active
- 2017-12-19 KR KR1020197020816A patent/KR20190095407A/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2017-12-19 WO PCT/JP2017/045551 patent/WO2018117104A1/ja unknown
- 2017-12-19 JP JP2018558003A patent/JP6944956B2/ja active Active
- 2017-12-19 KR KR1020227008278A patent/KR20220035992A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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Patent Citations (3)
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JP2004186438A (ja) * | 2002-12-03 | 2004-07-02 | Sanken Electric Co Ltd | 半導体素子およびその製造方法 |
JP2007273744A (ja) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-18 | Stanley Electric Co Ltd | Led用共晶基板及びその製造方法 |
JP2014236043A (ja) * | 2013-05-31 | 2014-12-15 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 半導体装置およびその製造方法 |
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Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110034016A (zh) * | 2019-03-25 | 2019-07-19 | 华中科技大学 | 一种半导体芯片正面铝层可焊化方法 |
CN110034016B (zh) * | 2019-03-25 | 2022-03-29 | 华中科技大学 | 一种半导体芯片正面铝层可焊化方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP3561856A1 (en) | 2019-10-30 |
JP6944956B2 (ja) | 2021-10-06 |
TWI675481B (zh) | 2019-10-21 |
EP3561856B1 (en) | 2024-04-03 |
CN110100305A (zh) | 2019-08-06 |
TW201842669A (zh) | 2018-12-01 |
JPWO2018117104A1 (ja) | 2019-10-24 |
RU2718134C1 (ru) | 2020-03-30 |
US20190393043A1 (en) | 2019-12-26 |
KR20220035992A (ko) | 2022-03-22 |
EP3561856A4 (en) | 2020-03-11 |
EP3561856C0 (en) | 2024-04-03 |
KR20190095407A (ko) | 2019-08-14 |
US11501974B2 (en) | 2022-11-15 |
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