WO2018008585A1 - シール施工の実習装置および実習方法 - Google Patents

シール施工の実習装置および実習方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018008585A1
WO2018008585A1 PCT/JP2017/024311 JP2017024311W WO2018008585A1 WO 2018008585 A1 WO2018008585 A1 WO 2018008585A1 JP 2017024311 W JP2017024311 W JP 2017024311W WO 2018008585 A1 WO2018008585 A1 WO 2018008585A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
flange
channel
shell
tube plate
tightening
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2017/024311
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
雅之 山邊
Original Assignee
日本バルカー工業株式会社
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 日本バルカー工業株式会社 filed Critical 日本バルカー工業株式会社
Priority to KR1020187036536A priority Critical patent/KR102089205B1/ko
Priority to JP2018526360A priority patent/JP6546347B2/ja
Priority to CN201780041952.XA priority patent/CN109416890B9/zh
Priority to SG11201811790QA priority patent/SG11201811790QA/en
Publication of WO2018008585A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018008585A1/ja

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B9/00—Simulators for teaching or training purposes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
    • F16J15/00—Sealings

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to, for example, a training apparatus and method used for practical training of seal construction such as a heat exchanger.
  • a heat exchanger is used for heat recovery and heat utilization of exhaust heat fluid of several hundred degrees.
  • a shell and tube heat exchanger such as a floating head heat exchanger, a fixed tube plate heat exchanger, a U tube heat exchanger, or the like is used.
  • a plurality of body parts are provided with flanges, a plurality of gaskets are sandwiched between the flanges, and bolts and nuts are used for tightening between the flanges.
  • Patent Document 1 a bolt tightening training apparatus for practicing the relationship between the tightening torque applied to the bolt and nut and the tightening force applied to the gasket
  • the object of the present invention is a device that can safely perform the mechanism and structure of a heat exchanger, a flange structure, a seal structure, a tightening structure using a plurality of bolts and nuts, a tightening procedure, and the like as in an actual machine. And in providing a method.
  • the seal construction training apparatus of the present invention corresponds to a shell portion, a tube plate portion having a plurality of tubes that can be inserted into and removed from the shell portion, and a shell flange of the shell portion.
  • a channel portion including a partition plate to be engaged with a groove portion of the tube plate portion, a bolt and a nut for fixing the shell flange and the channel flange, and the tube plate portion in the front-rear direction, the vertical direction, or A portable support mechanism that supports the channel portion so as to be movable in the front-rear direction and the cross direction, or supports the channel portion so as to be movable in the front-rear direction, the up-down direction, or the cross-direction with the front-rear direction; Tightening the bolt and nut, releasing it, and operating the portable support mechanism to the shell flange Align the position of the part and the channel flange, or the position of the tube plate part and the partition plate, and attach and detach the gasket between the tube plate part and the shell flange, and between the tube plate part and the channel flange.
  • the seal construction training apparatus of the present invention corresponds to a shell portion, a tube plate portion having a plurality of tubes that can be inserted into and removed from the shell portion, and a shell flange of the shell portion.
  • a channel portion including a partition plate to be engaged with a groove portion of the tube plate portion, a bolt and a nut for fixing the shell flange and the channel flange, and the tube plate portion in the front-rear direction, the vertical direction, or A first portable support mechanism that supports the movable portion in the front-rear direction and the cross direction, or a second portable support mechanism that supports the channel portion so as to be movable in the front-rear direction, the vertical direction, or the front-rear direction.
  • the seal construction training apparatus of the present invention corresponds to a shell portion, a tube plate portion having a plurality of tubes that can be inserted into and removed from the shell portion, and a shell flange of the shell portion.
  • a channel portion including a partition plate to be engaged with a groove portion of the tube plate portion, a bolt and a nut for fixing the shell flange and the channel flange, and the tube plate portion in the front-rear direction, the vertical direction, or
  • a first portable support mechanism that is supported by a gantry unit so as to be movable in the crosswise direction with the front-rear direction, and the channel part in the crosswise direction with the front-rear direction, the vertical direction, or the front-back direction independently of the first portable support mechanism
  • a second portable support mechanism that is movably supported by the pedestal portion, and the bolt and front of the shell flange and the channel flange Tightening the nut, releasing it, operating one or both of the first portable support mechanism or the second portable support mechanism to position the tube plate portion and the channel flange on the shell flange, or the tube
  • the positions of the plate portion and the partition plate are aligned, and the gasket is attached / detached between the tube plate portion and the shell f
  • a sensor for detecting an axial force of the bolt with the channel flange fixed to the shell flange, a processing means for calculating an axial force distribution of the bolt based on an output of the sensor, and a position of the bolt
  • display means for displaying the axial force distribution graphic.
  • a step of positioning the channel flange with or without the positioning, and fixing the shell flange and the channel flange with bolts and nuts, Other comprises the step of releasing the fixing.
  • a pressurized gas is injected from a first port into one space portion of the channel portion partitioned by the partition plate, and the other space portion of the channel portion is passed through the tube. Maintaining the pressurized gas flowing in and observing leakage of the pressurized gas from between the channel portion and the tube plate portion or between the shell portion and the tube plate portion.
  • the step of detecting the axial force of the bolt fixing the shell flange and the channel flange the step of calculating the axial force distribution of the bolt by sensor output, and the position of the bolt Displaying an axial force distribution graphic.
  • Training can be conducted by aligning cores assuming a single-tightened gasket, bolt and nut tightening procedures, and adjusting axial force.
  • FIG. 1 It is a figure which shows the seal construction training apparatus which concerns on 1st Embodiment. It is a figure which shows a part of seal construction training apparatus which expanded the apparatus main-body part. It is a perspective view which decomposes
  • A is a perspective view showing the fixed tube plate from which the tube is removed from the back side
  • B is a perspective view showing the channel portion from the back side
  • C is a perspective view showing the channel cover from the back side.
  • A is a figure for demonstrating the surface state of a gasket contact part
  • B is a figure which shows a surface state and a repair reference
  • A, B, and C are diagrams showing markings of a shell flange, a fixed tube sheet, and a channel flange.
  • A is a figure which shows mounting
  • B is a figure which shows mounting
  • A is a figure which shows mounting
  • B is a figure which shows mounting
  • A is a partial cross-sectional view showing the normal state of the shell flange, the fixed tube plate, and the channel flange
  • B and C are diagrams showing the misalignment state of the shell flange, the fixed tube plate, or the channel flange.
  • A is a figure which shows centering of the fixed tube board with respect to a shell flange
  • B is a figure which shows centering of the channel flange with respect to a shell flange.
  • FIG. 1 shows a seal construction training apparatus according to the first embodiment.
  • the configuration shown in FIG. 1 is an example, and the present invention is not limited to such a configuration.
  • This seal construction training device (hereinafter simply referred to as “training device”) 2-1 includes a gantry 4, a device body 6, a first portable support mechanism 8-1, a second portable support mechanism 8-. 2 is provided.
  • the gantry 4 is a portable housing and is fixed to the floor surface of a training room or the like used for seal construction training.
  • the pedestal unit 4 includes a plurality of vertically-arranged columns, a pair of column members 10 on the front side, a pair of column members 12 on the back side, and a seat surface side and a bottom side between the column members 10 on the front side.
  • the support member 16 is provided on the seating surface side and the bottom surface side between the support member 14 and the support member 12 on the back side, and the support members 18 and 20 are provided on the seating surface side and the bottom surface side between the support members 10 and 12.
  • a plurality of sets of casters 24 and stoppers 26 are provided on the lower surfaces of the support members 14 and 16 on the seating surface side of the gantry 4. Therefore, the gantry 4 can be moved to a desired position by the caster 24 and is fixed at a predetermined position by the stopper 26 in a stationary state.
  • the rail part 28 supported by the support members 18 and 20 is provided on the ceiling side of the gantry part 4 and protrudes to the side surface side of the support member 18 of the gantry part 4.
  • the rail portion 28 is provided with first and second portable support mechanisms 8-1 and 8-2 that support part or all of the apparatus main body 6.
  • the portable support mechanism 8-1 includes a suspending unit 30 and an elevating unit 32.
  • the hanging part 30 is a member that is supported by the rail part 28.
  • the elevating unit 32 may be configured by, for example, a chain block that moves up and down in the vertical direction (Y-axis direction).
  • the portable support mechanism 8-2 includes a sliding part 34 and elevating parts 36-1 and 36-2.
  • the sliding portion 34 includes a plurality of rollers 38 that slide on the rail portion 28, and can move the rail portion 28 in the front-rear direction (X-axis direction).
  • the elevating parts 36-1 and 36-2 may be constituted by a plurality of chain blocks, for example, which are moved up and down independently in the vertical direction (Y-axis direction).
  • a chain block may be used for raising and lowering in the vertical direction (Y-axis direction). Accordingly, each of the portable support mechanisms 8-1 and 8-2 is independently supported by the rail portion 28 and can be moved independently.
  • the apparatus main body 6 includes, for example, a simulated configuration of a shell and tube heat exchanger (hereinafter simply referred to as “heat exchanger”).
  • the apparatus main body 6 is detachably attached to a support member 40 installed between the support members 10 and 12.
  • FIG. 2 shows the apparatus main body 6 in an enlarged manner.
  • the apparatus main body 6 includes a shell portion 42, a fixed tube plate 44, and a channel portion 46 as components similar to those of the heat exchanger.
  • the shell portion 42 corresponds to the shell of the heat exchanger, but is formed with a shorter shell length than the actual machine. In this shell part 42, since the shell length is short, it is easy to maintain the boosted state and it is safe.
  • the shell portion 42 is provided with a support leg portion 48 in the middle of the lower side surface portion, and the support leg portion 48 is fixed to the support member 40 with bolts 50 and nuts 52.
  • a channel portion 46 is fixed to the shell portion 42 with a plurality of bolts 54 and nuts 56 with a fixed tube plate 44 interposed therebetween, and a channel cover 58 is fixed to the channel portion 46 with a plurality of bolts 60 and nuts 62.
  • a hook 66 is hung on the hook hanging portion 64 of the fixed tube plate 44, and the fixed tube plate 44 is suspended from the elevating portion 32 of the portable support mechanism 8-1.
  • a hook 70 of the elevating part 36-1 is hung on the hook hanging part 68 of the channel part 46 via suspension tools 72 and 73, and the channel part 46 is suspended from the portable support mechanism 8-2.
  • a hook 76 of the elevating part 36-2 is hung on the hook hanging part 74 of the channel cover 58 via a lifting tool 78, and the channel cover 58 is suspended by the portable support mechanism 8-2.
  • FIG. 3 shows the apparatus main body 6 in an exploded manner.
  • the shell portion 42 includes a cylindrical portion 80 and a shell flange 82 as members similar to the shell of the heat exchanger. Unlike the actual shell, the cylindrical portion 80 is formed short, and a shell cover 84 is provided on the back side.
  • the shell flange 82 has an annular gasket contact portion 88 on the opening side of the cylindrical portion 80, a plurality of bolt insertion holes 90 with a predetermined angular interval around the gasket contact portion 88, and a hook hook portion 92 on the outer peripheral portion.
  • the gasket contact portion 88 is provided with an annular gasket 94-1.
  • the fixed tube plate 44 is an example of a tube plate portion.
  • the fixed tube plate 44 is a fixing member that fixes the plurality of tubes 96, and is fixed between the shell flange 82 and the channel portion 46 in a gripped state.
  • the tube 96 is an example of a heat exchange tube for flowing a fluid to be heated.
  • the fixed tube plate 44 is provided with an inlet tube group 96-1 and an outlet tube group 96-2 as an assembly of a plurality of tubes 96.
  • the inlet tube group 96-1 is disposed below the partition plate 98 on the channel portion 46 side, and the outlet tube group 96-2 is disposed above the partition plate 98.
  • Each tube 96 is maintained in parallel by the fixed tube plate 44 and the support plate 100.
  • This support plate 100 corresponds to a baffle of an actual machine.
  • each tube 96 constitutes a continuous closed path with the inlet side tube group 96-1 and the outlet side tube group 96-2, whereas in this training apparatus 2-1, each tube 96 is opened at the end side. The inner space of the shell portion 42 is communicated.
  • fitting convex portions 102-1 and 102-2 On the front surface side of the fixed tube plate 44, fitting convex portions 102-1 and 102-2 that are fitted to the channel portion 46 side are provided. Each of the fitting protrusions 102-1 and 102-2 is formed in a semicircular shape, and a fitting groove 104 for fitting with the partition plate 98 is formed on the center side of the fixed tube plate 44. On the back side of the fixed tube plate 44, as shown in FIG. 4A, a fitting convex portion 102 that is fitted to the shell portion 42 side is provided. This fitting convex part 102 is circular, and a plurality of tube holes 106 through which the tube 96 passes are formed.
  • a gasket contact portion 108 is formed around the fitting convex portions 102, 102-1, and 102-2.
  • the gasket contact portion 108 on the front surface side of the fixed tube plate 44 is provided with an annular portion and a bridging portion as a shape surrounding the fitting convex portions 102-1 and 102-2.
  • the gasket contact portion 108 (A in FIG. 4) on the back side of the fixed tube plate 44 has an annular shape surrounding the fitting convex portion 102.
  • the channel portion 46 includes a cylindrical portion 112 having the same diameter as the shell portion 42 and channel flanges 114 and 116 sandwiching the cylindrical portion 112.
  • the cylindrical portion 112 is provided with an inlet port 118-1 (B in FIG. 4), an outlet port 118-2, and the hook hook portion 68 described above.
  • the above-described partition plate 98 that bisects the inner space is installed inside the cylindrical portion 112.
  • the channel flange 114 is provided with a hook insertion portion 122 corresponding to the hook hook portion 120 and the bolt 54, and the channel flange 116 is provided with a bolt insertion hole 126 corresponding to the hook hook portion 124 and the bolt 60.
  • Each gasket flange 114, 116 is provided with a gasket contact portion 128. As shown in FIG. 3 and FIG. 4B, the end surface portion of the partition plate 98 coincides with each gasket contact portion 128 and constitutes a common gasket contact surface.
  • a gasket 94-2 is installed between the gasket contact portion 108 of the fixed tube plate 44 and the gasket contact portion 128 of the channel flange 114.
  • the channel cover 58 is a closing member for the channel portion 46 and closes its opening.
  • the channel cover 58 is provided with a hook hook portion 74 and a plurality of bolt insertion holes 130 through which the bolts 60 are inserted.
  • fitting convex portions 132-1 and 132-2 for fitting with the cylindrical portion 112 and the partition plate 98 of the channel portion 46 are provided.
  • Each of the fitting protrusions 132-1 and 132-2 is formed in a semicircular shape, and a fitting groove 134 for fitting with the partition plate 98 is formed.
  • FIG. 5 shows a longitudinal section of the apparatus main body 6.
  • a space portion 136 partitioned by a fixed tube plate 44 and gaskets 94-1 and 94-2 is formed in the shell portion 42, and the space portion 138 is formed between the shell cover 84 and the support plate 100. It is formed.
  • the channel portion 46 is formed with an entrance space portion 140 and an exit space portion 142 as two spaces by the partition plate 98.
  • the inlet side space portion 140 and the space portion 138 communicate with each other through the inlet side tube group 96-1, and the outlet side space portion 142 and the space portion 138 communicate with each other through the outlet side tube group 96-2.
  • the side port 118-1 and the output side space 142 are provided with an output port 118-2.
  • Fig. 6 shows the training procedure for seal construction.
  • a channel portion 46 in which a channel cover 58 is previously installed on the channel flange 116 side is used.
  • each flange surface is confirmed for the gasket contact portion 88 of the shell flange 82, the gasket contact portion 108 of the fixed tube plate 44, the gasket contact portion 128 of the channel flange 114, and the like. 42, corrosion (rust), scratches, dents on the gasket installation surface of the fixed tube plate 44 and the channel flange 114, or the cleaning state of the gasket after use is confirmed (S11). After this confirmation, if the gaskets 94-1 and 94-2 are not suitable for installation, the gasket installation surface is repaired.
  • FIG. 7A shows the surface state of the gasket contact portion 88 of the shell flange 82 as an example.
  • the shell flange 82 has a plurality of corrosion / indentations 144-1 and 144-2 and a plurality of flaws 146-1, 146-2, 146-3, 146-4, and 146-5.
  • the flaws 146-1 and 146-2 extend in the width direction of the gasket contact portion 88, whereas the flaws 146-3, 146-4 and 146-5 extend in the length direction of the gasket contact portion 88. is doing.
  • the flaw 146-3 exists in the length direction of the gasket contact portion 88 and does not affect the sealing function of the gasket 94-1. Since the flaws 146-4 and 146-5 are present outside the gasket contact portion 88, they do not affect the sealing function of the gasket 94-1, so there is no problem.
  • the width of the gasket contact portion 88 is W
  • the width of the corrosion contact / indentation 144 and the scratch 146 in the width W in the same direction as the width W is rd
  • the surface state of the gasket contact portion 88 of the shell flange 82 is shown, but the same applies to the gasket contact portions 108 and 128 of the fixed tube plate 44 and the channel flanges 114 and 116 of the channel portion 46.
  • k1, k2, k3, and k4 are reference values of the depth v, and their magnitudes are k1> k2> k3> k4.
  • rd / W 1/4
  • marking is performed on the shell flange 82, the fixed tube plate 44, and the channel flange 114 as positioning of each member (S12).
  • the alignment mark 150 includes, for example, a straight line portion 150-1 parallel to the central axis of the fixed tube plate 44, a straight line portion 150-2 rising at a right angle to the shell flange 82 and the channel flange 114 at the same position as the straight line portion 150-1. 150-3 may be included.
  • the alignment mark 150 has the same form, and a plurality of positions of the shell flange 82, the fixed tube plate 44, and the channel flange 114, for example, about four formation positions at an angular interval of 90 degrees with respect to the central axis are set. Good.
  • alignment marks 150 are attached to a plurality of locations, as shown in FIG. 8C, the shell flange 82, the fixed tube plate 44, and the channel flange 114 are positioned before disassembly even if the apparatus main body 6 is disassembled. Can be placed.
  • the gasket 94-1 mounting step (S13) before the fixed tube plate 44 is mounted, the gasket 94-1 is mounted on the gasket contact portion 88 of the shell portion 42 as shown in FIG.
  • the gasket 94-1 is positioned and mounted after confirming corrosion, dents and scratches at the gasket contact portion 88.
  • corrosion, dents or scratches are found in the gasket contact portion 88, the necessity of repair is confirmed, and repair is performed as necessary.
  • the inlet side tube group 96-1, the outgoing side tube group 96-2 and the support are attached to the shell portion 42 to which the gasket 94-1 is attached.
  • the plate 100 is inserted, and the fixed tube plate 44 is attached to the shell flange 82 with the gasket 94-1 interposed therebetween (S14).
  • the fixed tube plate 44 is suspended from the portable support mechanism 8-1, and is held at a position that matches the position of the shell portion 42, while the fixed tube plate 44 is held from above the gasket 94-1 of the shell flange 82. Install in.
  • the gasket 94-2 is attached to the gasket contact portion 108 of the fixed tube plate 44 attached to the shell portion 42 (S15).
  • the gasket 94-2 is mounted, the gasket 94-2 is positioned and mounted after confirming the corrosion / indentation 144 and the scratch 146 at the gasket contact portion 108 of the fixed tube plate 44.
  • corrosion, dents or scratches are found in the gasket contact portion 108, the necessity of repair is confirmed, and repair is performed as necessary.
  • the channel flange 114 of the channel portion 46 is mounted on the shell flange 82 with the fixed tube plate 44 interposed therebetween (S16).
  • This attachment requires careful operation such as avoiding collision between the channel portion 46 and the fixed tube plate 44 or the shell portion 42 when the channel portion 46 is moved.
  • the bolt 54 and the nut 56 to be temporarily fixed are attached to the shell flange 82 and the channel flange 114, and the shell flange 82, the fixed tube plate 44 and the channel flange 114 are aligned ( S17).
  • the bolt 54 and the nut 56 are selected at intervals of 90 degrees around the center axis of the shell flange 82 and the channel flange 114, that is, at four diagonal points. Then, diagonal stops are performed by tightening the bolts 54 and the nuts 56 in a diagonal direction in stages. Even in this temporary fixing, stepwise diagonal tightening is used to prevent one-sided tightening.
  • the positions of the shell flange 82, the fixed tube plate 44, and the channel flange 114 are matched by using the aforementioned alignment marks 150 attached to a plurality of locations before disassembly as a clue and matching the alignment marks 150.
  • the end portion of the partition plate 98 is formed in the fitting groove 104 of the fixed tube plate 44 as shown in FIG. It is inserted and it is in a normal assembled state. That is, the riding-up state of the partition plate 98 due to misalignment is avoided in the bolt temporary fixing and centering step.
  • the partition plate 98 is not inserted into the fitting groove 104 of the fixed tube plate 44 as shown in FIG. It rides on the fixed tube plate 44 outside the fitting groove 104 and becomes an abnormal assembly state. In this state, the functions of the gaskets 94-1 and 94-2 cannot be obtained.
  • the fixed tube plate 44 may be pushed up by the lifting device 152 from the lower side to perform centering.
  • the gap between the shell flange 82 and the fixed tube plate 44 is visually confirmed, and the plunger 154 of the lifting device 152 moves the fixed tube plate 44.
  • Adjust the height As shown in FIG. 12B, the lifting device 152 is disposed below the channel flange 114, and the fixed tube plate 44 is placed on the plunger 154. The height of the channel flange 114 may be adjusted by visually confirming the degree of the gap and moving the plunger 154 of the elevating device 152 forward and backward.
  • the shell flange 82, the fixed tube plate 44 and the channel flange 114 can be aligned.
  • This bolt tightening process includes the presence / absence of tightening management, tightening tools, temporary tightening and final tightening, and practical training on tightening procedures.
  • the tightening force required for the seal is managed by an appropriate tool and an appropriate procedure together with the tightening torque instruction.
  • a torque wrench capable of managing the tightening force may be used as the tightening tool, and the tightening force necessary for sealing is managed.
  • the tightening force necessary for the seal can be tightened with an appropriate tool in the correct procedure. If there is no tightening control, the tightening torque is instructed, but the control of the tightening force is left to the practitioner.
  • the tightening tool a tool such as a hand spanner that can perform a tightening force necessary for sealing as if it were a practitioner is used. In the practice of seal construction, both tightening management and non-tightening management may be performed.
  • Tightening tools include ratchet torque wrench, digital torque wrench, bolt tensioner, hydraulic wrench, etc. that can be tightened, and ratchet wrench, hand spanner, spectacle wrench, striking spectacle wrench, etc. that are difficult to tighten.
  • a bolt having a bolt dimension of less than 1 inch is used for the small-diameter flange.
  • a torque wrench, ratchet wrench, spanner or spectacle wrench is used to tighten the bolt.
  • This torque wrench tightening management by torque is easy, and it can be used for dangerous fluids such as medium pressure / medium temperature, flammable fluid, toxic fluid, etc. as typical use places, but to generate large torque
  • the ratchet wrench, spanner, and spectacle wrench leave the adjustment of the tightening force to the operator's sense, so skill is required for the tightening work, and typical applications are to low pressure and low temperature, such as utilities.
  • Bolt size 1 inch or larger is used for large diameter flanges.
  • a hydraulic wrench, a bolt tensioner, and a hitting spectacle wrench are used for tightening the bolt.
  • This hydraulic wrench tightening management is easy, large tightening force can be generated, multiple bolts can be tightened at once, and the use location can be up to medium temperature and medium pressure, such as flammable fluid, toxic fluid, etc.
  • Bolt tensioners can manage tightening by axial force, can generate large tightening force, and can be used for hazardous fluids such as flammable fluids and toxic fluids, up to high pressure and high temperature. Since the hitting spectacle wrench is tightened by hitting, the variation is large and the tightening management is difficult.
  • Temporary tightening and final tightening are tightening methods aiming to reach the target load efficiently and accurately. Temporary tightening is performed before final tightening. Temporarily tighten the target bolts diagonally in stages. This prevents one-sided tightening. In this tightening, all bolts are tightened in a loop to achieve the target tightening force. In the round tightening, coupled with the numbering, the moving distance is short, and it is possible to prevent tightening mistakes and to equalize the tightening force, thereby making the tightening work more efficient.
  • FIG. 13A shows a tightening procedure for temporary tightening of 16 bolts. This procedure is for tightening individual bolts with tightening control. [1] to [16] are bolt numbers.
  • the tightening procedure shall be diagonal.
  • the numbers attached to the arrows indicate the tightening order with respect to the bolt numbers [1] to [16].
  • the tightening torque may be increased stepwise, 10% for the first time, 20% for the second time, 60% for the third time, and 110% for the fourth time.
  • finish of each time several places, for example, four places of the space
  • a caliper may be used as the measuring instrument.
  • Tightening with a large tightening force at a time causes one-sided tightening, but one-step tightening can prevent one-sided tightening. Since the channel flange 114 having 16 bolts corresponds to a large-diameter flange, it is not necessary to temporarily tighten all the bolts.
  • FIG. 13B shows a tightening procedure for the final tightening of 16 bolts.
  • the number of rounds of this tightening may be repeated from 4 rounds to 6 rounds, but the fixed tube plate 44 provided with two gaskets 94-1 and 94-2 increases the number of rounds, and all nuts cannot turn. Tighten until the condition is reached. If the number of turns is increased in this way, it is possible to avoid a decrease in tightening force due to the influence of elastic interaction.
  • Elastic interaction is a phenomenon in which the axial force of a bolt adjacent to a tightened bolt decreases.
  • This evaluation step mainly verifies and evaluates the sealing performance of the assembled apparatus main body 6. For example, if the outlet port 118-2 is closed, a compressor is connected to the inlet port 118-1, and a pressurized gas is allowed to flow, the inlet space portion 140, the inlet tube group 96-1, the space portion 138, The outlet side tube group 96-2 and the outlet side space 142 can be integrally maintained in a pressurized state, and the airtight state of the gaskets 94-1, 94-2, 94-3, which are seal members, can be confirmed. In this airtight test, for example, a soapy water film may be adhered to the seal portion, and the leakage state may be confirmed by the generation of soapy water bubbles due to leakage or the expanded state thereof.
  • the gutter shell portion 42 is set to be short while having the same diameter as that of the actual machine, the time until the pressurized fluid is poured and the pressure is increased to a predetermined pressure can be shortened. Unlike this, safety can be ensured and the safety of practitioners is improved.
  • Training can be done on a daily basis by aligning cores assuming a single-tightened gasket, tightening procedures for bolts and nuts, and adjusting axial force.
  • FIG. 14 shows a training apparatus (seal construction training apparatus) 2-2 according to the second embodiment.
  • the training device 2-2 includes a training device 2-1 and a monitoring unit 162.
  • the monitoring unit 162 is a means for monitoring the training status of the training device 2-1.
  • the monitoring unit 162 detects the axial force of the bolt 54 of the training device 2-1, and generates a distribution figure based on the detected axial force. Monitor the condition.
  • the training apparatus 2-1 has a simulated heat exchanger configuration, and has been described in detail in the first embodiment, so that description thereof is omitted.
  • the monitoring unit 162 includes a sensor group 164, a data logger 166, a personal computer (PC) 168, and a monitor 170.
  • the sensor group 164 includes, for example, a plurality of sensors 164-1, 164-2,... 164-16 that detect the axial force of 16 bolts of the training device 2-1, and individually detect the axial force of each bolt 54. To detect.
  • Each of the sensors 164-1, 164-2,... 164-16 may be a sensor that outputs an axial force F as an electric signal, and any of a pressure sensor, strain gauge, displacement meter, load meter, etc. may be used.
  • a sensor that directly detects the tightening force of the gasket 8 may be used.
  • Each sensor output of the sensor group 164 is taken into the data logger 166 and accumulated.
  • Each detection axial force is, for example, an electric signal and is electrically integrated in the data logger 166.
  • the data logger 166 is an example of a data accumulation unit, and may be configured by a computer or may be substituted by the PC 168.
  • Each detection axial force is taken into the PC 168 from the data logger 166 at a predetermined timing.
  • the PC 168 is an example of an information generation unit.
  • the PC 168 digitizes and captures each detected axial force, and executes information processing for creating a distribution diagram of the detected axial force.
  • axial force information by a normal flange is used as the comparative axial force.
  • the coordinates and drawing information obtained by this information processing are provided to the monitor 170.
  • the monitor 170 is an example of information presenting means for presenting an axial force distribution graphic.
  • the monitor 170 presents an axial force graphic together with coordinates on the screen.
  • the monitor 170 may be connected to the PC 168 by wire or wireless, or a PC display may be used.
  • FIG. 15 shows the bolt 54 provided with the sensor 164-1.
  • Each bolt 54 is provided with a sensor 164-1 for detecting an axial force.
  • a strain gauge is used for the sensor 164-1.
  • the sensor 164-1 detects the distortion of the bolt 54 due to the torque T applied to the nut 56, and this distortion is the axial force F.
  • a cable 172 is connected to the sensor 164-1, and the detected axial force F is taken out as a sensor output through the cable 172.
  • the other sensors 164-2... 164-16 and in this example, the axial forces of the 16 sets of bolts 54 are extracted from the sensor group 164 as sensor outputs.
  • the PC 168 includes a processor 174, a storage unit 176, an input / output unit (I / O) 178, a communication unit 180, and an operation input unit 182.
  • the processor 174 executes information processing such as various computer programs such as an OS (Operating System) and a construction monitoring program stored in the storage unit 176.
  • information processing includes various calculations possible with a computer such as calculation of tightening force, recording of construction history, control of the monitor 170, monitoring of construction or construction management. Processing is included.
  • the storage unit 176 includes, for example, a ROM (Read-Only Memory) and a RAM (Random-Access Memory) as storage devices, and an OS and a monitoring program are stored in the ROM.
  • a database (DB) 184 that stores detection information, drawing information, and the like is constructed in the storage unit 176, and detection information that is captured from the data logger 166 is stored in the DB 184.
  • the detection information includes each sensor output obtained from the sensor group 164.
  • the I / O 178 is used to send and receive image data to and from the monitor 170.
  • a data logger 166 is connected to the communication unit 180 by a cable 186.
  • the operation input unit 182 includes, for example, an input device such as a keyboard and a mouse, and is used for screen operation and information input.
  • FIG. 17 shows a processing procedure for monitoring the detected axial force.
  • This processing procedure is an example of the construction training program of the present invention.
  • each sensor output is taken into the data logger 166 from the sensor group 164 and the detected axial force is accumulated (S102). .
  • This accumulation corresponds to a) taking in and storing each detected axial force in the information processing described above.
  • the drawing process of the detected axial force and comparative axial force is performed (S103).
  • This processing includes the above-described b) position information of each detected axial force and generation of plotting information representing the distribution of the detected axial force, c) generation of coordinates for developing the axial force distribution, d) comparative axial force and position information. Generation of plotting information representing the distribution of the comparison axial force is included.
  • the distribution diagram of the detected axial force and the comparative axial force is displayed on the monitor 170 on the coordinates (S104).
  • the change in the detected axial force is monitored to determine whether the bolt 54 has been tightened (S105). If the tightening of the bolt 54 is not completed (NO in S105), the processing of S102 to S105 is continued. As a result, the change in the detected axial force is reflected in the distribution graphic displayed on the monitor 170, and the detected axial force is dynamically displayed as a change in the distribution graphic.
  • the distribution diagram of the detected axial force and the comparative axial force is displayed on the coordinates when the tightening is completed (S106), and this construction monitoring process is completed.
  • the difference in axial force distribution between the case of the fixed tube sheet 44 and the case of the normal flange can be recognized.
  • FIG. 18 shows a presentation image generated on the screen of the monitor 170. Coordinates 190 are displayed on the presentation image 188, and a detected axial force distribution graphic 192 and a comparative axial force distribution graphic 194 are displayed on the coordinates 190.
  • [1], [2]... [16] are bolt numbers, and the coordinate axes y1, y2... Y16 correspond to the arrangement of the plurality of bolts 54.
  • the number of coordinate axes corresponds to the number of bolts 16, but the number of coordinate axes y may be set in accordance with the number of bolts to be arranged.
  • Each coordinate axis y1, y2,..., Y16 is provided with a scale 196 that represents a positive axial force level in a direction away from the zero point. The magnitude of the detected axial force, its change, and the axial force value can be visually recognized by the plot points of the scale and the detected axial force.
  • the distribution graphic 192 is formed by plotting the detected axial forces F1, F2,... F16 of each bolt 54 and connecting adjacent plot points with a straight line.
  • the distribution graphic 194 is formed by plotting recommended axial forces Fref1, Fref2,... Fref16 as comparative axial forces and connecting adjacent plot points with straight lines. These recommended axial forces Fref1, Fref2,..., Fref16 are axial force values at the final tightening 4 times of the bolt 54.
  • the distribution figures 192 and 194 are compared, it is possible to easily visually recognize whether the detected axial force is excessive or insufficient with respect to the comparative axial force.
  • the bolt number [16] since the detected axial force F16 substantially matches the recommended axial force Fref16, it has reached the recommended value, while other detected axial forces F1... F15 are recommended. Since the axial forces Fref1 to Fref15 have not been reached, it can be seen that the axial force must be increased.
  • FIG. 19A shows the display of the distribution graphic when there is no tightening management. Without tightening management, tightening is left to the practitioner, so that the detected axial force distribution graphic 192-1 is greatly deviated from the comparative axial force distribution graphic 194-1.
  • Fig. 19B shows the display of the distribution graphic in the case of tightening management. Without tightening management, the tightening is managed to an appropriate value. As a result, the detected axial force distribution pattern 192-2 is not greatly deviated from the comparative axial force distribution pattern 194-2, and an almost identical construction state is obtained. It can be visually recognized. In this case, distribution diagrams 192-2 and 194-2 of the detected axial force and the comparative axial force for the final tightening 6 rounds are shown.
  • the training apparatus 2-1 simulates a heat exchanger.
  • the shell flange 82 and the channel flange 114 are connected as shown in FIG.
  • a fixed tube plate 44 is interposed therebetween, and a gasket 94-1 is installed on the back side of the fixed tube plate 44, and a gasket 94-2 is installed on the front side thereof, and these are fastened by bolts 54 and nuts 56.
  • the central bolt 54 is designated as a bolt 54N
  • the left bolt 54 is designated as a bolt 54S.
  • a tightening torque ⁇ is applied to the nut 56 of the bolt 54N, as shown in FIG. 20B
  • the shell flange 82, the channel flange 114, the fixed tube plate 44, and the gaskets 94-1 and 94-2 are formed around the bolt 54N. Tightened.
  • an axial force F corresponding to the tightening torque ⁇ is generated in the bolt 54N.
  • This axial force F is defined as F1.
  • the axial force F1 applied to the bolt 54N due to the elastic interaction of the fixed tube plate 44, the shell flange 82, and the channel flange 114 is applied to the central bolt 54N adjacent to the bolt 54S.
  • the axial force F1 applied to the bolt 54N is reduced to the axial force F2 by the elastic interaction of the fixed tube plate 44, the shell flange 82, and the channel flange 114.
  • the axial force changes by ⁇ F in the negative direction.
  • F2 ⁇ F1 ⁇ F (1) This change in axial force is large compared to simple flange joint tightening.
  • FIG. 21A shows a distribution diagram 192 of the detected axial force at the coordinates 190.
  • FIG. For ease of explanation, the distribution graphic 192 shows an ideal axial force distribution of the axial force F1.
  • the bolts 54 and the nuts 56 between the shell flange 82 and the channel flange 114 may be tightened either individually or in multiple bolts. Independent tightening is the case where the bolts 54 and nuts 56 to be tightened at a time are single, whereas multiple tightening is in the case of multiple bolts 54 and nuts 56 to be tightened at a time.
  • step 1a shows steps 1a, 1b, 1c and step 2 in which the two bolts 54 and the nut 56 are simultaneously tightened under tightening management.
  • step 2 as shown in FIG. 22D, the bolt numbers [2]-[10], [3]-starting from the two bolts 54 and nuts 56 of bolt numbers [1] and [9] are used. [11] ...
  • the clockwise turn order is illustrated, but it may be counterclockwise as long as it is the same direction.
  • FIG. 23A and 23B schematically show a case where bolts 54 and nuts 56 for fastening the gasket 94-1 between the shell flange 82 and the channel flange 114 are individually tightened.
  • many tightening times are required. That is, as shown in FIG. 23A, when the axial force F1 is applied to the bolt 54L, the channel flange 114 is inclined with respect to the shell flange 82 from the parallel state of the shell flange 82 and the channel flange 114. causes an axial force change of the axial force ⁇ F2.
  • FIGS. 24A and 24B schematically show a case where a plurality of bolts, for example, two bolts, are tightened simultaneously on bolts 54 and nuts 56 that tighten the gasket 94-1 between the shell flange 82 and the channel flange 114. Is shown.
  • FIG. 24A when the axial force F1 is simultaneously applied to the bolts 54L and 54R, the axial force F1 is common to the bolts 54L and 54R, and the inclination between the flange of the shell flange 82 and the channel flange 114 is reduced.
  • the simultaneous tightening of a plurality of bolts has the advantage that the number of times of tightening is small and one-side tightening is difficult to occur.
  • 25A shows distribution diagrams 192-3 and 194-3 of the detected axial force and the comparative axial force for single tightening.
  • the distribution graphic 192-3 represents the detected axial force after six rounds of single tightening and final tightening
  • the distribution graphic 194-3 represents the recommended tightening axial force.
  • the single tightening distribution graphic 192-3 has a variation in the detected axial force. Tightening takes about 40 minutes, 16 times for temporary fastening and 96 times for final fastening, and about 20 seconds are required for one fastening.
  • FIG. 25B shows distribution diagrams 192-4 and 194-4 of the detected axial force and the comparative axial force for plural tightening.
  • the distribution graphic 192-4 represents the detected axial force after two tightening and two rounds of final tightening
  • the distribution graphic 194-4 represents the recommended tightening axial force.
  • the variation in the detected axial force is negligible in the multiple-tightening distribution graphic 192-4.
  • the tightening is shortened to about 15 minutes, and the temporary tightening is 6 times and the final tightening is 16 times, and it takes about 40 seconds for one tightening. Multiple tightening can greatly reduce the number of tightening times and shorten the time.
  • FIG. 26 shows a tightening procedure of the bolt 54 and the nut 56.
  • construction conditions Prior to tightening, construction conditions are selected and input (S301). This construction condition is precondition information on the selection of the gaskets 94-1 and 94-2 and the magnitude of the tightening force.
  • Tightening management is to manage a tightening tool, a tightening force to be applied, and a tightening procedure. Specifically, at least, h) Selecting an appropriate tightening tool i) Obtaining the necessary tightening force for sealing with an appropriate tightening tool j) It is necessary to perform tightening in the correct procedure. Therefore, when tightening management is “present”, these are satisfied, and “without” tightening management is not satisfied or left to the contractor's freedom.
  • the tightening force is calculated according to the construction conditions (S304). This tightening force may be calculated using gasket tightening force (full load), tightening torque, bolt diameter, recommended tightening surface pressure, gasket contact area, torque coefficient, number of bolts, and the like.
  • the gasket clamping force Wg Wg
  • the recommended clamping surface pressure ⁇ g
  • the gasket contact area Ag
  • the gasket contact area Ag2 of the gasket 94-2 is determined from the contact outer diameter, contact inner diameter, and width and length (end surface area) of the partition plate 98 of the gasket 94-2.
  • Ag2 ( ⁇ / 4) ⁇ ⁇ (contact outer diameter) 2 ⁇ (contact inner diameter) 2 ⁇ (width of partition plate 98 ⁇ length) ⁇ ⁇ (Four) It is.
  • the tightening torque T T [N ⁇ m]
  • the torque coefficient (0.2) is k
  • the external diameter (m) of the male screw is d
  • the number of bolts is bn
  • the torque coefficient k is 0.14 to 0.20 to 0.26 for general machine oils and fats such as spindle oil, machine oil, and turbine oil, and 0.10 to 0.15 to low friction oils such as molybdenum disulfide. 0.20 and no lubrication may be 0.25 to 0.55.
  • a tightening tool and a tightening procedure are specified (S305), and tightening is performed using the specified tightening tool and tightening procedure (S306).
  • This tightening may be a predetermined tightening procedure, for example, a tightening procedure conforming to the standards of JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) or ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers). The measurement includes the direction of lap, the number of laps, and calipers between flanges.
  • the elastic force is generated in the fixed tube plate 44, the shell flange 82, and the channel flange 114 by the axial force F of each bolt 54.
  • the elastic interaction is a phenomenon in which, for example, when a bolt 54 is tightened, each bolt 54 adjacent to the bolt 54 is loosened, and the tightening force between the bolts 54 is reduced.
  • construction monitoring processing is performed (S307).
  • the detected axial force distribution graphic is dynamically displayed on the coordinates.
  • FIG. 27 shows the processing procedure of the monitoring processing of S307 and S310 in the flowchart of FIG. This processing procedure is an example of an execution procedure of a program executed on a computer.
  • Temporary tightening is a process executed before final tightening, and includes attachment of the nut 56 to each bolt 54, alignment adjustment, tightening of the nut 56 before final tightening, and the like.
  • the alignment adjustment includes setting the positions of the gaskets 94-1 and 94-2 and the bolts 54.
  • torque T is applied to the bolt 54 by a tightening tool to reach the comparative axial force (target tightening force) step by step.
  • the processor 62 takes in each detected axial force from the sensor group 164 by executing the program (S401), and performs a graphic process of the detected axial force F and the comparative axial force Fref (S402).
  • the distribution graphic 194 of the comparison axial force Fref is dynamically displayed on the coordinates along with the distribution graphic 192 of the detected axial force F on the coordinates (S403).
  • ratchet torque wrench for example, ratchet torque wrench, digital torque wrench, bolt tensioner, ratchet wrench, spanner, spectacle wrench, striking wrench, etc. exist in the tightening tool.
  • the results of tightening with these tools can be compared with distribution figures, and selection information for selecting an appropriate tool for high-quality seal construction can be obtained.
  • An ideal seal state can be realized by making the detected axial force reach the comparative axial force while comparing the distribution figures of the detected axial force and comparative axial force on the common coordinates.
  • the change in the distribution pattern can be recognized according to the detected axial force, the influence of the elastic interaction of the flange can be easily recognized, the tightening force can be applied based on the influence of the elastic interaction, and the tightening work Can improve their skills.
  • FIG. 28 shows a training apparatus (seal construction training apparatus) 2-3 according to the third embodiment.
  • the training device 2-3 includes a training device 2-1 and a monitoring unit 198.
  • the monitoring unit 198 is a means for monitoring the training status of the training device 2-1.
  • the monitoring unit 198 photographs the training content of the training device 2-1, and monitors the construction state using the training video.
  • the training apparatus 2-1 has a simulated heat exchanger configuration, and has been described in detail in the first embodiment, so that description thereof is omitted.
  • the monitoring unit 198 includes a plurality of cameras 200-1, 200-2... 200-N, an image capture unit 202, a PC 204, a memory unit 206, and monitors 208-1, 208-2. .
  • Cameras 200-1, 200-2,... 200-N are examples of imaging means for imaging the training content from a desired part.
  • Each camera 200-1, 200-2... 200-N has a panoramic view, a practitioner, an apparatus main body 6, a shell 42, a fixed tube plate 44, a channel 46, gaskets 94-1, 94-2, 94. -3, photograph individual parts from the entire bolt 54 and nut 56, etc., and photograph at least the tightening condition of the bolt 54 and the compression condition of the gaskets 94-1, 94-2, 94-3.
  • the optical system of each camera 200-1, 200-2... 200-N may include a zoom lens, a macro lens, and the like.
  • Each of the cameras 200-1, 200-2... 200-N is in a continuous shooting state, for example, and each imaging output is captured by the image capturing unit 202.
  • the image capturing unit 202 is controlled by the PC 204 and captures all or individual imaging outputs of the cameras 200-1, 200-2,... 200-N at predetermined time intervals or continuous times.
  • the PC 204 is an example of an image processing unit, and selects and edits a necessary image from an image output captured by the image capturing unit 202. That is, the PC 204 is used as an editing unit that edits an image obtained from any one or more of the cameras 200-1, 200-2,. The PC 204 may also be used as the PC 168 of the second embodiment.
  • the image processed by the PC 204 is stored in the memory unit 206 and made into a database. That is, the edited image is stored in association with the practitioner, and may be used for verification or evaluation of the practice content by performing image reproduction after the practice.
  • Monitors 208-1, 208-2,... 208-N are examples of image display means for displaying a plurality of different images. These monitors 208-1, 208-2 ... 208-N may correspond to the cameras 200-1, 200-2 ... 200-N, but it is not always necessary to match the two. Monitors 208-1, 208-2... 208-N should not be construed as comprising multiple monitors. In other words, a single monitor screen may be divided into a plurality of image display areas, and a single screen may be divided into a plurality of monitors 208-1, 208-2... 208-N by time sharing. The function may be realized. In addition, the monitors 208-1, 208-2,... 208-N may also be used as the monitor 170 of the second embodiment.
  • the supervisor can move away from the trainee and check the training content with images, which can increase the degree of freedom of operation for the trainee and facilitate training management.
  • the trainee can objectively verify and evaluate his / her training content with reference to the recorded images, it can improve the training effect and accuracy of seal construction, and contribute to improving reliability. it can.
  • all bolts may be tightened in the order of numbers assigned to the bolts as shown in FIG.
  • numbers with four or eight equally spaced bolts attached to the bolts Tighten in this order With large diameter flanges, it is not necessary to temporarily tighten all bolts.
  • the contact portions 88 and 128 may be surrounded, but the training device is preferably configured to expose the peripheral edges of the gaskets 94-1, 94-2, and 94-3 and confirm the training state.
  • the first portable support mechanism 8-1 and the second portable support mechanism 8-2 are provided, but the functions of the first portable support mechanism 8-1 A single portable support mechanism having one or both of the functions of the two portable support mechanisms 8-2 may be configured.
  • the first portable support mechanism 8-1 and the second portable support mechanism 8-2 use the gantry as the support means, the support means other than the gantry may be used as the support means.
  • practical training similar to a real machine can be performed using a structure equivalent to a heat exchanger that is a real machine, and training is also performed assuming that it is difficult to practice with a real machine. It is possible to improve the skills of trainees, improve the accuracy of seal construction, and contribute to the improvement of reliability.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Educational Administration (AREA)
  • Educational Technology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Gasket Seals (AREA)
  • Automatic Assembly (AREA)
PCT/JP2017/024311 2016-07-07 2017-07-03 シール施工の実習装置および実習方法 WO2018008585A1 (ja)

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JP2018526360A JP6546347B2 (ja) 2016-07-07 2017-07-03 シール施工の実習装置および実習方法
CN201780041952.XA CN109416890B9 (zh) 2016-07-07 2017-07-03 密封施工的实习装置和实习方法
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WO2022009864A1 (ja) * 2020-07-08 2022-01-13 株式会社バルカー ガスケットの管理方法、システムおよびプログラム
WO2022009865A1 (ja) * 2020-07-08 2022-01-13 株式会社バルカー ガスケット、その管理の方法、システムおよびプログラム
JP2022074032A (ja) * 2020-10-30 2022-05-17 ニチアス株式会社 複数のボルトから締結操作中のボルトを判別する方法、プログラムを記録したコンピュータ読み取り可能な記録媒体、プログラムを記録したコンピュータ読み取り可能な記録媒体を有する装置、複数のボルトから緩め操作中のボルトを判別する方法
JP7295197B2 (ja) 2020-10-30 2023-06-20 ニチアス株式会社 フランジ部ボルト締結教習方法、フランジ部ボルト締結教習プログラム、及びこれを記録したコンピュータ読み取り可能な記録媒体を有する装置

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KR102089205B1 (ko) 2020-03-13
CN109416890B9 (zh) 2021-05-11
JP6546347B2 (ja) 2019-07-17
CN109416890B (zh) 2021-02-09
TW201805585A (zh) 2018-02-16
SG11201811790QA (en) 2019-01-30

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