WO2017138557A1 - 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍に対するt細胞輸注療法の前処置薬 - Google Patents
免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍に対するt細胞輸注療法の前処置薬 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pretreatment drug that enhances the effect of T cell infusion therapy on immune checkpoint inhibitor resistant tumors.
- T cells play an important role in tumor immune responses.
- T cells are complexed with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, etc.) via the T cell receptor (TCR) expressed on the cell surface. Recognizes the displayed epitope protein-derived epitope peptide. This reaction is called antigen stimulation.
- antigen stimulation Simultaneously with antigen stimulation, a costimulatory signal is established by the membrane protein CD28 present on the T cell surface and the membrane protein CD80 or CD86 on the antigen-presenting cell.
- a control mechanism called immune checkpoint is provided so that the function of T cells does not become excessive.
- the membrane protein CTLA-4 is expressed on activated T cells and binds to CD80 or CD86 of antigen presenting cells. As a result, the binding between CD28 and CD80 or CD28 and CD86 is blocked to prevent the formation of a costimulatory signal, and a suppressor signal is input into the T cell.
- CTLA-4 expressed in regulatory T cells has the effect of suppressing the activity of antigen-presenting cells by binding to CD80 or CD86 on antigen-presenting cells. Through these actions, CTLA-4 functions as an immune checkpoint molecule that suppresses the action of T cells.
- the membrane protein PD-1 whose expression is enhanced upon T cell activation, is a type of immune checkpoint molecule.
- PD-L1 is known as a ligand that binds to PD-1.
- PD-L1 is expressed on many tumor cells and activated immune cells.
- the PD-1 signal suppresses the TCR signal upon antigen stimulation.
- cytokine production and cell killing activity of T cells are reduced.
- PD-1 signal has the effect of suppressing T cell proliferation and survival.
- Immunity checkpoint molecules such as CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1 weaken the function of tumor-specific T cells. As a result, tumors are one of the main causes of escape from immunity. By inhibiting the action of CTLA-4, PD-1 or PD-L1, the action of tumor-specific T cells can be restored and the immune attack against the tumor can be enhanced.
- the utility of inhibitors against immune checkpoint molecules has been evaluated in various human cancers.
- CTLA-4 inhibitory antibodies and PD-1 inhibitory antibodies show excellent therapeutic effects such as tumor shrinkage and survival extension in patients with refractory melanoma, lung cancer and renal cell carcinoma. However, the therapeutic effect remains at about 20-30% for all cancer types. Many cancer patients are resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Development of effective treatments for cancer patients resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors has become an important issue in cancer medicine.
- Non-patent Document 2 In a non-clinical tumor model in which the mouse melanoma cell line B16F10 or mouse colon cancer cell line CT26 was subcutaneously transplanted into a wild-type mouse, radiation and STING were used under the condition where no clear therapeutic effect was observed with the anti-PD-1 antibody alone. Combination therapy of an GM-CSF gene-introduced tumor cell vaccine treated with an agonist and an anti-PD-1 antibody shows a therapeutic effect (Non-patent Document 2).
- Non-patent Document 3 Inhibition of DNA methylation in a non-clinical tumor model in which the mouse breast cancer cell line 4T1 is subcutaneously transplanted into a wild-type mouse under conditions where no combination of anti-CTLA-4 antibody and anti-PD-1 antibody shows a clear therapeutic effect A four-drug combination therapy of an agent, an HDAC inhibitor, an anti-CTLA-4 antibody, and an anti-PD-1 antibody shows a therapeutic effect (Non-patent Document 3).
- anti-PD-1 antibody alone does not show a clear therapeutic effect against human Her2.
- Non-patent Document 4 Combination therapy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) gene-introduced T cells and anti-PD-1 antibody shows a therapeutic effect. These reports are all characterized by combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with other cancer therapeutics. Tumors that have a therapeutic effect are limited to those that express a target molecule of an immune checkpoint inhibitor.
- CAR chimeric antigen receptor
- Non-patent document 5 The treatment methods shown in Non-Patent Documents 1 to 4 are all characterized by combining an immune checkpoint inhibitor and other cancer therapeutic agents. These therapies are effective against tumors that express target molecules for immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, these therapies may be less effective against tumors that do not express immune checkpoint inhibitor target molecules. Based on these results, there is a need for new therapies for tumors that do not express immune checkpoint inhibitor target molecules.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a therapeutic technique for immune checkpoint inhibitor resistant tumors. Specifically, it is to provide a pretreatment drug (antigen-loaded nanogel and immunopotentiator) that exhibits an extremely high antitumor / tumor suppressive effect by being used in combination with T cell infusion therapy.
- a pretreatment drug antigen-loaded nanogel and immunopotentiator
- the present inventor examined an effective treatment method for a tumor that is low in expression of a target molecule of an immune checkpoint inhibitor in a tumor site and is resistant to the inhibitor.
- an antigen-loaded nanogel obtained by combining a synthetic long-chain peptide antigen or a recombinant protein antigen and a hydrophobized polysaccharide nanogel was used in combination with an immunopotentiator. It has been found that antigen-specific T cell infusion is highly effective against tumors that are resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors, and the present invention has been basically completed.
- a pharmaceutical composition administered prior to administration of T cells specific for an antigen in T cell infusion therapy for immune checkpoint inhibitor resistant tumor, wherein the CD8 positive cytotoxic T derived from the antigen A pharmaceutical composition comprising an antigen-loaded nanogel in which a long-chain peptide antigen or protein antigen containing a cell recognition epitope and / or a CD4 positive helper T cell recognition epitope is loaded on a hydrophobic polysaccharide nanogel.
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising T cells specific for the antigen for administration after administration of the antigen-loaded nanogel, the antigen-loaded nanogel
- a recombinant protein antigen can also be used as a long-chain peptide antigen or a protein antigen.
- a nucleic acid having a base sequence encoding a protein having a predetermined amino acid sequence is prepared, and a recombinant protein is expressed using a cell (eukaryotic cell or prokaryotic cell) incorporating the nucleic acid, A recombinant protein antigen is obtained by purification by a known method.
- composition according to any one of 1) to 5 which comprises a sequence selected from the group consisting of asparagine.
- TLR Toll-like receptor
- STING agonist STING agonist
- RLR RIG-I-like receptor
- the present invention it is possible to provide a medicinal product useful for treating a tumor that does not express a target molecule of an immune checkpoint inhibitor and is resistant to the inhibitor.
- the hydrophobized polysaccharide nanogel which is a delivery system according to the present invention, an antigen-loaded nanogel containing a synthetic long-chain peptide antigen or a recombinant protein antigen, and an immunopotentiator as a pretreatment drug, antigen-specific T cell infusion can be prevented An effect of enhancing the cancer action can be obtained.
- CMS5a tumor can be cured by subcutaneous administration of long peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogel and CpG oligo DNA, followed by antigen-specific T cell infusion, and incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) instead of nanogel as a delivery system ), A graph showing that it does not work,
- CMS5a tumor, CHP nanogel loaded with long peptide antigen and CpG oligo DNA were intravenously administered and then antigen-specific T cell infusion was observed, A graph showing that the antigen-loaded nanogel of the present invention has the same effect even when administered intravenously,
- C antigen-specific T cells after administration of a long-chain peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogel and Poly-IC RNA to CMS5a tumor Since it can be cured by infusion, it is a graph showing that the immunopotentiator has the same effect with Poly-IC RNA.
- CMS5a tumor It is possible to cure CMS5a tumor by administering long-chain peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogel and CpG oligo DNA followed by antigen-specific T cell infusion, but omitting long-chain peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogel
- CMS5a tumor can be cured by administering long peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogel and CpG oligo DNA and then antigen-specific T cell infusion, but it does not work if CpG oligo DNA is omitted
- C CMS5a tumor can be cured by administering long-chain peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogel and CpG oligo DNA, followed by antigen-specific T cell infusion, but effective if antigen-specific T cell infusion is omitted It is a graph which shows that there is no.
- the pretreatment drug of the present invention comprises a CD8 positive cytotoxic T cell recognition epitope and a CD4 positive helper T cell recognition epitope derived from a tumor-specific antigen protein or a tumor stroma-specific antigen protein simultaneously 1 It is characterized by comprising one or more kinds of synthetic long-chain peptide antigens or recombinant protein antigens on a hydrophobic polysaccharide nanogel serving as a delivery system, and one or more kinds of immunopotentiators.
- the synthetic long peptide antigen is preferably a polypeptide consisting of 23 to 120 amino acids containing at least two T cell recognition epitopes.
- the synthetic long peptide antigen is preferably a polypeptide consisting of 23 to 80 amino acids containing at least two T cell recognition epitopes.
- the synthetic long peptide antigen is preferably a polypeptide consisting of 23 to 60 amino acids containing at least two T cell recognition epitopes.
- the recombinant protein antigen is a full-length or partial-length antigen protein that is produced in Escherichia coli, insect cells, or mammalian cells, containing two or more T cell recognition epitopes, and optionally containing a tag sequence for purification. It is desirable.
- the CD8 positive cytotoxic T cell recognition epitope is preferably a part of the amino acid sequence of a tumor-specific antigen protein or a tumor stroma-specific antigen protein.
- the CD4 positive helper T cell recognition epitope is preferably a part of the amino acid sequence of a tumor-specific antigen protein or a tumor stroma-specific antigen protein.
- the tumor-specific antigen protein is MAGE family, NY-ESO-1 / LAGE, SAGE, XAGE, HER2, PRAME, Ras, 5T4, WT1, p53, MUC-1, hTERT, RHAMM, Survivin, EGFRvIII, HPV E6, It is preferably selected from the group consisting of MART-1, gp100, CEA, IDO, Brachyury, Mesothelin, PSA and PSMA.
- the tumor stroma-specific antigen protein is preferably selected from the group consisting of FAP, VEGFR family and TEM1.
- the constituent polysaccharide of the hydrophobized polysaccharide nanogel is preferably pullulan or mannan.
- the hydrophobic group of the hydrophobized polysaccharide nanogel is preferably cholesterol.
- the hydrophobic polysaccharide nanogel is preferably nonionic.
- the hydrophobized polysaccharide nanogel preferably has a particle size of 80 nm or less.
- the immunopotentiator preferably contains a soluble TLR agonist, a soluble STING agonist, or a soluble RLR agonist. Examples of the soluble TLR agonist include CpG oligo DNA or Poly-IC RNA.
- soluble STING agonists include cyclic dinucleotides such as cdGMP and xanthenone derivatives such as DMXAA.
- soluble RLR agonist examples include 5′-triphosphorylated double-stranded RNA.
- the synthetic long-chain peptide antigen or recombinant protein antigen contains at least two or more T cell recognition epitopes contained in a tumor-specific antigen protein and / or a tumor stroma-specific antigen protein.
- the T cell recognition epitope is preferably one contained in a tumor-specific antigen protein or a tumor stroma-specific antigen protein.
- T cell recognition epitopes include CTL epitopes recognized by CD8 positive cytotoxic T cells and Th epitopes recognized by CD4 positive helper T cells.
- the synthetic long-chain peptide antigen or recombinant protein antigen of the present invention preferably contains at least one CTL epitope and one Th epitope simultaneously.
- a long-chain peptide antigen containing a CTL epitope and a long-chain peptide antigen containing a Th epitope can be used alone or in combination.
- the hydrophobized polysaccharide used in the present invention can be produced by a known method. Any polymer can be used without particular limitation as long as it is a polysaccharide in which polysaccharides and sugar residues are glycoside-bonded.
- a sugar residue constituting the polysaccharide for example, a residue derived from a saccharide such as glucose, mannose, galactose, or fucose, or a saccharide such as disaccharide or oligosaccharide can be used.
- the sugar residue may have a 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4- or 1,6-glycoside bond, and the bond may be either an ⁇ -type bond or a ⁇ -type bond.
- the polysaccharide may be either linear or branched.
- a glucose residue is preferable, and as the polysaccharide, natural or synthetic pullulan, dextran, amylose, amylopectin, or mannan, preferably mannan or pullulan is used.
- a polysaccharide having an average molecular weight of 50,000 to 150,000 can be used.
- the hydrophobic group for example, those in which single-chain and double-chain alkyl groups or sterol residues are introduced at a ratio of 1 to 5 per 100 monosaccharides (weight ratio of 5% or less) are preferable. Those introduced at a rate of 1 to 3 per weight (3% by weight or less) are more preferred.
- the hydrophobic group is not limited to an alkyl group or a sterol residue, and a hydrophobic group having a good encapsulation rate can be selected according to the molecular weight and isoelectric point of the antigen to be encapsulated.
- the sterol residue include cholesterol, stigmasterol, ⁇ -sitosterol, lanosterol, ergosterol residue and the like.
- a cholesterol residue can be used.
- the alkyl group preferably has 20 or less carbon atoms, and more preferably an alkyl group having 10 to 18 carbon atoms. As the alkyl group, either a straight chain or a branched chain can be used.
- hydrophobized polysaccharides include, for example, 1 to 5 primary hydroxyl groups per 100 sugars constituting the polysaccharide represented by the following formula (I): —O— (CH 2 ) m CONH (CH 2 ) n NH—CO -OR (I) (wherein R represents an alkyl group or a sterol residue; m represents 0 or 1; n represents an arbitrary positive integer) preferable.
- R represents an alkyl group or a sterol residue
- m represents 0 or 1
- n represents an arbitrary positive integer
- alkyl group or sterol residue n is preferably 1 to 8.
- the hydrophobized polysaccharide those bonded via a linker can be used.
- the hydrophobic polysaccharide is preferably nonionic.
- Hydrophobic polysaccharide nanogel particles carrying a combined growth chain peptide antigen or recombinant protein antigen are preferably those having a zeta potential of ⁇ 2.0 mV to +2.0 mV under physiological conditions. It is preferable that the particle size of the hydrophobized polysaccharide nanogel particles carrying the combined growth chain peptide antigen or the recombinant protein antigen is 80 nm or less.
- a pretreatment drug comprising an antigen-loaded nanogel in which a synthetic long-chain peptide antigen or a recombinant protein antigen is loaded on a hydrophobic polysaccharide nanogel serving as a delivery system and an immunopotentiator can be administered by various methods.
- a mucosal route in the form of a suitable parenteral route such as intravenous, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intradermal, adipose tissue, intramammary tissue, inhalation or intramuscular route, or nasal drops Is preferably administered.
- the pretreatment drug of the present invention is usually a preparation of a dosage form suitable for parenteral administration subcutaneously, intravenously, or intramuscularly as a preparation prepared by mixing an antigen-loaded nanogel and an immunopotentiator or as a separate preparation kit. can do.
- the dose of the antigen-loaded nanogel necessary for inducing desired immunity can be determined as appropriate. For example, as a normal dose, an amount of about 0.1 mg / dose to 10 mg / dose can be used as a synthetic long-chain peptide antigen or a recombinant protein antigen.
- the appropriate number of administration is 2 to 20 times.
- the dosing interval is selected between 1 day and 2 weeks as the interval between pretreatment drug and antigen-specific T cell infusion.
- the present invention provides a pretreatment agent for a therapeutic agent containing a cell population containing antigen-specific T cells as an active ingredient.
- the cell population suitable for treating a patient is administered by an administration method such as intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous, or intraperitoneal injection.
- the cell population can be prepared as an instillation or injection by mixing with a known organic or inorganic carrier, excipient or stabilizer suitable for parenteral administration according to a method known in the pharmaceutical field.
- the content, dosage, and other conditions of the cell population can be determined as appropriate according to known immunotherapy.
- the content of the cell population in the medicine is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 3 to 1 ⁇ 10 11 cells / mL, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 4 to 1 ⁇ 10 10 cells / mL, 1 ⁇ More preferably, 10 5 to 2 ⁇ 10 9 cells / mL.
- the dose of the therapeutic agent containing the cell population as an active ingredient is not particularly limited, but preferably 1 ⁇ 10 6 to 1 ⁇ 10 12 cells / day per adult, 1 ⁇ 10 7 to 5 ⁇ 10 11 The number per day is more preferable, and 1 ⁇ 10 8 to 2 ⁇ 10 11 times / day is more preferable.
- the method for producing a cell population can include a step of introducing a foreign gene into the cell population.
- the term “foreign gene” means a gene that is artificially introduced into a cell population containing T cells to be transfected, and includes those derived from the same species as the cell to be transfected.
- the means for introducing the foreign gene is not particularly limited, and an appropriate one can be selected and used by a known gene introduction method. Gene transfer can be performed with or without the use of a viral vector. There are many reports on the details of these methods.
- the virus vector is not particularly limited, and is a known virus vector used for gene transfer, for example, a retrovirus vector, a lentivirus vector, an adenovirus vector, an adeno-associated virus vector, a simian virus vector, a vaccinia virus vector, or Sendai.
- Viral vectors are used.
- a retroviral vector or a lentiviral vector that can stably incorporate a foreign gene into the chromosomal DNA of the introduced cell is particularly preferred.
- those lacking replication ability are preferable so that they cannot self-replicate in infected cells.
- RetroNectin registered trademark, manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.
- a substance that improves gene introduction efficiency such as RetroNectin (registered trademark, manufactured by Takara Bio Inc.)
- a gene introduction method without using a viral vector a method using a carrier such as liposome or ligand-polylysine, a calcium phosphate method, an electroporation method, a particle gun method, or the like can be used.
- a foreign gene incorporated into plasmid DNA, linear DNA or RNA is introduced.
- the foreign gene to be introduced is not particularly limited, and any gene (for example, an enzyme, cytokines, chemokines, antigen receptor such as T cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), Antisense nucleic acid, siRNA, miRNA, ribozyme, and aptamer encoding other than those encoding proteins such as receptors or ligands of stimulating molecules can be used.
- the foreign gene can be used, for example, by being inserted into a vector or a plasmid so as to be expressed under the control of an appropriate promoter. Control sequences such as enhancer or terminator sequences can be incorporated into the vector.
- Targets of therapeutic agents using antigen-loaded nanogels, immune enhancers and antigen-specific T cell infusions include humans with tumors resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
- the type of tumor is not particularly limited.
- Example 1 Materials and Methods Anti-mouse CD16 / CD32 antibody (clone 93), PE-labeled anti-mouse PD-L1 antibody (clone 9G2), APC-Cy7-labeled anti-CD45 antibody (clone 30-F11) and PE-Cy7-labeled anti-PD-1 antibody (Clone 29F.1A12) was purchased from Biolegend. V450-labeled anti-CD8 antibody (clone 53-6.7) was purchased from eBioscience.
- Fetal bovine serum was purchased from BioWest.
- RPMI1640 medium (2-mercaptoethanol added) was purchased from the Cell Science Laboratory.
- An erythrocyte hemolysis solution (0.15M NH 4 Cl / 10 mM KHCO 3 /0.1 mM EDTA.Na 2 pH 7.2) was prepared at Mie University.
- the mouse colorectal cancer CT26 cell line (CRL-2638) was purchased from ATCC and used after passage at Mie University.
- the mouse fibrosarcoma CMS7 cell line and the mouse fibrosarcoma CMS5a cell line were obtained from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute and passaged at Mie University.
- Human NY-ESO-1 antigen gene was purchased from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute.
- the CMS5a-NY cell line in which the human NY-ESO-1 antigen gene was stably introduced into the CMS5a cell line was prepared and passaged at Mie University.
- Mouse colorectal cancer CT26 cell line, BALB / c mouse fibrosarcoma CMS7 cell line, mouse fibrosarcoma CMS5a cell line and CMS5a-NY cell line were used in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS using T75 culture flask (Corning). Cultured. The cultured cell line was detached using 0.5% trypsin-containing phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and suspended in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS.
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- the cells were centrifuged (400 ⁇ g, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.), the supernatant was removed, washed twice with RPMI1640 medium, and then suspended in RPMI1640 medium at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells / 100 ⁇ L.
- This suspension was implanted subcutaneously at the back of the BALB / c mice at a dose of 100 ⁇ L / individual (3 mice per group).
- Each cell line was implanted subcutaneously, and tumors were collected one week later.
- the tumor was immunohistochemically stained by the following method. Tumors embedded in OCT compound (Sakura Finetech) and frozen were sliced at a thickness of 3 ⁇ m, and the resulting tumor sections were air-dried for 2 hours.
- the dried tumor sections were fixed with ice-cold acetone for 15 minutes and used for immunostaining.
- the tumor sections were washed three times with PBS, and then immersed in a blocking solution (PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 5% Blocking One Histo (Nacalai Tesque)) at 4 ° C. for blocking.
- a blocking solution PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 5% Blocking One Histo (Nacalai Tesque)
- Anti-mouse CD16 / CD32 antibody was diluted in blocking solution at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g / mL. Using this antibody, tumor sections were treated for 30 minutes at room temperature in a wet box to block Fc ⁇ receptors.
- tumor sections were stained for 1 hour at room temperature in a wet box. After washing three times with PBS containing 0.02% Tween20, the tumor sections were immersed in Prolong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI (Life Technologies) and fluorescence microscope BX53F (Olympus) or confocal laser scanning microscope LSM780 (Carl Zeiss) Was observed. About the obtained microscope observation image, image processing was performed using Photoshop Element (Adobe Systems).
- Each cell line was transplanted subcutaneously, and 1 week later, tumor infiltrating immune cells were isolated by the following method. Tumors were isolated from mice, crushed using Gentle MACS (Milteni), and suspended in RPMI1640 medium. At this time, cells for 3 mice per group were pooled. Collagenase D (final concentration 2 mg / mL, Roche) was added to the suspended cells, reacted at 37 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then disrupted again using Gentle MACS.
- Collagenase D final concentration 2 mg / mL, Roche
- the cells were passed through a filtration filter (22 ⁇ m pore size, BD Bioscience), centrifuged (400 ⁇ g, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.), the supernatant was removed, and 2 mL of erythrocyte hemolysis solution was added to remove the cells. Treated for minutes. 18 mL of RPMI1640 medium was added and centrifuged (400 ⁇ g, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.). The supernatant was removed and the cells were suspended in RPMI1640 medium. After counting the number of cells, the cells were suspended in a staining buffer (PBS containing 0.5% BSA) so that the cell concentration was 3 ⁇ 10 7 cells / mL.
- a staining buffer PBS containing 0.5% BSA
- the cells were washed twice with 200 ⁇ L of staining buffer, suspended in 200 ⁇ L of staining buffer, and transferred to a round bottom polystyrene tube (BD Bioscience). The cells were analyzed using a flow cytometer FACS Canto II (BD Bioscience) and data analysis software FlowJo (Tree Star). As the frequency of PD-1 expression, the expression frequency (%) in a CD45-positive and CD8-positive cell population was determined. As the frequency of CD8 positive T cells, the frequency (%) of CD8 positive cells in the CD45 positive cell population was determined.
- FIG. 1 (A) shows the results of analyzing the expression of PD-L1 molecule in the tumor sites of CT26 tumor, CMS7 tumor, CMS5a-NY tumor and CMS5a tumor by immunostaining.
- FIG. 1 (B) shows the results of analyzing the expression frequency of PD-1 in CD3-positive T cells in the tumor local area of each tumor by flow cytometry. CMS5a tumors had the lowest percentage of PD-1-expressing CD3-positive T cells compared to other tumors.
- FIG. 1 (C) shows the frequency of CD8 positive T cells infiltrating into the tumor local area of each tumor. CMS5a tumors had significantly lower frequency of tumor locally infiltrating CD8 + T cells than other tumors. From the above results, it was found that a tumor formed by subcutaneous implantation of a mouse fibrosarcoma CMS5a cell line into a mouse exhibits the same characteristics as a human immune checkpoint inhibitor resistant tumor.
- Anti-mouse CTLA-4 antibody (clone 9D9) was produced at Mie University using a hybridoma distributed by Dr. James P. Allison of MD Anderson Cancer Center.
- Anti-mouse GITR antibody (clone DTA-1) was produced at Mie University using a hybridoma distributed by Dr. Shibumi Sakaguchi at Osaka University.
- the anti-mouse PD-1 antibody (clone RMP1-14) was used from Dr. Hideo Yakita of Juntendo University.
- Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from BioWest.
- the mouse colorectal cancer CT26 cell line (CRL-2638) was purchased from ATCC and used after passage at Mie University.
- the mouse fibrosarcoma CMS7 cell line and the mouse fibrosarcoma CMS5a cell line were obtained from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute and passaged at Mie University.
- Human NY-ESO-1 antigen gene was sold by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute.
- the CMS5a-NY cell line in which the human NY-ESO-1 antigen gene was stably introduced into the CMS5a cell line was produced and passaged at Mie University.
- Female BALB / c mice were purchased from Japan SLC at 6 to 12 weeks of age and were bred at the Animal Center of Mie University School of Medicine.
- CT26 cell line, CMS7 cell line, CMS5a cell line and CMS5a-NY cell line were cultured in 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium using T75 culture flask (Corning). Each cell line was detached using 0.5% trypsin-containing phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and suspended in 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium. The suspension was centrifuged (400 ⁇ g, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.) and the supernatant was removed. After washing twice with RPMI1640 medium, it was suspended in RPMI1640 medium at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells / 100 ⁇ L.
- PBS trypsin-containing phosphate buffered saline
- This suspension was subcutaneously implanted into the back of BALB / c mice at a dose of 100 ⁇ L / individual (4 mice per group).
- anti-mouse PD-1 antibody 150 ⁇ g
- anti-mouse CTLA-4 antibody 100 ⁇ g
- anti-mouse GITR antibody 100 ⁇ g diluted in PBS were used as immune checkpoint inhibitors.
- it was administered intraperitoneally.
- the major axis and minor axis of the tumor were measured over time, and the tumor volume was calculated according to the formula (major axis x minor axis x minor axis x 0.5).
- Statistical analysis was performed by a non-parametric test using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft).
- CMS5a tumors are strongly resistant to immune checkpoint inhibitors.
- the CMS5a tumor was considered to be a good model for human immune checkpoint inhibitor resistant tumors.
- an effective therapeutic method for a human immune checkpoint inhibitor resistant tumor can be searched.
- Example 3 Materials and Methods Cholesteryl pullulan (abbreviation CHP, trade name CHP-80T) was obtained from NOF Corporation. Incomplete Freund's adjuvant (abbreviation IFA, model number F5506) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. The long peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogel was prepared as follows.
- a long peptide antigen IFA mixture was prepared as follows. The long peptide antigen was dissolved in PBS containing 25% DMSO at a concentration of 60 ⁇ g / 125 ⁇ L and collected in a syringe. Separately, 125 ⁇ L of IFA was collected in a syringe. After both syringes were connected with a three-way stopcock, suction and discharge were repeated and mixed well before use.
- Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from BioWest.
- RPMI1640 medium (2-mercaptoethanol added) was purchased from the Cell Science Laboratory.
- the mouse fibrosarcoma CMS5a cell line which was sold by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute and was passaged at Mie University, was used.
- the mouse fibrosarcoma CMS5a cell line expresses mutant ERK2 protein.
- a peptide containing a mutated portion of the mutant ERK2 protein ( Q YIHSANVL: SEQ ID NO: 3, the underlined portion indicates mutation) is recognized by CD8 positive cytotoxic T cells in BALB / c mice.
- a T cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes this peptide has been isolated, and a mouse into which TCR has been introduced (DUC18 mouse) has been produced.
- the long-chain peptide antigens (MEN peptide and p121 peptide) used in this example contain the CD8 positive cytotoxic T cell recognition epitope sequence (QYIHSANVL: SEQ ID NO: 3) of the mutant ERK2.
- mice Female BALB / c mice were purchased from Japan SLC at 6 to 12 weeks of age. DUC18 mice were sold by the University of Washington and bred at Mie University. Mice were bred at the Animal Center of Mie University School of Medicine. The animal experiment protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mie University School of Medicine.
- the mouse fibrosarcoma CMS5a cell line was cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS.
- the cultured cell line was detached using PBS containing 0.5% trypsin and suspended in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS.
- the suspension was centrifuged (400 ⁇ g, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.) and the supernatant was removed. Thereafter, the plate was washed twice with RPMI1640 medium and suspended in RPMI1640 medium at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells / 100 ⁇ L.
- mice were implanted subcutaneously at the dorsal back of both sides at a dose of 100 ⁇ L / individual (4 mice per group).
- antigen-loaded nanogel and immunopotentiator as pretreatment drugs, 50 ⁇ g CpG oligo DNA 1668 (Gen Design) or 50 ⁇ g Poly-ICLC RNA dissolved in PBS as an immunopotentiator 7 days and 11 days after tumor implantation
- a long-chain peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogel or a long-chain peptide antigen: IFA mixture was administered subcutaneously into the back of the mouse or into the tail vein.
- CD8 positive T cells were isolated from the spleen of a mutant ERK2-specific TCR gene-introduced mouse (DUC18 mouse) using a CD8a + T Cell isolation kit (Milteni). Isolated CD8-positive T cells were suspended in RPMI1640 medium at a concentration of 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells / 200 ⁇ L. Isolated 8 days and 12 days after tumor implantation, isolated CD8 positive T cells were transfused from the tail vein as therapeutic antigen-specific T cells. Statistical analysis was performed by a non-parametric test using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft).
- the immunopotentiator contained in the pretreatment drug is not limited to CpG oligo DNA but may be Poly-IC RNA.
- FIG. 4 (A) no therapeutic effect was observed when the long-chain peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogel was removed from the pretreatment drug.
- FIG. 4 (B) when the immunopotentiator (CpG oligo DNA) was removed from the pretreatment drug, no therapeutic effect was observed. From the above results, it was found that a long-chain peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogel and an immunopotentiating agent are essential for a pretreatment drug for antigen-specific T cell infusion. As shown in FIG.
- Rhodamine-labeled CHP nanogel was distributed by Dr. Kazunari Akiyoshi, Kyoto University.
- APC-Cy7 labeled anti-mouse CD45 antibody (clone 30-F11), FITC labeled anti-mouse CD8 antibody (clone 53-6.7), PE labeled anti-mouse CD11b antibody (clone M1 / 70), Pacific blue labeled anti-mouse F4 / 80 antibody (Clone BM8) and PE-Cy7-labeled anti-mouse CD11c antibody (clone N418) were purchased from Biolegend.
- PerCP-Cy5.5 labeled anti-mouse CD4 antibody (clone RM4-5) was purchased from BD Bioscience.
- APC-labeled anti-mouse B220 antibody (clone RA3-6B2) was purchased from eBioscience.
- Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from BioWest.
- RPMI1640 medium (2-mercaptoethanol added) was purchased from the Cell Science Laboratory.
- An erythrocyte hemolysis solution (0.15M NH 4 Cl / 10 mM KHCO 3 /0.1 mM EDTA.Na 2 pH 7.2) was prepared at Mie University.
- the mouse fibrosarcoma CMS5a cell line which was sold by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute and was passaged at Mie University, was used.
- Female BALB / c mice were purchased from Japan SLC at 6 to 12 weeks of age and were bred at the Animal Center of Mie University School of Medicine. The animal experiment protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mie University
- Mouse fibrosarcoma CMS5a cell line was cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS using T75 culture flask (Corning). This cell line was detached using 0.5% trypsin-containing phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and suspended in 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium. After centrifugation (400 ⁇ g, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.), the supernatant was removed and washed twice with RPMI1640 medium. The cell line was suspended in RPMI 1640 medium at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 6 cells / 100 ⁇ L and transplanted subcutaneously into the back of BALB / c mice at a dose of 100 ⁇ L / individual (4 mice per group).
- PBS trypsin-containing phosphate buffered saline
- Rhodamine-labeled CHP nanogel 10 mg / mL PBS
- 1 mg of Rhodamine-labeled CHP nanogel 10 mg / mL PBS
- tumor infiltrating immune cells were separated by the following method. Tumors were isolated from mice, crushed using Gentle MACS (Milteni), and suspended in RPMI1640 medium. Cells for 4 mice per group were pooled. Collagenase D (final concentration 2 mg / ml, Roche) was added, reacted at 37 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then crushed again using Gentle MACS.
- the supernatant was removed after centrifugation (400 ⁇ g, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.), and the cells were treated for 1 minute by adding 2 mL of erythrocyte hemolysis solution. 18 mL of RPMI1640 medium was added and centrifuged (400 ⁇ g, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.). The supernatant was removed and the cells were suspended in RPMI1640 medium. After counting the number of cells, the cells were suspended in a staining buffer (PBS containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin) to a cell concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 7 cells / mL.
- a staining buffer PBS containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin
- RPMI1640 medium After lymph nodes were ground using a glass slide, the released cells were suspended in RPMI1640 medium. At this time, cells for 4 mice per group were pooled. After centrifugation (400 ⁇ g, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.), the supernatant was removed, and 2 mL of erythrocyte hemolysis solution was added to treat the cells for 1 minute. 18 mL of RPMI1640 medium was added and centrifuged (400 ⁇ g, 5 minutes, 4 ° C.). The supernatant was removed and the cells were suspended in RPMI1640 medium.
- APC-Cy7-labeled anti-mouse CD45 antibody FITC-labeled anti-mouse CD8 antibody
- PerCP-Cy5.5-labeled anti-mouse CD4 according to the recommended concentration recommended by each antibody manufacturer Antibody
- APC-labeled anti-mouse B220 antibody PE-labeled anti-mouse CD11b antibody
- Pacific blue-labeled anti-mouse F4 / 80 antibody PE-Cy7-labeled anti-mouse CD11c antibody were added and mixed, and then 15 ° C in the dark at 4 ° C.
- T cells were detected as CD45 positive and CD4 positive or CD45 positive and CD8 positive
- B cells were detected as CD45 positive and B220 positive
- macrophages were detected as CD45 positive, CD11b positive, CD11c positive and F4 / 80 positive populations.
- Rhodamine positive cells in each immune cell were detected as CHP nanogel uptake cells.
- the pretreatment drug of the present invention showed the same therapeutic effect against immune checkpoint inhibitor-resistant CMS5a tumors, both subcutaneously and intravenously. It was.
- Rhodamine-labeled CHP nanogels administered subcutaneously or intravenously to BALB / c mice transplanted subcutaneously with CMS5a tumors were taken up into lymph nodes and immune cells existing locally in the tumor It was measured.
- the CHP nanogel administered subcutaneously was well taken up by macrophages in the lymph nodes at the administration site.
- intravenously administered CHP nanogel was well taken up by macrophages in the tumor area.
- Example 5 Materials and Methods Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from BioWest. RPMI1640 medium (2-mercaptoethanol added) was purchased from the Cell Science Laboratory. An erythrocyte hemolysis solution (0.15M NH 4 Cl / 10 mM KHCO 3 /0.1 mM EDTA.Na 2 pH 7.2) was prepared at Mie University. The mouse fibrosarcoma CMS5a cell line, which was sold by Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Institute and was passaged at Mie University, was used. Female BALB / c mice were purchased from Japan SLC at 6 to 12 weeks of age.
- FBS Fetal bovine serum
- RPMI1640 medium (2-mercaptoethanol added) was purchased from the Cell Science Laboratory.
- An erythrocyte hemolysis solution (0.15M NH 4 Cl / 10 mM KHCO 3 /0.1 mM EDTA.Na 2 pH 7.2) was prepared at Mie University.
- mice Mutant ERK2-specific TCR gene-introduced mice (DUC18 mice) were distributed from the University of Washington and bred at Mie University. Each mouse was bred at the Animal Center of Mie University School of Medicine. The animal experiment protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mie University School of Medicine. Using a T75 culture flask (Corning), the mouse fibrosarcoma CMS5a cell line was cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS. The cultured cells were detached using 0.5% trypsin-containing phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and suspended in 10% FBS-containing RPMI1640 medium.
- PBS trypsin-containing phosphate buffered saline
- antigen-presenting cells were separated from tumors, lungs, liver, spleen and lymph nodes of the treated mice by the following method.
- Milteny's isolation kit Tumor Dissociation Kit (model 130-096-730)
- Milteny's isolation kit Lung Dissociation Kit (model 130-95-927)
- liver Dissociation Kit (model 130-95-927)
- Milteny Each of the kits was treated according to the manufacturer's recommended protocol, and the released cells were suspended in RPMI1640 medium.
- CD11b positive cells were isolated from the secondary cell suspension using CD11b microbeads (Miltenyi), and used as antigen-presenting cells derived from each tissue.
- CD8 positive T cells were isolated from the spleen of DUC18 mice in the same manner as in Example 3. Then, it was labeled with a fluorescent dye CFSE (Thermo Fisher Science) to obtain responder T cells.
- Antigen-presenting cells and responder T cells were added to a 96-well V-bottom microplate (Nunk) at a number of cells of 2.5 ⁇ 10 5 and 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells per well, respectively, and 72% in RPMI1640 medium containing 10% FBS. Co-cultured over time.
- Example 4 it was revealed that intravenously administered CHP nanogel was selectively taken up by macrophages in the tumor area. Intravenously administered long-chain peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogels are taken up by macrophages in the tumor and then presented to the infused antigen-specific T cells, which is thought to enhance the activity of antigen-specific T cells. It was. In order to confirm the antigen presentation reaction by the tumor local macrophages, the following experiment was conducted.
- CD11b-positive macrophages localized in tumors and various tissues from CLB5a tumor subcutaneously transplanted BALB / c mice intravenously administered with CHP nanogel and CpG oligo DNA loaded with long-chain peptide antigen containing CD8-positive T cell recognition epitope of mutant ERK2 was recovered. This was co-cultured in vitro with CD8-positive T cells derived from mutant ERK2-specific TCR gene-introduced mice as antigen-presenting cells.
- CD8-positive T cells derived from mutant ERK2-specific TCR gene-introduced mice are activated and proliferated. To do. T cell proliferation was measured by a CFSE dilution test using flow cytometry and used as an index for antigen presentation. As shown in FIG. 6, when the long peptide antigen-loaded CHP nanogel and CpG oligo DNA were intravenously administered, presentation of the long peptide antigen by the tumor local macrophages was confirmed. Although lymph node-derived macrophages were weak, presentation of long-chain peptide antigens was observed.
- CHP nanogel has the ability to selectively transport substances, particularly antigens, and present antigens to macrophages in the tumor when intravenously administered.
- the above action mechanism was considered to be the same in non-human mammals such as monkeys, mice, rats, pigs, cows, and dogs in addition to humans.
- the composition according to the present invention was considered to have an equivalent effect on humans, monkeys, mice, rats, pigs, cows, dogs and the like.
- Anti-cancer action of antigen-specific T cell infusion can be achieved by using this delivery system as a pretreatment agent with the hydrophobized polysaccharide nanogel, antigen-loaded nanogel containing synthetic long-chain peptide antigen or recombinant protein antigen, and immune enhancer. The enhancement effect was obtained.
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Abstract
Description
T細胞の活性化時に発現増強する膜蛋白質PD-1は、免疫チェックポイント分子の一種である。PD-1に結合するリガンドとして、PD-L1が知られている。PD-L1は、多くの腫瘍細胞及び活性化した免疫細胞に発現する。PD-L1がT細胞上のPD-1に結合すると、PD-1シグナルによって、抗原刺激時のTCRシグナルが抑制される。その結果、T細胞のサイトカイン産生や細胞殺傷活性が低下する。PD-1シグナルは、T細胞の増殖や生存を抑制する作用がある。
これらの報告は、全て免疫チェックポイント阻害剤と他のがん治療薬を組み合わせることを特徴としている。治療効果が認められる腫瘍は、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤の標的分子を発現するものに限定される。
1)免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍に対するT細胞輸注療法において、抗原に特異的なT細胞を投与する前に投与される医薬組成物であって、前記抗原に由来するCD8陽性細胞傷害性T細胞認識エピトープ及び/又はCD4陽性ヘルパーT細胞認識エピトープを含む長鎖ペプチド抗原又は蛋白質抗原を疎水化多糖ナノゲルに搭載した抗原搭載ナノゲルを含有する医薬組成物。
2)免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍に対するT細胞輸注療法において、前記抗原搭載ナノゲルを投与した後に投与するための前記抗原に特異的なT細胞を含む医薬組成物であって、前記抗原搭載ナノゲルが前記抗原に由来するCD8陽性細胞傷害性T細胞認識エピトープ及び/又はCD4陽性ヘルパーT細胞認識エピトープを含む長鎖ペプチド抗原又は蛋白質抗原を疎水化多糖ナノゲルに搭載した医薬組成物。
上記発明において、長鎖ペプチド抗原又は蛋白質抗原としては、組換え蛋白質抗原を用いることもできる。この場合には、所定のアミノ酸配列を持つ蛋白質をコードする塩基配列を持つ核酸を作製し、これを組み込んだ細胞(真核細胞又は原核細胞)を用いて、組換え蛋白質を発現させた後、公知の方法によって精製することで、組換え蛋白質抗原を得る。
4)前記抗原に特異的なT細胞が、前記抗原を認識するT細胞受容体又はキメラ抗原受容体を発現するT細胞である1)~3)のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
5)前記長鎖ペプチド抗原が23~120個のアミノ酸から成る1)~4)のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
6)長鎖ペプチド抗原に含まれるT細胞認識エピトープの間に、2~10個のチロシン、2~10個のスレオニン、2~10個のヒスチジン、2~10個のグルタミン及び2~10個のアスパラギンから成る群から選択される配列を含む1)~5)のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
7)前記疎水化多糖がプルラン及びコレステリル基を含む、1)~6)のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
8)前記免疫増強剤が、TLR(Toll様受容体)アゴニスト(CpGオリゴDNA又はPoly-IC RNA)、STINGアゴニスト又はRLR(RIG-I様受容体)アゴニストから成る群から選択される少なくとも一つである3)~7)のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
これらのうち、TLRアゴニスト(CpGオリゴDNA又はPoly-IC RNA)を用いることが好ましい。
10)前記抗原搭載ナノゲル及び免疫増強剤の投与経路が、皮下、皮内、筋肉内、腫瘍内及び静脈内からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの経路によって投与される1)~9)のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
これらのうち、皮下投与又は静脈内投与を用いることが好ましい。
11)前記抗原搭載ナノゲル及び免疫増強剤が、前記抗原に特異的なT細胞を含む医薬組成物の投与の少なくとも1日前に投与される1)~10)のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
12)静脈内投与されたときに腫瘍局所のマクロファージに選択的に物質を送達するデリバリーシステムであって、プルラン及びコレステリル基を含む疎水化多糖から成る粒子径80nm以下のナノゲル。
13)免疫チェックポイント阻害剤に抵抗性を持つ腫瘍に有効な治療薬を特定するための非ヒト哺乳類腫瘍モデルであって、前記腫瘍がマウス繊維肉腫CMS5aであり、非ヒト哺乳類がマウスである非ヒト哺乳類腫瘍モデル。
本発明の前処置薬は、腫瘍特異的抗原蛋白質又は腫瘍間質特異的抗原蛋白質に由来するCD8陽性細胞傷害性T細胞認識エピトープ及びCD4陽性ヘルパーT細胞認識エピトープを同時に含む1種類以上の合成長鎖ペプチド抗原又は組換え蛋白質抗原をデリバリーシステムである疎水化多糖ナノゲルに搭載した薬剤と、1種類以上の免疫増強剤によって構成されることを特徴とする。
前記合成長鎖ペプチド抗原は、T細胞認識エピトープを少なくとも2つ以上含む23~120個のアミノ酸から成るポリペプチドであることが好ましい。前記合成長鎖ペプチド抗原は、T細胞認識エピトープを少なくとも2つ以上含む23~80個のアミノ酸から成るポリペプチドであることが好ましい。前記合成長鎖ペプチド抗原が、T細胞認識エピトープを少なくとも2つ以上含む23~60個のアミノ酸から成るポリペプチドであることが好ましい。
前記CD8陽性細胞傷害性T細胞認識エピトープが、腫瘍特異的抗原蛋白質又は腫瘍間質特異的抗原蛋白質のアミノ酸配列の一部であることが好ましい。前記CD4陽性ヘルパーT細胞認識エピトープが、腫瘍特異的抗原蛋白質又は腫瘍間質特異的抗原蛋白質のアミノ酸配列の一部であることが好ましい。
前記腫瘍特異的抗原蛋白質が、MAGEファミリー、NY-ESO-1/LAGE、SAGE、XAGE、HER2、PRAME、Ras、5T4、WT1、p53、MUC-1、hTERT、RHAMM、Survivin、EGFRvIII、HPV E6、MART-1、gp100、CEA、IDO、Brachyury、Mesothelin、PSA及びPSMAからなる群から選択されることが好ましい。前記腫瘍間質特異的抗原蛋白質が、FAP、VEGFRファミリー及びTEM1からなる群から選択されることが好ましい。
前記免疫増強剤が、可溶性TLRアゴニスト又は可溶性STINGアゴニスト又は可溶性RLRアゴニストを含むことが好ましい。可溶性TLRアゴニストとして、CpGオリゴDNA又はPoly-IC RNAが例示される。可溶性STINGアゴニストとして、cdGMP等の環状ジヌクレオチド、DMXAA等のxanthenone誘導体が例示される。可溶性RLRアゴニストとして、5'-三リン酸化二本鎖RNAが例示される。
疎水基としては、例えば1本鎖及び2本鎖のアルキル基又はステロール残基を、100単糖あたり1~5個(重量比で5%以下)の割合で導入したものが好ましく、100単糖あたり1~3個(重量比で3%以下)の割合で導入したものがより好ましい。疎水基は、アルキル基又はステロール残基に限定されず、封入される抗原の分子量や等電点に応じて封入率のよいものを選択できる。ステロール残基としては、例えばコレステロール、スチグマステロール、β-シトステロール、ラノステロール、エルゴステロール残基などが挙げられる。好ましくは、コレステロール残基を用いることができる。アルキル基としては、炭素数が20以下のものが好ましく、炭素数が10~18のアルキル基を用いることがより好ましい。アルキル基は、直鎖又は分岐鎖のいずれを用いることもできる。
疎水化多糖としては、リンカーを介して結合したものを用いることができる。
疎水化多糖としては、非イオン性であることが好ましい。合成長鎖ペプチド抗原又は組換え蛋白質抗原を搭載した疎水化多糖ナノゲル粒子が、生理的条件下でゼータ電位が-2.0mV~+2.0mVのものが好ましい。合成長鎖ペプチド抗原又は組換え蛋白質抗原を搭載した疎水化多糖ナノゲル粒子の粒子径が80nm以下であることが好ましい。
本発明の前処置薬は、通常、抗原搭載ナノゲルと免疫増強剤を混合した製剤又は別個の製剤としたキットとして、皮下、静脈内、筋肉内への非経口投与に適した剤型の製剤とすることができる。目的の免疫を誘導するのに必要な抗原搭載ナノゲルの投与量は、適宜決定できる。例えば、通常の投与量としては、合成長鎖ペプチド抗原又は組換え蛋白質抗原として、0.1mg/回~10mg/回程度の量を用いることができる。投与回数は、2~20回が適当である。投与間隔は、前処置薬と抗原特異的T細胞輸注の間隔として、1日~2週間の間で選択する。
抗原搭載ナノゲル、免疫増強剤及び抗原特異的T細胞輸注を用いる治療薬の適用の対象は、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤に抵抗性の腫瘍を有するヒトが挙げられる。腫瘍の種別は特に限定されないが、例えば前立腺がん、大腸がん、メラノーマ、頭頸部がん、食道がん、胃がん、結腸・直腸がん、肝臓がん、胆のう・胆管がん、膵臓がん、肺がん、乳がん、卵巣がん、膀胱がん、腎臓がん、睾丸がん、骨・軟部肉腫、悪性リンパ腫、白血病、子宮頚がん、皮膚がん、脳腫瘍等が挙げられる。
<実施例1>
1.材料と方法
抗マウスCD16/CD32抗体(クローン93)、PE標識抗マウスPD-L1抗体(クローン9G2)、APC-Cy7標識抗CD45抗体(クローン30-F11)及びPE-Cy7標識抗PD-1抗体(クローン29F.1A12)はバイオレジェンドから購入した。V450標識抗CD8抗体(クローン53-6.7)はeバイオサイエンスから購入した。ウシ胎児血清(FBS)はバイオウェストから購入した。RPMI1640培地(2-メルカプトエタノール添加)は細胞科学研究所から購入した。赤血球溶血溶液(0.15M NH4Cl/10mM KHCO3/0.1mM EDTA.Na2 pH 7.2)は三重大学で作製した。マウス大腸がんCT26細胞株(CRL-2638)はATCCから購入し、三重大学で継代したものを用いた。マウス線維肉腫CMS7細胞株及びマウス線維肉腫CMS5a細胞株はメモリアルスローンケタリングがん研究所より入手し、三重大学で継代したものを用いた。ヒトNY-ESO-1抗原遺伝子はメモリアルスローンケタリングがん研究所より分譲を受けた。CMS5a細胞株にヒトNY-ESO-1抗原遺伝子を安定導入したCMS5a-NY細胞株は、三重大学で作製され、継代されたものを用いた。雌性BALB/cマウスは6~12週齢のものを日本SLCから購入し、三重大学医学部動物センターにて飼育した。動物実験のプロトコールは、三重大学医学部の倫理委員会の承認を得た。
各細胞株を皮下移植し、1週間後に腫瘍を回収した。腫瘍は、次に示す方法で免疫組織化学染色した。O.C.T.コンパウンド(サクラファインテック)に包埋し凍結した腫瘍を3μm厚で薄切し、得られた腫瘍切片について風乾を2時間行った。乾燥した腫瘍切片に対して氷冷したアセトンで15分間の固定を行い、免疫染色に用いた。腫瘍切片をPBSで3回洗浄した後、4℃でブロッキング液(1%ウシ血清アルブミン(BSA)及び5%Blocking One Histo(ナカライテスク)含有PBS)に浸漬し、ブロッキングを行った。1μg/mLの濃度で抗マウスCD16/CD32抗体をブロッキング液に希釈した。この抗体を用いて、湿潤箱内で腫瘍切片に対して室温で30分間の処理を行い、Fcγ受容体をブロックした。次に、ブロッキング液に1μg/mLの濃度で希釈したPE標識抗マウスPD-L1抗体を用いて、湿潤箱内で腫瘍切片に対して室温で1時間の染色を行った。0.02%Tween20含有PBSで3回の洗浄を行った後、腫瘍切片をProlong Gold antifade reagent with DAPI(ライフテクノロジーズ)に浸漬し、蛍光顕微鏡BX53F(オリンパス)又は共焦点レーザ走査型顕微鏡LSM780(カールツァイス)を用いて観察した。得られた顕微鏡観察像について、Photoshop Element(アドビシステムズ)を用いて画像処理を行った。
ヒトの免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍は、免疫チェックポイント分子の発現欠如やCD8陽性T細胞の腫瘍浸潤が見られないという特徴を示す(非特許文献5)。これと同じ特徴を示すマウス腫瘍を検索するため、種々のマウスがん細胞株がBALB/cマウスに皮下移植された後に形成する腫瘍を回収し、免疫チェックポイント分子PD-L1及びPD-1の発現、並びにCD陽性T細胞の浸潤数を測定した。図1(A)には、CT26腫瘍、CMS7腫瘍、CMS5a-NY腫瘍及びCMS5a腫瘍の腫瘍局所におけるPD-L1分子の発現を免疫染色法で解析した結果を示した。CT26腫瘍、CMS7腫瘍及びCMS5a-NY腫瘍では、PD-L1を発現する多数の細胞が観察されるのに対し、CMS5a腫瘍ではPD-L1発現細胞の数が極めて少なかった。図1(B)には、各腫瘍の腫瘍局所におけるCD3陽性T細胞におけるPD-1の発現頻度をフローサイトメトリー法で解析した結果を示した。CMS5a腫瘍は他の腫瘍と比較して、PD-1発現CD3陽性T細胞の割合が最も低かった。図1(C)には、各腫瘍の腫瘍局所へ浸潤したCD8陽性T細胞の頻度を示した。CMS5a腫瘍は他の腫瘍と比較して、腫瘍局所浸潤CD8陽性T細胞の頻度が著しく低かった。以上の結果から、マウス線維肉腫CMS5a細胞株がマウスに皮下移植されて形成する腫瘍は、ヒトの免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍と同じ特徴を示すことを見出した。
1.材料と方法
抗マウスCTLA-4抗体 (クローン9D9)は、MDアンダーソンがんセンターのJames P. Allison博士から分譲されたハイブリドーマを用いて三重大学で作製した。抗マウスGITR抗体(クローンDTA-1)は、大阪大学の坂口志文博士から分譲されたハイブリドーマを用いて三重大学で作製した。抗マウスPD-1抗体(クローンRMP1-14)は順天堂大学の八木田秀雄博士より分譲されたものを用いた。ウシ胎児血清(FBS)はバイオウェストから購入した。RPMI1640培地(2-メルカプトエタノール添加)は細胞科学研究所から購入した。マウス大腸がんCT26細胞株(CRL-2638)はATCCから購入し、三重大学で継代したものを用いた。マウス線維肉腫CMS7細胞株及びマウス線維肉腫CMS5a細胞株はメモリアルスローンケタリングがん研究所より入手し、三重大学で継代したものを用いた。ヒトNY-ESO-1抗原遺伝子は、メモリアルスローンケタリングがん研究所より分譲された。CMS5a細胞株にヒトNY-ESO-1抗原遺伝子を安定導入したCMS5a-NY細胞株は、三重大学で作製され継代されたものを用いた。雌性BALB/cマウスは6週齢~12週齢のものを日本SLCから購入し、三重大学医学部動物センターにて飼育した。動物実験のプロトコールは、三重大学医学部の倫理委員会の承認を得た。
CT26細胞株、CMS7細胞株、CMS5a細胞株及びCMS5a-NY細胞株を10%FBS含有RPMI1640培地中で、T75培養フラスコ(コーニング)を用いて培養した。各細胞株を0.5%トリプシン含有リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)を用いて剥離し、10%FBS含有RPMI1640培地に懸濁した。懸濁液を遠心分離(400×g、5分、4℃)した後に上清を除いた。RPMI1640培地を用いて2回洗浄した後、1×106個/100μLの濃度でRPMI1640培地に懸濁した。この懸濁液を100μL/個体の用量で、BALB/cマウスの後背部に皮下移植した(1群当たり4匹)。腫瘍移植後7、9及び11日目に、PBSに希釈した抗マウスPD-1抗体(150μg)、抗マウスCTLA-4抗体(100μg)及び抗マウスGITR抗体(100μg)を免疫チェックポイント阻害剤として同時に腹腔内投与した。腫瘍移植後は経時的に腫瘍の長径と短径を測定し、計算式(長径×短径×短径×0.5)に従って腫瘍体積を算出した。統計解析は、マイクロソフトエクセル(マイクロソフト)を用いたノンパラメトリック検定により行った。
実施例1の結果から、マウス線維肉腫CMS5a細胞株がBALB/cマウスに皮下移植されて形成する腫瘍は免疫チェックポイント阻害剤に対し抵抗性を示すことが予想された。そこで、各マウスがん細胞株を皮下移植して腫瘍を形成させたBALB/cマウスに対し、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤である抗PD-1抗体、抗CTLA-4抗体及び抗GITR抗体の併用療法による治療実験を試みた。結果を図2に示した。CT26腫瘍、CMS7腫瘍及びCMS5a-NY腫瘍では、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤併用療法による腫瘍増殖抑制が明確に認められた。これに対し、CMS5a腫瘍は、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤併用療法に全く反応せず、未治療群と同様の増殖を示した。このことから、CMS5a腫瘍は、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤に強い抵抗性を示すことが明らかとなった。実施例1の結果と併せ、CMS5a腫瘍はヒトの免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍の良いモデルであると考えた。CMS5a腫瘍を評価系として用いることで、ヒトの免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍に対して有効な治療法の探索ができることが分かった。
1.材料と方法
コレステリルプルラン(略称CHP、商品名CHP-80T)は(株)日油より入手した。不完全フロイントアジュバント(略称IFA、型番F5506)はシグマアルドリッチより購入した。長鎖ペプチド抗原搭載CHPナノゲルは以下の通りに調製した。Bio-Synthesisで化学合成された長鎖ペプチド抗原(MENペプチド:SNPARYEFLYYYYYYQYIHSANVLYYYYYYRGPESRLL(配列番号1)又はp121ペプチド:NDHIAYFLYQILRGLQYIHSANVLHRDLKPSNLLLNT(配列番号2))を10mg/mLの濃度でジメチルスルホキシド(略称DMSO、ナカライテスク)に溶解した。CHPは10mg/mLの濃度で6M尿素(ナカライテスク)含有リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)に溶解した。1mL(10mg)の長鎖ペプチド抗原溶液と20mL(200mg)のCHP溶液を混合し、暗所にて4℃で穏やかに撹拌しながら一晩放置した。混合液を透析膜(カット分子量:3,500、サーモサイエンティフィック)に移し、透析外液として容積比100倍以上の0.6M尿素含有PBSに対し4℃で2時間から一晩透析した。更に、透析外液として容積比100倍以上の0.06M尿素含有PBSを用い、4℃で2時間から一晩透析した。再び、透析外液として容積比100倍以上のPBSを用い、4℃で2時間から一晩透析した。透析内液を回収し、孔径0.22μmの濾過滅菌フィルター(PVDF膜製、ミリポア)で濾過後、Nanodrop 2000(サーモサイエンティフィック)を用いて280nmにおけるUV吸収を測定した。長鎖ペプチド抗原の分子吸光係数(1mg/mL=4.181)からその最終濃度を求めた。
雌性BALB/cマウスは6週齢~12週齢のものを日本SLCから購入した。DUC18マウスはワシントン大学より分譲され、三重大学で繁殖させたものを用いた。マウスは三重大学医学部動物センターにて飼育した。動物実験のプロトコールは、三重大学医学部の倫理委員会の承認を得た。
BALB/cマウスに皮下移植して形成したCMS5a腫瘍を評価系として用いて、ヒトの免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍に対して有効な治療法を探索した。その結果、図3(A)に示すように、前処置薬として長鎖ペプチド抗原搭載CHPナノゲルと免疫増強剤(CpGオリゴDNA)を皮下投与した後に抗原特異的T細胞輸注を行うと、CMS5a腫瘍の増殖が顕著に抑制されることを見出した。この治療効果は、デリバリーシステムとして、IFAを用いた場合には認められなかった。図3(B)に示すように、前処置薬の投与経路は皮下投与に代えて、静脈内投与でも効果的であることが分かった。図3(C)に示すように、前処置薬に含まれる免疫増強剤はCpGオリゴDNAに限らずPoly-IC RNAでも良いことが分かった。
図4(A)に示すように、前処置薬から長鎖ペプチド抗原搭載CHPナノゲルを除くと、治療効果は認められなかった。図4(B)に示すように、前処置薬から免疫増強剤(CpGオリゴDNA)を除くと、治療効果は認められなかった。以上の結果より、抗原特異的T細胞輸注の前処置薬には、長鎖ペプチド抗原搭載CHPナノゲルと免疫増強剤が必須であることが分かった。図4(C)に示すように、抗原特異的T細胞輸注を省略し、前処置薬のみとしても治療効果は認められなかった。
このように、本発明の前処置薬を抗原特異的T細胞輸注と併用することで、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍を治療し得ることが明らかとなった。
1.材料と方法
Rhodamine標識CHPナノゲルは、京都大学・秋吉一成博士より分譲されたものを用いた。APC-Cy7標識抗マウスCD45抗体(クローン30-F11)、FITC標識抗マウスCD8抗体(クローン53-6.7)、PE標識抗マウスCD11b抗体(クローンM1/70)、Pacific blue標識抗マウスF4/80抗体(クローンBM8)及びPE-Cy7標識抗マウスCD11c抗体(クローンN418)は、バイオレジェンドより購入した。PerCP-Cy5.5標識抗マウスCD4抗体(クローンRM4-5)はBDバイオサイエンスから購入した。APC標識抗マウスB220抗体(クローンRA3-6B2)はeバイオサイエンスから購入した。ウシ胎児血清(FBS)はバイオウェストから購入した。RPMI1640培地(2-メルカプトエタノール添加)は細胞科学研究所から購入した。赤血球溶血溶液(0.15M NH4Cl/10mM KHCO3/0.1mM EDTA.Na2 pH 7.2)は三重大学で作製した。マウス線維肉腫CMS5a細胞株はメモリアルスローンケタリングがん研究所より分譲され、三重大学で継代したものを用いた。雌性BALB/cマウスは6週齢~12週齢のものを日本SLCから購入し、三重大学医学部動物センターにて飼育した。動物実験のプロトコールは、三重大学医学部の倫理委員会の承認を得た。
T細胞はCD45陽性かつCD4陽性もしくはCD45陽性かつCD8陽性、B細胞はCD45陽性かつB220陽性、マクロファージはCD45陽性かつCD11b陽性かつCD11c陽性かつF4/80陽性の集団として検出した。各免疫細胞におけるRhodamine陽性細胞をCHPナノゲル取り込み細胞として検出した。
図3(B)に示したように、本発明の前処置薬は、皮下投与又は静脈内投与のいずれにおいても、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性のCMS5a腫瘍に対して同様の治療効果を示した。前処置薬の作用機序を解明するため、CMS5a腫瘍を皮下移植したBALB/cマウスに皮下投与又は静脈内投与されたRhodamine標識CHPナノゲルのリンパ節及び腫瘍局所に存在する免疫細胞への取り込みを測定した。図5に示すように、皮下投与されたCHPナノゲルは、投与部位所属リンパ節のマクロファージに良く取り込まれた。一方、静脈内投与されたCHPナノゲルは、腫瘍局所のマクロファージに良く取り込まれた。その他の免疫細胞への取り込みは認められなかった。リンパ節又は腫瘍局所のマクロファージが、CHPナノゲルにより送達された長鎖ペプチド抗原を取り込み、輸注された抗原特異的T細胞へ提示することで、抗原特異的T細胞の活性を増強していると考えられた。CHPナノゲルが静脈内投与された場合には、腫瘍局所のマクロファージに選択的に物質輸送する能力があることが明らかとなった。
1.材料と方法
ウシ胎児血清(FBS)はバイオウェストから購入した。RPMI1640培地(2-メルカプトエタノール添加)は細胞科学研究所から購入した。赤血球溶血溶液(0.15M NH4Cl/10mM KHCO3/0.1mM EDTA.Na2 pH 7.2)は三重大学で作製した。マウス線維肉腫CMS5a細胞株はメモリアルスローンケタリングがん研究所より分譲され、三重大学で継代したものを用いた。雌性BALB/cマウスは6週齢~12週齢のものを日本SLCから購入した。変異型ERK2特異的TCR遺伝子導入マウス(DUC18マウス)はワシントン大学より分譲され、三重大学で繁殖させたものを用いた。各マウスは、三重大学医学部動物センターにて飼育した。動物実験のプロトコールは、三重大学医学部の倫理委員会の承認を得た。
T75培養フラスコ(コーニング)を用い、マウス線維肉腫CMS5a細胞株を10%FBS含有RPMI1640培地中で培養した。培養した細胞を0.5%トリプシン含有リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)を用いて剥離し、10%FBS含有RPMI1640培地に懸濁した。遠心分離(400×g、5分、4℃)した後に上清を除き、RPMI1640培地を用いて2回洗浄した。細胞を1×106個/100μLの濃度でRPMI1640培地に懸濁し、100μL/個体の用量でBALB/cマウスの後背部に皮下移植した(1群当たり5匹)。腫瘍移植7日後に、実施例3と同様にして調製した長鎖ペプチド抗原搭載CHPナノゲル(MENペプチドとして60μg、PBSに溶解)とCpGオリゴDNA1668(50μg、PBSに溶解、ジーンデザイン)を混合して尾静脈内投与した。18時間後に、投与マウスの腫瘍、肺、肝臓、脾臓及びリンパ節から抗原提示細胞を次に示す方法で分離した。
腫瘍はミルテニー製の分離キット(Tumor Dissociation Kit(型番130-096-730))を、肺はミルテニー製の分離キット(Lung Dissociation Kit(型番130-095-927))を、肝臓はミルテニー製の分離キット(Liver Dissociation Kit(型番130-105-807)))を、それぞれ用いて、メーカー推奨プロトコルに従って処理した後、遊離した細胞をRPMI1640培地中に懸濁した。
実施例4において、静脈内投与されたCHPナノゲルは腫瘍局所のマクロファージに選択的に取り込まれることが明らかとなった。静脈内投与された長鎖ペプチド抗原搭載CHPナノゲルは腫瘍局所のマクロファージに取り込まれた後に、輸注された抗原特異的T細胞に提示され、抗原特異的T細胞の活性を増強していると考えられた。腫瘍局所マクロファージによる抗原提示反応を確認するために、次の実験を行った。変異型ERK2のCD8陽性T細胞認識エピトープを含む長鎖ペプチド抗原搭載CHPナノゲル及びCpGオリゴDNAを静脈内投与したCMS5a腫瘍皮下移植BALB/cマウスから、腫瘍並びに種々の組織に局在するCD11b陽性マクロファージを回収した。これを抗原提示細胞として、変異型ERK2特異的TCR遺伝子導入マウス由来CD8陽性T細胞と試験管内で共培養した。投与された長鎖ペプチド抗原に含まれる変異型ERK2由来CD8陽性T細胞認識エピトープをCD11b陽性マクロファージが提示していれば、変異型ERK2特異的TCR遺伝子導入マウス由来CD8陽性T細胞は活性化して増殖する。T細胞の増殖は、フローサイトメトリーを用いたCFSE希釈試験により測定し、抗原提示の指標とした。
図6に示すように、長鎖ペプチド抗原搭載CHPナノゲル及びCpGオリゴDNAを静脈内投与すると、腫瘍局所マクロファージによる長鎖ペプチド抗原の提示が確認された。リンパ節由来のマクロファージは、弱いながらも長鎖ペプチド抗原の提示が認められた。その他の組織のマクロファージでは長鎖ペプチド抗原の提示が検出されなかった。これらのマクロファージは、長鎖ペプチド抗原搭載CHPナノゲル及びCpGオリゴDNAを取り込んでいないか、取り込んでいても抗原提示する能力を欠いている可能性があると考えられた。これらの結果から、CHPナノゲルは、静脈内投与された場合には、腫瘍局所のマクロファージに選択的に物質輸送、特に抗原を輸送し、抗原提示させる能力があることが明らかとなった。
本実施形態によれば、免疫チェックポイント阻害剤の標的分子を発現しておらず同阻害剤に抵抗性を示す腫瘍について、治療に有用な医薬品を提供できた。このデリバリーシステムである疎水化多糖ナノゲルと合成長鎖ペプチド抗原又は組換え蛋白質抗原を含む抗原搭載ナノゲル及び免疫増強剤を前処置薬として用いることで、抗原特異的T細胞輸注の抗がん作用を増強する効果を得られた。
Claims (13)
- 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍に対するT細胞輸注療法において、抗原に特異的なT細胞の投与する前に投与される医薬組成物であって、前記抗原に由来するCD8陽性細胞傷害性T細胞認識エピトープ及び/又はCD4陽性ヘルパーT細胞認識エピトープを含む長鎖ペプチド抗原又は蛋白質抗原を疎水化多糖ナノゲルに搭載した抗原搭載ナノゲルを含有する医薬組成物。
- 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤抵抗性腫瘍に対するT細胞輸注療法において、前記抗原搭載ナノゲルを投与した後に投与するための前記抗原に特異的なT細胞を含む医薬組成物であって、前記抗原搭載ナノゲルが前記抗原に由来するCD8陽性細胞傷害性T細胞認識エピトープ及び/又はCD4陽性ヘルパーT細胞認識エピトープを含む長鎖ペプチド抗原又は蛋白質抗原を疎水化多糖ナノゲルに搭載した医薬組成物。
- 更に、免疫増強剤が抗原搭載ナノゲルと共に投与される、又は免疫増強剤が抗原搭載ナノゲルに含まれている請求項1又は請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原に特異的なT細胞が、前記抗原を認識するT細胞受容体又はキメラ抗原受容体を発現するT細胞である、請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 前記長鎖ペプチド抗原が23~120個のアミノ酸から成る請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 長鎖ペプチド抗原に含まれるT細胞認識エピトープの間に、2~10個のチロシン、2~10個のスレオニン、2~10個のヒスチジン、2~10個のグルタミン及び2~10個のアスパラギンから成る群から選択される配列を含む請求項1~請求項5のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 前記疎水化多糖がプルラン及びコレステリル基を含む請求項1~請求項6のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 前記免疫増強剤が、TLR(Toll様受容体)アゴニスト(CpGオリゴDNA又はPoly-IC RNA)、STINGアゴニスト又はRLR(RIG-I様受容体)アゴニストからなる群から選択される少なくとも一つである請求項3~請求項7のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原が腫瘍特異的抗原蛋白質又は腫瘍間質特異的抗原蛋白質である請求項1~請求項8のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原搭載ナノゲルの投与経路が、皮下、皮内、筋肉内、腫瘍内及び静脈内からなる群から選択される少なくとも一つの経路によって投与される請求項1~請求項9のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 前記抗原搭載ナノゲルが、前記抗原に特異的なT細胞を含む医薬組成物の投与の少なくとも1日前に投与される請求項1~請求項10のいずれか1項記載の組成物。
- 静脈内投与されたときに腫瘍局所のマクロファージに選択的に物質を送達するデリバリーシステムであって、プルラン及びコレステリル基を含む疎水化多糖から成る粒子径80nm以下のナノゲル。
- 免疫チェックポイント阻害剤に抵抗性を持つ腫瘍に有効な治療薬を特定するための非ヒト哺乳類腫瘍モデルであって、前記腫瘍がマウス繊維肉腫CMS5aであり、非ヒト哺乳類がマウスである非ヒト哺乳類腫瘍モデル。
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CN201780010486.9A CN108697777A (zh) | 2016-02-08 | 2017-02-08 | 对免疫检查点抑制剂抵抗性肿瘤的t细胞输注疗法的预处理药物 |
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KR1020187025386A KR20180105232A (ko) | 2016-02-08 | 2017-02-08 | 면역체크포인트 저해제 저항성 종양에 대한 t세포 수주요법의 전처치약 |
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KR20210007916A (ko) * | 2019-07-11 | 2021-01-20 | 주식회사 굳티셀 | 면역체크포인트 억제제 저항성 암의 예방, 개선 또는 치료용 조성물 |
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