WO2017122663A1 - リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用正極、リチウムイオン二次電池、電子機器及び車両 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用正極、リチウムイオン二次電池、電子機器及び車両 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- C01G23/005—Alkali titanates
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- C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
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- C01G45/12—Manganates manganites or permanganates
- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1228—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. LiMnO2, Li[MxMn1-x]O2
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
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- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery, a lithium ion secondary battery, an electronic device, and a vehicle.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are widely used as power sources for driving mobile devices such as mobile phones, smartphones and laptop computers. Lithium ion secondary batteries are characterized by high energy density, but higher energy density is required for new applications such as electric vehicles and household power storage systems.
- Li 2 TiO 3 based material is one of materials research is being promoted as a high capacity cathode material.
- Patent Document 1 describes a substance in which a part of Li 2 TiO 3 is replaced with a kind of metal.
- Patent Document 2 describes a lithium ion secondary battery using a material represented by xLiMO 2 ⁇ (1-x) Li 2 M′O 3 having a layered structure.
- Patent Document 3 Li 1 + x (Mn 1-y Ti y ) 1-x O 2 (where 1/3 ⁇ x ⁇ 1/3, 0.4 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.6) Lithium manganese based composite oxides are described.
- the Li 2 TiO 3 -based material is a lithium composite oxide that has the potential to further increase the energy density of a lithium ion secondary battery, but currently, a Li 2 TiO 3 -based positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery However, no material showing sufficient charge / discharge capacity has been found.
- Patent Document 1 a substance obtained by replacing part of Ti with Mn has a small discharge capacity of 22 mAh / g (see Paragraph 0038 of Patent Document 1).
- Example 3 of Patent Document 2 a substance having a layered structure represented by Li (Ti 0.14 Mn 0.79 Li 0.07 ) O 2 is described, but the initial charge capacity is 179 mAh. / G, reversible capacity was 108 mAh / g, and it could not be said to have sufficient charge / discharge capacity.
- the composite described in Patent Document 3 had an initial charge / discharge capacity of 215 mAh / g (Example 1) at the maximum, and could not be said to have a sufficient charge / discharge capacity.
- the lithium manganese composite oxide of Patent Document 3 is actually not a rock salt type structure but a layered structure, and it is considered that sufficient charge / discharge characteristics are not obtained. This can be confirmed from the fact that the oxidation number in Example 1 of Patent Document 3 is 3.75, which is close to the oxidation number (4.0) of Mn having a layered structure. Even if the rock salt structure is adopted, the lithium manganese composite oxide has a large particle size and is not suitable in composition, so that a sufficient charge / discharge capacity is not obtained.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and is a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery made of a Li 2 TiO 3 based lithium transition metal composite oxide having a rock salt structure capable of expressing a high charge / discharge capacity. It aims at providing the positive electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries, a lithium ion secondary battery, an electronic device, and a vehicle.
- the present invention employs the following means in order to solve the above problems.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the first aspect is represented by the general formula: Li x Ti 2x-1 Mn 2-3x O (0.50 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.67) (1) And a particle size of 0.5 ⁇ m or less.
- x in the general formula (1) may be 0.55 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.63.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to the above aspect is characterized in that, in charge compensation accompanying the movement of lithium ions during charge and discharge, the redox contribution of oxide ions contributes to the redox of transition metal ions contained in the solid solution. It may be the same as or more than.
- a positive electrode for a lithium secondary battery includes the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery, a conductive material, and a binder.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes the positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery, a negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte.
- the initial charge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery according to the above aspect is 260 mAh / g.
- the electronic device includes the lithium ion secondary battery as a driving power source.
- a vehicle according to a fifth aspect includes the lithium ion secondary battery as a driving power source.
- a cathode active material for a novel Li 2 TiO 3 based lithium ion secondary battery comprising a lithium transition metal composite oxide.
- pulverizing the positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries with a ball mill, when producing the positive electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries. 2 shows X-ray diffraction images before and after ball milling for the composite oxide powder obtained in Example 1-1. Showing charge-discharge characteristics of the electrochemical cell obtained using composite oxide Li 0.6 Ti 0.2 Mn 0.2 O Example 1-1 (x 0.6) in the positive electrode active material.
- Showing charge-discharge characteristics of the composite oxide Li 0.6 Ti 0.2 Mn 0.2 O ( x 0.6) used in the positive electrode active material, the electrochemical cells measured under the conditions of Example 1-3 .
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention is made of a solid solution of Li 2 TiO 3 and LiMnO 2 and has a rock salt structure.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery may be made of a solid solution of Li 2 TiO 3 , LiMnO 2 and Li 3 NbO 4 .
- the positive electrode active material for these lithium secondary batteries are common in that a solid solution with both Li 2 TiO 3 and LiMnO 2.
- This positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery may contain other materials as long as the effects of the present invention are exhibited.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery is made of a solid solution of Li 2 TiO 3 and LiMnO 2
- the general formula Li x Ti 2x-1 Mn 2-3x O (0.50 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.67). ⁇ ⁇ Indicated by (1).
- the solid solution of Li 2 TiO 3 and LiMnO 2 can be expressed by the following formula by arranging the coefficients of oxygen. xLi 2/3 Ti 1/3 O. (1-x) Li 1/2 Mn 1/2 O (0.50 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.67) When this is deformed and expressed as MeO (Me: metal) having a rock salt structure, the general formula (1) is obtained.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery is made of a solid solution of Li 2 TiO 3 , LiMnO 2 and Li 3 NbO 4 , the general formula: Li x Ti y Mn (3-y-4x) / 2 Nb (2x ⁇ y-1) / 2 O (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ (1-x)) (2).
- the solid solution of Li 2 TiO 3 , LiMnO 2 and Li 3 NbO 4 can be expressed by the following formula by arranging the coefficients of oxygen.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a redox of a transition metal ion contained in a solid solution in which a redox contribution of an oxide ion is included in charge compensation accompanying movement of lithium ions during charge and discharge. Is greater than or equal to the contribution of That is, the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention greatly contributes to oxidation / reduction of oxide ions in charge compensation accompanying movement of lithium ions during charge / discharge.
- “contribution of redox of oxide ion” or “contribution of redox of transition metal ion” refers to the movement of lithium ions during charge / discharge when the redox reaction proceeds reversibly and stably. In charge compensation, it refers to the redox contribution of oxide ions or transition metal ions. By way of example, it refers to the redox contribution of oxide ions or transition metal ions in charge / discharge when a redox reaction occurs reversibly over at least 30 cycles.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is made of a solid solution of Li 2 TiO 3 and LiMnO 2
- the valence change of Mn 3+ / Mn 4+ There is a contribution accompanying the change in the valence of the oxide ion O 2 2 ⁇ / 2O 2 ⁇ .
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is Li 0.6 Ti 0.2 Mn 0.2 O (formula weight: 81.453)
- the contribution mainly due to the valence change of Mn 3+ / Mn 4+ In this case, the theoretical capacity is 131.6 mAh / g.
- the theoretical capacity is obtained from the movement amount of lithium ions during charge and discharge, the theoretical capacity is 394.9 mAh / g. Movement of the lithium ions during charging and discharging is the sum of the contributions due to the contribution and O 2 2- / 2O 2- valence change in due to valence change of Mn 3+ / Mn 4+.
- the “contribution of redox of oxide ions” or “contribution of redox of transition metal ions” can be examined by measuring the valence change of transition metal ions and oxide ions in the charge / discharge cycle process.
- Examples of valence changes of transition metal ions and oxide ions include soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption fine structure analysis (XAFS), and transmission electron energy loss analysis (EELS). ) Etc.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is made of a solid solution of Li 2 TiO 3 and LiMnO 2
- the valence of manganese ions Mn 3+ / Mn 4+ , oxide ions O 2 2 ⁇ / 2O 2 ⁇ The change is measured using soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy or the like.
- the contribution of the redox reaction of manganese ions can be examined by the change of manganese ions from Mn 3+ to Mn 4+ (generation of Mn 4+ ), and the change from 2O 2 ⁇ to O 2 2 ⁇ (O 2 2- and the like), the contribution of the redox reaction of oxide ions can be examined.
- the “contribution of redox of oxide ions” or “contribution of redox of transition metal ions” can be theoretically predicted from the composition.
- Li 2 TiO 3 is known to be electrochemically inert. Therefore, for example, when the composition ratio of Mn in the general formula: Li x Ti 2x-1 Mn 2-3x O (0.50 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.67) (1) is larger than the composition ratio of Ti It is predicted that the “contribution of redox of transition metal ions” will increase, and if the composition ratio of Mn is equal to the composition ratio of Ti, it is predicted that “contribution of redox of oxide ions” will increase.
- X in the general formulas (1) and (2) is 0.50 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.67.
- x is more preferably 0.52 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.65.
- x is more preferably 0.55 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.63.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present embodiment also includes a composite oxide that is slightly shifted due to defects of Li, Ti, Mn, Nb, or O that are inevitably generated.
- salts or oxides of lithium, titanium, manganese, and niobium are prepared and obtained by a solid phase method according to the composition ratio. be able to. Further, the method is not limited to the solid phase method, and a coprecipitation method, an evaporation to dryness method, a spray drying method, or the like can be used.
- Each salt or oxide of lithium, titanium, manganese or niobium may be prepared separately or as a composite compound.
- a lithium titanium composite oxide from a lithium compound and a titanium compound, a lithium manganese composite oxide from a lithium compound and a manganese compound, or a lithium niobium composite oxide from a lithium compound and a niobium compound may be prepared in advance.
- lithium compound lithium hydroxide, lithium citrate, lithium oxalate, lithium phosphate, lithium carbonate and the like can be used, and these may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- titanium compound metal titanium, titanium oxide, titanium hydroxide, titanium nitrate, titanium chloride and the like can be used, and these may be used alone or in combination. From the viewpoint of stability, it is preferable to use titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) or the like.
- manganese compound metal manganese, manganese oxide, manganese hydroxide, manganese nitrate, manganese carbonate, manganese chloride, manganese iodide, manganese sulfate can be used, and these may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Good. Preferably, it is manganese carbonate.
- niobium compound metallic niobium, niobium oxide, niobium oxalate, niobium chloride, niobium carbide, lithium niobate can be used, and these may be used alone or in admixture of two or more.
- Niobium pentoxide Nb 2 O 5 is preferable from the viewpoints of stability and availability.
- these lithium, titanium, manganese and niobium salts or oxides are adjusted so that the target active material has a desired composition ratio, and the adjusted mixture is fired.
- a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is obtained.
- the lithium raw material is contained in an excess of about 1 to 5% because a part of the lithium raw material may disappear during firing.
- the firing temperature depends on the type of lithium salt used, it is preferably 500 ° C. or higher, and is 800 ° C. or higher in order to increase the crystallinity of the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery to be produced. More preferred.
- the produced positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery has high crystallinity, charge / discharge characteristics are improved.
- the positive electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries which concerns on 1 aspect of this invention contains the said positive electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries, a electrically conductive material, and a binder.
- the positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery may include the above positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery alone as a positive electrode active material, or may be a known positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery. One or more active materials may be included.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is preferably pulverized by a ball mill or the like.
- the average particle size of the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery after pulverization is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or less.
- FIG. 3 is a microscopic image of a material after a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is pulverized by a ball mill when producing a positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the average particle diameter is an average value of arbitrary 20 particles in the optical microscope image.
- the particle size of the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery before being pulverized by a ball mill is 2 to 4 ⁇ m, and the particle size of the material after pulverization is about 1 ⁇ m at the maximum.
- the average particle diameter of a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery using a redox reaction of a transition metal such as a general layered oxide is 1 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size is a configuration that greatly contributes to charge / discharge characteristics.
- charge compensation by oxide ions becomes active, and the initial charge / discharge characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery become 260 mAh / g or more. It was newly discovered by examination.
- the fact that the actual charge / discharge characteristics measured with respect to the Li-based theoretical capacity can be set to 70% or more has been newly found out by examination.
- the pulverization step using a ball mill or the like, the conductive material uniformly adheres to the surface of the pulverized positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- a complexing agent in which a conductive material such as carbon uniformly adheres to the surface of the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery is excellent in charge / discharge characteristics because charge compensation of oxide ions proceeds.
- the pulverization step is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere.
- a lithium ion secondary battery includes the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and a nonaqueous electrolyte, and includes essential components for a general lithium ion secondary battery.
- the use of the lithium ion secondary battery is not particularly limited as long as it is a machine, device, instrument, device, or a system combining the same that can be used as a driving power source or a power storage source.
- lithium ion secondary batteries examples include portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, notebook computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) equipped with lithium ion secondary batteries as driving power sources. Can be mentioned.
- portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, smartphones, notebook computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) equipped with lithium ion secondary batteries as driving power sources.
- PDAs personal digital assistants
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of main functions of a mobile phone as an example of an electronic device.
- the mobile phone 10 includes a battery 1 including at least one lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention, a control unit 2, a display unit 3, an operation unit 4, a communication unit 5, and an antenna 6.
- the control unit 2 includes a CPU and a memory, and controls various devices to be mounted.
- the display unit 3 displays various information such as an operation menu.
- the operation unit 4 is an input interface for operating a mobile phone. Input from the operation unit 4 is processed by the control unit 2 and is used as a mobile phone. Is performed.
- the communication unit 5 performs wireless communication with the mobile phone base station via the antenna 6.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic plan view of a drive system as another example of a lithium ion secondary battery using an electric vehicle as a vehicle.
- the electric vehicle 20 includes a battery module 11 including at least one lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention, an inverter 12, a motor 13, and a control unit 14.
- the electric vehicle 20 is driven by supplying electric power from the battery module 11 to the motor 13 via the inverter 12.
- the electric power regenerated by the motor 13 during deceleration is stored in the battery module 11.
- the control unit 14 controls the inverter 12 to output torque in the same direction as the rotation direction of the wheel 15 when the accelerator pedal is operated, and torque in the direction opposite to the rotation direction of the wheel when the brake pedal is operated.
- the inverter 12 is controlled so as to output.
- the present invention is also applied to a storage battery that stores electric power for driving in a hybrid vehicle including a driving motor and an engine, or a storage battery that stores electric power for driving auxiliary equipment. be able to.
- the present invention can also be applied to a storage battery that stores auxiliary drive power in an engine vehicle. In this case, the storage battery that stores the power for driving the auxiliary machine is charged by the power generated by the alternator connected to the engine.
- Li 0.6 Ti 0.2 Mn 0.2 O is composed of Li 2 CO 3 (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.), TiO 2 (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Ltd.), Mn 2 O 3 (manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd.) It was weighed so that the molar ratio (obtained by firing at 700 ° C.) was 1.5: 1: 0.5. Then, the weighed powder was mixed so as to be sufficiently uniform, pelletized, and fired at 900 ° C. for 12 hours to obtain Li 0.6 Ti 0.2 Mn 0.2 O. At this time, the firing atmosphere was an inert gas atmosphere.
- the obtained powder was put into a zirconia pot to which zirconia balls were added, and set in a planetary ball mill (manufactured by FRITSCH, model number plumbrisete 7), and mixed at 300 rpm for 12 hours.
- FIG. 3 shows X-ray diffraction images before and after the ball milling for the composite oxide powder obtained in Example 1-1.
- the horizontal axis is the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ), and the vertical axis is the intensity.
- the crystal structure of the composite oxide obtained in Example 1 was a rock salt type structure.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the slurry was applied on an aluminum foil as a current collector and dried, and then pressed to produce a positive electrode.
- a bipolar electrochemical cell for evaluation using a lithium foil as a counter electrode was produced.
- a charge / discharge test was performed using 1M-LiPF 6 dissolved in EC / DMC (volume ratio 1: 1) as an electrolytic solution.
- the charge / discharge test was carried out at 50 ° C. in a current range of 5 mA / g and a voltage range of 1.5 to 4.8 V.
- a curve that rises to the right corresponds to the charge curve, and a curve that falls to the right corresponds to the discharge curve.
- a high charge / discharge capacity of 350 mAh / g and a discharge capacity of 315 mAh / g were obtained in the first cycle.
- the initial charge capacity of 350 mAh / g is a very high value corresponding to about 89% of the theoretical capacity of 394.9 mAh / g based on Li. This high charge / discharge capacity is due to the oxidation-reduction reaction of oxide ions (O 2 ⁇ / O 2 2 ⁇ ).
- the charge / discharge capacity in each cycle when the charge / discharge of 4 cycles is repeated in the voltage range of 1.5 mA to 4.8 V with a current density of 5 mA / g is shown.
- the discharge capacity in the fourth cycle was 300 mAh / g, showing 95% of the discharge capacity in the first cycle, and a high discharge capacity retention rate.
- Example 1-1 Also under the conditions of Example 1-2, a high charge / discharge capacity and a high discharge capacity retention rate were exhibited as in Example 1-1.
- the charge capacity in the first cycle was 350 mAh / g, and the discharge capacity was 300 mAh / g.
- Example 1-3 was different from Example 1-1 only in that charge / discharge characteristics were measured at a measurement temperature of room temperature (25 ° C.), and other conditions were the same as Example 1-1.
- Example 1-3 Under the conditions of Example 1-3, the charge capacity in the first cycle was 275 mAh / g, and the discharge capacity was 215 mAh / g. Although the charge / discharge characteristics are also lowered due to the decrease in measurement temperature, the charge / discharge characteristics are sufficiently high. Moreover, even if it repeated 5 cycles charging / discharging, discharge capacity did not fall large, but the discharge capacity maintenance factor as high as 93% was shown.
- Li 2 CO 3 , TiO 2 , and Mn 2 O 3 were weighed so that the molar ratio was 1.1: 0.4: 0.7.
- the weighed powder was mixed so as to be sufficiently uniform, pelletized, and fired at 900 ° C. for 12 hours to obtain Li 0.55 Ti 0.1 Mn 0.35 O.
- the firing atmosphere was an inert gas atmosphere.
- the weighed sample was calcined at 900 ° C. for 12 hours, and the calcined sample was finely pulverized using a ball mill under the same conditions as in Example 1-1.
- FIG. 9 shows X-ray diffraction images before and after ball milling for the composite oxide powder obtained in Example 2.
- ICP emission spectroscopic analysis
- a curve that rises to the right corresponds to the charge curve, and a curve that falls to the right corresponds to the discharge curve.
- the charge / discharge capacity measured under conditions of a current density of 10 mA / g, a voltage range of 1.5 to 4.8 V, and a measurement temperature of 50 ° C. is shown.
- a high charge / discharge capacity of 260 mAh / g and a discharge capacity of 230 mAh / g in the first cycle were obtained.
- the initial charge capacity 260 mAh / g was equivalent to about 71% of the Li-based theoretical capacity 394.9 mAh / g, and showed a high value.
- This high charge / discharge capacity is due to the oxidation-reduction reaction of oxide ions (O 2 ⁇ / O 2 2 ⁇ ).
- Li 2 CO 3 , TiO 2 , and Mn 2 O 3 were weighed so as to have a molar ratio of 1.24: 0.96: 0.27.
- the weighed powder was mixed so as to be sufficiently uniform, pelletized, and fired at 900 ° C. for 12 hours to obtain Li 0.62 Ti 0.245 Mn 0.135 O.
- the firing atmosphere was an inert gas atmosphere.
- the weighed sample was calcined at 900 ° C. for 12 hours, and the calcined sample was finely pulverized using a ball mill under the same conditions as in Example 1-1.
- FIG. 11 shows X-ray diffraction images before and after ball milling for the composite oxide powder obtained in Example 3.
- a curve that rises to the right corresponds to the charge curve, and a curve that falls to the right corresponds to the discharge curve.
- the charge / discharge capacity measured under the conditions of a current density of 10 mA / g, a voltage range of 1.5 to 4.8 V, and a measurement temperature of 50 ° C. is shown.
- a high charge / discharge capacity of 350 mAh / g and a discharge capacity of 280 mAh / g in the first cycle were obtained.
- the initial charge capacity of 350 mAh / g was equivalent to about 89% of the theoretical capacity of 394.9 mAh / g based on Li, showing a very high value.
- This high charge / discharge capacity is due to the oxidation-reduction reaction of oxide ions (O 2 ⁇ / O 2 2 ⁇ ).
- Example 1-1 Example 2, and Example 3 even when a composite oxide in which the range of x in the general formula: Li x Ti 2x-1 Mn 2-3x O was changed was used as the positive electrode material. It was possible to maintain the rock salt structure and to show high charge / discharge characteristics. Also, comparing Example 2 and Example 3, the larger the Ti composition ratio, the higher the contribution of oxidation / reduction of oxide ions in charge compensation accompanying the movement of lithium ions during charge / discharge, and the higher charge / discharge characteristics. Obtainable.
- FIG. 13 shows X-ray diffraction images before and after ball milling for the composite oxide powder obtained in Reference Example 4.
- ICP emission spectroscopic analysis
- the charge / discharge characteristics of an electrochemical cell are shown. A curve that rises to the right corresponds to the charge curve, and a curve that falls to the right corresponds to the discharge curve.
- the charge / discharge capacity measured under conditions of a current density of 10 mA / g, a voltage range of 1.5 to 4.8 V, and a measurement temperature of 50 ° C. is shown.
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Abstract
Description
例えば、特許文献1には、Li2TiO3の一部を一種の金属で置換した物質が記載されている。また例えば、特許文献2には、層状構造のxLiMO2・(1-x)Li2M’O3で表記される物質を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池が記載されている。
また例えば、特許文献3には、Li1+x(Mn1-yTiy)1-xO2(但し、-1/3<x<1/3、0.4≦y≦0.6)で表されるリチウムマンガン系複合酸化物が記載されている。
本発明の一態様に係るリチウム二次電池用正極活物質は、Li2TiO3とLiMnO2の固溶体からなり、岩塩型構造である。また別の態様として、リチウム二次電池用正極活物質は、Li2TiO3、LiMnO2及びLi3NbO4の固溶体からなってもよい。これらのリチウム二次電池用正極活物質は、Li2TiO3とLiMnO2を共に有する固溶体である点において共通している。
このリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質は、本発明の効果を奏する範囲で他の材料を含んでも構わない。
Li2TiO3と、LiMnO2との固溶体は、酸素の係数を整理して、次式で表すこともできる。
xLi2/3Ti1/3O・(1-x)Li1/2Mn1/2O (0.50<x<0.67)
これを変形して、岩塩型構造のMeO(Me:金属)で表記すると、上記一般式(1)が得られる。
Li2TiO3、LiMnO2及びLi3NbO4の固溶体は、酸素の係数を整理して、次式で表すこともできる。
aLi2/3Ti1/3O・bLi1/2Mn1/2O・(1-a-b)Li3/4Nb1/4O (0<a<1、0<b<1)
これを変形して、岩塩型構造のMeO(Me:金属)で表記すると、上記一般式:Li(9-a-3b)/12Tia/3Mnb/2Nb(1-a-b)/4Oが得られる。
さらに得られた一般式を一般式(1)の表記と合せるために、x=(9-a-3b)/12、y=a/3とすると、一般式(2)が得られる。
すなわち、本発明の一態様に係るリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質は、充放電中のリチウムイオンの移動に伴う電荷補償において、酸化物イオンの酸化還元の寄与が大きいものである。
目安を例示すれば、少なくとも30サイクル以上にわたって可逆的に酸化還元反応が生ずる場合の充放電における、酸化物イオンまたは遷移金属イオンの酸化還元の寄与をいう。
充放電中のリチウムイオンの移動量は、Mn3+/Mn4+の価数変化に伴う寄与とO2 2-/2O2-の価数変化に伴う寄与の総和である。つまり、Mn3+/Mn4+の価数変化に伴う寄与のみならず、酸化物イオンのO2 2-/2O2-の価数変化に伴う寄与を利用することで、充放電容量を大きくすることができる。
例えば、Li2TiO3は電気化学的に不活性であることが知られている。そのため、例えば一般式:LixTi2x-1Mn2-3xO(0.50<x<0.67)・・・(1)におけるMnの組成比がTiの組成比に対して多い場合は「遷移金属イオンの酸化還元の寄与」が大きくなることが予測され、Mnの組成比とTiの組成比が同等となる場合は「酸化物イオンの酸化還元の寄与」が大きくなることが予測される。
本発明の一態様に係るリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の製造方法においては、リチウム、チタン、マンガン、ニオブのそれぞれの塩又は酸化物を用意し、組成比に合せて固相法により得ることができる。
また固相法に限られず、共沈法、蒸発乾固法、スプレードライ法等を用いることができる。
リチウム原料の量については、焼成中にリチウム原料の一部が消失することがあるため、1~5%程度過剰に含有させることが好ましい。また焼成温度は、用いるリチウム塩の種類にもよるが、500℃以上とすることが好ましく、生成するリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の結晶性を高めるために、800℃以上とすることがより好ましい。生成されるリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質の結晶性が高いと、充放電特性が向上する。
本発明の一態様に係るリチウムイオン二次電池用正極は、上記リチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質と導電材とバインダーとを含む。
本発明の一態様に係るリチウムイオン二次電池は、上記正極と負極と非水電解質とを含み、一般のリチウムイオン二次電池に必須の構成要素を備える。
リチウムイオン二次電池の用途としては、それを駆動用電源や電力貯蔵源などとして用いることが可能な機械、機器、器具、装置あるいはそれを組み合わせたシステムなどであれば、特に限定されない。
携帯電話機10は、本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池を少なくとも1個備えたバッテリ1と、制御部2と、表示部3と、操作部4と、通信部5と、アンテナ6とを備える。
表示部3は、操作メニュー等の各種情報を表示するものである 操作部4は、携帯電話の操作を行う入力インターフェースであり、操作部4からの入力は制御部2で処理され、携帯電話機としての動作が行われる。通信部5は、アンテナ6を介して無線通信を携帯電話基地局との間で行うものである。
電気自動車20は、本発明のリチウムイオン二次電池を少なくとも1個備えた電池モジュール11と、インバータ12と、モーター13と、制御部14とを備える。
電気自動車20は、電池モジュール11から、インバータ12を介して、モーター13に電力が供給されて駆動される。減速時にモーター13により回生された電力は電池モジュール11に貯蔵される。制御部14は、アクセルペダルが操作されたときに車輪15の回転方向と同じ方向にトルクを出力するようインバータ12を制御し、ブレーキペダルが操作されたときに車輪の回転方向と反対方向にトルクを出力するようにインバータ12を制御する。
一般式:LixTi2x-1Mn2-3xO(x=0.6)に相当するLi0.6Ti0.2Mn0.2O
得られた複合酸化物Li0.6Ti0.2Mn0.2O(x=0.6)をリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質として用い、以下のように評価用の二極式電気化学セルを作製して、その電池特性を評価した。
まず、得られた正極活物質Li0.6Ti0.2Mn0.2O(x=0.6)と、導電材としてアセチレンブラック(AB)とを80:20(重量比)で混合した。この混合物に、N-メチルピロリドン(NMP)に溶解したポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)パインダーを添加してスラリーを作製した。このスラリーにおいて、正極活物質:AB:PVDF=76.5:13.5:10(重量比)とした。このスラリーを、集電体としてのアルミニウム箔上に塗布して乾燥した後、プレスして正極を作製した。
この正極を用い、対極をリチウム箔とした評価用の二極式電気化学セルを作製した。
1サイクル目の充電容量は350mAh/g、放電容量は315mAh/gと高い充放電容量が得られた。初回充電容量350mAh/gは、Li基準の理論容量394.9mAh/gの約89%に相当する非常に高い値である。この高い充放電容量は酸化物イオン(O2-/O2 2-)の酸化還元反応によるものである。
実施例1-2は、電流密度を10mA/gに上げて充放電特性を測定した点のみが実施例1-1と異なり、その他の条件は実施例1-1と同様とした。図6は、複合酸化物Li0.6Ti0.2Mn0.2O(x=0.6)を正極活物質に用い、実施例1-2の条件で測定された電気化学セルの充放電特性を示す。右上がりの曲線は充電曲線に対応し、右下がりの曲線は放電曲線に対応する。
実施例1-3は、測定温度を室温(25℃)として充放電特性を測定した点のみが実施例1-1と異なり、その他の条件は実施例1-1と同様とした。図7は、複合酸化物Li0.6Ti0.2Mn0.2O(x=0.6)を正極活物質に用い、実施例1-3の条件で測定された電気化学セルの充放電特性を示す。右上がりの曲線は充電曲線に対応し、右下がりの曲線は放電曲線に対応する。
図8に、複合酸化物Li0.6Ti0.2Mn0.2O(x=0.6)を正極活物質に用い、実施例1-3の条件で電気化学セルの放電容量の容量維持特性を評価した結果を示す。
一般式:LixTi2x-1Mn2-3xO(x=0.55)に相当するLi0.55Ti0.1Mn0.35O
秤量した試料を900℃12時間焼成し、焼成した試料を実施例1-1と同様の条件でボールミルを用いて試料を細かく粉砕した。
一般式:LixTi2x-1Mn2-3xO(x=0.62)に相当するLi0.62Ti0.245Mn0.135O
秤量した試料を900℃12時間焼成し、焼成した試料を実施例1-1と同様の条件でボールミルを用いて試料を細かく粉砕した。
一般式:LixTiyMn(3-y-4x)/2Nb(2x-y-1)/2O(x=0.625、y=0.1)に相当するLi0.625Ti0.1Nb0.075Mn0.2O
Claims (8)
- 一般式:LixTi2x-1Mn2-3xO(0.50<x<0.67)・・・(1)で表記される岩塩型構造を有し、平均粒径が0.5μm以下であるリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記一般式(1)におけるxが0.55≦x<0.63である、請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。
- 充放電中のリチウムイオンの移動に伴う電荷補償において、酸化物イオンの酸化還元の寄与が前記固溶体に含有する遷移金属イオンの酸化還元の寄与と同じか又はそれ以上である請求項1又は2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極活物質と導電材とバインダーとを含むリチウムイオン二次電池用正極。
- 請求項4に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用正極と負極と非水電解質とを備えるリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 初期充電容量が260mAh/gである、請求項5に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求項6に記載したリチウムイオン二次電池を駆動用電源として備える電子機器。
- 請求項6に記載したリチウムイオン二次電池を駆動用電源として備える車両。
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