WO2017080413A1 - Aie bioprobes emitting red or yellow fluorescence - Google Patents

Aie bioprobes emitting red or yellow fluorescence Download PDF

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WO2017080413A1
WO2017080413A1 PCT/CN2016/104772 CN2016104772W WO2017080413A1 WO 2017080413 A1 WO2017080413 A1 WO 2017080413A1 CN 2016104772 W CN2016104772 W CN 2016104772W WO 2017080413 A1 WO2017080413 A1 WO 2017080413A1
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probe
tpe
cells
ipb
aie
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PCT/CN2016/104772
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English (en)
French (fr)
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Benzhong Tang
Na Zhao
Sijie Chen
Tsz Kin KWOK
Zhegang SONG
Hoi Pang SUNG
Yee Yung Yu
William Alexander NICOL
Jesse ROOSE
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The Hong Kong University Of Science And Technology
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Priority claimed from PCT/CN2016/089911 external-priority patent/WO2017008743A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/0059—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence
    • A61B5/0071—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons using light, e.g. diagnosis by transillumination, diascopy, fluorescence by measuring fluorescence emission
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
    • G01N21/6456—Spatial resolved fluorescence measurements; Imaging
    • G01N21/6458—Fluorescence microscopy
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
    • G01N2021/6439—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes" with indicators, stains, dyes, tags, labels, marks

Definitions

  • the present subject matter relates to red emitting mitochondria-targeted aggregation induced emission (AIE) probes as an indicator for membrane potential and mouse sperm activity.
  • AIE mitochondria-targeted aggregation induced emission
  • the present subject matter relates to AIE-active fluorescent probes for reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection and related biological applications, such as inflammation imaging and glucose assay, as well as the preparation and application of red fluorescent AIEgens.
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • Fluorescent dyes have been used widely in modern biological studies and have facilitated the development of fluorescent microscopes. Fluorescent imaging is a powerful tool to look beyond tissue and observe single cells and, nowadays, has an important role in the progression and noninvasive study on gene expression, protein function, protein-protein interactions, and many other cellular processes. Furthermore, fluorescent imaging has proved to be a powerful tool in examining the microscopic structures of polymer blends. Particularly, far-red to near-infrared (FR/NIR) fluorescent dyes are beneficial forin vivo imaging, as the effects of optical absorption and intrinsic auto-fluorescence may be minimized. Higher degrees of tissue penetration can be achieveddue to a longer fluorescent wavelength. For the same reasons, the imaging of microscopic polymer blend structures utilizing FR/NIR fluorescent dyes allows for obtaining insight not only of the surface pattern, but also of deeper layers.
  • FR/NIR near-infrared
  • the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) effect has always given rise to photo-bleaching and attenuation in fluorescence intensity upon aggregation, thus resulting in restrictions of long-time monitoring of organelles and lower performance.
  • AIE active molecules are highly emissive in the aggregated and/or crystalline state due to restriction of intra-molecular motions (RIM) , allowing applications in various areas, such as in OLEDs and bioprobes for cell imaging and tracking.
  • RIM intra-molecular motions
  • Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that exist in almost all eukaryotic cells.
  • the mitochondrial morphology is regulated by a set of proteins.
  • the mutations of these proteins are reported to be associated with diseases, including neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases.
  • the major function of mitochondria is to generate energy and approximately 95%of the primary source of energy used in eukaryotic cells and ATP is produced by mitochondria.
  • mitochondria In order to synthesize ATP, mitochondria continuously oxidize substrates and maintain a proton gradient across the lipid bilayer in the respiratory electron transport chain with a large membrane potential ( ⁇ m ) .
  • the ⁇ m is a vital parameter reflecting the mitochondrial functional status, and thus is closely related to cell health, injury and function. Thus, the maintenance of mitochondrial function is crucial.
  • the mitochondria ⁇ m is an essential indicator for assessing the physiology, viability, and fertilization potential of sperm, the male germ cell. As the mitochondria provide energy for sperm movement, abnormal ⁇ m in sperm mitochondria may lead to mitochondria dysfunction and result in male infertility. Consequently, development of efficient methods for monitoring mitochondrial morphology, as well as ⁇ m , is of great importance for both biomedical research and early diagnosis of related diseases.
  • JC-1 is the most widely used fluorescent indicator for ⁇ m .
  • JC-1 is highly sensitive to dye loading concentration and time.
  • Many references have reported the complexities and false results of using JC-1 for measuring ⁇ m . Therefore, development of a non-self-quenching, photostable mitochondrial probe to reveal the ⁇ m in living cells is in high demand.
  • mitochondria-targeting AIE probes have been successfully developed. However, most of these probes emit at a short wavelength region and are unresponsive to the ⁇ m changes. On the other hand, probes emitting at a longer wavelength region offer various advantages such as minimum photo-damage to biological samples, deep tissue penetration, and little interference from auto-fluorescence. Efficient red emitting probes with excellent photostability and functionality are thus highly desirable.
  • ROS are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen.
  • Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is one of the most well-known ROS and is widely used in industry and daily life for rinsing, bleaching, and disinfecting.
  • the level of residual H 2 O 2 in waste water is an important parameter for state standards of waste discharge, as high concentration of H 2 O 2 may cause oxidative damage to the environment.
  • hydrogen peroxide is becoming a popular molecule in living organisms, since scientists have disclosed more biological processes in which H 2 O 2 participates and plays different roles. For example, H 2 O 2 serves as a common indicator of oxidative stress, induces antioxidant defenses in many tissues, andis a biological product in many enzyme-catalyzed metabolic reactions.
  • glucose can be converted to gluconolactone under the catalysis of glucose oxidase (GOx) , accompanied by the generation of H 2 O 2 .
  • GOx glucose oxidase
  • H 2 O 2 glucose oxidase
  • biological molecules of concern such as specific enzymes and important substrates (e.g., glucose) , may be quantified indirectly.
  • ONOO - peroxynitrite
  • inflammation is becoming an increasingly popular topic, as it has portentous implications of various major diseases such as cancer, cardiopathy, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease.
  • Inflammation is a cardinal characteristic of ischemic heart disease and is a crucial mechanism in coronary artery disease progression, which takes place in pathologically vulnerable regions of the brains of Alzheimer's patients as well. More importantly, it has been established that 15-20%of all cancers are preceded and induced by chronic inflammation. Consequently, detection and imaging of inflammation in vivo would be undoubtedly beneficial to the early diagnosis and prevention of carcinoma before metastasis and diffusion.
  • the present subject matter is directed to a long wavelength probe having aggregation induced emission characteristics comprising at least one fluorophore comprising a backbone structure having the formula:
  • each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;
  • X is at least one chromophore which can conjugate with at least one fluorophore.
  • the present subject matter is directed to a highly sensitive and selective probe for H 2 O 2 and ONOO - detection comprising AIE luminogens comprising a backbone structure selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R, R′, R” , and R” ’ are independently selected from the group consisting of
  • the present subject matter is directed to a highly sensitive and selective probe for H 2 O 2 and ONOO - detection comprising AIE luminogens comprising, as a backbone structure:
  • the present subject matter is directed to a method of preparing the probe of the present subject matter comprising fabricating nanoparticles of the AIE luminogens in a PEG matrix.
  • the present subject matter is directed to a probe for generating and/or tracking reactive oxygen species (ROS) under UV irradiation comprising red fluorescent AIEgens having the structure:
  • the present subject matter is directed to a probe for monitoring long-term morphology changes of a plasma membrane comprising red fluorescent AIEgens having the structure:
  • the present subject matter is directed to a probe comprising near-infrared AIE luminogens comprising the structure:
  • the present subject matter is directed to a probe for organelle targeting comprising red fluorescent AIEgens selected from the group consisting of
  • FIG. 1A-B showsemission spectra of (A) TPE-In and (B) TPE-Ph-In in DMSO and DMSO/water mixtures with 99%water fractions (f w ) .
  • FIG. 2 shows a plot of the relationship between fluorescent intensity and fluorophore concentration of Rh123, TPE-In and TPE-Ph-In in aqueous solution (1%DMSO) .
  • FIG. 3A-B showsplots of cytotoxicity of luminogens TPE-In and TPE-Ph-In evaluated on HeLa cells by MTT assay.
  • FIG. 4 shows the signal loss (%) of fluorescent intensity of TPE-Ph-In and MT with increasing number of scans.
  • FIG. 5A-B shows (A) the changes of emission intensity of HeLa cells stained with TPE-Ph-In (5 ⁇ M) upon treated with 10 ⁇ g/mL oligomycin and then 20 ⁇ M CCCP. Excitation wavelength: 488 nm. Inset: snapshots of thecells in different period of time during the treatment of stimulants. Scale bar: 20 ⁇ m. (B) The fluorescent intensity of the unstained blank HeLa cells, untreated TPE-Ph-In stained HeLa cells, oligomycin treated TPE-Ph-In stained HeLa cells and CCCP treated TPE-Ph-In stained HeLa cells analyzed by flow cytometry.
  • FIG. 6A-D shows the flow cytometry analysis of HeLa cells (A) , stained with 4 ⁇ M TPE-Ph-In for 30 min (B) , treated stained cells with 10 ⁇ g/mL oligomycin for 25 min (C) or 20 ⁇ M CCCP for 25 min (D) .
  • FIG. 7A-B shows (A) 1 H NMR and (B) 13 C NMR spectra of TPE-IPB in CD 2 Cl 2 .
  • FIG. 8A-B shows (A) 1 H NMR and (B) 13 C NMR spectrum of TPE-IPH in CDCl 3.
  • FIG. 9A-D shows (A) UV spectra of TPE-IPH and TPE-IPB in acetonitrile. (B) PL spectra of TPE-IPB in acetonitrile/water mixtures with different fractions (f w ) . Concentration: 20 ⁇ M. (C) PL spectra of TPE-IPH in acetonitrile/water mixtures with different fractions (f w ) . Concentration: 20 ⁇ M. (D) a plot of relative PL intensity (I/I 0 ) at 549 nm versus the composition of the acetonitrile/water mixture of TPE-IPB.
  • FIG. 10A-E shows (A) a time-dependent PL spectra of TPE-IPB in acetonitrile/buffer mixture (1: 9, v/v; pH 10.0) in the presence of H 2 O 2 (150 ⁇ M) at 37°C. (B) a plot of PL intensity of TPE-IPB in the presence and absence of H 2 O 2 versus incubation time. Inset: photographs illumination of the solutions (a) before and (b) after incubation with H 2 O 2 taken under 365 nm UV illumination.
  • [ClO - ] 100 ⁇ M
  • [TBHP] 100 ⁇ M
  • [O 2 ⁇ _ ] 100 ⁇ M
  • [ROO ⁇ ] 100 ⁇ M
  • [ 1 O 2 ] 100 ⁇ M
  • [ONOO - ] 100 ⁇ M
  • [H 2 O 2 ] 100 ⁇ M) .
  • FIG. 12A-B shows (A) a plot of relative PL intensity (I/I 0 ) of TPE-IPB in acetonitrile/buffer mixture (1: 9, v/v; pH 10.0) incubated with GOx (2 U/mL) and glucose versus concentrations of adscititious glucose; blue line: in acetonitrile/buffer mixture (1: 9, v/v; pH 10.0) ; red line: in acetonitrile/buffer mixture with 1%FBS. Inset: linear calibration curve of glucose assay in the same condition.
  • Solution concentration 40 ⁇ M; incubation time: 1 h; incubation temperature: 37°C; [GOx] : 2 U/mL; [Gal] : 1 mM; [Man] : 1 mM; [Fru] : 1 mM; [Lac] : 0.5 mM; [Suc] : 0.5 mM; [Dex] : 0.18 mg/mL; [Glu] : 1 mM.
  • Inset photographs of solutions incubated with different saccharides taken under 365 nm UV illumination.
  • FIG. 13 shows PL intensity change of TPE-IPB (40 ⁇ M) at 536 nm upon incubation with 200 ⁇ M of ONOO - (red bar) and H 2 O 2 (green bar) at different pH values.
  • FIG. 14A-D shows (A) a schematic illustration of TPE-IPB nanoprobes and their “turn-on” sensing of ONOO - .
  • (B) a photograph of TPE-IPB aggregates and TPE-IPB nanoprobes in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) taken under daylight.
  • D a TEM image of TPE-IPB nanoprobes.
  • FIG. 15A-D shows (A) a plot of I/I 0 versus various RONS in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) .
  • I 0 and I are the PL intensities of TPE-IPB nanoprobe solution at the RONS concentrations of 0 and 400 ⁇ M, respectively.
  • B PL spectra of TPE-IPB nanoprobes treated with different concentrations of ONOO - .
  • C time-dependent PL relative intensity (I/I 0 ) of TPE-IPB nanoprobes and TPE-IPB aggregates upon addition of ONOO - , respectively.
  • I 0 and I are the PL intensities of nanoprobe/aggregate solution in the absence of RONS and at different time points after treatment with 400 ⁇ M of ONOO - , respectively.
  • D photostability comparisons among TPE-IPH nanoprobes, QD565, and FITC in MCF-7 cells under continuous irradiation for 10 min.
  • I 0 and I are the initial PL intensity and the PL intensity of each sample at different time points.
  • FIG. 17A-E shows (A) a schematic illustration of the AIE light-up nanoprobes applied for specific in vivo inflammation imaging.
  • B in vivo non-invasive fluorescent images of MRSA infection-induced inflammation-bearing nude mice before and after intravenous injection of TPE-IPB nanoprobes for designated time intervals. The white circle indicates the inflammatory region.
  • C ex vivo fluorescent images of various tissues of inflammation-bearing mice after treatment with TPE-IPB nanoprobes for 3 h.
  • FIG. 18A-F shows (A, B) In vivo non-invasive fluorescent images of both MRSA and E. coli-infected mice before and after (A) vancomycin and (B) penicillin treatment for designated time intervals.
  • the TPE-IPB nanoprobes were intravenously injected into the mice prior to antibiotic treatment and after treatment for 7 and 14 days, respectively.
  • C, D Typical images of H&E-stained slices of infection regions from mice treated with (C) vancomycin and (D) penicillin for 14 days.
  • E, F Typical CLSM images of slices of infection regions from mice treated with (E) vancomycin and (F) penicillin for 14 days.
  • the TPE-IPB nanoprobes were injected on day 14 and the blood vessels were immunostained by PECAM-1.
  • FIG. 19 shows absorption spectra of Compound 6a in DMSO solution.
  • FIG. 20 shows absorption spectra of Compound 6b in DMSO solution.
  • FIG. 21 shows absorption spectra of Compound 6c in DMSO solution.
  • FIG. 22 shows absorption spectra of Compound 12 in DMSO solution.
  • FIG. 23A-B shows (A) PL spectra of Compound 6a in different toluene fraction (f t ) in toluene/DMSO mixture. (B) Plot of I/I 0 versus f t .
  • I PL intensity of 6a in pure DMSO solution at 650 nm; Concentration: 10 ⁇ M; Ex. : 460 nm.
  • FIG. 24A-B shows (A) PL spectra of Compound 6b in different toluene fraction (f t ) in toluene/DMSO mixture. (B) a plot of I/I 0 versus f t .
  • I PL intensity of 6b in pure DMSO solution at 650 nm; Concentration: 10 ⁇ M; Ex. : 460 nm.
  • FIG. 25A-B shows (A) PL spectra of Compound 6c in different toluene fraction (f t ) in toluene/DMSO mixture. (B) a plot of I/I 0 versus f t .
  • I PL intensity of 6c in pure DMSO solution at 620 nm; Concentration: 10 ⁇ M; Ex. : 440 nm.
  • FIG. 26A-B shows (A) PL spectra of Compound 12 in different toluene fraction (f t ) in toluene/DMSO mixture. (B) a plot of I/I 0 versus f t .
  • I PL intensity of 12 in pure DMSO solution at 720 nm; Concentration: 10 ⁇ M; Ex. : 460 nm.
  • FIG. 27 shows absorption spectra of Compound 16 in THF solution.
  • FIG. 28 shows absorption spectra of Compound 17 in THF solution.
  • FIG. 29A-B shows (A) PL spectra of Compound 16 in THF/water mixture with different water fractions (f w ) . (B) a plot of relative PL intensities versus f w . I 0 are the PL intensities at 580 nm of the dyes in THF; Dye concentration: 10 ⁇ M; excitation wavelength: 410 nm.
  • FIG. 30A-B shows (A) PL spectra of Compound 17 in THF/water mixture with different water fractions (f w ) . (B) a plot of relative PL intensities versus f w . I 0 are the PL intensities at 680 nm of the dyes in THF; Dye concentration: 10 ⁇ M; excitation wavelength: 525 nm.
  • FIG. 31A-B shows (A) UV spectra and (B) PL spectra of Compound 6a mixed with different phospholipid, DNA and RNA in 1%DMSO in HEPES pH 7.4 buffer. Concentration: 10 ⁇ M; Ex. : 460 nm.
  • FIG. 32A-B shows PL spectra of Compound 6a with DNA and treated with (A) DNase and (B) RNase in HEPES pH 7.4 buffer. Concentration: 10 ⁇ M; Ex. : 460 nm.
  • FIG. 33A-E shows confocal images of HeLa cell stained with (Aand C) Compound 6a and (B and D) SYTORNAselect taken under continuous excitation.
  • E FL signal loss of HeLa cell stained with ASCP or SYTORNASelect with increasing no. of scan. 6a: Ex. : 560 nm, Em: 650-750 nm; SYTORNAselect : Ex. : 488, Em: 500-600 nm.
  • FIG. 34 shows MTT assay viability of a HeLa cell stained with different concentration of Compound 6a for 8 h. Data are expressed as mean value of five separate trials.
  • FIG. 35 showsPL spectra in confocal images, where ⁇ : PL signals in lipid droplets; ⁇ : PL signals outside lipid droplets.
  • FIG. 36 shows nanoparticle platforms investigated and proposed applications.
  • FIG. 37A-B shows (A) the molecular rotation of phenyl groups on TPE-TETRAD. (B) TETRAD solutions in THF/water mixtures containing different volume fractions of water. The photographs were taken under the illumination of a UV lamp.
  • FIG. 38A-B shows (A) PL spectra of TPE-TETRAD in THF/water mixture with different water fractions (fw) .
  • I 0 are the PL intensities at 668 nm of the dyes in THF solutions; Dye concentration: 10 ⁇ M; excitation wavelength: 488 nm.
  • Inset photographs of (A) TPE-TETRAD water fraction and (B) TPE-TETRAD thin film.
  • FIG. 39A-B shows (A) ROS generation capabilities of TPE-TETRAD and (B) a MTT assay evaluating the ROS cytotoxicity of TPE-TETRAD PEG nanoparticles in ON/OFF white light conditions.
  • FIG. 40 shows a schematic diagram of MSN@AIE synthesis. Inset pictures reveal the particles fluorescence in solution and morphology using TEM.
  • FIG. 41A-B shows (A) a dynamic light scattering hydrodynamic diameter comparison of TPE-TETRAD nanoaggregates and their MSN encapsulated counterparts, and (B) a photoluminescence emission spectrum of TPE-TETRAD nanoaggregates and the MSN encapsulated TPE-TETRAD nanoparticles.
  • FIG. 42 shows a schematic diagram of TPE-TETRAD/AuNP PEG nanoparticle conjugates. Inset pictures reveal the AuNPs morphology using TEM.
  • FIG. 43A-G shows (A-C) Co-staining with Mito-tracker.
  • D-F CLSM images show the intracellular ROS levels of A549 cancer cells received different treatments by using DCFH as the ROS indicator.
  • D Probe +, Light -;
  • E Probe +, Light +;
  • F Probe +, Light +, NAC+.
  • G Cell viabilities of A549 cells after various treatments indicated.
  • FIG. 44A-D shows (A) a clonogenic formation upon different treatments.
  • D the quantitative data for clonogenic assay of (C) . **represents P ⁇ 0.01.
  • FIG. 45A-C shows aWestern blot analysis of (A) p-ERK, ERK, p-Akt and Akt as well as (B) Bcl-XL, Bcl-2, BAD, and Caspase-3 from A549 cells with various treatments indicated.
  • (C) a schematic illustration of the pathway that indicates how Compound 6b serves as an effective radiosensitizer to irradiation.
  • FIG. 45D shows a Western blot analysis of p-ERK, p-Akt, Bcl-2, Bax and BAD with various treatments indicated.
  • FIG. 46A-B shows overlay confocal images of HeLa cells stained with Compound12 (3.5 ⁇ M) for 5 min before (pseudored color) and after (pseudogreen color) being incubated with (A) Hg 2+ (100 ⁇ M) and (B) control for 40 min.
  • FIG. 47 shows the morphology changes of HeLa cells after trypsin treatment.
  • FIG. 48A-H shows confocal images merged with bright field of HeLa cells stained with Compound12 (3.5 ⁇ M) for 5 min, and without (A) and with (B-H) trypsin treatment in different times.
  • FIG. 49 shows confocal images of HeLa cells co-stained with Compound 6c (4 ⁇ M) and H2DCFDA (10 ⁇ M) under different irradiation times with 405 nm.
  • FIG. 50 shows confocal images of HeLa cells co-stained with Compound 6c (4 ⁇ M) and PI (3 ⁇ M) under different irradiation times with 405 nm.
  • 6c ⁇ ex : 405 nm, ⁇ em : 500-600 nm; PI: ⁇ ex : 560 nm, ⁇ em : 580-740 nm.
  • FIG. 51 shows the change in fluorescent intensity at 650 nm in confocal images.
  • FIG. 52 shows cell viability of HeLa cells incubated with Compound 6c in dark (Black) and ASCP-TPA pretreated with white light irradiation for 2 min and followed by in dark (grey) .
  • FIG. 53A-C shows (A) PL spectra of TPE-Py-NCS (10 ⁇ M) in THF/hexane mixtures with different hexane fractions (f H ) . (B) a plot of peak intensities versusf H . (Inset) Photographs of TPE-Py-NCS in THF/hexane mixtures with different f H taken under hand-held UV lamp with 365 nm illumination. (C) PL spectra of TPE-Py-FFGYSA (1 ⁇ M) and TPE-Py-YSA (1 ⁇ M) in PBS buffer with and without addition of PC-3 cell lysate. Excitation at 405 nm for (A-C) .
  • FIG. 54A-D shows CLSM images of (A) PC-3 cancer cells and (B) smooth muscle cells after staining with monoclonal anti-EphA2 antibody/Alexa Fluor 633-conjugated secondary antibody.
  • C) and (D) are the corresponding fluorescence/transmission overlay images of (A) and (B) , respectively.
  • FIG. 55A-I shows CLSM images of (A) TPE-Py-FFGYSA and (B) anti-EphA2 antibody/Alexa Fluor 633-conjugated secondary antibody co-stained PC-3 cancer cell.
  • the cells were treated with TPE-Py-FFGYSA at 37°C for 90 min.
  • C is the overlay image of (A) and (B) .
  • (G-I) are the corresponding fluorescence/transmission overlay images of (D-F) , respectively.
  • [TPE-Py-FFGYSA] 1 ⁇ M for (A-I) .
  • FIG. 56A-B shows (A) a CLSM image of free YSA peptides (500 ⁇ M) pre-treated PC-3 cancer cells after incubation with TPE-Py-FFGYSA (1 ⁇ M) at 37°C for 90 min. (B) is the corresponding fluorescence/transmission overlay image of (A) .
  • FIG. 57A-H shows CLSM images of (A) smooth muscle cells and (B) PC-3 cancer cells after incubation with TPE-Py-FFGYSA at 37°C for 90 min.
  • E-H are the corresponding fluorescence/transmission overlay images of (A-D) , respectively.
  • FIG. 58A-C shows (A) the fluorescence intensity (FI) of DCF at 530 nm and (B) the relative absorbance of DPBF at 418 nm as functions of light irradiation time of TPE-Py-FFGYSA (1 ⁇ M) in aqueous solution with and without addition of vitamin C (VC) .
  • FIG. 59A-C shows (A) cell viabilities of PC-3 cancer cells and smooth muscle cells received different treatments of TPE-Py-FFGYSA (1 ⁇ M) /light irradiation for 48 h, respectively. (B) cell viabilities of TPE-Py-FFGYSA (1 ⁇ M) -incubated PC-3 cancer cells after addition of 32 nM of Ptx for 24 h. Single light irradiation (0.1 W cm -2 , 2 min) were performed at 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 h post Ptx addition. (C) cell viabilities of PC-3 cancer cells after addition of various concentrations of Ptx for 48 h.
  • the PC-3 cells were received different treatments of TPE-Py-FFGYSA (1 ⁇ M) /light irradiation.
  • For (A) and (C) light irradiations (0.1 W cm -2 , 2 min) were performed three times at 12, 24, and 36 h post addition of Ptx (Ptx is 0 nM for (A) ) , respectively.
  • Data are presented as mean ⁇ s. d. for (A-C) . **in (B) and (C) represents P ⁇ 0.01 versus the Ptx alone group (Probe ; light ) , respectively.
  • FIG. 60A-C shows (A) a western blot analysis of various protein expressions in PC-3 cancer cells received different treatments. (B) a western blot analysis in the absence and presence of NAC. (C) a schematic illustration of the proposed synergistic mechanism based on the western blot data.
  • Aggregation-induced emission means the fluorescence/phosphorescence is turned on upon aggregation formation or in the solid state. When molecularly dissolved, the material is nonemissive. However, the emission is turned on when the intramolecular rotation is restricted.
  • Emission intensity means the magnitude of fluorescence/phosphorescence normally obtained from a fluorescence spectrometer or fluorescence microscopy measurement.
  • Fluorophore means a molecule which exhibits fluorescence.
  • Luminogen means a molecule which exhibits luminescence.
  • AIEgen means a molecule exhibiting AIE characteristics.
  • the present subject matter relates to a red-emitting long wavelengthluminogenand its use for staining mitochondriaand monitoring the change of mitochondrial membrane potential and mouse sperm activity.
  • the present subject matter relates to luminogenscomprising TPE derivatives havingAIE and AEE characteristicsand their use in tracing the change of intracellular mitochondrialmembrane potential and evaluating the sperm vitality.
  • the present subject matter relates to cationic light-emitting materials comprising heterocycle-functionalized luminogens prepared via attachment of the heterocycle unit to the AIE unit through vinyl functionality. These cationic light-emitting materials exhibit long wavelength emission, as well as aggregation-induced emission.
  • the present subject matter is directed to a long wavelength probe having aggregation induced emission characteristics comprising at least one fluorophore comprising a backbone structure having the formula:
  • each R is independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, unsaturated alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;
  • X is at least one chromophore which can conjugate with at least one fluorophore.
  • thefluorogenof the present subject matter has a backbone structure of:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of C n H 2n+1 , C 10 H 7 , C 12 H 9 , OC 6 H 5 , OC 10 H 7 , OC 12 H 9 , C n H 2n COOH, C n H 2n NCS, C n H 2n N 3 , C n H 2n NH 2 , C n H 2n Cl, C n H 2n Br, C n H 2n I, and
  • R’ is independently selected from the group consisting ofC n H 2n NCS, C n H 2n N 3 , C n H 2n NH 2 , C n H 2n Cl, C n H 2n Br, C n H 2n I and
  • X 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of I, Cl, Br, PF 6 , ClO 4 , BF 4 , BPh 4 , and CH 3 PhSO 3 ;
  • n 0 to 20.
  • the probe of the present subject matter is used to label mitochondria in living cells. In an embodiment, the probe of the present subject matter is used to indicate a change in mitochondrial membrane potential. In an embodiment, the probe of the present subject matter is used in situ to monitor a change of ⁇ m in living cells. In an embodiment, the probe of the present subject matter is used to evalute sperm vitality by monitoring membrane potential differences in mouse sperm cells and sperm activity.
  • the specific luminogenTPE-In emits weakly at 694 nm in DMSO. When the water fraction reached 99%in the solvent mixture, stronger red fluorescence was observed. The AIE effect is even more obvious for TPE-Ph-In (FIG. 1) . The emission of TPE-Ph-In is enhanced about 70 times upon aggregates formation. Both TPE-In and TPE-Ph-In are AIE active and are therefore free of the self-quenching problem encountered by most conventional mitochondria probes, such as Rh 123 (FIG. 2) .
  • the cytotoxicity of the two luminogens on HeLa cells was assessed using a 3- (4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazo-lium bromide (MTT) assay.
  • MTT 5-diphenyltetrazo-lium bromide
  • TPE-In exhibits better planarity: one of the phenyl rings on the TPE unit is coplanar with the indolium unit, whereas TPE-Ph-In adopts more of a twisted configuration.
  • the chemical structures of TPE-In and TPE-Ph-In are as follows:
  • TPE-Ph-In Due to its configuration, TPE-Ph-In was chosen for a cell staining test. Pre-experiments showed the dye to be cell-permeable and able to stain mitochondria specifically. Compared with TPE-TPP (tetraphenylethene-triphenylphosphonium) , a UV-excited AIE mitochondrial probe with blue-emission, TPE-Ph-In can be excited with a 488 nm laser and therefore is more compatible with confocal microscopy and manifests higher signal-to-noise ratio. To test the mitochondrial selectivity of TPE-Ph-In, a co-localization experiment was performed with commercial Mitochondria-GFP (Mito-GFP) , a green fluorescent protein targeted to mitochondria.
  • Mitochondria-GFP Mitochondria-GFP
  • the stained cells give out red fluorescence from TPE-Ph-In and green fluorescence from Mito-GFP, respectively.
  • Merged imaging shows that the distribution of TPE-Ph-In in cells is totally consistent with that of Mito-GFP, indicating the high selectivity of TPE-Ph-In towards mitochondria.
  • the ⁇ m is the major driving force for cationic lipophilic dyes to enter and stain the mitochondria, leading to the possibility that the mitochondrial function could be evaluated by a ⁇ m sensitive probe.
  • membrane-potential stimulants oligomycin and carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)
  • CCCP carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone
  • results demonstrate that the accumulation of TPE-Ph-In in the mitochondria depends on the ⁇ m . More importantly, the fluorescence signals of TPE-Ph-In can directly represent the ⁇ m based on the positive correlation between the fluorescent intensity and the local dye concentration in mitochondria, which is difficult to achieve for traditional dyes suffering from the concentration quenching effect.
  • oligomycin and CCCP can lead to the increase and decrease of ⁇ m , respectively, which is reflected on the change of the fluorescence signal of TPE-Ph-In. Because of its high signal-to-noise ratio and low background, no washing step is required during the entire process, thus providing a convenient method for tracing the micro-environment changes in living cells.
  • TPE-Ph-In The good biocompatibility and the membrane potential-dependent fashion of TPE-Ph-In inspired exploration of its feasibility to evaluate sperm vitality.
  • Mouse sperm cells were stained with 5 ⁇ M TPE-Ph-In for 1 h. Under the fluorescent microscope, the midpieces of sperms presented various degrees of fluorescence intensity. To gain further insight into this phenomenon, the dynamic motion of sperms stained with TPE-Ph-In was tracked and recorded. Results reveal the bright red fluorescence comes from the energetic sperm, while the non-vital sperm only gave faint red fluorescence and even non-fluorescence.
  • the fluorescence intensity in the TPE-Ph-In stained mitochondria reflects the mitochondrial mobility, suggesting TPE-Ph-In is a promising fluorescent probe for monitoring the function of sperm.
  • the present subject matter is directed to a highly sensitive and selective probe for H 2 O 2 and ONOO - detection comprising AIE luminogens comprising a backbone structure selected from the group consisting of:
  • each R, R′, R” , and R” ’ are independently selected from the group consisting of
  • the present subject matter is directed to a highly sensitive and selective probe for H 2 O 2 and ONOO - detection comprising AIE luminogens comprising, as a backbone structure:
  • the present subject matter is directed to a highly sensitive and selective probe for H 2 O 2 and ONOO - detection comprising AIE luminogens comprising, as a backbone structure:
  • the probe of the present subject matter is used for sensing glucose in buffer solutions and serum samples.
  • the probe of the present subject matter may be in an aggregated state or solid state.
  • the AIE luminogens are used as imaging agents for inflammation in vivo.
  • the present subject matter is directed to a method of preparing the probe of the present subject matter comprising fabricating nanoparticles of the AIE luminogens in a PEG matrix.
  • the present subject matter further relates to a model compound demonstrating feasibility and advantages of AIE probes for ROS detection, particularly the probes TPE-IPB and TPE-IPH.
  • TPE-IPB consists of three parts: TPE as a fluorophore, imine as an emission mediator, and phenyl boronic ester as the ROS recognition site.
  • the probe is non-emissive in both the solution state and aggregation state, but emits strong yellow fluorescence in the presence of H 2 O 2 or ONOO - . Since H 2 O 2 can be generated by the oxidation reaction of D-glucose catalyzed by GOx, the probe is capable of sensing glucose concentration indirectly through quantifying enzymatically-produced H 2 O 2 .
  • TPE-IPB nanoprobes can serve as safe probes for imaging inflammation in vivo in a selective and high-contrast manner, which also shows a unique merit in visualizing in vivo treatment efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents.
  • TPE-IPB and TPE-IPH are as follows:
  • TPE-IPB was synthesized via condensation reaction between TPE-NH 2 (1) and phenyl boronic ester modified benzaldehyde (2) in mild conditions.
  • the chemical structure of TPE-IPB was confirmed by standard spectroscopic techniques including NMR and HRMS (FIG. 7A-B) with exact mass of 667.3258.
  • TPE is a well-known molecule for its facile synthesis, high quantum efficiency and good photostability in the aggregate/solid state, how to regulate the emission of TPE, especially at the molecular level, remains challenging.
  • PET photo-induced electron transfer
  • phenylboronicpinacol ester acting as a cleavable group to respond to ROS
  • TPE-IPB the moiety of phenylboronicpinacol ester, acting as a cleavable group to respond to ROS
  • the phenylboronicpinacol ester will be cleaved through oxidative reaction followed by the release of a small molecule.
  • the residue after reaction of TPE-IPB with ONOO - or H 2 O 2 will be protonated and converted to 2- ( (4- (1, 2, 2-triphenylvinyl) phenyl) imino) methyl) phenol (TPE-IPH) .
  • the design rational of the TPE-IPB for H 2 O 2 and ONOO - detection is as follows:
  • TPE-IPH intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the proton of the hydroxyl group and the lone pair of nitrogen electrons on the imine.
  • the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding will enable the electron lone pair of nitrogen atom to be both localized and anchored, while fixing the imine conformation, leading to the significant inhibition of the imine quenching effect.
  • TPE-IPH will possess an AIE signature; that is, despite of the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding, TPE-IPH remains non-fluorescent in dilute solution due to the dynamic rotations of the phenyl rings but emits intensely in the aggregate state by a RIM mechanism.
  • TPE-IPH was chemically synthesized according to the synthetic route, as depicted above. The purity and identity of the synthesized TPE-IPH were confirmed by NMR and HRMS (FIG. 8) with an exact mass of 451.1936.
  • TPE-IPH is the expected product of TPE-IPB after reaction with H 2 O 2 , the optical properties of both TPE-IPH and TPE-IPB were first investigated.
  • the absorption spectra of TPE-IPH and TPE-IPB in acetonitrile display their absorption maximums at 373 nm and 347 nm, respectively.
  • selectivity is another important parameter for sensing technic
  • PL responses of TPE-IPB to other ROS were further examined.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates that H 2 O 2 induced significant enhancement of PL intensity while ONOO - had some interference on the detection system because phenyl boronicpinacol ester also responds to ONOO - .
  • Other ROS including hypochlorite, tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) , singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical etc. hardly increase the PL intensity of TPE-IPB at the same conditions.
  • TPE-IPB Since the quantitative detection of H 2 O 2 was realized successfully, a cascade of applications based on TPE-IPB is possible. For example, it is well known that D-glucose will be oxidized to gluconolactone in the presence of GOx accompanied by the generation of H 2 O 2 . Moreover, the quantity of H 2 O 2 produced in the process is stoichiometrically proportional to the amount of glucose. Thus TPE-IPB could indirectly sense D-glucose when GOx coexist in the probe solution through quantifying the concentration of H 2 O 2 . As expected, the PL intensity of TPE-IPB enhances when the concentration of glucose increases and the saturated intensity is more than 10-fold than the initial level. The relative peak intensity (I/I 0 ) is plotted in FIG. 12A (white dots) , which shows a good linear relationship with glucose concentration in the range from 0 to 200 ⁇ M.
  • Another possible application is diagnostics for diabetes mellitus.
  • the concentration of fasting blood-glucose in human serums is fluctuant from 3.6 mM to 6.1 mM.
  • the postprandial glucose level may go up but is usually less than 10 mM. If the glucose levels exceed 11 mM, this quite possibly indicates a diabetes patient.
  • 1%Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) was added into the buffer solution to mimic the real serum environment and to dilute the glucose concentration as well. The result is depicted in FIG. 12A (solid dots) .
  • the solid dot curve shows almost the same assay range (0 to 200 ⁇ M) and similar slope ( ⁇ 0.04) .
  • the only difference is the larger intercept of the solid dot curve, which means FBS contains glucose.
  • TPE-IPB owns excellent anti-interference ability and performs well in a serum environment. It also proves the reliability of this assay method.
  • the selectivity of TPE-IPB toward glucose was examined among different saccharides. As shown in FIG.
  • TPE-IPB may also respond to ONOO - as it induces considerable enhancement on the fluorescence of TPE-IPB.
  • pH effect on the PL responses of TPE-IPB to H 2 O 2 and ONOO - was investigated.
  • ONOO - can turn on the fluorescence of TPE-IPB at physiological conditions (pH 7.4) and buffer basicity can promote the cleavage reaction leading to higher enhancement, while H 2 O 2 can only activate TPE-IPB at strong basic conditions (pH 9.0-10.0) .
  • This result indicates ONOO - shows higher reactivity with TPE-IPB. Based on this finding, TPE-IPB could potentially also be applied for ONOO - detection.
  • TPE-IPB was formulated utilizing biocompatible lipid-PEG 2000 as the encapsulation matrix, affording TPE-IPB-loaded lipid-PEG 2000 nanoprobes (TPE-IPB nanoprobes) .
  • TPE-IPB nanoprobes TPE-IPB nanoprobes
  • FIG. 14A shows the photograph of TPE-IPB aggregates and TPE-IPB nanoprobes in PBS buffer at the same fluorogen concentration (40 ⁇ M) .
  • the PBS solution of TPE-IPB aggregates appeared blue-white and a bit turbid.
  • the PBS solution of TPE-IPB nanoprobes was clearer, revealing that the lipid-PEG matrix can help TPE-IPB better dissolve in an aqueous solution.
  • TPE-IPB aggregates have a wide size distribution with an average size of ⁇ 377 nm in PBS buffer, while the TPE-IPB nanoprobes own much smaller hydrodynamic diameters of ⁇ 34 nm and a narrower distribution (FIG. 14C) .
  • the morphology of TPE-IPB nanoprobes were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) . As shown in FIG. 14D, the TPE-IPB nanoprobeswere uniform and spherical in shape with a diameter of ⁇ 30 nm.
  • the TPE-IPB nanoprobes exhibited outstanding colloidal stability, as evidenced by their stable size distribution, even after 2 weeks in PBS buffer.
  • TPE-IPB nanoprobes were co-incubated with TPE-IPB nanoprobes in PBS buffer at pH 7.4, respectively.
  • ROS reactive oxygen nitrogen species
  • FIG. 15A This result demonstrates that TPE-IPB nanoprobes are highly selective for ONOO - detection at physiological pH.
  • FIG. 15C displays the time-dependent variations in the maximum PL intensity.
  • ONOO - the TPE-IPB nanoprobe fluorescence dramatically switched on, which reached a plateau in 20 min with around 20-fold PL enhancement.
  • the photostability of the resultant emissive TPE-IPH nanoprobes was assessed with commercially available QD565 and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) as the references.
  • the fluorescence changes of the nanoprobe, QD565 or FITC-treated MCF-7 cancer cells were monitored under continuous laser scanning for 10 min.
  • the TPE-IPH nanoprobes only bear ⁇ 7%PL intensity loss after continuous irradiation for 10 min, which is comparable to that of QD565 ( ⁇ 5%loss) and much better than the performance of FITC ( ⁇ 53%loss) .
  • TPE-IPB nanoprobes were utilized for detecting endogenously generatedONOO - in macrophage cells (RAW264.7) before in vivo applications.
  • RONS endogenously generatedONOO - in macrophage cells
  • the macrophages were successively treated with bacterial cell wall lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) .
  • LPS bacterial cell wall lipopolysaccharide
  • PMA phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
  • the macrophages with and without LPS/PMA stimulation were subsequently incubated with TPE-IPB nanoprobes, respectively, followed by imaging with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) .
  • CLSM confocal laser scanning microscopy
  • the un-stimulated macrophages exhibited similar fluorescence intensity to the cell background, while the LPS/PMA-treated macrophages contained intense fluorescence signals, indicating that the fluorescence of TPE-IPB nanoprobes can dramatically light up in macrophages under conditions related to inflammation.
  • N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was employed to block the produced ROS in LPS/PMA-treated macrophages.
  • TPE-IPB nanoprobes were intravenously administrated into healthy mice with the concentration 5 times higher than that used for the following in vivo imaging experiment.
  • the data includingmouse body weight changes, the blood chemistry tests as well as the histological analyses of important organs (liver, spleen and kidney) reveal that the TPE-IPB nanoprobes are quite safe for in vivo applications (FIG. 16) .
  • bacterial infection-induced inflammation-bearing nude mice were used as model animals, which were established by subcutaneous inoculation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) into the left back of mice. The activation of an inflammatory response localized to the infection region was verified by the histological analysis. After intravenous injection of TPE-IPB nanoprobes, the inflammation-bearing mice were imaged by a Maestro EX in vivo imaging system with removal of mouse autofluorescencevia spectral unmixing. As shown in FIG.
  • MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
  • TPE-IPB nanoprobes are highly specific for visualizing an in vivo inflammatory region with elevated production of ONOO - .
  • the infected and uninfected skins were also sliced for blood vessel staining and CLSM imaging.
  • emissive yellow fluorescence dots were clearly observed around the blood vessels in the bacterial infection region.
  • nearly no nanoprobe fluorescence signals were seen in the slice of normal skins. This result at single-cell resolution confirms the fluorescence light-up of our nanoprobes in the inflammatory region.
  • mice in the second group were treated with another antibiotic, penicillin, which is potent and sensitive to E. coli strain, but is ineffective against MRSA bacterial infection.
  • the TPE-IPB nanoprobes were intravenously administrated into the mice in both groups before the antibiotic treatments. As shown in FIG. 18A and 18B, strong fluorescence signals can be clearly observed at both sides of back (only in the infection regions) from mice in both two groups prior to treatments. Furthermore, after antibiotic treatments for 7 and 14 days, respectively, the AIE light-up nanoprobes were also injected into the mice of both groups. It was observed that both the fluorescence signals from MRSA-infected foci in the vancomycin-treated mice (FIG. 18A) and E. coli-infected foci in the penicillin-treated mice (FIG. 18B) significantly decrease over time and almost vanished on day 14. In comparison, the fluorescence intensity from the inflammatory region induced by the bacteria resistant to the corresponding injected antibiotic was still maintained, even after 14-day treatments.
  • mice in two antibiotic-treated cohorts were sacrificed and all of the bacterial infected skin tissues were resected and sliced for further analyses.
  • the histological examinations reveal the severe immune cell infiltrate in the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) -stained slices from vancomycin-treated E. coli-infected foci (FIG. 18C) and penicillin-treated MRSA-infected foci (FIG. 18D) , respectively, indicating typical inflammation.
  • H&E hematoxylin and eosin
  • the present subject matter relates to several groups of red-emitting AIEgens and their biological applications. Furthermore, targeting moieties are attached to these molecules for organelle-specific imaging.
  • the absorption region of compounds 6 (a-c) and 12 in different solvents was around 450 nm and the fluorescence in different solutions was varied from 600 nm to 650 nm (FIG. 19-22) . It was a typical Twisted Internal Charge Transfer (TICT) characteristic, that the non-polar solvents increased and blue-shifted the fluorescent signals, while the polar solvents decreased and red-shifted the fluorescent signals.
  • TCT Twisted Internal Charge Transfer
  • a DMSO and toluene solvent mixture was used for study of AIE characteristics, where DMSO played as a good solvent and toluene played as a poor solvent. There was no fluorescence in pure DMSO solvent, but enhancement and a blue-shift in fluorescence were observed with increasing toluene fraction content in DMSO.
  • the absorption maxima of the mixture of compound 6a and phospholipid were at 430 nm, but there was 30 nm red-shifted in addition of DNA or RNA (FIG. 31A) .
  • the emission also showed red-shift from 600 to 680 nm in phospholipids and DNA or RNA mixture (FIG. 31B) .
  • a 405 nm excitation can be absorbed more in phospholipid solutions than in DNA or RNA solution.
  • a 560 nm excitation can be absorbed more in DNA or RNA solution than in phospholipid solutions.
  • the intercalation site may still be a polar environment because the base pairs in the backbone were hydrogen bonding, in which the emission became more red-shifted due to TICT effect; and the red-shifted emission may be caused by D-Acomplex formation in the intercalation site.
  • RNAs such as ribosomal proteins and rRNA.
  • RNase ribonuclease
  • DNase deoxyribonuclease
  • FIG. 48A there was fluorescence from interaction with DNA, but the red color in cell imaging was not related to DNA but due to the difference in the DNA purchased for experimentation and DNA in cells were different.
  • Cellular DNA was packaged and ordered by histone, but there was no histone in in vitro DNA. Histone carried partial positive charge to interact with DNA. The positive charge in DNA was likely neutralized, and then the attraction to compound 6a was decreased.
  • the fluorescent signals from mitochondria and nucleolus had overlapped partially, even in 560 nm excitation, and attempts were made to minimize the signals from mitochondria and emphasize a distinct fluorescent nucleolus by collecting the range of signals from 650 to 750 nm.
  • the approach was successful to have a higher contrast fluorescent nucleolus (FIG. 33A) .
  • compound 6a was compared with SYTORNASelect in confocal imaging. Photostability was important for monitoring the mitochondria and nucleolus morphological changes and studying these processes and relationship. Under continuous scanning with 560 nm excitation, the signals of compound 6a were almost kept above 98%in the 50th scan, but signals of SYTORNASelect were almost around 0%in the 15th scan (FIG. 33B) . The morphologies of nucleolus were still clear and distinct, but the fluorescent signals of SYTORNASelect disappeared.
  • Compound 6b was utilized as a mitochondrial targeting dye and compounds6c and 12 were used for cell membrane targeting.
  • Compounds6c and 12 were carrying positive charge and much longer hydrophobic part than compound 6b. They can be tracked in the double layer lipid of cell membrane. However, compounds6b and 6c were found that they can be used for two photon imaging, but also generate ROS under UV irradiation. They can also be utilized for image-guided photodynamic therapy. They may help study on cell apoptosis and necrosis.
  • XTT assay was employed to evaluate the anticancer effect of 6b. As shown in FIG. 43G, 6b without light exposure was almost non-toxic to A549 cells. There were nearly 90%cells alive even at the highest concentration (80 ⁇ M) . However, with the exposure to white light for 1 min, 6b led to dose-dependent cell death. The IC50 value was about 33 ⁇ M.
  • co-treatment of NAC significantly attenuated the cytotoxic effect of 6b with light. For instance, 80 ⁇ M of 6b led to more than 90%cell death while more than 75%cells were alive upon NAC co-treatment.
  • Clonogenic assay was performed to evaluate the radiosensitization effect of 6b. Prior to irradiation, A549 cancer cells were incubated with 6b (5 ⁇ M) for 2 h to ensure the targeting delivery of 6b to mitochondria. After that, irradiation was given at a series of doses (2, 4, 6 Gy) . Cells were then immediately seeded into 6 well plates to study the colony forming ability. As shown in FIG. 44A and 44B, 6b without light showed no radiosensitization effect when compared to irradiation alone. However, the exposure of6b-treated cells to light significantly sensitized cancer cells to radiation. The calculated SER10 was 1.62.
  • NAC antioxidant agent
  • a ROS scavenger used as a ROS scavenger to investigate if the radiosensitization effect of 6b was mainly dependent on the induction of intracellular ROS. It is obvious that NAC significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of 6b on the expression of p- Akt and p-ERK, which reversed the induction of down-stream apoptotic pathway. For example, co-treatment of NAC substantially decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and strengthened the expression of the pro-apoptotic Bax and BAD after the exposure to 6b with light, which clearly demonstrated that the radiosensitization effect of 6b was closely related to the induction of intracellular ROS by light.
  • Programmed cell death is called apoptosis and the death caused by external factor is called necrosis.
  • the morphology of membrane is changed during either apoptosis or necrosis. Morphology changed of plasma membrane is related to the health of cells. However, the dynamic changes are rarely recorded. Since the dye can target plasma membrane selectively and show highly photostability and high biocompatibility, it could be utilized for long-term tracking in plasma membrane.
  • Hg 2+ can cause dysfunction of cells and induce cell death.
  • Hua et al. have reported that Hg 2+ ions change the morphology of membrane and induce bleb formation which is a common sign of cell death.
  • 12 is used to monitor the dynamic changes of HeLa cells under Hg 2+ treatment.
  • pseudored color and pseudogreen color represent before and after Hg 2+ treatment. It was found that there are changes in plasma membrane.
  • a bleb is formed under 40 min of the treatment. Bleb formation implies Hg 2+ interacts with cytoskeleton (FIG. 46A) , resulting actin filament disruption. When the actin filament is damaged, the hydrostatic pressure in the disrupted sits is increased and forces the bilayer membrane out.
  • a control experiment is performed and it is found that the morphology of plasma membrane do not change a lot. The possibility of monitoring morphology changes of plasma membrane under toxic conditions by 12 is demonstrated.
  • Cell adhesion is essential and widely used in biological experiment. It is a process of interaction and attachment of cell to a surface, substrate or another cell. The interaction is driving by the action of transmembrane glycoproteins, called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) .
  • CAMs are the proteins on the cell surface and bind to extracellular matrix. Selectins, integrins, syndecans and cadherins are the examples of CAMs.
  • the morphology of cells is changed from sphere to be flattened on the surface of coverslips. The process is well studied and the key events in adhesion are hypothesized.
  • the adherent cells can be detached by trypsin which is a protease to cleave peptide bonds.
  • trypsin is a protease to cleave peptide bonds.
  • the adherent cells are going to leave the surface and the flattened shape is returned to be spherical (FIG. 47) . 12 may be used to monitor the process of the detachment of adherent cells.
  • adherent cells are imaged by using a confocal microscope (FIG. 48A) . After addition of trypsin, the images are recorded in different times (FIG. 48B-H) . The appearances of the cells are changed to a smaller sphere, meaning that the cells are leaving from the coverslip. But more interestingly, some small spheres surrounding the cells are observed after 7 min. It is firstly observed by using fluorescent technique. It is proposed that there is disassociation of the bilayer membrane during detachment. When trypsin is added and start to digest the CAMs, the cells start to leave in lack of enough binding points on surfaces. It is meant that some CAMs may still not be digested even though the cells are leaving.
  • the plasma membrane is enforced to leave, but CAMs keep the membrane on the coverslip.
  • some membrane may be cleaved from cells in this pulling. Since the membrane is bilayer phospholipid, the cleaved membranes tend to form micelle.
  • the present dye is tracked in the bilayer. The process of detachment can be monitored by observation of the shape of cells. On the other hand, some micro-events like the micelle formation can also be monitored in detailed. The results suggest that 12 is a potential candidate to monitor morphology changes of plasma membrane in long-term.
  • PI cannot enter living cells, but can enter dead cells because of the permeability of the plasma membrane. When it entered cells, it interacted with DNA and turned on as red emission. After HeLa cells stained with 6c, PI was introduced to the cell culture. Before irradiation, no red fluorescent signals from PI were found, but the signals were from the present dye in the membrane (FIG. 50) . The fluorescence was turned on and enhanced gradually under irradiation, meaning that PI was entering cells and interacting with DNA. The increased signals were collected for a real-time monitoring of turn-on process of PI (FIG. 51) . Importantly, this result implies that the permeability of plasma membrane was weakened or gone after irradiation. ROS was not disrupted F-actin cortex, but also phospholipid of the plasma membrane.
  • Compound 16 was utilized for lysosome targeting. The selectivity was confirmed by a commercial dye, lyso-tracker red. It can also be used for two photon imaging in order to give a higher resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio.
  • Compound 17 was used for lipid droplet imaging. In confocal images, the signals come from the whole cells. However, when the range for collection of emissionwas changed from 520 to 630 nm, the signals only come from lipid droplets because the environment of lipid droplets was non-polar, which will shift the emission of compound 17 into more blue regions (FIG. 35) .
  • the present subject matter is directed to a probe for generating and/or tracking reactive oxygen species (ROS) under UV irradiation comprising red fluorescent AIEgens having the structure:
  • the probe of the present subject matter is a dye.
  • the present subject matter is directed to a probe for monitoring long-term morphology changes of a plasma membrane comprising red fluorescent AIEgens having the structure:
  • the probe of the present subject matter provides cell membrane staining.
  • the featured class of compounds is based on the TPE-TETRAD scaffold which exhibited near-infrared emission, a large stokes shift, low cytotoxicity, and high photostability.
  • the favorable AIE and TICT properties made it possible to utilize this dye synergistically within various multifunctional nanoparticle platforms.
  • Encapsulating the NIR AIE nanoaggregates emitters using PEG polymers, mesoporous silica, and biomolecular matrix yields uniformly sized NPs with high brightness and low cytotoxicity.
  • Proposed applications relating to bioimaging, long-term cell tracing and as organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) are considered.
  • TPE-TETRAD exhibits an emission maximum at 668 nm in THF, which is 53 nm red-shifted from that of TPA-DCM.
  • the emission of TPE-TETRAD is dramatically weakened and the emission color is bathochromically shifted, due to the increase in the solvent polarity and the transformation to the TICT state.
  • the fluorophores emission is restored at f w ⁇ 50 vol %and is intensified with a further increase in f w .
  • the emission maximum is gradually red-shifted to ⁇ 675 nm when f w reaches 90 vol %.
  • the solid state emission was as high as 23.41%with a lifetime of 3.55 ns.
  • the two-photon cross section was 313 GM at 830nm making this dye extremely useful for deep-tissue imaging and biological applications. This can be seen in the two photon excited emission spectra of TPE-TETRAD under 800 nm where there is a significant overlap with the biological window.
  • the first and most basic approach involved the encapsulating the TPE-TETRAD dye using DSPE-PEG 2000 . This was achieved by dispersing TPE-TETRAD in THF and slowly adding it to an aqueous solution of DSPE-PEG 2000 . Subsequently, the TPE-TETRAD molecules aggregate and entangle with the hydrophobic domains of the DSPE-PEG 2000 . Stable nanoparticles formed instantly upon sonication. The THF was then removed and purified by filtration through a 0.45 ⁇ m microfilter. The negative Zeta potential of the purified NPs suggests that the NPs are stabilized by outer layers of ionized carboxylic groups. The NPs were 230 nm as confirmed by dynamic light scattering.
  • the NPs had a very low cytotoxicity as revealed in the MTT assay preformed. Additionally, it has been shown that highly conjugated molecules exhibit ROS capabilities. This is highly unfavorable for long term cell tracking studies, due to unintentional cytotoxicity effects from longer term confocal microscope laser exposure.
  • the TPE-TETRAD dye and nanoparticles do not generate a significant amount of ROS. However, the TPE-TETRAD NPs were able to be internalized by HeLa cells and showed very bright fluorescence.
  • the next nanoparticle system that was investigated involved coating the outside of the TPE-TETRAD nanoaggregates with a mesopourous silica coating to endow the particle with superior long term biostability and multifunctional drug delivery capabilities.
  • the cytotoxicity was observed to be very low as shown by a MTT assay performed where the working concentration lead to greater than 95%cell survival.
  • the third and final nanoparticle platform that was investigated involved incarcerating gold nanoparticles (AuNP) into the TPE-TETRAD and PEG matrix described earlier.
  • the present subject matter is directed to a probe comprising near-infrared AIE luminogens comprising the structure:
  • the probe of the present subject matter is used for deep tissue imaging. In an embodiment, the probe of the present subject matter is used for drug delivery. In an embodiment, the probe of the present subject matter is internalized by HeLa cells.
  • TPE-Py-NCS An isothiocyanate-functionalized AIEgen, namely TPE-Py-NCS, was synthesized and characterized with standard spectroscopic techniques. The synthetic route toward TPE-Py-FFGYSA and TPE-Py-YSA is shown below:
  • the peptide of NH 2 -FFGYSA was synthesized through standard solid-phase peptide synthesis, which was then characterized by liquid chromatography (LC) , 1 H NMR, and HRMS.
  • LC liquid chromatography
  • the reaction between the isothiocyanate group on TPE-Py-NCS and the amine group of NH 2 -FFGYSA yielded TPE-Py-FFGYSA in 70%yield.
  • the purity and chemical structure of the final product were also confirmed by LC, 1 H NMR, and HR-MS.
  • TPE-Py-YSA without FFG sequence was synthesized and characterized as well following the same procedures as that for TPE-Py-FFGYSA.
  • TPE-Py-NCS The AIE characteristic of TPE-Py-NCS was demonstrated by measuring its photoluminescence (PL) spectra in tetrahydrofuran (THF) /hexane solvent mixtures. As shown in FIG. 53A and FIG. 53B, TPE-Py-NCS shows relatively weak emission peaked at ⁇ 626 nm in pure THF solution. With the increase of hexane content in THF/hexane mixtures from 0 to 70%, the PL intensity slightly enhances with evident blue-shift of the emission wavelength. This phenomenon should be ascribed to the typical TICT effect with decreased polarity of solvent mixtures when hexane fraction is elevated. Further increase of hexane fraction in the mixture leads to a dramatic PL enhancement with a constant peak at ⁇ 595 nm, which illustrates the pure AIE effect of T.
  • PL photoluminescence
  • TPE-Py-NCS The emission spectra of TPE-Py-FFGYSA and TPE-Py-YSA in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer are depicted in FIG. 53C, respectively. Both TPE-Py-FFGYSA and TPE-Py-YSA are weakly fluorescent in PBS buffer, although the emission of TPE-Py-FFGYSA is ⁇ 2.2-fold higher than that of TPE-Py-YSA.
  • PBS phosphate buffered saline
  • TPE-Py-FFGYSA and TPE-Py-YSA are nearly unchanged when they are incubated in pure water, PBS buffer, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and DMEM containing fetal bovine serum, respectively.
  • DMEM Modified Eagle Medium
  • TPE-Py-FFGYSA and TPE-Py-YSA are capableof serving as fluorescenceturn-onprobes applicable for complex biological environments.
  • EphA2 proteins that are overexpressed in the cancer cells in a selective and high-contrast manner.
  • PC-3 cancer cells and human smooth muscle cells were utilized as EphA2-positive and negative cells, respectively.
  • EphA2-positive and negative cells were utilized as EphA2-positive and negative cells, respectively.
  • FOG. 54 smooth muscle cells express very few EphA2 proteins (FIG. 54) , revealing that this normal cell line can act as a good EphA2-negative control.
  • EphA2 receptors exist as dimers on the cancer cell membrane; nevertheless, after interaction with the specific ligands (i.e., anti-EphA2 antibody or YSA peptide) , the ligand-bound EphA2 dimers are prone to assemble into larger clusters on the membrane, followed by internalization into cytoplasm.
  • specific ligands i.e., anti-EphA2 antibody or YSA peptide
  • TPE-Py-FFGYSA (1 ⁇ M) was then applied to incubate with PC-3 cancer cells. Upon incubation at 37°C for 90 min, PC-3 cancer cells were imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) . As shown in FIG. 55A, distinct dots with bright yellow fluorescence are explicitly observed around the nucleus of PC-3 cells, indicating that the TPE-Py-FFGYSA fluorescence can be significantly switched on in the cancer cells. To validate that what TPE-Py-FFGYSA visualized were indeed EphA2 clusters, the PC-3 cells were also co-stained with monoclonal anti-EphA2 antibody and fluorescent secondary antibody.
  • the PC-3 cancer cells were first incubated with TPE-Py-FFGYSA at 0°C, as the protein internalization is energy-dependent. After incubation at 0°C for 1 h, intense fluorescence signals from TPE-Py-FFGYSA are observed on the membranes of PC-3 cancer cells (FIG. 55D) , indicating that the EphA2 receptors are originally distributed on the cell membrane.
  • the PC-3 cells were washed and incubated in culture medium for another 10 and 60 min, respectively, followed by imaging of the live cells with CLSM.
  • TPE-Py-FFGYSA targeting capability and specific fluorescence turn-on signature of TPE-Py-FFGYSA toward EphA2 were estimated using EphA2-negative smooth muscle cells as the control.
  • FIG. 57A there are very few fluorescence signals detected in the smooth muscle cells upon incubation with TPE-Py-FFGYSA (1 ⁇ M) at 37°C for 90 min, indicating that TPE-Py-FFGYSA is highly specific for lighting up EphA2 that are overexpressed in cancer cells.
  • TPE-Py-YSA without FFG sequence was also utilized as a control probe.
  • 57C show the CLSM images of PC-3 cancer cells after incubation with TPE-Py-FFGYSA (1 ⁇ M) and TPE-Py-YSA (1 ⁇ M) , respectively, at 37°C for 90 min. Compared with TPE-Py-FFGYSA-treated cells, less staining areas with weaker fluorescence is observed for TPE-Py-YSA-treated cells. Quantitative analysis with Image Pro Plus software suggests that the average fluorescence intensity from TPE-Py-FFGYSA-treated cells is ⁇ 4.0-fold higher than that from TPE-Py-YSA-treated PC-3 cells, which agrees well with the cell lysate titration data (FIG. 53C) .
  • TPE-Py-FFGYSA is capable of visualizing EphA2 proteins in cancer cells in a more sensitive and higher-contrast manner.
  • CLSM image of smooth muscle cells post incubation with TPE-Py-YSA at 37°C for 90 min displays very few fluorescence signals in the normal cells (FIG. 57D) , which shows nearly no difference to TPE-Py-FFGYSA-treated smooth muscle cells (FIG. 57A) in terms of the number as well as fluorescence intensity of the fluorescence patches in the cells.
  • TPE-Py-FFGYSA The larger fluorescence signal throughput of TPE-Py-FFGYSA than TPE-Py-YSA for EphA2 imaging in PC-3 cancer cells should be attributed to the FFG sequence between the AIEgen and YSA.
  • EphA2 receptors form clusters in cancer cells, a considerable number of probes will be significantly enriched in the EphA2 clusters due to the specific binding of the protein and YSA.
  • TPE-Py-FFGYSA can image EphA2 clusters in cancer cells in a more sensitive and higher-contrast manner, by the simple incorporation of three amino acids FFG.
  • TPE-Py-FFGYSA as an AIE adjuvant to enhance the cytotoxicity of Ptx was studied by MTT assay.
  • the exogenous ROS generated by TPE-Py-FFGYSA will not kill cancer cells, but provides an intracellular oxidation environment to amplify the antitumor efficacy of Ptx. It is demonstrated that the 48 h viabilities of PC-3 cancer cells and smooth muscle cells after treatments with TPE-Py-FFGYSA itself (1 ⁇ M) , “TPE-Py-FFGYSA (1 ⁇ M) +light irradiation” or pure light irradiation are all above 95% (FIG.
  • TPE-Py-FFGYSA is non-toxic to both cancer and normal cells even exposure to light.
  • This result reveals that TPE-Py-FFGYSA is promising to serve as an adjuvant with very low cytotoxicity.
  • the light irradiation performed would lead to synergistic antitumor effect of TPE-Py-FFGYSA and Ptx was next studied.
  • PC-3 cancer cells were washed and exposed to 32 nM of Ptx. Subsequently, single irradiation with white light (0.1 W cm -2 , 2 min) were carried out at 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 h post addition of Ptx, which was followed by MTT assays at 24 h. As shown in FIG. 59B, upon light irradiation at 0, 3, or 6 h post Ptx addition, the PC-3 cell viabilities show no obvious difference to that without light irradiation (Probe +; Light ) .
  • the IC 50 value of Ptx alone is 75.9 nM; when Ptx is combined with “TPE-Py-FFGYSA + light irradiation” , the IC 50 value decreases to a significantly lower value of 7.8 nM, which is only 10.3%of the original IC 50 value.
  • Previous study reported that amifostine as a chemosensitizer could lower the IC 50 value to ⁇ 14%of the value of Ptx alone, which has been well accepted as a superb performance in enhancing the antitumor efficacy of Ptx.
  • TPE-Py-FFGYSA + light cannot lead to cell death (FIG. 59A) .
  • TPE-Py-FFGYSA can serve as an extremely effective adjuvant for synergistic antitumor therapy with Ptx by virtue of the effect of “0+1 > 1” .
  • the present subject matter is directed to a probe for organelle targeting comprising red fluorescent AIEgens selected from the group consisting of
  • the probe of the present subject matter is used for imaging PC-3 cancer cells. In an embodiment, the probe of the present subject matter is used for ROS generation. In an embodiment, the probe of the present subject matter is used as an adjuvant for antitumor therapy with Paclitaxel.
  • the malononitrile derivative was prepared according to the reported experimental procedures.
  • the fluorophores were prepared as shown in the scheme for the detailed synthetic route to TPE-TETRAD (compound 6) .
  • Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 150 mg was added into a stirred mixture of 833 mg (0.1.9 mmol) of 2Br-TPA-DCM, 2.17g (5.8 mmol) of the malanonitrile derivative 2 and 1.5g of K 3 PO 4 (5 mmol) in 50 mL of THF and 8 mL of water under nitrogen. The mixture was heated to 70°C for 36 h to obtain.

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