Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/02—Halogenated hydrocarbons
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
  • A61F9/00—Methods or devices for treatment of the eyes; Devices for putting in contact-lenses; Devices to correct squinting; Apparatus to guide the blind; Protective devices for the eyes, carried on the body or in the hand
  • A61F9/0008—Introducing ophthalmic products into the ocular cavity or retaining products therein
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/02—Inorganic compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0048—Eye, e.g. artificial tears
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/08—Solutions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • C07C17/26—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton
  • C07C17/263—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions
  • C07C17/266—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C19/00—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms
  • C07C19/08—Acyclic saturated compounds containing halogen atoms containing fluorine

Definitions

• the present invention is in the field of semifluorinated compounds, compositions thereof, and their use as a medicine in particular for ophthalmic administration.
• Semifluorinated alkanes are compounds composed of at least one non- fluorinated hydrocarbon segment and at least one perfluorinated hydrocarbon segment.
• CF3(CF2]n(CH2]mCH wherein n and m are integers denoting the number of carbon atoms of the respective segment are described for various applications, for example commercially for unfolding and reapplying a retina, for long-term tamponade as vitreous humour substitute (H. Meinert et al., European Journal of Ophthalmology, Vol. 10(3], pp. 189-197, 2000], and as wash-out solutions for residual silicon oil after vitreo-retinal surgery.
• WO 2011/073134 discloses solutions of ciclosporin in a semifluorinated alkanes of the formula CF3(CF2 ⁇ n (CH2]mCH3, optionally in the presence of a co-solvent such as ethanol, wherein the semifluorinated alkane functions as a liquid drug delivery vehicle for ciclosporin for topical treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
• WO2014/041055 describes mixtures of semifluorinated alkanes of the formula CF3(CF2 ⁇ n (CH2]mCH3 (which may be alternatively expressed as
• F(CF2]n(CH2]mH ⁇ are described to be ophthalmically applicable as tear film substitutes or for treating patients with dry eye syndrome and/or meibomian gland dysfunction.
• a nomenclature which is frequently used for semifluorinated compounds having linear and unbranched segments is FnHm, wherein F means a perfluorinated hydrocarbon segment, H means a non-fluorinated segment, and n and m define the number of carbon atoms of the respective segment.
• F3H3 is used for perfluoropropylpropane, CF3(CF2 ⁇ 2(CH2 ⁇ 2CH.3, i.e. 1-perfluoropropylpropane.
• the invention relates to compositions comprising a semifluorinated compound characterized by the general formula CF3-(CF2 ⁇ n -CH(CH3 ⁇ - (Chhjm-Chh wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5.
• these compositions are in the form of a liquid, wherein the compositions comprise at least 1 wt%, in particular from 1 wt% to 5 wt% of a compound characterized by CF3-(CF2]n-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ m-CH3 wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5.
• the present invention relates to compositions comprising said compounds in the form of clear, liquid solutions, and also compositions which essentially consist of said compounds and optionally one or more lipophilic liquid constituents.
• the invention provides the use of compositions comprising said compounds for treatment of dry eye disease and/or Meibomian Gland Dysfunction and any symptoms or conditions associated therewith.
• the present invention provides a method for treatment of dry eye disease and any symptoms or conditions associated therewith, comprising administering said composition topically to the lacrimal sac, into the lower eyelid, to an eye surface or to an ophthalmic tissue.
• the present invention provides a kit comprising compositions of the present invention held in a container which comprises dispensing means adapted for topical administration of the composition to the eye or ophthalmic tissue.
• Figure 1 is a graph depicting the relative evaporation time of compositions consisting of the compounds CF3(CF2 ⁇ 5(CH2 ⁇ ?CH3 and CF3-(CF2]5-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ 5-CH3 as a function of the percentage of the latter compound in the composition (indicated by the solid circle and dotted line in the graph], and the relative evaporation time of compositions consisting of the compounds CF3(CF2]3(CH2]4CH3 and CF3-(CF2 ⁇ 3- CH(CH3]-(CH2]2-CH3 as a function of the percentage of the latter compound in the compositionfindicated by the transparent circle and dashed line in the graph ⁇ .
• Figure 2 is a graph depicting the refractive index determined for compositions consisting of the compounds CF3(CF2 ⁇ 5(CH2 ⁇ ?CH3 and CF3-(CF2]5-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ 5-CH3 as a function of the percentage of the latter compound in the composition.
• Figure 3 is a graph depicting the refractive index determined for compositions consisting of the compounds CF3(CF2]3(CH2]4CH3 and CF3-(CF2]3-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ 2-CH3 as a function of the percentage of the latter compound in the composition.
• Figure 4 is a graph representing the corneal erosion size measurements (mm 2 ⁇ over the course of three days of an Ex vivo Eye Irritation Test (EVEIT] comparison of compositions comprising CF3(CF2 ⁇ 5(CH2 ⁇ ?CH3 and CF3-(CF2]5-CH (CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ 5-CH3, a hyaluronic standard reference and 0.01% BAC positive control.
• EVEIT Ex vivo Eye Irritation Test
• the invention relates to a semifluorinated compound characterized by the general formula CF3-(CF2]n-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ m-CH3 wherein integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5.
• Particularly preferred compounds of the formula CF3-(CF2]n-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ m- CH3 are those in which n is 5 and m is 5 (i.e. formula CF3-(CF2]5-CH(CH3 ⁇ -(CH2 ⁇ 5-CH3], or wherein n is 3 or and m is 2 (i.e. formula CF3-(CF2]3-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ 2-CH3 ⁇ .
• the compounds of the invention may be also generally be referred to as 2-perfluoroalkylalkanes, for instance, the compound CF3-(CF2 ⁇ s- CH(CH3]-(CH2] 5-CH3 may also be referred to as 2-perfluorohexyloctane, based on the hydrocarbon alkane as the root.
• the compounds feature a stereocenter at the 2-alkyl position.
• the general formula encompasses both enantiomers, enriched mixtures of the two enantiomers, as well as the racemic mixture.
• the present invention relates to compositions comprising these
• compositions characterized by the general formula CF3-(CF2 ⁇ n -CH(CH3 ⁇ - (Chhjm-Chh as defined above are preferably in the liquid form, for example formulated to be administered as a liquid solution.
• the compositions may be formulated to be administered as a gel, suspension,
• compositions are provided in sterile form.
• compositions comprising a semifluorinated compound characterized by the general formula CF3-(CF2 ⁇ n -CH(CH3 ⁇ - (Chhjm-Chh wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5 is in a liquid form and comprises at least 1 wt% of the compound, in particular from 1 wt% to 5 wt% , based on the total weight of the composition.
• the composition may comprise between about 3 wt% to 5 wt%, or about 5 wt% to 10 wt%, or up to 25 wt% of the compound based on the total weight of the composition.
• the composition as defined above is formulated as a clear, liquid solution.
• clear means the absence of dispersed solid or liquid particles which cause turbidity.
• such clear solution is a purely monophasic liquid system, except that minor and technically irrelevant amounts of particulate impurities may be present.
• the composition is preferably formulated as a liquid solution which exhibits a refractive index that is close to that of water which is 1.333 at room temperature (R ).
• the refractive index of the liquid solution is in the range of from about 1.30 to about 1.35 at 20 °C, as determined by refractometer.
• compositions as defined above may also comprise further excipients as required or as useful, such as one or more acids, bases, electrolytes, buffers, solutes, antioxidants, stabilizers, and if required, preservatives.
• further excipients such as one or more acids, bases, electrolytes, buffers, solutes, antioxidants, stabilizers, and if required, preservatives.
• the compositions as defined above are substantially free of water and/or
• the composition of the invention is formulated as clear liquid solution that is substantially free of the following: (a] a polymer (b] a perfluorinated compound, and/or (c] a dissolved pharmacologically active ingredient which is not a semifluorinated alkane.
• the composition as described herein may be substantially free of a pharmacologically active ingredient in any form and which is not a semifluorinated alkane.
• composition constituent refers to the presence of said constituent in no more than trace amounts and that if present in trace amounts the constituent provides no technical contribution to the composition.
• polymers which are preferably absent in the compositions of the invention include silicone polymers (polymerized siloxanes], polyether polymers and fluorinated or perfluorinated derivatives thereof.
• perfluorinated compounds i.e. compounds in which all the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine, and which are preferably absent in the compositions of the invention include perfluoroalkanes such as perfluorodecalin, as well as halogenated perfluoroalkanes such as perfluorooctylbromide.
• compositions of the invention that are in the form of a clear liquid solution are also substantially free of a dissolved pharmacological active ingredient which is not a semifluorinated alkane.
• pharmacological active ingredient refers to any type of pharmaceutically active compound or drug, i.e. one that produces a pharmacological effect and that may accordingly be useful in the prevention, diagnosis, stabilization, treatment, or generally speaking, the
• compositions of the invention essentially consist of a compound characterized by the general formula CF3-(CF2] n - CH(CH3]-(CH2]m-CH3 wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5, and optionally, one or more lipophilic liquid constituents.
• the composition consists essentially of either the compound CF3-(CF2 ⁇ 5-CH(CH3 ⁇ -(CH 2 ⁇ 5-CH3 or or a mixture thereof, and optionally one or more lipophilic liquid constituents.
• the optional lipophilic liquid constituents are preferably substantially non- water soluble and/or non-water miscible excipients, for example oily excipients such as lipids, triglyceride oils and any other oils that are physiologically tolerated by the eye, or other semifluorinated alkanes such as in the class belonging to the general formula CF3(CF2 ⁇ n (CH2]mCH3, wherein n and m are integers independently selected from the range of 3 to 8, for example, CF3(CF2]3(CH2]4CH3 or CF3(CF2]5(CH2]7CH3.
• oily excipients such as lipids, triglyceride oils and any other oils that are physiologically tolerated by the eye, or other semifluorinated alkanes
• n and m are integers independently selected from the range of 3 to 8, for example, CF3(CF2]3(CH2]4CH3 or CF3(CF2]5(CH2]7CH
• Such lipophilic liquid constituents may be present in the composition in amounts up to about 25 wt% or up to about 50 wt%, or 75 wt% or 90 wt%, 95 wt% or 97 wt% of the composition, based on total weight of the composition.
• composition according to the present invention comprises or essentially consists of CF3-(CF2]5-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ 5-CH3 and CF 3 -(CF2 CH 2 ⁇ 7-CH3; or of and CF3-(CF 2 CH 2 ⁇ 4- CH 3
• compositions as defined above are preferably formulated to have a dynamic viscosity of not more than 10 mPa-s, and preferably not more than 4 mPa-s, as determined under standard ambient temperature and pressure (25 °C, 1 atm ⁇ .
• the compositions Preferably, have a dynamic viscosity of between 1 and 4 mPa-s.
• the viscosity of the compositions may be determined using any standard viscometer device known in the art, such as a glass tube or capillary viscometer.
• n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5 and compositions thereof as described herein may be used in medical applications, in particular for use in ophthalmology, in particular in the topical administration to the eye, such as to the lacrimal sac, into the lower eyelid, to an eye surface or to any ophthalmic tissue or anatomy associated with the eye that may be made available for topical administration.
• the compounds of the invention are beneficial for use in the treatment of diseases and conditions which would benefit from stabilization of the tear film and tear film lipid layer and lubrication of the eye surface.
• the compositions of the present invention are especially suited in the treatment of dry eye disease (keratoconjunctivitis sicca] and/or Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD] and any symptoms thereof or associated therewith.
• Dry eye disease also known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca
• aqueous deficient dry eye disease can be distinguished into two categories, namely aqueous deficient dry eye disease and evaporative dry eye disease. These conditions are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
• Aqueous deficient dry eye is typically observed in patients suffering from Sjogren syndrome, or those suffering from a lacrimal gland insufficiency, lacrimal duct obstruction or reflex hyposecretion.
• Evaporative dry eye disease on the other hand has diverse root causes and is associated with increased/abnormal evaporative loss of the tear film, for example as a result of meibomian gland disorders, eyelid aperture disorders, blinking disorders, or ocular surface disorders.
• Symptoms of dry eye disease include dry, scratchy, gritty, sandy or foreign body sensations in the eye; pain, soreness, stinging or burning; itching, increased need for blinking, eye fatigue, photophobia, blurry vision, redness and inflammation of the eye tissue, excess mucus discharge and crusting/clotting, contact lens intolerance, and excess reflex tearing.
• Meibomian Gland Dysfunction refers to a condition where the meibomian glands do not secrete enough oil, or when the oily secretion is of poor or abnormal quality. Often, the oil gland openings may become plugged up and obstructed so that less oil is secreted from the glands. The oil that is secreted from the glands can be granular (crusty] or otherwise abnormal, and can cause irritation to the eye. In the early stages, patients are often asymptomatic, but if left untreated, MGD can cause or exacerbate dry eye symptoms and eyelid inflammation. The oil glands become blocked with thickened secretions. Chronically clogged glands eventually become unable to secrete oil, which may result in permanent changes in the tear film and dry eyes.
• Symptoms of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction include dryness, burning, itching, stickiness/crustiness, watering, light sensitivity, red eyes, foreign body sensation, chalazion/styes or intermittent blurry vision.
• the compounds and compositions thereof as described above are used for the topical ophthalmic treatment of evaporative dry eye disease and/or Meibomian Gland Dysfunction, and relief of any one of the symptoms associated therewith.
• the ophthalmic composition comprising of a semifluorinated compound characterized by the general formula CF3-(CF2] n - CH(CH3]-(CH2]m-CH3 wherein n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5; or preferably, wherein n is 5 and m is 5 (i.e. formula CF3-(CF2 ⁇ s- CHfChhJ-fChhJs-Chh], or wherein n is 3 or and m is 2 (i.e. formula CF3-(CF2 ⁇ 3- CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ 2-CH3], are used for the treatment of dry eye disease
• composition may be used for the treatment of Meibomian Gland Dysfunction or a symptom associated therewith.
• the treatment of these conditions is preferably carried out by a method of administering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of a composition essentially consisting of said semifluorinated alkane, and optionally one or more lipophilic liquid constituents that are preferably substantially non-water soluble and/or non-water miscible excipients, for example oily excipient such as lipids, triglyceride oils and any other oils that are physiologically tolerated by the eye, or other semifluorinated alkanes such as in the class belonging to the general formula CF3(CF2 ⁇ n (CH2]mCH3, wherein n and m are integers independently selected from the range of 3 to 8, for example, CF3(CF2]3(CH2]4CH3 or CF3(CF2]5(CH2]7CH3.
• the compounds and compositions thereof as described above are used for the topical ophthalmic treatment of corneal damage.
• said compounds and compositions are actively supporting the corneal healing process of corneal damage, such as corneal erosions.
• the advantages of the compounds described above in the context of their use according to the present invention are believed to relate to their properties which are particularly suited for ophthalmic applications.
• the close proximity of the refractive indices of the compounds of the invention to that of water, means that there would be no or minimal impact of a patient's vision subsequent to administration, unlike ophthalmic compositions based on oily carriers which can confer blurry vision on administration.
• the generally low viscosity and low surface tension and in particular their high wetting and spreading capabilities of these compounds also ensures that they are rapidly accommodated and adapted on administration over the surface of the eye.
• the compounds and compositions thereof are biocompatible and exhibit no apparent cytotoxic effects. Moreover, it has been established that said compounds and their compositions are not only well tolerated in the eye, but also provide a beneficial effect in terms of lubrication of the eye and stabilization of the tear film, in the form of relief in symptoms of patients having mild to moderate symptoms associated with dry eye disease and/or Meibomian Gland Dysfunction. Patients with dry eye disease and/or dysfunctional meibomian glands often express opaque and thicker meibum which can lead to an abnormal lipid layer in the tear film.
• the physico-chemical attributes of the compounds of the invention may play a role in stabilizing the lipid layer of the tear film, such as by solubilization of certain lipid components or improving the fluidity of the lipid layer.
• the present invention provides a method for treatment of dry eye disease and any symptoms or conditions associated thereof comprising administering the compositions of the present invention topically to the lacrimal sac, into the lower eyelid, to an eye surface or to an ophthalmic tissue.
• said compositions can be administered to the eye or eye tissue up to four times per day.
• kits comprising any one of the compositions as described above, and a container for holding said composition.
• Said container preferably comprises a dispensing means adapted for topical
• the dispensing means comprises a dropper of dimensions such as to dispense droplets having a volume of about 8 to 15 ⁇ ,, preferably having a volume of about 8-12 ⁇ , more preferably having a volume of about ⁇ . With a small droplet volume, precise dosing to the eye can be achieved and an excess amount of discharge of a substantial fraction of the composition from the eye subsequent to administration can be avoided.
• the compound CF3-(CF2]5-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ 5-CH3 may be prepared as follows: radical addition of perfluorohexyl iodide with 1-octene in the presence of a radical initiator (herein perfluorohexyl iodide is mixed with 1-octene and a radical initiator as AIBN and the obtained solution is maintained at 80°C for 30 min and cooled down], followed by reduction of the resulting iodo adduct with hydride (i.e. LiALhUJor via hydrogenation (i.e. catalytic hydrogenation in presence of a catalyst such as Pd/C] to form 2-perfluorohexyl-octane, followed by purification by fractional distillation.
• a radical initiator herein perfluorohexyl iodide is mixed with 1-octene and a radical initiator as AIBN and the obtained solution is maintained at 80°C for 30 min and cooled down
• the compound CF3-(CF2]3-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ 2-CH3 may be prepared according to the general method described above with perfluorobutyl iodide and 1-pentene as the starting materials.
• cytotoxicity of a composition comprising 1.3 wt% CF3-(CF2 ⁇ s-CH(CH3 ⁇ - (Chh s-Chh and 95.8 wt% CF3(CF2 ⁇ 5(CH2 ⁇ 7CH.3 was assessed by a cell growth inhibition test which predicts cytotoxic or necrotic effects with good correlation to animal experiments and high sensitivity.
• the composition was extracted by cell culture medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS] under agitation for ⁇ 24 hours. The resulting extract was then incubated with mouse cell line L929 cells for 68-72 hours, before the protein content was analyzed using a BCA (bicinchoninic acid] test as a measure for cytotoxicity.
• composition comprising 98.3 wt% of CF3(CF2 ⁇ 5(CH2 ⁇ 7CH.3 and 1.2 wt% of
• CF3-(CF2]5-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ 5-CH3 was tested in an observational study in patients with mild to moderate evaporative dry eye disease.
• the clear colorless liquid composition was provided in a 5 ml bottle equipped with a dropper dimensioned to dispense droplets of ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 per drop into the eye sac.
• Patients wearing contact lenses were excluded from the study.
• Clinical data for 29 patients were collected at baseline and at the 5 -7 week follow-up visit. a] Tear Film Analysis
• Tear film fluid and tear film stability improved over the study period, as can be seen in the increase in Schirmer I and the TFBUT.
• the subjective dry eye questionnaire (Ocular Surface Disease Index, OSDI ⁇ revealed that patient's subjective symptom severity decreased after the use of the composition comprising 98.3 wt% of CF3(CF2 s(CH2 7CH3 and 1.2 wt% of CF3-(CF2 s- CH(CH3]-(CH2]5-CH3 over a 5-7 week period, as can be seen in the lower scores at follow-up and the retrospective statistical analysis (paired two sided t-test:
• meibum is secreted from the meibomian glands as a clear liquid. More opaque and thicker meibum is an indicator of dysfunctioning meibomian glands. Patients' meibum was descriptively examined at both the baseline and the follow-up visit. According to the data obtained, meibum quality improved in a number of cases. In seven cases, the treatment induced a reduction of expressible meibum (changing from clear meibum to none ⁇ .
• composition comprising 98.3 wt% of CF3(CF2)5(CH2)?CH3 and 1.2 wt% of CF3-(CF2)5-CH(CH3)-(CH2)5-CH3 over 5-7 weeks is safe and does not interfere with these ophthalmological parameters.
• DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• the refractive index of the mixtures was also determined.
• the refractive index of the composition should preferably be similar, or adapted to that of the eye and lens, for instance as close to that of physiological tear fluid as possible. If the refractive index of a composition is not similar, when applied to the surface of the eye, a patient may experience blurring or impaired vision. It is observed, that the amount of the compound CF3(CF2 ⁇ s-CH(CH3 ⁇ - (Chhjs-Chh or has an effect on refractive index. Fig.
• FIG. 2 depicts an increasing refractive index value with increased content of the 2-perfluorohexyl-octane in a mixture with 1-perfluorohexyl-octane.
• Fig. 3 likewise depicts an increasing refractive index value with increasing content of 2-perfluorobutyl-pentane in a mixture with 1- perfluorobutylpentane.
• n is an integer selected from 3 to 5 and m is an integer selected from 1 to 5 in the mixture
• n is an integer selected from 3 to 5
• m is an integer selected from 1 to 5 in the mixture
• EVEIT Ex vivo Eye Irritation Test
• compositions comprising CF3(CF2 ⁇ s(CH2 ⁇ 7CH3, namely compositions consisting of a mixture of the semifluorinated alkane CF3(CF2 ⁇ s(CH2 ⁇ 7CH3 and CF3(CF2 ⁇ s-CH(CH3 ⁇ - (CH 2 ⁇ 5-CH 3 (Composition A with 0.17 wt% of CF 3 (CF2)5-CH(CH3MCH2)5-CH3 and Composition B, with 64 wt% of CF3(CF2]5-CH(CH3 ⁇ -(CH2 ⁇ 5-CH3] with hyaluronic acid (HYLO-COMOD ® ⁇ as a reference and 0.01% BAC (benzalkonium chloride] as a positive control using an Ex Vivo Eye Irritation Test (EVEIT ⁇ , similar to as described in M. Frentz et al, Altern. to Lab. Anim., 2008 (36 ⁇ p 25-32; and N. Schrage et al, Graefes
• Rabbit corneas were obtained and placed in an artificial anterior ocular chamber which was gently filled with serum-free minimal essential medium (Eagle's MEM] containing Earle's salts and HEPES buffer for nutrition. The medium was contstantly replenished by a micropump to imitate the physiological condition of the eye.
• the culture chambers were held at 32 °C under normal air without
• the corneas were evaluated by microscopy and corneas with intact epithelium and without opacities were selected.
• Four small abrasions (2.3-4.3 mm 2 ⁇ were applied to the surface of the selected corneas with a cornea drill. All defects were monitored by fluorescein sodium staining (0.17 % aq. solution ⁇ and microscopy.
• test substances were administered one hour after induction of the corneal erosion and were applied six times daily onto the apex of the corneas (30-50 ⁇ , every four hours ⁇ .
• a soft-tipped cannula, with continuous suction was placed on the lowest part of the corneoscleral region within the culturing chamber to remove any excess fluid.
• Experiments were terminated after 3 days of application.
• Biomicroscopic images of the corneas were taken daily to document the corneal healing process using a phase-contrast microscope integrated camera (KY-F1030U, JVC, (Bad Vilbel, DE ⁇ mounted on a Z16 APO Microscope (Wetzlar, DE ⁇ . All defects were monitored by fluorescein sodium stains (0.17 % aq.
• composition B comprising 64 wt %, based on total weight of the composition of semifluorinated alkane CF3(CF2]5-CH(CH3]-(CH2 ⁇ 5-CH3 and composition A.
• the mechanically induced epithelial erosions were found to be significantly reduced and essentially absent after day 2 of treatment.
• Figure 3 depicts the corneal erosion size measurements of the tested compositions, reference and positive controls for days 0-3 of the EVEIT experiment.
• the positive control comprising 0.01% of the preservative BAC, a progressive increase of the induced epithelial lesions was observed over the course of the three days of the experiment.

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