Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
  • A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
  • A61K47/08—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing oxygen, e.g. ethers, acetals, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, peroxides
  • A61K47/12—Carboxylic acids; Salts or anhydrides thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
  • A61K9/19—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles lyophilised, i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C277/00—Preparation of guanidine or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing the group, the singly-bound nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C277/08—Preparation of guanidine or its derivatives, i.e. compounds containing the group, the singly-bound nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups of substituted guanidines
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C279/00—Derivatives of guanidine, i.e. compounds containing the group, the singly-bound nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
  • C07C279/04—Derivatives of guanidine, i.e. compounds containing the group, the singly-bound nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of guanidine groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a carbon skeleton
  • C07C279/14—Derivatives of guanidine, i.e. compounds containing the group, the singly-bound nitrogen atoms not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having nitrogen atoms of guanidine groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a carbon skeleton being further substituted by carboxyl groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/41—Preparation of salts of carboxylic acids
  • C07C51/412—Preparation of salts of carboxylic acids by conversion of the acids, their salts, esters or anhydrides with the same carboxylic acid part
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/42—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
  • C07C51/43—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives by change of the physical state, e.g. crystallisation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C57/00—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C57/02—Unsaturated compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with only carbon-to-carbon double bonds as unsaturation
  • C07C57/13—Dicarboxylic acids
  • C07C57/15—Fumaric acid
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
  • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner

Definitions

• ⁇ -Guanidinopropionic acid also referred to as guanidinopropionic acid, beta- guanidinopropionic acid or, N-(aminoiminomethyl)-beta-alanine is a creatine analog.
• acidic guanidine derivatives such as ⁇ -GPA can ameliorate hyperglycemia in animal models of noninsulin-dependent diabetes. Accordingly, it is sometimes used as a dietary supplement in diabetic patients to regulate blood sugar levels.
• ⁇ -GPA is a white crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water (> 50 mg/mL).
• ⁇ -GPA has recently been found to be effective for the suppression of metastasis, particularly liver metastasis in gastrointestinal cancers, e.g., see International Patent Publication WO2014/071 067.
• the present invention features new pharmaceutical salts of ⁇ -G PA which exhibit improved physical properties.
• the invention features salts of ⁇ -G PA with improved flow properties (e.g. , improved Carr's index and/or Hausner ratio), such as fumarate salts, succinate salts, and oxalate salts.
• the invention also features pharmaceutical compositions including a pharmaceutically effective amount of one or more salts of ⁇ -GPA, as well as methods of treating cancer including administration of a formulation including a ⁇ -G PA salt of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
• the invention features a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of ⁇ - guanidinopropionic acid having a Carr's Index of less than 20 (e.g., less than 1 5, less than 1 0, less than 6) and/or a Hausner ratio of less than 1 .25 (e.g. , less than 1 .2, less than 1 .1 5, less than 1 .1 ).
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a salt of a dicarboxylic acid (e.g. , fumaric acid, succinic acid, or oxalic acid).
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a fumarate salt (e.g ., a 1 :1 fumarate salt), a succinate salt (e.g., a 2:1 succinate salt), or an oxalate salt (e.g. , a 1 :1 oxalate salt).
• a fumarate salt e.g ., a 1 :1 fumarate salt
• a succinate salt e.g., a 2:1 succinate salt
• an oxalate salt e.g. , a 1 :1 oxalate salt
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is crystalline (e.g., a 1 :1 fumarate salt with rod-like crystal morphology.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt includes less than 40% by weight (e.g., less than 30%, less than 20%, less than 1 0%, less than 5%, less than 1 % or between 30-40%, 25-35%, 20-30%, 1 5-25%, 10-20%, 5-1 5%, 1 -1 0%) of amorphous compound.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is substantially free of amorphous compound.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is substantially free of any other salt or crystal form of ⁇ -GPA.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a 1 :1 fumarate salt.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has an endothermic onset at about 1 71 °C (e.g. , from 1 69 °C to 1 73 °C, 1 70 °C to 1 73 °C, 1 69 °C to 1 72 °C, 1 70 °C to 1 72 °C) in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profile.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has a loss of weight from 31 to 140 °C of less than 5% (e.g., less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1 %) as measured by thermal gravimetric analysis.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at diffraction angle 2 ⁇ (°) of 20 ⁇ 0.5 as measured by X-ray powder diffractometry. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt further has at least one peak at diffraction angle 2 ⁇ (°) of 20 ⁇ 0.5, 20.5 ⁇ 0.5, and/or 23 ⁇ 0.5 as measured by X-ray powder diffractometry. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more) peaks listed in Table 1 as measured by X-ray powder diffractometry. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has all of the peaks listed in Table 1 as measured by X-ray powder diffractometry.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 3300 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 3188 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 3049 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 2941 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 2886 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 1713 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 1653 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 1483 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 421 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 1382 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 1305 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 1268 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 1 190 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 1084 ⁇ 1 cm -1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 997 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 896 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 681 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 625 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 555 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at 486 ⁇ 1 cnr 1 as measured by Raman spectroscopy.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more) peaks listed in Table 2 as measured by Raman spectroscopy. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has all of the peaks listed in Table 2 as measured by Raman spectroscopy.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a 1 :1 oxalate salt.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at diffraction angle 2 ⁇ (°) of 27.5 ⁇ 0.5 as measured by X-ray powder diffractometry.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more) peaks listed in Table 3.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has all of the peaks listed in Table 3 as measured by X-ray powder diffractometry.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a 2:1 succinate salt.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has at least one peak at diffraction angle 2 ⁇ (°) of 27 ⁇ 0.5 as measured by X-ray powder diffractometry.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has one or more (e.g., two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more) peaks listed in Table 4.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt has all of the peaks listed in Table 4 as measured by X-ray powder diffractometry.
• the invention features a composition (e.g., an aqueous composition) including any of the foregoing pharmaceutically acceptable salts and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt contains less than 1 0% by weight (e.g., less than 5%, less than 1 %) of amorphous compound.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is substantially free of amorphous compound.
• the invention features a composition (e.g., an aqueous composition) including the fumarate salt of ⁇ -guanidinopropionic acid, wherein at least 80% (at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%) of the fumarate salt of ⁇ -guanidinopropionic acid is a 1 :1 salt (e.g., wherein the composition is substantially free of the 2:1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -guanidinopropionic acid) and a
• the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient includes 1 ,3-butanediol, mannitol, water, Ringer's solution, or isotonic sodium chloride solution. In some embodiments of any of the foregoing compositions, the composition is formulated for intravenous infusion.
• the invention features a method for treating cancer (e.g., gastrointestinal cancer such as colon cancer or gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma) in a subject in need thereof, including administering to the subject an effective amount of any of the foregoing pharmaceutically acceptable salts or compositions.
• cancer e.g., gastrointestinal cancer such as colon cancer or gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma
• the invention features a method for treating metastatic cancer (e.g., metastatic gastrointestinal cancer such as colon cancer or gastric cancer) in a subject in need thereof, including administering to the subject an effective amount of any of the foregoing pharmaceutically acceptable salts or compositions.
• the effective amount includes an amount effective to suppress metastatic colonization (e.g., metastatic colonization in the liver) of the cancer (e.g., gastrointestinal cancer such as colorectal cancer or gastric cancer).
• the invention features a method for treating cancer (e.g., gastrointestinal cancer such as colon cancer or gastric cancer) in a subject in need thereof, comprising injecting into the subject an effective amount of an aqueous composition comprising any of the foregoing pharmaceutically acceptable salts and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• cancer e.g., gastrointestinal cancer such as colon cancer or gastric cancer
• the cancer is metastatic cancer.
• the effective amount is an amount effective to suppress metastatic colonization of the cancer.
• the invention features a method of treating metastatic cancer (e.g., gastrointestinal cancer such as colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, or gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma) in a subject in need thereof comprising: (a) providing a subject identified to have, or to be at risk of having, metastatic cancer on the basis of the expression level of miR-483-5p and/or miR-551 a is below a predetermined reference value or the expression level of CKB and/or SLC6a8 is above a predetermined reference value; and (b) administering to the subject an effective amount of any of the foregoing pharmaceutically acceptable salt or compositions.
• metastatic cancer e.g., gastrointestinal cancer such as colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, or gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma
• metastatic cancer e.g., gastrointestinal cancer such as color
• any of the foregoing methods further include administering an additional therapy (e.g., an additional therapeutic agent) to the subject.
• the additional therapy is a therapeutic agent such as cyclocreatine, a RNAi agent, a nucleic acid, a vector, 5- fluorouracil, Oxaliplatin, Irinotecan, Capecitabine, Gemcitabine, Cetuximab, Taxol, Avastin, folinic acid (leucovorin), Regorafenib, Zaltrap, topoisomerase I inhibitors, NKTR-102, Tivantinib, PX-866, Sorafenib, Linifanib, kinase inhibitors, Telatinib, XL281 (BMS-908662), Robatumumab, or IGF1 -R inhibitors.
• a therapeutic agent such as cyclocreatine, a RNAi agent, a nucleic acid, a vector, 5- fluorouracil, Oxa
• the invention features a method of producing a pharmaceutically acceptable 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -guanidinopropionic acid.
• This method includes combining ⁇ -guanidinopropionic acid and fumaric acid in an amount sufficient to produce a pharmaceutically acceptable 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -guanidinopropionic acid.
• the method includes dissolving the ⁇ - guanidinopropionic acid and the fumaric acid in a solvent and the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ - guanidinopropionic acid precipitates from the solvent.
• the method further includes recrystallization of the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -guanidinopropionic acid.
• Figure 1 is an image depicting X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• Figure 2 is an image depicting X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 3 is an image of ⁇ -GPA crystals under a polarized microscope.
• Figure 4 is an image depicting a DSC thermogram obtained for a crystalline form of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 5 is an image depicting TGA analysis obtained for a crystalline form of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 6 is an image depicting a 1 H NMR spectra of a crystalline form ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 7 is an image depicting a DVS analysis for a crystalline form of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 8 is an image depicting X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 hydrochloride salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• Figure 9 is an image depicting X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 maleate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• Figure 10 is an image depicting X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• Figure 1 1 is an image depicting X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 L-malic acid salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• Figure 12 is an image depicting X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of the 2:1 succinate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• Figure 13 is an image depicting X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 oxalate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• Figure 14 is an image depicting X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of the 2:1 maleate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• Figure 15 is an image depicting a 1 H NMR spectra of a crystalline form of the 2:1 maleate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 16 is an image depicting a DSC thermogram obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 hydrochloride salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 17 is an image of a crystalline form of the 1 :1 hydrochloride salt of ⁇ -GPA by hot stage microscopy.
• Figure 18 is an image depicting a DSC thermogram obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 maleate salt of ⁇ -G PA.
• Figure 19 is an image depicting a DSC thermogram obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 20 is an image depicting TGA analysis obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 21 is an image depicting a 1 H NMR spectra of a crystalline form of the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 22 is an image depicting a DSC thermogram obtained for a crystalline form of the 2:1 succinate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 23 is an image of a crystalline form of the 2:1 succinate salt of ⁇ -GPA by hot stage microscopy.
• Figure 24 is an image depicting TGA analysis obtained for a crystalline form of the 2:1 succinate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 25 is an image depicting a 1 H NMR spectra of a crystalline form of the 2:1 succinate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 26 is an image depicting a DSC thermogram obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 oxalate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 27 is an image depicting TGA analysis obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 oxalate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 28 is an image depicting a 1 H NMR spectra of a crystalline form of the 1 :1 oxalate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 29A- Figure 29J are images of crystalline forms of ⁇ -GPA salts.
• Figure 30 is an image depicting the rod-like crystal morphology of 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA
• Figure 31 is an image depicting a comparison of XRPD analysis before and after DVS of 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA (Pattern 7A).
• Figure 32 is an image depicting X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA after slow evaporation of solvent.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• Figure 33 is an image depicting an X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA after slurry experiment in tetrahydrofuran:water (1 :1 ) for 48 hours.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• Figure 34 is an image depicting X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) pattern obtained for a crystalline form of the 2:1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• XRPD X-ray powder diffraction
• Figure 35 is an image depicting a 1 H NMR spectra of a crystalline form of the 2:1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 36 is an image depicting a DSC thermogram obtained for a crystalline form of the 2:1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• Figure 37 is an image depicting the Raman spectra of a crystalline form of the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA.
• ⁇ -GPA has the structure:
• ⁇ -GPA is zwitterionic and highly soluble in water (> 50 mg/mL), but has low solubility in organic solvents.
• ⁇ -GPA possesses a basic guanidino group, and is thus capable of forming both 1 :1 ( ⁇ - GPA:acid) and 2:1 ⁇ -GPA:acid) salts with diacids.
• a "2:1 salt" of ⁇ -GPA with a diacid e.g., a 2:1 succinate salt
• a salt including two molecules of ⁇ -GPA and one molecule of the diacid e.g., a "2:1 succinate salt” includes two molecules of ⁇ -GPA and one molecule of succinic acid.
• Free ⁇ -GPA in solid state is highly crystalline and is generally present as an anhydrate.
• the crystalline form is non-hygroscopic (e.g., with -0.3% water uptake at 80% humidity at 25 °C) with a sharp melting point at 219 °C and an endothermic event at 235 °C by DSC.
• the crystals of ⁇ -GPA have a plate-like crystal morphology. No degradation was observed in experiments at 40 °C at 75% humidity after 4 weeks.
• the flow properties of ⁇ -GPA are sub-optimal.
• the bulk density is 0.389 g/cc and the tapped density is 0.627 g/cc.
• These measurements can be used to calculate the Carr's index and Hausner ratio for a substance.
• the Carr's index and Hausner ratio are indicators of flowability of a powder. As known in the art, e.g., as described in Carr R. L. Chem. Eng. 1965, 72, 163-168, the relationship to flowability of a powder to the Carr's index and Hausner ratio is based on the scale shown in Table 5 below.
• the hydrochloric acid, L-malic acid, phosphoric acid, methanesulfonic acid, and ethanesulfonic acid salts were found to be stable in dry conditions, but deliquesced under high humidity conditions.
• the maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, and oxalic acid salts were found to be stable in both dry and humid conditions.
• the maleic acid, fumaric acid, and oxalic acid salts were found to have 1 :1 (p-GPA:acid) stoichiometry, whereas the succinic acid salt was found to have 2:1 (p-GPA:acid) stoichiometry. Further experiments to generate 2:1 salts with fumaric, oxalic, and maleic acid were conducted, resulting in the preparation of 2:1 salts with maleic acid and fumaric acid.
• the Carr's index and Hausner ratios were calculated for each of the three salts, and as shown in Table 7, the three salts exhibit greatly improved predicted flow properties compared to ⁇ -GPA.
• the predicted flow properties were confirmed by experiments utilizing a Hanson Flodex instrument.
• Crystalline ⁇ -GPA is defined as a solid comprising ⁇ -GPA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in which the constituent molecules are packed in a regularly ordered repeating pattern extending in all three spatial dimensions. Identification of crystallinity is readily accomplished in a number of ways known to those skilled in the art. Microscopic examination of a test composition will reveal the presence of regular shapes suggesting ordered internal structure, e.g., the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA produced in Example 1 has rod-like morphology.
• XRPD is another method for identifying crystalline ⁇ -GPA, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• the regularly ordered structure of constituent molecules in crystal diffracts incident X-rays in a distinct pattern depicted as a spectrum of peaks. This pattern of peaks for the 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA is shown in Figure 1 . While the XRPD peaks for a particular crystal may vary in intensity, the same general pattern will be present in replicate XRPD analysis.
• Crystalline 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA exhibits an XRPD dominant peak at about 27 2 ⁇ (°), ordinarily about 26.7.
• about is meant within the typical variation in measurement of XRPD peaks. Such variations may result from the use of different instruments, instrument settings, batches of product, post-crystallization processing such as micronization or milling, and with varying sample preparation methods. In general, about means ⁇ 0.5 2 ⁇ (°).
• Illustrative examples of other dominant peaks for crystalline 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA are at about 19, 20, 21 , 23, and 29 2 ⁇ (°), ordinarily 19.2, 19.7, 20.6, 22.9, and 28.8 2 ⁇ (°).
• Representative peaks for crystalline 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA are shown in Table 1 .
• the identification of a crystalline form of ⁇ -GPA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof need not require the presence of any one or more of the dominant peaks seen in Figure 1 or listed in Table 1 .
• the presence or absence of dominant peaks is ordinarily taken into account with other diagnostic characteristics, e.g., DSC thermogram or TGA graph, to identify a candidate as a particular crystalline form of ⁇ -GPA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Crystalline 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA is also characterized by DSC thermogram which reveals an endothermic onset at 171 °C in differential scanning calorimetry profile. Typically, some variation in this measurement also will be encountered (e.g., ⁇ 1 -3 °C).
• Crystalline 1 :1 fumarate salt of ⁇ -GPA may also be characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis, e.g., by a loss of weight from 31 °C to 140 °C of less than 1 %.
• ⁇ -GPA has recently been found to be effective for the suppression of metastasis.
• the mechanism of action has been hypothesized as inhibition of creatine transport and/or creatine kinase.
• the phosphocreatine system promotes metastasis by enhancing the survival of disseminated cancer cells in the liver by acting as an energetic store for ATP generation to endure hepatic hypoxia.
• Inhibition of creatine transport into cancer cells limits the amount of phosphocreatine available to use in the production of ATP.
• Inhibition of creatine kinase inhibits the production of ATP through conversion of
• Typical vascularized tumors that can be treated with the method include solid tumors, particularly carcinomas, which require a vascular component for the provision of oxygen and nutrients.
• solid tumors include, but are not limited to, carcinomas of the lung, breast, bone, ovary, stomach, pancreas, larynx, esophagus, testes, liver, parotid, biliary tract, colon, rectum, cervix, uterus,
• Treating cancer can result in a reduction in size or volume of a tumor.
• tumor size is reduced by 5% or greater (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or greater) relative to its size prior to treatment.
• Size of a tumor may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement.
• the size of a tumor may be measured as a diameter of the tumor.
• Treating cancer may further result in a decrease in number of tumors.
• tumor number is reduced by 5% or greater (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or greater) relative to number prior to treatment.
• Number of tumors may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement, e.g., the number of tumors may be measured by counting tumors visible to the naked eye or at a specified magnification (e.g., 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 10x, or 50x).
• Treating cancer can result in a decrease in number of metastatic nodules in other tissues or organs distant from the primary tumor site.
• the number of metastatic nodules is reduced by 5% or greater (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or greater) relative to number prior to treatment.
• the number of metastatic nodules may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement.
• the number of metastatic nodules may be measured by counting metastatic nodules visible to the naked eye or at a specified magnification (e.g., 2x, 10x, or 50x).
• Treating cancer can result in an increase in average survival time of a population of subjects treated according to the present invention in comparison to a population of untreated subjects.
• the average survival time is increased by more than 30 days (more than 60 days, 90 days, or 120 days).
• An increase in average survival time of a population may be measured by any reproducible means.
• An increase in average survival time of a population may be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average length of survival following initiation of treatment with the compound of the invention.
• An increase in average survival time of a population may also be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average length of survival following completion of a first round of treatment with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the invention.
• Treating cancer can also result in a decrease in the mortality rate of a population of treated subjects in comparison to an untreated population.
• the mortality rate is decreased by more than 2% (e.g., more than 5%, 10%, or 25%).
• a decrease in the mortality rate of a population of treated subjects may be measured by any reproducible means, for example, by calculating for a population the average number of disease-related deaths per unit time following initiation of treatment with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the invention.
• a decrease in the mortality rate of a population may also be measured, for example, by calculating for a population the average number of disease-related deaths per unit time following completion of a first round of treatment with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the invention.
• composition that contains a suitable excipient and one or more of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts described above.
• the composition can be a
• composition that contains a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, a dietary composition that contains a dietarily acceptable suitable excipient, or a cosmetic composition that contains a cosmetically acceptable excipient.
• composition refers to the combination of an active agent with a excipient, inert or active, making the composition especially suitable for diagnostic or therapeutic use in vivo or ex vivo.
• a "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient,” after administered to or upon a subject, does not cause undesirable physiological effects.
• the excipient in the pharmaceutical composition must be “acceptable” also in the sense that it is compatible with the active ingredient and can be capable of stabilizing it.
• One or more solubilizing agents can be utilized as pharmaceutical excipients for delivery of an active compound.
• examples of a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient include, but are not limited to, biocompatible vehicles, adjuvants, additives, and diluents to achieve a composition usable as a dosage form.
• examples of other excipients include colloidal silicon oxide, magnesium stearate, cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, and D&C Yellow # 10.
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, or allergic response, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of amines, carboxylic acids, and other types of compounds are well known in the art. For example, S.M. Berge, et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66:1 -19 (1977).
• the salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or separately by reacting a free base or free acid function with a suitable reagent, as described generally below.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may, include metal salts such as alkali metal salts, e.g. sodium or potassium salts; and alkaline earth metal salts, e.g.
• salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and perchloric acid or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, fumaric, or malonic acid or by using other methods used in the art such as ion exchange.
• Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate,
• Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium.
• Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, loweralkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention additionally include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, which, as used herein, includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, and lubricants, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient includes any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, and lubricants, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
• Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixteenth Edition, E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980) discloses various excipients used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof.
• materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatine; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil, sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols; such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; natural and synthetic phospholipids, such as soybean and egg yolk phosphatides, lecithin, hydrogenated soy lecithin, dimyristoyl lecithin, dipalmitoyl lecithin, distearoyl lecithin, dioleoy
• Phospholipon 90G and Phospholipon 90 NG are particularly preferred; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.
• buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide
• alginic acid such as pyrogen-free water
• isotonic saline such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate
• coloring agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate
• coloring agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium
• compositions in any of the forms described above, can be used for treating cancer, or any other disease or condition described herein.
• An effective amount refers to the amount of an active compound/agent that is required to confer a therapeutic effect on a treated subject. Effective doses will vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on the types of diseases treated, route of administration, excipient usage, and the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatment.
• a pharmaceutical composition of this invention can be administered parenterally, orally, nasally, rectally, topically, or buccally.
• parenteral refers to subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional, or intracranial injection, as well as any suitable infusion technique.
• a sterile injectable composition can be a solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent.
• solutions include, but are not limited to, 1 ,3-butanediol, mannitol, water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium (e.g., synthetic mono- or diglycerides).
• Fatty acids such as, but not limited to, oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives, are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically acceptable oils, such as, but not limited to, olive oil or castor oil, orpolyoxyethylated versions thereof.
• oil solutions or suspensions also can contain a long chain alcohol diluent or dispersant such as, but not limited to, carboxymethyl cellulose, or similar dispersing agents.
• a long chain alcohol diluent or dispersant such as, but not limited to, carboxymethyl cellulose, or similar dispersing agents.
• Other commonly used surfactants such as, but not limited to, Tweens or Spans or other similar emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers, which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms also can be used for the purpose of formulation.
• a composition for oral administration can be any orally acceptable dosage form including capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions, and solutions.
• commonly used excipients include, but are not limited to, lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as, but not limited to, magnesium stearate, also are typically added.
• useful diluents include, but are not limited to, lactose and dried corn starch.
• compositions for topical administration can be formulated as solutions, ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols, or oils.
• topical formulations can be in the form of patches or dressings impregnated with active ingredient(s), which can optionally include one or more excipients or diluents.
• the topical formulations include a material that would enhance absorption or penetration of the active agent(s) through the skin or other affected areas.
• a topical composition contains a safe and effective amount of a dermatologically acceptable excipient suitable for application to the skin.
• a "cosmetically acceptable” or “dermatologically-acceptable” composition or component refers a composition or component that is suitable for use in contact with human skin without undue toxicity, incompatibility, instability, or allergic response.
• the excipient enables an active agent and optional component to be delivered to the skin at an appropriate concentration(s).
• the excipient thus can act as a diluent, dispersant, solvent, or the like to ensure that the active materials are applied to and distributed evenly over the selected target at an appropriate concentration.
• the excipient can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid.
• the excipient can be in the form of a lotion, a cream, or a gel, in particular one that has a sufficient thickness or yield point to prevent the active materials from sedimenting.
• the excipient can be inert or possess dermatological benefits. It also should be physically and chemically compatible with the active components described herein, and should not unduly impair stability, efficacy, or other use benefits associated with the composition.
• the pharmaceutical composition may further include an additional compound having antiproliferative activity.
• the additional compound having antiproliferative activity can be selected from a group of antiproliferative agents including those shown in Table 8.
• the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be formulated and employed in combination therapies, that is, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated with or administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more other desired therapeutics or medical procedures.
• the particular combination of therapies (therapeutics or procedures) to employ in a combination regimen will take into account compatibility of the desired therapeutics and/or procedures and the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved.
• the therapies employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder, or they may achieve different effects (e.g., control of any adverse effects).
• antiproliferative agent any antiproliferative agent, including those antiproliferative agents listed in Table 8, any of which can be used in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the invention to treat the medical conditions recited herein.
• Antiproliferative agents also include organo-platine derivatives, naphtoquinone and benzoquinone derivatives, chrysophanic acid and anthroquinone derivatives thereof.
• Topoisomerase dexrazoxanet TopicoTarget
• elsamitrucin TopicoTarget
• TXD 258 (Aventis) combretastatin A4 (BMS) epothilone B (Novartis) isohomohalichondrin-B (PharmaMar)
• Fabre vinflunine
• AVLB Prescient NeuroPharma
• auristatin PE Teikoku Hormone
• azaepothilone B BMS
• Trichostatin A paclitaxel aminoglutethimide
• Aromatase inhibitors formestane
• TNF alpha virulizin (Lorus Therapeutics)
• LGD-1550 Lid
• Ad interferon dexosome therapy
• Anosys interferon dexosome therapy
• Ad oncophage
• Antigenics pentrix
• BMS nivolumab
• CM-10 cCam Biotherapeutics
• abatacept BMS
• MPDL3280A Genentech
• GCS-100 gal3 antagonist, GlycoGenesys
• N-acetylcysteine reducing agent, Zambon
• G17DT immunogen (gastrin inhibitor, Aphton)
• R-flurbiprofen NF-kappaB inhibitor, Encore
• efaproxiral oxygenator, Alios Therapeutics
• 3CPA NF-kappaB inhibitor, Active Biotech
• PI-88 heparanase inhibitor, Progen
• seocalcitol vitamin D receptor agonist, Leo
• tesmilifene tesmilifene
• YM 131 -I-TM-601 DNA antagonist
• histamine histamine H2 receptor agonist, Maxim
• ODC inhibitor eflornithine
• tiazofurin IMPDH inhibitor
• Ribapharm tiazofurin
• minodronic acid osteoclast inhibitor, cilengitide (integrin antagonist, Merck KGaA) Yamanouchi
• SR-31 747 (IL-1 antagonist, Sanofi-Synthelabo) indisulam (p53 stimulant, Eisai)
• CCI-779 mTOR kinase inhibitor, Wyeth
• PPT inhibitor PharmaMar
• PDE V inhibitor exisulind
• CD33 antibody CD33 antibody, Wyeth Ayerst
• CP-461 PDE V inhibitor, Cell Pathways
• PG2 hematopoiesis enhancer
• WX-UK1 plasmaogen activator inhibitor, Wilex
• ImmunolTM triclosan oral rinse, Endo
• PBI-1402 PMN stimulant, ProMetic LifeSciences
• triacetyluridine uridine prodrug , Wellstat
• bortezomib proteasome inhibitor, Millennium
• SN-4071 proteasome inhibitor, Signature
• SRL-1 72 T cell stimulant, SR Pharma) Bioscience
• TLK-286 glutthione S transferase inhibitor, TransMID-107TM (immunotoxin, KS Biomedix)
• PT-100 growth factor agonist, Point doranidazole (apoptosis promotor, Pola)
• CHS-828 cytotoxic agent, Leo
• bryostatin-1 PLC stimulant, GPC Biotech
• trans-retinoic acid differentially retinoic acid
• CDA-II apoptosis promotor, Everlife
• MX6 apoptosis promotor, MAXIA
• SDX-101 apoptosis promotor, Salmedix
• apomine apoptosis promotor, ILEX Oncology
• rituximab CD20 antibody, Genentech sorafenib
• Mitoxantrone urocidin (apoptosis promotor, Bioniche)
• TGA Thermal Gravimetric Analysis
• Samples were analyzed using an Aquadyne DVS-2 gravimetric water sorption analyzer. The relative humidity was adjusted between 2-95% and the weight of the sample was continuously monitored and recorded.
• Sample was prepared by dissolving the compound in deuterated dimethylsulfoxide with 0.05% (v/v) tetramethylsilane (TMS). Spectra were collected at ambient temperature on a Bruker Avance 300 MHz NMR with TopSpin software. The number of scans was 16 for proton NMR. Karl Fischer
• Samples were analyzed using an Olympus BX53 polarized light microscope equipped with a PAXcam 3 digital microscope camera.
• a DSC thermogram of ⁇ -GPA is illustrated in Figure 4.
• the melting onset of ⁇ -GPA was found to be around 219 °C followed by an endothermic event at around 237 °C and immediate possible degradation. However, another tiny endothermic event at 187 °C was also exhibited by the material (possible traces of another form of ⁇ -GPA).
• TGA analysis reveals that there is less than 0.1 % weight loss in the sample from 30 to 145 as illustrated in Figure 5.
• Table 10 illustrates the selected counter ions for the salt screening of ⁇ -GPA. Salt screening experiments were designed in 1 :1 .1 equivalence (eq) for ⁇ -GPA to counter ion. Table 10. List of selected counterions
• Figures 8 through 13 represents the XRPDs of the new crystalline forms isolated from slurry/slow evaporation experiments. Stage II
• Crystalline forms were prepared with phosphoric acid (from ethyl acetate and trifluoroethanol), methanesulfonic acid (from ethyl acetate), ethanesulfonic acid (from all four solvents), and L-malic acid (from trifluoroethanol).
• Salt screening experiments of ⁇ -GPA with maleic, fumaric, and oxalic acids in 2:1 ⁇ -GPA:acid) ratio were set up. Around 0.3 mL of water was used to dissolve ⁇ -GPA (120 mg) and the counterion in 2:1 ⁇ -GPA:acid) ratio at 90 °C for oxalic and maleic acid. However, for the experiment with fumaric acid, 0.2 mL of methanol was used to dissolve the counterion at 65 °C. All the experiments resulted in the precipitation of white solids within 10 minutes. However, the vials were left for stirring over the weekend.
• the DSC of ⁇ -GPA-HCI salt revealed the presence of an endothermic event at around 135 °C followed by an exothermic event at around 185 °C and an endotherm at 265 °C (Figure 16).
• the exothermic event in the DSC arises from the recrystallization of the sample as confirmed by hot stage microscopy ( Figure 1 7).
• the TGA analysis revealed a weight loss of around 1 1 % from 31 to 210 °C.
• the ⁇ -GPA-maleic acid salt (Sample ID: 2162-42-21 ) exhibited three endotherms at the following temperatures: 90, 124 and 141 °C ( Figure 18).
• TGA analysis revealed a weight loss of around 1 .2 % from 31 to 105 (1 st endotherm) and a weight loss of around 5.4 % from 105 to 138 °C (2nd endotherm).
• the ⁇ -GPA-maleic acid salt (Sample ID: 2162-48-6) exhibited two endotherms at 85 and 1 55 °C respectively. However, the dried sample exhibited only one endotherm at 155 °C. From the DSC analysis it is evident that a hydrate was formed in the prior case whereas an anhydrous form was yielded as a result of drying. TGA analysis revealed a weight loss of ⁇ 0.1 % from 31 to 145 °C. Fumaric acid salt (1:1 salt)
• ⁇ -GPA-fumaric acid salt (Sample ID: 2162-42-25) exhibited an endotherm at 171 °C ( Figure 19) followed by possible decomposition of the salt.
• TGA analysis revealed a weight loss ⁇ 1 % from 31 °C to 145 °C ( Figure 20).
• the 1 H NMR of the 1 :1 fumarate salt is shown in Figure 21 .
• ⁇ -GPA-L-malic acid salt (Sample ID: 21 62-42-45) exhibited an endotherm at 1 10 °C followed by possible decomposition of the salt.
• TGA analysis revealed a weight loss ⁇ 1 % from 31 to 145 °C.
• the 1 H-NMR of the salt confirmed it was a 1 :1 salt.
• the DSC of ⁇ -GPA-succinic acid salt revealed the presence of an endothermic event at around 130 °C followed by another endothermic event at around 175 °C. An exothermic event was observed at around 179 °C ( Figure 22) followed by an endothermic event at 232 °C.
• hot stage microscopy was performed on the sample and illustrated in Figure 23.
• the TGA analysis revealed a weight loss of around 0.4% from 31 °C to 135 °C and 13% from 135 to 215 °C ( Figure 24).
• the 1 H-NMR revealed that the salt formed between ⁇ -GPA and succinic acid was in 2:1 ⁇ -GPA:acid) molar ratio ( Figure 25).
• the ⁇ -GPA-oxalic acid (Sample ID: 2162-42-69) when analyzed by DSC revealed a presence of an endothermic event at around 21 7 °C followed by an exothermic peak at around 224 °C and an endotherm at 268 °C as represented in Figure 26.
• the TGA analysis revealed a weight loss of ⁇ 0.3% from 31 to 195 ( Figure 27).
• Figure 27 When the material was observed under hot-stage microscope, at 216 to 226 °C there were very few crystals that appeared to melt however, there was no visible recrystallization event which was observed. From 268 °C melting of the crystals started to occur until 291 °C.
• Salts of ⁇ -GPA were also analyzed by optical microscopy. Optical microscopic images of ⁇ -GPA salts are presented from Figure 29A to 29J. As shown in Figure 30, ⁇ -GPA fumarate (1 :1 ) has a rod-like crystal morphology.
• the mobile phase was prepared by dissolving 2.72 g of monobasic potassium phosphate in 1 L of deionized water and the adjusting the desired pH by 85% (w/w) phosphoric acid.
• the counterions were also analyzed by HPLC under the same concentrations as they were present in the respective salts.
• the bulk density of ⁇ -GPA oxalate (Pattern 18 B), succinate (Pattern 1 5A), and fumarate (Pattern 7A) were determined by pouring in a known amount of salt (g) into a measuring cylinder. The volume ( VI) occupied by the salt was recorded and the bulk density (ps) was determined using equation 1 .
• PB Q/ Vi )
• the tapped densities of the salts were determined using a Tap density analyzer. A known amount of salt was poured (g) into a measuring cylinder and the initial volume was recorded and tapped using a Tap density analyzer. The final volume ( Vi) after tapping was recorded and the tapped density ( r) was calculated by using equation 2.
• Table 1 5 lists the bulk and tapped density of ⁇ -G PA and salts thereof.
• Carr's index or Carr's compressibility index (C) is an indication of the compressibility of a powder.
• a Carr's index greater than 25 is considered to be an indication of poor flowability while a value below 1 5 is an indication of good flowability.
• the Hausner ratio is a number that is correlated to the flowability of a powder or granular material. It is calculated by using the equation below:
• Table 1 6 lists the Carr's index and Hausner ratio corresponding to the flow character of a powder proposed by R. L. Carl.
• Table 1 7 lists the Carr's index and Hausner ratio for ⁇ -G PA and salts thereof. Table 17. Carr's Index and Hausner Ratio for ⁇ -GPA and Salts Thereof
• a cylindrical vessel is secured to the stand and above that a funnel is also secured such that the bottom of the funnel is close to the vessel.
• a powder load of 50-60 g is then poured through the funnel into the middle of the cylinder.
• the lever device is pulled to open the hole in the disk quickly and without vibration. If a powder slowly flows through the small-diameter holes, leaving a cavity shaped like an upside-down, truncated cone, the test is considered positive. If a powder flocculates in bulk and falls abruptly, forming a cylindrical cavity, the test is considered negative. If a powder does not fall through the small-diameter holes, the test is considered negative. If the experiment is negative, the powder is tested again with a disk having a larger hole. Tables 1 8-21 list the flowability test results for ⁇ -GPA and salts thereof.
• Sample 21 62-64-1 was analyzed by DVS in triplicate and the post DVS samples were characterized by XRPD to identify the form at the end of the experiment.
• the moisture uptake by ⁇ -GPA fumarate was found to be less than 0.1 %.
• the XRPDs were found to be identical to ⁇ -GPA fumarate (Pattern 7A) and no appearance of ⁇ -GPA peaks were observed, unlike sample 2162-42-3 post DVS ( Figure 30).
• ⁇ -GPA fumarate, succinate and oxalate retained their XRPD after the DVS experiment.
• ⁇ -GPA fumarate revealed the presence of two peaks from the ⁇ -GPA indicating dissociation of the salt.
• the purity assessment for the salts was carried out by HPLC and the purity of the salts was as follows: ⁇ -GPA fumarate - 97.7%, ⁇ -GPA succinate - 98.1 % and ⁇ -GPA oxalate - 98.4%.
• ⁇ -GPA oxalate Patterns 18A and B
• fumarate fumarate
• succinate was determined using density analyzer unit.
• flowability measurements for the salts were measured using Hanson Flodex unit.
• Solubility of ⁇ -GPA fumarate was measured gravimetrically in fifteen different solvents and solvent mixtures at 1 5 and 45 °C. About 100 mg of the compound was dispensed in ten volumes (1 mL) of the solvent/solvent mixture and slurried for 48 hours. Table 23 represents the solubility of ⁇ -GPA fumarate in different solvents. After 48 hours the vials were centrifuged. The supernatant was collected and left for slow evaporation under vacuum at 45 °C and solubility was determined. The solids obtained after centrifugation and evaporation were analyzed by XRPD. The XRPD analysis of the precipitates after 48 hours slurries revealed no form transformations for 1 :1 ⁇ -GPA fumarate.
• IPA isopropanol
• EtOH ethanol
• EtOAc ethyl acetate
• DCM dichloromethane
• TBME t-butyl ether
• MeOH methanol
• MeCN Acetonitrile
• Pattern 7B obtained by slow evaporation (45 °C) of the filtrate of ⁇ -GPA fumarate from the slurry experiment in tetrahydrofuran :water (1 :1 ), was analyzed by DSC and 1 H-NMR. The DSC revealed the presence of an endotherm at 161 °C and also traces of Pattern 7A (the original ⁇ -GPA fumarate salt). Anti-solvent Addition Experiments
• Anti-solvent addition experiments for 1 :1 ⁇ -GPA fumarate were performed by using different anti- solvents. A given amount of 1 :1 ⁇ -GPA fumarate was dissolved in the solvent at 50 °C. Around 1 mL of ice cold anti-solvent was added to salt solution and continued stirring in ice bath for 2 hours followed by overnight stirring at 20 °C. None of the experiments resulted in a new form of ⁇ -GPA fumarate.
• Neat and solvent drop grinding experiments were also performed as a part of polymorph screening. Around 30 mg of the sample was ground in the presence of 20 ⁇ _ of solvent (tetrahydrofuran, isopropanol, acetone, water, or t-butylmethylether) for 5 minutes using mortar and pestle. After grinding, the samples were analyzed by XRPD. All the experiments resulted in XRPDs that were identical to Pattern 7A.
• solvent tetrahydrofuran, isopropanol, acetone, water, or t-butylmethylether
• the microscopic image of the sample revealed the presence of some amorphous material. It could be possible that excess of fumaric acid after the formation of 2:1 ⁇ -GPA fumarate salt might have transformed to amorphous as seen in the microscopic image of the lyophilized sample
• the DSC of the lyophilized sample revealed the presence of an exothermic event (possible
• the first endothermic event could be the 1 :1 ⁇ -GPA fumarate salt followed by the melting of possible side product which might have formed after the melting of 1 :1 ⁇ -GPA fumarate salt.
• Reverse anti-solvent addition experiments for 1 :1 ⁇ -GPA fumarate were performed by using different anti-solvents. A given amount of 1 :1 ⁇ -GPA fumarate was dissolved in 1 mL of solvent at 40 °C. This solution was added to a known amount of an anti-solvent and stirred at room temperature until solids precipitated out. None of the experiments resulted in a new form of ⁇ -GPA fumarate.
• Pattern 7A (the original 1 :1 ⁇ -GPA fumarate form) appears to be the most stable form.
• Raman spectroscopy of the 1 :1 ⁇ -GPA fumarate salt was carried out on a Bruker IFS 66V/S FT-IR/FT-Raman spectrometer equipped with a 1064nm laser (Figure 37).
• the peak list of the Raman spectra is listed in Table 26. Table 26. Raman Spectra Peak List

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  • 2016-08-25 EP EP16840104.0A patent/EP3340973B1/en active Active
  • 2016-08-25 HR HRP20210044TT patent/HRP20210044T1/hr unknown
  • 2016-08-25 CA CA2996520A patent/CA2996520C/en active Active
  • 2016-09-30 US US15/281,329 patent/US9827217B2/en active Active
• 2017
  • 2017-10-27 US US15/795,540 patent/US10512623B2/en active Active
• 2019
  • 2019-11-06 US US16/675,669 patent/US20200138759A1/en not_active Abandoned
• 2021
  • 2021-04-30 JP JP2021077099A patent/JP7134294B2/ja active Active

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