WO2017022449A1 - 植物原料由来の炭素前駆体 - Google Patents
植物原料由来の炭素前駆体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017022449A1 WO2017022449A1 PCT/JP2016/070893 JP2016070893W WO2017022449A1 WO 2017022449 A1 WO2017022449 A1 WO 2017022449A1 JP 2016070893 W JP2016070893 W JP 2016070893W WO 2017022449 A1 WO2017022449 A1 WO 2017022449A1
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- the present invention relates to a carbon precursor useful for producing a carbonaceous material used for a conductive material, a catalyst carrier, activated carbon, and the like, and a method for producing the same.
- Carbonaceous materials are used in various applications such as capacitor electrodes, electrolysis electrodes, activated carbon, and supports, and are fields and materials that are expected to be further developed in the future. These carbonaceous materials are conventionally produced using coconut husk, coal coke, coal or petroleum pitch, furan resin or phenol resin as raw materials. In recent years, the use of fossil fuel resources is expected to affect the global environment and become difficult to use in the future due to price increases due to a decrease in reserves.
- natural materials contain various metals that are necessary for maintaining the biological activities of living organisms.
- the metals become impurities and become electricity.
- an adsorbent such as activated carbon used for water filtration, the adsorbed substance reacts with the metal to form a water-soluble substance and is released again into the water. This will cause problems.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a method of carbonizing a plant-derived material at 800 ° C. to 1400 ° C. and then purifying the obtained carbide using a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid or a base such as sodium hydroxide. ing.
- a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid or a base such as sodium hydroxide.
- the metal content remaining in the plant-derived material combines with carbon during carbonization of the plant-derived material. Therefore, in this method, the metal component combined with carbon in the carbide cannot be sufficiently removed.
- silicone after combining with carbon hydrofluoric acid is added excessively with respect to the silicon compound.
- hydrofluoric acid is a highly corrosive poisonous deleterious substance, and the removal effect on magnesium and calcium is not sufficient. Furthermore, in the said method, there existed a problem that variation occurred in content of a metal content for every plant-derived material. JP 2008-273816 A
- the present inventors have reduced the content of the metal element in the carbon precursor by removing the fibrous material from the plant material. Found that you can. In addition, the present inventors proceeded from the outside to the inside of the chip, and the chip having a larger cross-sectional diameter has a slower removal rate of the metal element, so that the cross-sectional dimensions of the chip constituting the carbon precursor are reduced. It was found that when the distribution is wide, chips having different degrees of internal deashing are mixed, and the content of the metal element in the carbon precursor varies. From these facts, the present inventors have found that the above-mentioned problems can be solved if the fibrous precursor contained in the plant raw material is removed, and the carbon precursor has an average cross-sectional dimension within a certain range. The invention has been completed.
- the present invention includes the following.
- a carbon precursor composed of chips having an average cross-sectional dimension determined by a sieving method of 4 mm or more and 35 mm or less, and the content of a fibrous substance having a length of 5 mm or more and a width of 2 mm or less is 6% by weight
- the following carbon precursor derived from a plant material.
- the carbon precursor according to [1] or [2], wherein the ratio of the content of metal element potassium to the content of metal element aluminum is 150 or more.
- a method for producing a carbon precursor 1) a step of crushing a plant raw material and scraping off the surface layer of the plant raw material, and 2) a step of granulating the plant raw material crushed and scraping off the surface layer of the plant raw material 3) a plant raw material obtained in step 2)
- the method includes a step of removing fine substances from the substrate, and the step 1) is performed by using an apparatus for applying a shearing force.
- the method according to [8], wherein the steps 1) and 2) are performed using the same apparatus.
- the carbon precursor of the present invention can be suitably used as a raw material for a carbonaceous material because the fibrous material containing a large amount of metallic elements and nonmetallic elements is removed. Further, since the carbon precursor of the present invention is composed of a chip having a specific average cross-sectional dimension, in the deashing step, the variation in the content of the metal element for each carbon precursor is small, and the metal element The content of is reduced. For this reason, when the carbon precursor of this invention is carbonized, the carbonaceous material carbonized uniformly is obtained.
- the carbon precursor is carbonized due to a decrease in the content of the metal element in the carbon precursor, the decomposition of the carbon component due to oxidation and reduction of the metal element is reduced, so that the carbide can be recovered with a good recovery rate. Can be manufactured.
- a carbon precursor derived from a plant raw material is a raw material used for producing a carbonaceous material and is composed of a chip of a plant raw material.
- the plant raw material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include coconut shells, coconut beans, and rice husks.
- the coconut shell is preferable from the viewpoint of availability and the effect of reducing the content of metal elements.
- the coconut shell is mainly composed of a portion called a shell having a dense structure, it can be suitably used as a carbon precursor.
- the coconut shell is not particularly limited, and coconut shells such as coco palm and palm coconut can be used.
- a crushed shell called a coconut shell chip that is generally used as a raw material for fuel, activated carbon and the like.
- the soybeans may be any soybeans regardless of the production region and variety of soybeans.
- the coffee beans may be the coffee beans before extracting the coffee as a beverage, or may be an extraction residue generally referred to as coffee after extracting the coffee as a beverage.
- the chip constituting the carbon precursor derived from the plant material of the present invention has an average cross-sectional dimension (hereinafter referred to as an average cross-sectional dimension) determined by a sieving method of 4 mm or more and 35 mm or less.
- the average cross-sectional dimension is an average value of cross-sectional dimensions of individual chips constituting the carbon precursor.
- the cross-sectional dimension means a dimension when measuring the longest measurable diagonal line in a cross section parallel to the mesh screen of the chip when the chip passes through the mesh screen in sieving.
- the average cross-sectional dimension is determined by a sieving method.
- the sieving method is not particularly limited as long as it can classify the carbon precursor chips into desired dimensions.
- the mesh screen used in the sieving method can be appropriately selected according to the type of carbon precursor to be screened. For example, the size of the opening is 0.85 mm, 1.7 mm, 2.8 mm, 4 mm, 6.
- Combinations of mesh screens that are 7 mm, 9.5 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm can be used.
- a typical commercial product of such a combination of mesh screens for example, a stainless steel sieve manufactured by AS ONE Co., Ltd. may be mentioned.
- a mesh screen may be shaken manually or may be shaken using a shaker.
- the time for shaking is not particularly limited as long as the carbon precursor is sufficiently screened by each mesh screen, but is preferably 0.1 to 30 minutes, more preferably 0.5 to 10 minutes. .
- the average cross-sectional dimension is specifically determined as follows.
- the mesh screen is placed on the tray in order from the smallest opening size to the largest opening size so that the opening size of the lowermost mesh screen is minimized.
- the carbon precursor is put on the uppermost mesh screen and shaken.
- the mass of each carbon precursor obtained on the saucer and each mesh screen is measured. Each mass is divided by the total mass of the carbon precursor charged for sieving to obtain a mass ratio.
- each average cross-sectional dimension of the screened carbon precursor is the minimum mesh screen opening size for the carbon precursor screened in the tray, and each carbon precursor remaining on each mesh screen is
- the opening size of the mesh screen is X
- the opening size of the mesh screen one level above the mesh screen is Y
- Each mass ratio is multiplied by the corresponding average cross-sectional dimension, and the sum of these is taken as the average cross-sectional dimension of the carbon precursor of the present invention.
- the average cross-sectional dimension of the carbon precursor is preferably 4 mm or more and 35 mm or less, more preferably 5 mm or more and 30 mm or less, and further preferably 6 mm or more and 20 mm or less.
- the carbon precursor of the present invention preferably has a content of chips having a cross-sectional dimension of 40 mm or more and 40% by weight or less. Thereby, when the carbon precursor of the present invention is decalcified, the metal element is uniformly removed to the inside of the carbon precursor.
- the carbon precursor of the present invention preferably has a content of chips having a cross-sectional dimension of 2.5 mm or less of 35% by weight or less.
- each chip constituting the carbon precursor is not particularly limited as long as the average cross-sectional dimension that can be determined as described above is 4 mm or more and 35 mm or less.
- the average cross-sectional dimension that can be determined as described above is 4 mm or more and 35 mm or less.
- granular, fine powder, fiber Various shapes such as a shape may be used.
- each chip constituting the carbon precursor of the present invention has a maximum dimension of 100 mm or less, more preferably 50 mm or less. If the maximum dimension is 100 mm or less, the organic acid aqueous solution penetrates well in the decalcification step and can be efficiently deashed, which is preferable.
- the maximum dimension is the maximum dimension in the three-dimensional shape of the chip, and is the dimension when measuring the longest diagonal line that can be measured on the projection plane when the chip placed on a horizontal surface is viewed from above.
- the carbon precursor of the present invention has a fibrous substance content of 6% by weight or less with respect to 100% by weight of the carbon precursor.
- the fibrous substance is not particularly limited as long as it has a length of 5 mm or more and a width of 2 mm or less, and various shapes such as a flat shape or a deformation of the fibrous substance in the grinding process. Also included.
- the content of a fibrous substance having a length of 5 mm or more and a width of 2 mm or less is 5% by weight or less, more preferably 4% by weight or less with respect to 100% by weight of the carbon precursor. .
- the fibrous material of the plant raw material often has different contents depending on the type of each metal element, and usually the aluminum content is relatively small and the potassium content is relatively large. Therefore, it is preferable that the effect of reducing the content of the metal element according to the present invention is effective not with a low content of aluminum or the like but with a high content of potassium or the like.
- the carbon precursor often has a different metal element content for each plant material used. From this point of view, the present invention uses the ratio of the potassium content to the aluminum content in order to show the effect of reducing the metal element content of the carbon precursor regardless of the metal element content of each plant raw material. .
- the carbon precursor of the present invention has a ratio of the content of potassium metal element to the content of metal element aluminum is preferably 150 or more, more preferably 200 or more, and even more preferably 250 or more. If the ratio of the content of the metal element potassium to the content of the metal element aluminum is 150 or more, the content of the metal element and the nonmetal element in the carbon precursor is sufficiently reduced. It can be preferably used as a raw material for carbonaceous materials used in various applications such as a porous body such as a catalyst support. In the present invention, the content of the metal element can be measured using a fluorescent X-ray analyzer (for example, ZSX Primus ⁇ manufactured by Rigaku Corporation).
- a fluorescent X-ray analyzer for example, ZSX Primus ⁇ manufactured by Rigaku Corporation.
- the carbon precursor of the present invention preferably has a bulk density of 0.4 g / cc to 0.63 g / cc, 0.45 g / cc to 0.6 g / cc, when the moisture content of the plant raw material is about 10%.
- the range is preferably 0.5 g / cc to 0.55 g / cc. If the bulk density is within the above range, the average cross-sectional dimension of the chip constituting the carbon precursor is appropriate, which is preferable.
- the carbon precursor of the present invention can be obtained by removing the fibrous material from plant materials.
- the fibrous substance since the fibrous substance is in close contact with the surface layer portion of the plant raw material, it cannot be sufficiently removed by, for example, manual removal. Therefore, the carbon precursor of the present invention can be produced by scraping the surface layer using an apparatus that imparts a shearing force, and sizing the crushed plant material.
- the present invention also provides 1) The process of crushing plant raw material and scraping the surface layer of plant raw material, 2) including a step of sizing the plant raw material obtained by crushing and scraping the surface layer in step 1), and 3) a step of removing fine substances from the plant raw material obtained in step 2).
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing a carbon precursor, which is performed by using an apparatus for imparting.
- Examples of the device for applying the shearing force include a uniaxial crusher and a biaxial crusher.
- the uniaxial crusher and the biaxial crusher are used for the plant raw material while the shearing force generated between the rotary blade and the fixed blade and between the rotary blades pulverizes the plant raw material to a desired particle size (cross-sectional dimension). It is preferable because the surface layer can be scraped off.
- a device such as a jaw crusher that crushes a plant raw material with two jaws in a crushing manner and does not generate a shearing force on the surface of the plant raw material, it is difficult to scrape the surface of the plant raw material.
- the time for crushing the plant raw material and scraping the surface layer of the plant raw material is not particularly limited, and is preferably 1 to 120 minutes, more preferably 3 to 100 minutes, depending on the type of the method to be performed. If the time for removing the fibrous portion is within the above range, the time for removing the fibrous portion is appropriate, which is preferable from the viewpoint of economy.
- the atmosphere for performing the step of removing the fibrous portion is not particularly limited, and may vary depending on the method to be performed.
- the step of removing the fibrous portion is usually performed in an air atmosphere.
- sizing is performed to obtain a carbon precursor having a predetermined particle size (cross-sectional dimension).
- the sizing is carried out by crushing and scraping the surface of the plant material into a screen having a predetermined opening size, collecting the material that has passed through the screen, and collecting the material that has not passed through, crushing the plant material, and It can be performed by returning to the step of scraping off the surface layer of the plant raw material.
- the opening size of the screen can be appropriately selected according to the desired carbon precursor size.
- the pulverized plant raw material is discharged from the screen attached to the lower part, and the plant raw material larger than the opening size of the screen becomes smaller than the opening size of the screen. What is lifted by a rotary blade and repeatedly pulverized until discharged from the screen is preferable.
- a uniaxial crusher for example, a plastic crusher manufactured by Yoshida Seisakusho can be used.
- the production method of the present invention can usually be carried out at room temperature, but is not particularly limited, and can be carried out in the range of 0 ° C. to 40 ° C.
- the step of pulverizing the plant raw material and removing the fibrous portion and / or the sizing step can be performed preferably 1 to 5 times, more preferably 1 to 3 times.
- the plant raw material obtained by the sizing process also includes fine substances such as fibrous materials pulverized by pulverization and finely pulverized plant raw materials. Since the pulverized fibrous material contains a lot of metal elements, it is preferable to remove the fine material. Therefore, the method of the present invention comprises a step of removing fine substances from the plant material obtained by the granulation step.
- the fine substance means a carbon precursor having a cross-sectional dimension of preferably less than 1.3 mm, more preferably less than 2.25 mm, and even more preferably less than 3.4 mm.
- a method for removing the fine substance there is a method in which the sized carbon precursor is put into a mesh screen having a predetermined opening size, and after the mesh screen is shaken, the carbon precursor remaining on the mesh screen is recovered. It is done.
- the mesh screen for example, the mesh screen used in the above-described sieving operation can be used.
- the mesh screen may be shaken manually, or may be shaken using a shaker.
- the time for shaking is not particularly limited as long as the carbon precursor is sufficiently screened by the mesh screen, but is preferably 0.1 to 30 minutes, more preferably 0.5 to 10 minutes.
- the obtained carbon precursor can be washed and / or dried as necessary.
- decalcification can be performed to reduce the content of the metal element by immersing the carbon precursor obtained as described above in an organic acid aqueous solution.
- the organic acid used for the decalcification does not contain an element that becomes an impurity source such as phosphorus, sulfur, or halogen. If the organic acid does not contain elements such as phosphorus, sulfur, halogen, etc., it is suitable for use as a carbon material even if the organic precursor remains carbonized by omitting water washing after deashing. This is advantageous because a carbide can be obtained. Further, it is advantageous because the waste liquid treatment of the organic acid after use can be performed relatively easily without using a special apparatus.
- organic acids examples include saturated carboxylic acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid and the like, unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, and the like.
- examples include acids such as benzoic acid, phthalic acid, and naphthoic acid.
- Acetic acid, succinic acid, and citric acid are preferable from the viewpoint of availability, corrosion due to acidity, and influence on human body.
- the organic acid is used as an organic acid aqueous solution by mixing with an aqueous solution from the viewpoints of solubility of the metal compound to be eluted, waste disposal, environmental compatibility, and the like.
- the aqueous solution include water, a mixture of water and a water-soluble organic solvent, and the like.
- the water-soluble organic solvent include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propylene glycol, and ethylene glycol.
- the concentration of the acid in the organic acid aqueous solution is not particularly limited, and the concentration can be adjusted according to the type of acid used. In the present invention, usually 0.001% to 20% by weight, more preferably 0.01% to 18% by weight, and still more preferably 0.02% to 15% by weight, based on the total amount of the organic acid aqueous solution.
- An organic acid aqueous solution having an acid concentration in the range is used. If the acid concentration is within the above range, an appropriate metal element and / or non-metal element elution rate can be obtained, so that deashing can be performed in a practical time. Moreover, since the residual amount of acid in the carbon precursor is reduced, the influence on the subsequent product is also reduced.
- the pH of the aqueous organic acid solution is preferably 3.5 or less, more preferably 3 or less.
- the metal element can be efficiently removed without reducing the dissolution rate of the metal element in the organic acid aqueous solution.
- the temperature of the organic acid aqueous solution when dipping the carbon precursor is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 20 ° C to 98 ° C, more preferably 25 ° C to 60 ° C, and further preferably 30 ° C to 40 ° C. If the temperature of the organic acid aqueous solution at the time of immersing the carbon precursor is within the above range, decomposition of the acid to be used is suppressed, and the elution rate of the metal element that enables deashing in a practical time is achieved. Since it is obtained, it is preferable. Moreover, since deashing can be performed without using a special apparatus, it is preferable. Furthermore, in the present invention, decalcification can be performed at room temperature. In this case, it is preferable from the viewpoint of the necessity of a heating device and safety.
- the aqueous organic acid solution can be renewed at least once during the decalcification.
- the organic acid aqueous solution is continuously added to the carbon precursor, and the carbon precursor is immersed for a predetermined time, and the carbon precursor is immersed in the organic acid aqueous solution.
- a method of renewing the organic acid aqueous solution the organic acid aqueous solution is continuously added to the carbon precursor, and the carbon precursor is immersed for a predetermined time, and the carbon precursor is immersed in the organic acid aqueous solution.
- the method of updating the whole organic acid aqueous solution may be used, and the method of updating a part of organic acid aqueous solution may be used.
- the time for immersing the carbon precursor in the organic acid aqueous solution can be appropriately adjusted according to the acid used.
- the immersion time is usually in the range of 0.1 to 100 hours, preferably 0.2 to 80 hours, more preferably 0.5 to 50 hours, from the viewpoint of economy and decalcification efficiency.
- the ratio of the weight of the carbon precursor to be immersed to the weight of the organic acid aqueous solution can be appropriately adjusted according to the type, concentration, temperature, etc. of the organic acid aqueous solution to be used, and is usually 0.1% by weight to 200% by weight.
- the range is preferably 1 to 150% by weight, more preferably 1.5 to 120% by weight. If it is in the said range, since the metal element eluted to organic acid aqueous solution cannot precipitate easily from organic acid aqueous solution, and reattachment to a carbon precursor is suppressed, it is preferable. Moreover, if it is in the said range, since volume efficiency becomes appropriate, it is preferable from an economical viewpoint.
- the atmosphere for deashing is not particularly limited and may be different depending on the method used for immersion, but it is preferably performed in an air atmosphere.
- the carbon precursor after decalcification preferably has an average potassium content of 680 ppm or less, more preferably 650 ppm or less, and even more preferably 600 ppm or less.
- the decalcified carbon precursor of the present invention has an average calcium content of preferably 52 ppm or less, more preferably 50 ppm or less, and even more preferably 48 ppm or less.
- the average content of metal elements is a value obtained by averaging the content of metal elements in individual carbon precursors or carbides.
- the average content of metal elements in carbides is a decalcification treatment. It is possible to obtain the carbon precursors obtained by collecting all the carbon precursors obtained by carbonization and measuring the content of the metal element in the crushed carbides obtained by carbonizing them.
- the heating temperature in the calcination is not particularly limited, and can be performed in the range of 250 ° C to 1000 ° C. If the temperature is too high, the carbon skeleton becomes rigid due to crystallization, which is not preferable as a carbonaceous material used for various electronic materials. Moreover, when the temperature is too low, there is a problem that the possibility of heat storage ignition is high, and it is easily oxidized by oxygen in the air and the storage safety is lowered. Firing is preferably performed in the range of 270 ° C. to 900 ° C., more preferably in the range of 280 ° C. to 800 ° C., and still more preferably in the range of 400 to 750 ° C. Firing in the above range is preferable from the viewpoint of suppressing deterioration due to oxidation of the obtained carbonaceous material and ensuring storage stability.
- the heating rate is not particularly limited, and varies depending on the heating method, but is preferably 1 ° C./min to 200 ° C./min, more preferably 1 ° C./min to 100 ° C./min.
- a heating rate within the above range is preferable because condensation during carbonization proceeds and a good carbonaceous material recovery rate is obtained.
- the operation time of the apparatus to be used becomes appropriate, it is preferable from an economical viewpoint.
- the temperature can be raised to a desired temperature at once, or the temperature can be maintained once in the range of 250 to 400 ° C., and then raised again to the desired temperature. it can. Maintaining the temperature once within the above range may facilitate the condensation during carbonization and may contribute to the improvement of the carbonization rate, carbon density, and carbonaceous material recovery rate.
- the holding time at the maximum temperature in the firing is not particularly limited, it is usually sufficient to hold for about 10 minutes to 300 minutes, and preferably for about 30 minutes to 240 minutes.
- the atmosphere for firing is not particularly limited, but is preferably performed in an inert gas atmosphere, and more preferably in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- an oxidizing gas that is, oxygen is preferably 1% by volume or less, More preferably, it is 0.5 volume% or less.
- the inert gas flow at the time of firing is not particularly limited, and may usually be in the range of 0.001 meter / second to 1 meter / second.
- the extraction temperature after calcination is not particularly limited as long as it is a temperature that is not oxidized by oxygen in the air, and it is usually preferably 200 ° C. or lower, more preferably 100 ° C. or lower.
- the firing method is not particularly limited, and any of a batch type and a continuous type may be used, and any of an external heating type and an internal heating type may be used.
- a metal removal step, a pulverization step and / or a further firing step can be performed as necessary.
- the metal component at a high concentration is sufficiently removed locally in the purification step, so that the further metal removal step may be omitted. it can.
- the carbonaceous material obtained from the carbon precursor of the present invention can be preferably used in various applications such as electronic parts, porous bodies such as activated carbon and catalyst supports.
- each average cross-sectional dimension of the screened carbon precursor is 0.85 mm for the carbon precursor obtained in the saucer, and the carbon precursor remaining on each mesh screen has a small opening dimension.
- the value corresponding to the carbon precursor used in the following examples and comparative examples divided by the total value is multiplied by the corresponding average cross-sectional dimension, and the total value Was the average cross-sectional dimension.
- Metal element content The content of the metal element was evaluated using a fluorescent X-ray analyzer (ZSX Primus ⁇ manufactured by Rigaku Corporation).
- ZSX Primus ⁇ manufactured by Rigaku Corporation.
- the plant raw material contains the metal element because the X-ray intensity varies depending on the metal existence form (crystallinity).
- the amount of carbon must be carbonized under the following carbonization conditions so that the metal in the carbide has the same degree of crystallinity, and then X-ray fluorescence analysis is performed on the content of the metal element and non-metal element in the obtained carbide. Determined by.
- the average content of the metal element in the carbon precursor after deashing was the average content of the metal element in the carbide calculated when the carbide recovery rate was 100%.
- the maximum content and the minimum content are obtained by arbitrarily collecting 5 points of 10 g each of the decalcified carbon precursor, carbonizing each of them under the following carbonization conditions, crushing each carbide, measuring it, and measuring 5 The maximum and minimum of the point measured values were determined.
- the maximum content and the minimum content of the metal element in the carbon precursor after decalcification are the maximum content and the minimum content of the metal element in the carbide calculated when the recovery rate of the carbide is 100%. .
- the mass of the carbon precursor was determined from the difference between the total mass of the graduated cylinder and the carbon precursor and the mass of the graduated cylinder, and the ratio of the measured mass to 1000 cc was calculated. . This operation was performed 5 times, and the average value was defined as the bulk density.
- Example 1 3 kg of coconut shell (produced in Mindanao Island, Philippines) was put into a uniaxial crusher (plastic crusher 1005 manufactured by Yoshida Seisakusho) and crushed and the surface layer was scraped off. Thereafter, the coconut shell that had been sized by passing through a screen with a diameter of 8 mm attached to the discharge port of the uniaxial crusher (hereinafter referred to as a crushed coconut shell) was collected. Next, 3 kg of crushed coconut shells are screened according to the above-mentioned method for determining the average cross-sectional dimensions to determine the average cross-sectional dimensions, and 120 g of coconut shells having an average cross-sectional dimension of 3.4 mm or more (on a 2.8 mm mesh screen) are recovered.
- a uniaxial crusher plastic crusher 1005 manufactured by Yoshida Seisakusho
- decalcified coconut shell was dried at 80 ° C. under a vacuum of 1 Torr for 24 hours.
- the decalcified coconut shell thus obtained was carbonized according to the above carbonization conditions.
- Example 2 A carbide was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a screen having a diameter of 11.5 mm was used instead of the screen having a diameter of 8 mm in Example 1.
- Example 3 Carbide was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that instead of the 8 mm diameter screen in Example 1, a 14.5 mm diameter screen was used.
- Example 4 A carbide was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a 20 mm diameter screen was used instead of the 8 mm diameter screen in Example 1.
- Example 1 Comparative Example 1
- a biaxial crusher (a small biaxial crusher manufactured by Endo Kogyo Co., Ltd.) that does not have a screen was used instead of a uniaxial crusher, and all the crushed coconut shells were not used for sieving.
- Example 2 In Example 1, instead of the uniaxial crusher, a biaxial crusher (a small biaxial crusher manufactured by Endo Kogyo Co., Ltd.) having no screen was used, and the coconut shell recovered from the biaxial crusher was still attached. Carbide was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the fibrous material was separated using a stainless steel sieve and a peeler, and that all the crushed coconut shells were used without sieving.
- a biaxial crusher a small biaxial crusher manufactured by Endo Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- Example 3 In Example 1, instead of the uniaxial crusher, a biaxial crusher without a screen (a small biaxial crusher manufactured by Endo Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was used, and the recovered coconut shell was put into the biaxial crusher and pulverized. Carbide was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the operation of recovering the surface layer after scraping was repeated 4 times and that the crushed coconut shells were all used without sieving.
- a biaxial crusher without a screen a small biaxial crusher manufactured by Endo Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- Example 4 Comparative Example 4 In Example 1, when a jaw crusher (BB50 manufactured by Lecce) was used instead of the uniaxial crusher, crushing of the coconut shell progressed, but the fibrous material remained attached to the surface layer of the crushed coconut shell, and the surface layer surface was There was no appearance of scraping. In the crushing by the jaw crusher, the coconut shell was crushed in such a manner that two jaws entered the V-shaped crushing chamber and were crushed between the fixed jaw and the drive jaw that moved elliptically. During this crushing, no shear force was generated on the surface of the coconut shell as in the uniaxial crusher, and therefore the surface of the coconut shell could not be scraped off.
- BB50 manufactured by Lecce BB50 manufactured by Lecce
- Mass ratio for each average cross-sectional dimension of the crushed coconut shell obtained in each Example and Comparative Example, average cross-sectional dimension, mass ratio of crushed coconut shell having a particle size (cross-sectional dimension) of 40 mm or more, particle size of 2.5 mm or less Table 1 shows the mass ratio of the crushed coconut shell having the (cross-sectional dimension), the content of the fibrous substance, and the bulk density.
- Table 2 below shows the metal element contents of the crushed coconut shells and demineralized coconut shells obtained in the examples and comparative examples.
- the carbon precursor of the present invention since the carbon precursor of the present invention has a small amount of fibrous material and an average cross-sectional dimension within a predetermined range, the content of the metal element compared to the carbon precursor not according to the present invention. It can be seen that the variation in the content of the metal element is small when decalcifying.
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Abstract
Description
[1]ふるい分け法により決定された平均断面寸法が4mm以上35mm以下のチップから構成される炭素前駆体であって、長さ5mm以上および幅2mm以下である繊維状物質の含有量が6重量%以下である、植物原料由来の炭素前駆体。
[2]繊維状物質は、植物原料の表層部分に由来する、[1]に記載の炭素前駆体。
[3]金属元素アルミニウムの含有量に対する金属元素カリウムの含有量の比は150以上である、[1]または[2]に記載の炭素前駆体。
[4]断面寸法が40mm以上であるチップを40重量%以下含む、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の炭素前駆体。
[5]断面寸法が2.5mm以下であるチップを35重量%以下含む、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の炭素前駆体。
[6]植物原料は椰子殻である、[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の炭素前駆体。
[7][1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の炭素前駆体から得られる炭化物。
[8]炭素前駆体の製造方法であって、
1)植物原料を破砕し、および植物原料の表層を削り取る工程、および
2)工程1)において破砕し、および表層を削り取った植物原料を整粒する工程
3)工程2)において得られた植物原料から微細物質を取り除く工程
を含み、前記工程1)は、せん断力を付与する装置を用いることにより行う、方法。
[9]前記工程1)および2)を同じ装置を用いることにより行う、[8]に記載の方法。
1)植物原料を破砕し、および植物原料の表層を削り取る工程、
2)工程1)において破砕し、および表層を削り取った植物原料を整粒する工程、および
3)工程2)において得られた植物原料から微細物質を取り除く工程
を含み、上記工程1)はせん断力を付与する装置を用いることにより行う炭素前駆体の製造方法にも関する。
開口寸法が0.85mm、1.7mm、2.8mm、4mm、6.7mm、9.5mm、15mm、20mm、30mm、40mmであるメッシュスクリーンを、開口寸法が小さいものから大きいものへ順に、最下部のメッシュスクリーンの開口寸法が最小となるように受け皿の上に設置した。最上部のメッシュスクリーン上に炭素前駆体を投入し、3分間手動により振とうした。その後、受け皿および各メッシュスクリーン上に残存する炭素前駆体の質量を測定し、各質量について、ふるい分けに投入した炭素前駆体の全質量に対する割合を求めた。ここで、ふるい分けされた炭素前駆体の各平均断面寸法は、受け皿中に得られた炭素前駆体については0.85mmとし、各メッシュスクリーン上に残存する炭素前駆体については、開口寸法が小さいものから大きいものへ順にそれぞれ、1.3mm[=(0.85+1.7)/2]、2.25mm[=(1.7+2.8)/2]、3.4mm[=(2.8+4)/2]、5.4mm[=(4+6.7)/2]、8.1mm[=(6.7+9.5)/2]、12.25mm[=(9.5+15)/2]、17.5mm[=(15+20)/2]、25mm[=(20+30)/2]、35mm[=(30+40)/2]、60mmとした。上で求めた全質量に対する割合のうち、以下の実施例および比較例においてそれぞれ用いた炭素前駆体に対応するものをその合計値で除した値に、対応する平均断面寸法を乗じ、合計した値を平均断面寸法とした。
炭素前駆体を精米機(ツインバード製精米御膳NR-E700)に入れ、炭素前駆体を旋回させながら互いに擦り合わせることによって繊維質部分の除去を行った。本操作によって回収した炭素前駆体の重量減少分を繊維状物質の含有量とした。
金属元素の含有量は、蛍光X線分析装置(株式会社リガク製ZSX Primusμ)を用いて評価した。なお、植物原料は、採取季節等に応じて部位により金属元素の含有量についてバラツキが存在するが、金属存在形態(結晶化度)によりX線の強度が異なってくることから、金属元素の含有量は、炭化物中の金属が同等の結晶化度となるように以下の炭化条件にて炭化した後、得られた炭化物中の金属元素および非金属元素の含有量について蛍光X線分析を行うことにより決定した。また、炭素前駆体中の金属元素の含有量については、以下の各実施例および比較例における炭素前駆体から得られた炭化物中の金属元素の含有量について、その炭化物の回収率を100%としたときに算出される炭化物中の金属元素の含有量とした。
また、脱灰後の炭素前駆体および炭化物中の金属元素のバラツキを、以下の式:
金属元素の含有量のバラツキ=(最大含有量-最小含有量)/平均含有量
に従い算出した。上記式において、平均含有量は、脱灰後の炭素前駆体を全て回収し、以下の炭化条件にて炭化後、炭化物を破砕し、測定を行った。脱灰後の炭素前駆体中の金属元素の平均含有量は、炭化物の回収率を100%としたときに算出される炭化物中の金属元素の平均含有量とした。また、最大含有量および最小含有量は、脱灰後の炭素前駆体を任意に10gずつ5点採取し、それぞれ以下の炭化条件にて炭化した後、各炭化物を破砕し、測定を行い、5点測定した値の最大値および最小値を決定した。脱灰後の炭素前駆体中の金属元素の最大含有量および最小含有量は、炭化物の回収率を100%としたときに算出される炭化物中の金属元素の最大含有量および最小含有量とした。
回収物を坩堝に入れ、光洋サーモ製KTF1100炉(内径70mmΦ)を用いて、酸素含量15ppmの窒素気流3L/分(0.012メートル/秒)の流量下、10℃/分で500℃まで昇温、60分保持した後、6時間かけて冷却し、50℃以下で取り出した。
1000ccメスシリンダーの1000cc目盛りまで炭素前駆体を投入した後、メスシリンダーと炭素前駆体の合計質量とメスシリンダーの質量の差から炭素前駆体の質量を求め、1000ccに対する測定した質量の割合を算出した。この操作を5回行い、その平均値を嵩密度とした。
椰子殻(フィリピン、ミンダナオ島産)3kgを、一軸破砕機(吉田製作所製プラスチック破砕機1005)に投入し、破砕すると共に表面層を削り取った。その後、一軸破砕機の排出口に取り付けた直径8mmのスクリーンを通過させることにより整粒した椰子殻(以下、破砕椰子殻という)を回収した。次に破砕椰子殻3kgについて上記平均断面寸法の決定法に従いふるい分けを行って平均断面寸法を決定すると共に、平均断面寸法が3.4mm以上(2.8mmメッシュスクリーン上)の椰子殻を120g回収し、0.04Mクエン酸水溶液280gに浸漬し、95℃にて撹拌しながら4時間脱灰を行った。その後、室温まで冷却し、ろ過により脱液することにより椰子殻を回収した。脱灰した椰子殻(以下、脱灰椰子殻という)を真空1Torr下、80℃にて24時間乾燥した。このようにして得られた脱灰椰子殻を、上記炭化条件に従って炭化した。
実施例1において直径8mmのスクリーンの代わりに直径11.5mmのスクリーンを用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして炭化物を製造した。
実施例1において直径8mmのスクリーンの代わりに直径14.5mmのスクリーンを用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして炭化物を製造した。
実施例1において直径8mmのスクリーンの代わりに直径20mmのスクリーンを用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして炭化物を製造した。
実施例1において一軸破砕機の代わりにスクリーンを有さない二軸破砕機(遠藤工業製小型二軸破砕機)を用いたこと、および破砕された椰子殻をふるい分けを行わず全て用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして炭化物を製造した。
実施例1において一軸破砕機の代わりにスクリーンを有さない二軸破砕機(遠藤工業製小型二軸破砕機)を用いたこと、および二軸破砕機から回収した椰子殻になお付着している繊維状物質を、ステンレスふるい、およびピーラーを用いて分離したこと、および破砕された椰子殻をふるい分けを行わず全て用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして炭化物を製造した。
実施例1において一軸破砕機の代わりにスクリーンを有さない二軸破砕機(遠藤工業製小型二軸破砕機)を用いたこと、および回収した椰子殻を二軸破砕機へ投入して粉砕、表面層を削り取った後、回収する操作を4回繰り返したこと、および破砕された椰子殻をふるい分けを行わず全て用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして炭化物を製造した。
実施例1において一軸破砕機の代わりにジョークラッシャー(レッチェ製BB50)を用いたところ、椰子殻の破砕は進行するが、破砕椰子殻の表層には繊維状物質が付着したままであり表層面が削り取られる様子は見られなかった。ジョークラッシャーでの破砕では、椰子殻が2本のジョーがV字型を構成する粉砕室に入り、固定ジョーと楕円運動する駆動ジョーの間で押しつぶされる形で破砕された。この破砕時に、椰子殻の表層に対して一軸破砕機のようなせん断力が発生することがなく、そのため椰子殻の表層を削り取ることができなかった。
Claims (9)
- ふるい分け法により決定された平均断面寸法が4mm以上35mm以下のチップから構成される炭素前駆体であって、長さ5mm以上および幅2mm以下である繊維状物質の含有量が6重量%以下である、植物原料由来の炭素前駆体。
- 繊維状物質は、植物原料の表層部分に由来する、請求項1に記載の炭素前駆体。
- 金属元素アルミニウムの含有量に対する金属元素カリウムの含有量の比は150以上である、請求項1または2に記載の炭素前駆体。
- 断面寸法が40mm以上であるチップを40重量%以下含む、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の炭素前駆体。
- 断面寸法が2.5mm以下であるチップを35重量%以下含む、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の炭素前駆体。
- 植物原料は椰子殻である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の炭素前駆体。
- 請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の炭素前駆体から得られる炭化物。
- 炭素前駆体の製造方法であって、
1)植物原料を破砕し、および植物原料の表層を削り取る工程、
2)工程1)において破砕し、および表層を削り取った植物原料を整粒する工程、および
3)工程2)において得られた植物原料から微細物質を取り除く工程
を含み、前記工程1)は、せん断力を付与する装置を用いることにより行う、方法。 - 前記工程1)および2)を同じ装置を用いることにより行う、請求項8に記載の方法。
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WO2019009332A1 (ja) * | 2017-07-06 | 2019-01-10 | 株式会社クラレ | 非水電解質二次電池の負極活物質用の炭素質材料、非水電解質二次電池用負極、非水電解質二次電池ならびに炭素質材料の製造方法 |
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KR102591739B1 (ko) | 2017-07-06 | 2023-10-19 | 주식회사 쿠라레 | 비수 전해질 이차 전지의 부극 활물질용의 탄소질 재료, 비수 전해질 이차 전지용 부극, 비수 전해질 이차 전지 그리고 탄소질 재료의 제조 방법 |
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