WO2017006907A1 - 固体高分子形燃料電池 - Google Patents
固体高分子形燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017006907A1 WO2017006907A1 PCT/JP2016/069776 JP2016069776W WO2017006907A1 WO 2017006907 A1 WO2017006907 A1 WO 2017006907A1 JP 2016069776 W JP2016069776 W JP 2016069776W WO 2017006907 A1 WO2017006907 A1 WO 2017006907A1
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- Prior art keywords
- carbon fiber
- nonwoven fabric
- fiber nonwoven
- separator
- fuel cell
- Prior art date
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
- H01M8/026—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant characterised by grooves, e.g. their pitch or depth
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0234—Carbonaceous material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell using a carbon fiber nonwoven fabric as a gas diffusion electrode.
- solid polymer fuel cells in particular, can generate power at a relatively low temperature of about 100 ° C. and have high output density. For this reason, it is used in the power source of automobiles that run on electric motors and in home cogeneration systems.
- a fuel gas containing hydrogen and an oxidant gas containing oxygen are separated by an electrolyte membrane.
- the side to which the fuel gas is supplied is called the anode side
- the side to which the oxidant gas is supplied is called the cathode side.
- the fuel gas supplied to the flow path of the separator on the anode side diffuses into the gas diffusion electrode in contact with the separator, and is disposed on the other surface of the gas diffusion electrode (the surface opposite to the side in contact with the separator) Separated into electrons and protons in the layer.
- the electrons are connected to a load (apparatus) outside the fuel cell via carbon particles constituting the catalyst layer and carbon fibers constituting the gas diffusion electrode, so that a direct current can be taken out.
- the electrons pass through the gas diffusion electrode of the cathode, and protons generated in the anode catalyst layer move to the cathode catalyst layer through the electrolyte membrane.
- an oxidant gas containing oxygen is supplied to the flow path of the separator on the cathode side, diffuses into the gas diffusion electrode substrate in contact with the separator, and is a cathode catalyst layer disposed on the other surface of the gas diffusion electrode. It produces water together with protons and electrons.
- the generated water moves from the catalyst layer to the groove of the separator on the cathode side through the gas diffusion electrode substrate, and is discharged out of the fuel cell through the flow path of the separator.
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 propose techniques for improving the water permeability by forming grooves and through holes in the gas diffusion electrode.
- the separator has a serial flow path for supplying fuel gas through one continuous flow path without branching, and a parallel flow path with a branch flow path for distributing fuel gas from the central flow path.
- the present invention provides a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that uses a separator having parallel flow paths and has good water discharge performance under high humidity power generation conditions and can maintain high power generation performance. Is an issue.
- the present invention for achieving the above object is a polymer electrolyte fuel cell having a gas diffusion electrode based on a carbon fiber nonwoven fabric and a separator having a parallel linear flow path formed therein,
- the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric has corrugated irregularities in which linear ridges and linear groove portions are alternately repeated, and the light transmittance of the ridge portion and the groove portion is the same, and the gas diffusion electrode and the separator Is a solid polymer in which the unevenness forming surface of the carbon fiber non-woven fabric is opposed to the flow path forming surface of the separator and the extending direction of the flange and the groove is aligned with the extending direction of the flow path of the separator.
- This is a fuel cell.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention uses a separator having parallel flow paths, it has excellent drainage performance even under high humidity conditions, so that it can stably generate power while suppressing flooding. Can do.
- FIG. 2 is an upright observation image of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric produced in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is an inverted observation image of a carbon fiber nonwoven fabric produced in Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is an upright observation image of a carbon fiber nonwoven fabric produced in Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 2 is an inverted observation image of a carbon fiber nonwoven fabric produced in Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a channel shape of a separator having a multi-parallel channel. It is a schematic diagram which shows the flow-path shape of the separator which has an opposing comb-shaped (Interdigitated) flow path.
- the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric is obtained by heating and carbonizing a carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the carbon fiber is obtained by heating and carbonizing a carbon fiber precursor fiber in an inert gas atmosphere.
- Non-woven fabric is obtained by fixing the constituent fibers of a web by methods such as mechanical entanglement, fusion by heating, and adhesion by a binder.
- the web is a sheet formed by laminating carbon fiber precursor fibers.
- the carbon fiber precursor fiber will be described later.
- As the web a dry parallel laid web or a cross laid web, an airlaid web, a wet papermaking web, an extruded spunbond web, a melt blow web, an electrospinning web, or the like can be used. Examples of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric in which these webs are formed into a sheet include those in which the web is mechanically entangled, heated and fused, and bonded with a binder.
- the fiber diameter of the carbon fiber should be appropriately determined according to the use of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric.
- the fiber diameter of the carbon fiber is preferably 3 to 30 ⁇ m and more preferably 5 to 20 ⁇ m when used as a general gas diffusion electrode.
- the average pore diameter of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric is preferably 40 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 45 ⁇ m or more, and further preferably 50 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit of the average pore diameter is not particularly limited.
- the average pore diameter is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 80 ⁇ m or less.
- the average pore diameter is 40 ⁇ m or more, high performance can be obtained by gas diffusion and drainage.
- the average pore diameter is 100 ⁇ m or less, it is easy to prevent dryout.
- the average pore diameter of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric means a value measured by a mercury intrusion method.
- a carbide is attached as a binder to the contact points between the carbon fibers constituting the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric, the contact area is increased at the contact points between the carbon fibers, and excellent conductivity and thermal conductivity can be obtained.
- a method for applying such a binder include a method in which a carbon fiber nonwoven fabric after carbonization treatment is impregnated or sprayed with a thermosetting resin and then heat-treated again under an inert atmosphere.
- a phenol resin, an epoxy resin, a melamine resin, a furan resin, or the like can be used as the thermosetting resin.
- a method of blending a thermoplastic resin with a carbon fiber precursor nonwoven fabric is also preferably used.
- corrugated plate-like unevenness On the surface of the carbon fiber non-woven fabric, corrugated plate-like unevenness (hereinafter simply referred to as “corrugated plate-like unevenness” or “unevenness”) in which linear ridges and linear groove portions are alternately formed is formed.
- corrugated plate-like unevenness includes unevenness having a cross-sectional shape such as a sine wave shape, a rectangular wave shape, a triangular wave shape, and a sawtooth wave shape.
- the thickness of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric when the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric is pressurized at 1 MPa in the thickness direction (hereinafter simply referred to as “thickness at the time of pressurization.”)
- the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric cut to 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm is sandwiched between metal plates with a surface of 3 cm or more x 3 cm or more and a thickness of 1 cm or more, and a pressure of 1 MPa is applied to the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric. And ask for it.
- the presence of corrugated irregularities can be obtained by, for example, displaying an image taken by changing the focus from the concave / convex forming surface side of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric with an optical microscope by three-dimensional display by depth synthesis, Judgment can be made by laser scanning from the unevenness forming surface side with a field of view of 500 ⁇ m to 5 mm to capture an image, performing tilt correction using shape analysis software, and changing the color according to the height and displaying.
- cross section means a cross section of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric in a direction perpendicular to the extending direction of the linear groove portion and the flange portion unless otherwise specified.
- Corrugated irregularities may be formed on both sides of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric.
- a carbon fiber nonwoven fabric when used as a gas diffusion electrode, it is sufficient that the effect of enhancing the discharge property of water droplets generated on the contact surface with the separator is sufficient, and it is sufficient that unevenness is formed only on one surface. Moreover, it is preferable also on manufacture. Therefore, in this specification, the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric in which unevenness is formed only on one surface is described, and in the description, the surface on which the unevenness is formed is referred to as “unevenness forming surface” or “upper surface”, and the opposite unevenness The surface on which no is formed is referred to as “uneven surface” or “lower surface”.
- the description will be made assuming that the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric is placed horizontally with the lower surface down.
- the plane passing through the tip of the uneven ridge formed on the surface opposite to the unevenness forming surface to be observed is considered as the lower surface.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a cross section of one embodiment of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric used in the present invention.
- the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric shown in FIG. 2 has irregularities having a rectangular wave cross section.
- Pg is the groove pitch
- Wg is the width of the groove
- Wr is the width of the flange
- H1 is the thickness of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric
- H2 is the height of the unevenness (from the bottom of the groove to the tip of the flange). Height).
- Pg is the groove pitch
- Wg is the width of the groove
- Wr the width of the flange
- H1 the thickness of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric
- H2 is the height of the unevenness (from the bottom of the groove to the tip of the flange). Height).
- a portion existing below the plane M is a groove portion
- a portion existing above is a collar portion.
- the width Wg of the ridge is the width of the cut surface of the ridge by the
- the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric shown in FIG. 2 has a rectangular wavy cross section, and the cross sections of the groove and the ridge are both rectangular. That is, the wall surfaces of the groove part and the collar part are formed substantially perpendicular to the lower surface. The wall surface of the groove part and the collar part may have an inclination from the perpendicular direction of the lower surface. That is, the cross section of the groove part and the collar part may be trapezoidal or may be substantially semicircular (U-shaped).
- the height of the unevenness (H2) is preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 50 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit of the unevenness height (H2) is not particularly limited as long as the strength as the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric can be maintained.
- the groove pitch (Pg) is preferably 20 ⁇ m to 2000 ⁇ m. If the groove pitch is 20 ⁇ m or more, it is easy to obtain the effect of reducing the contact area between the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric surface and the water droplets. If the formation pitch of the groove portions is 2000 ⁇ m or less, water droplets do not fall into the groove portions, and the surface of the heel portion is easily moved.
- the groove pitch is the average value of the distances between the center lines of adjacent grooves.
- the formation pitch of the groove part can be calculated from the number of the groove parts by calculating the width of the uneven part of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric in the direction orthogonal to the extending direction of the groove part.
- the groove pitch is more preferably 100 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m. Moreover, when the formation pitch of a groove part is smaller than the formation pitch of the flow path of the separator mentioned later, a movement of a water drop becomes easy and it is preferable.
- the groove area ratio is preferably 0.9 or less.
- the groove area ratio is more preferably 0.7 or less.
- a groove part area ratio is at least 0.1 or more at the point which is easy to acquire the effect of making the contact area of a carbon fiber nonwoven fabric surface and a water droplet small.
- a carbon fiber non-woven fabric having the same light transmittance in the groove portion and the heel portion is used.
- the pressure (P) when the liquid is allowed to pass through the pores of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric can be obtained from the following Young Laplace equation.
- P ⁇ (2 g L cosq) / r
- g L is the surface tension of the liquid
- q is the contact angle on the peripheral surface of the liquid hole
- r is the hole diameter.
- the Young Laplace equation indicates that when two holes having different hole diameters are adjacent to each other, the liquid preferentially passes through the hole having the larger hole diameter.
- the light transmittance of the groove portion and the heel portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric is the same, when the basis weight of the groove portion and the heel portion is the same, or when it becomes equivalent due to the difference in the fiber orientation, it is equivalent according to the difference in the fineness And the like.
- the density of the groove part becomes relatively high and the density of the flange part becomes relatively low. That is, the average hole diameter of the groove is smaller than the average hole diameter of the flange.
- the water generated in the catalyst layer preferentially passes through the collar rather than the groove, and is finally discharged preferentially from the collar to the separator side.
- the carbon fiber non-woven fabric groove portion is arranged so as to be substantially parallel to the linear portion of the linear flow path of the separator, so that water discharged from the collar portion is gas by the wind pressure of the fuel gas. It becomes easy to move the surface of the collar part of the diffusion electrode along the extending direction of the collar part.
- a water repellent will not be specifically limited if it is a substance which has the effect of increasing the water droplet contact angle of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric surface. Examples thereof include fluorine resins such as PTFE, FEP, and PVDF, and silicone resins such as PDMS.
- the carbon fiber non-woven fabric preferably has a water droplet contact angle of 100 ° or more on the unevenness-formed surface by application of a water repellent. Since water repellency is preferably high from the viewpoint of improving drainage in the fuel cell, the water droplet contact angle on the uneven surface is preferably 120 degrees or more, and more preferably 140 degrees or more.
- a microporous layer further comprising a fluororesin and a carbon material such as carbon black on the lower surface of the carbon fiber non-woven fabric having the irregularities as described above (the surface facing the electrolyte membrane when the membrane electrode composite is formed) It is also preferable to improve the drainage.
- the fluororesin contained in the microporous layer is preferably 1 to 80% by weight, more preferably 10 to 70% by weight, and further preferably 20 to 60% by weight with respect to the carbon material from the viewpoint of achieving both conductivity and strength. preferable.
- a single cell of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell includes an electrolyte membrane 1, a catalyst layer 2 arranged on both sides of the electrolyte membrane 1, and an anode side and a cathode arranged on both sides thereof.
- Side gas diffusion electrode 4 and a pair of separators 5 arranged on both sides thereof.
- the separator 5 has a parallel linear channel 51 formed therein.
- a parallel flow path is a flow path having a branch flow path that distributes fuel gas from a central flow path, and means a flow path shape other than a series type that is a single continuous flow path without branching.
- the straight flow path means a flow path shape in which 80% or more of the total length of the flow path is formed as a straight portion that is substantially continuous from one end to the other end of the separator.
- parallel linear flow paths parallel type (Parallel) as shown in FIG. 7, multi-parallel type (Multi-parallel) as shown in FIG. 8, or facing as shown in FIG. Examples include interdigitated flow paths. 7 to 9, the flow path portion formed in the vertical direction in each drawing corresponds to the straight portion. In order to obtain the effect of the present invention, it is particularly preferable to use a separator having a parallel type or multi-parallel type channel.
- the unevenness forming surface of the gas diffusion electrode 4 based on the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric is opposed to the flow path forming surface of the separator 5, and the groove portion 41 and the flange portion 42 of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric are the linear flow of the separator. It arrange
- the groove portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric and the straight portion of the separator flow path are arranged so as to be substantially parallel, the direction of the wind pressure of the fuel gas coincides with the extending direction of the groove portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric.
- the water droplets concentrated on the surface of the buttock are less likely to drop or get caught in the groove and can easily move on the surface of the buttock.
- the groove portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric is arranged so as to be substantially perpendicular to the straight portion of the separator flow path, the direction of the wind pressure of the fuel gas does not coincide with the extending direction of the groove portion. For this reason, the water droplets on the surface of the buttock drop and get caught in the groove, making it difficult to move.
- the groove portion and the ridge portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric are substantially parallel to the linear portion of the linear flow path of the separator, and the extending direction of the linear ridge portion or groove portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric and the linear flow path of the separator This means that the angle formed with the direction in which the straight line portion is formed is 30 ° or less.
- the angle formed by the formation direction of the straight portion of the linear flow path of the separator is preferably 20 ° or less, and more preferably 10 ° or less. Moreover, when the formation pitch of the flow path of a separator is larger than the formation pitch of the groove part of a carbon fiber nonwoven fabric, a movement of a water drop becomes easy and it is preferable.
- the extending direction of the groove portion or the ridge portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric and the forming direction of the linear portion of the linear flow path of the separator intersect, the movement of water droplets collected on the ridge portion is blocked by the non-flow passage forming portion of the separator. It is done. Therefore, it is preferable to arrange so that the extending direction of the groove portion or the ridge portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric does not intersect with the forming direction of the straight portion of the linear flow path of the separator.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell of the present invention can be produced by the following production method as an example.
- the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate is obtained by carbonizing the carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric.
- the carbon fiber precursor fiber is a fiber that is carbonized by firing.
- the carbon fiber precursor fiber is preferably a fiber having a carbonization rate of 15% or more, and more preferably 30% or more.
- the carbon fiber precursor fiber used in the present invention is not particularly limited.
- Carbon fiber precursor fibers include infusible polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber (PAN flame resistant fiber), infusible pitch fiber, polyvinyl alcohol fiber, cellulose fiber, infusible lignin fiber, infusible Examples thereof include polyacetylene fiber, infusible polyethylene fiber, and polybenzoxazole fiber.
- the carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric is a fabric formed by bonding webs formed of carbon fiber precursor fibers by entanglement, heat fusion, binder adhesion, or the like.
- As the web a dry parallel laid web or cross laid web, an airlaid web, a wet papermaking web, an extruded spunbond web, a melt blow web, and an electrospinning web can be used.
- the PAN fiber obtained by the solution spinning method is infusibilized to form a web
- the nonwoven fabric which entangled the dry web mechanically is especially preferable.
- a carbide is attached as a binder at the intersection of carbon fibers of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric in terms of excellent conductivity and thermal conductivity.
- Such a carbon fiber nonwoven fabric can be produced by adding a carbide precursor to the carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric.
- the method for imparting the carbide precursor is not particularly limited. Examples include a method of impregnating or spraying a carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric with a carbide precursor solution, and a method of previously blending a carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric with a thermoplastic resin fiber serving as a carbide precursor.
- thermosetting resin such as a phenol resin, an epoxy resin, a melamine resin, or a furan resin
- a phenol resin is particularly preferable because of high carbonization yield.
- the thermosetting resin solution is impregnated, the difference in shrinkage behavior between the carbon fiber precursor fiber and the binder resin occurs in the carbonization step, and thus the smoothness of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric tends to be lowered. Further, since a migration phenomenon in which the solution moves to the surface of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric during drying is likely to occur, uniform treatment tends to be difficult.
- thermoplastic resin fibers are preferably relatively inexpensive polyester fibers, polyamide fibers, and polyacrylonitrile fibers.
- the blending amount of the binder is preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fiber precursor fiber in order to improve the strength, conductivity, and thermal conductivity of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric, and 1 part by mass or more. It is more preferable that Moreover, it is preferable that it is 80 mass parts or less for drainage improvement, and it is more preferable that it is 50 mass parts or less.
- the heating temperature at this time is preferably 160 ° C. to 280 ° C., more preferably 180 ° C. to 260 ° C., from the viewpoint of the form stability of the press formed on the nonwoven fabric structure of carbon fiber precursor fibers.
- the corrugated irregularities in which linear grooves and ridges are alternately arranged are formed by forming irregularities on the surface at the stage of the carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric and then carbonizing. Specifically, it is preferable to form irregularities by a method of pressing a shaping member corresponding to the irregularities to be formed on the surface of the carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric, that is, by embossing.
- the embossing method include a method of continuously pressing with an embossing roll and a flat roll in which a convex shape corresponding to the groove is formed, and a method of batch pressing with a plate and a flat plate having the same convex shape. .
- the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric in which the groove portion is formed by the method of pressing the shaping member against the surface of the carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric has the same light transmittance in the groove portion and the collar portion. Therefore, as described above, water generated by the reaction can be preferentially concentrated on the surface of the buttock. The collected water moves on the surface of the buttock by the wind pressure of the fuel gas, and is easily discharged out of the system.
- the light transmittance of the groove portion is smaller than the light transmittance of the collar portion.
- water preferentially passes through the groove portion rather than the collar portion, and finally the water is concentrated in the groove portion.
- the water droplets are less likely to receive the wind pressure due to the fuel gas than in the case where the water is concentrated in the collar portion, and the discharge is difficult, so that the flooding phenomenon is likely to occur.
- the carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric on which the irregularities are formed is carbonized.
- the method of carbonization is not particularly limited, and a known method in the carbon fiber material field can be used.
- Firing in an inert gas atmosphere is preferably used. Firing in an inert gas atmosphere is preferably performed by heating to 800 ° C. or higher while supplying an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon at atmospheric pressure.
- the temperature of the carbonization treatment is preferably 1500 ° C. or higher and more preferably 1900 ° C. or higher in order to achieve excellent conductivity and thermal conductivity. On the other hand, it is preferable that it is 3000 degrees C or less from a viewpoint of the operating cost of a heating furnace.
- the carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric When the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric is used as a gas diffusion electrode of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, the carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric has a thickness of 30 to 400 ⁇ m and a density of 0.2 to 0.8 g / cm 3 after carbonization. It is preferable to adjust the form and carbonization conditions.
- the application of the water repellent can be performed by applying these water repellents to the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric by a method such as melt impregnation, printing using a solution or dispersion, transfer, or impregnation.
- the water droplet contact angle is an average value measured by dropping 10 water droplets of 10 ⁇ L on the uneven surface of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric in an environment of a temperature of 20 ° C. and a humidity of 60%.
- the water droplet contact angle can be measured by, for example, an automatic contact angle meter DMs-601 (manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd.).
- the microporous layer is made by applying a paste made by adding fluorocarbon resin such as PTFE and carbon material such as carbon black to the surface of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric by bar coating or die coating, drying, and sintering. By doing so, it can be formed.
- the catalyst layer is formed on both sides of the polymer electrolyte membrane, and the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric prepared as described above is further arranged on both sides and bonded, or the carbon prepared as described above is formed on both sides of the polymer electrolyte membrane.
- a membrane electrode assembly having a gas diffusion electrode based on a carbon fiber nonwoven fabric can be obtained by arranging and bonding a fiber nonwoven fabric with a catalyst layer formed thereon. Further, a separator in which parallel linear flow paths are formed on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly, the unevenness forming surface of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric faces the flow path forming surface of the separator, and the groove portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric is formed.
- the polymer electrolyte fuel cell can be obtained by arranging the flange portion so as to be substantially parallel to the formation direction of the linear portion of the linear flow path of the separator.
- the light transmittance of the groove portion and the buttock portion is different, the light transmittance is different between the groove portion and the buttock portion, so that the groove portion is bright and the darkness and darkness of the ridge portion are observed.
- the average value of the brightness of the inverted observation image is calculated using image processing software, and the average value is used as the average brightness.
- the lightness here is a numerical value expressed in 256 levels from 0 to 255 in the RGB color model.
- the brightness of a range obtained by trimming half the width of the groove portion around the center line of the groove portion is measured in the width direction of the groove portion, and an average value thereof is calculated. Brightness.
- the brightness of the buttocks is also measured in the range of trimming half the width of the buttocks around the center line of the buttocks, and the average value is taken as the brightness of the buttocks.
- the observation is performed as described above, and the average brightness of the observation visual field is compared with the brightness of each groove and ridge included in the observation visual field. This is performed for 100 grooves and ridges.
- the light transmittance of the grooves is not equivalent.
- the light transmittance between the ridge portion and the groove portion is as follows. Suppose they are not equivalent. If none of the above applies, it is determined that the light transmittance of the groove portion and the flange portion is the same.
- Example 1 After crimping the PAN-based flameproof yarn to a number average fiber length of 76 mm, it was formed into a sheet with a card and a cross layer, and then needle punching with a needle density of 300 / cm 2 was performed to obtain a carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric. .
- a metal plate (groove width 420 ⁇ m, ridge width 420 ⁇ m, groove formation pitch 840 ⁇ m, recess depth 90 ⁇ m, concave and convex shape is rectangular wave shape) on one side of a PAN-based flame resistant nonwoven fabric And pressed for 4 minutes under the conditions of 220 ° C.
- the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric in which the linear groove part was formed in one surface was obtained by baking at 2400 degreeC for 4 hours in inert atmosphere.
- the width of the groove, the formation pitch, and the groove area ratio are as shown in Table 1.
- the obtained carbon fiber non-woven fabric is used for the above 1.
- the upright observation image and the inverted observation image of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric produced in Example 1 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively.
- linear grooves extend in the same direction with respect to the major axis direction in the observation visual field range, and five grooves are formed at a pitch of about 800 ⁇ m in the minor axis direction in the observation visual field range. Existed.
- the inverted observation image of FIG. 4 the groove could not be visually recognized.
- the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric produced in this manner was impregnated with an aqueous dispersion of PTFE adjusted to a solid content concentration of 3 wt% so that the PTFE solid content was 5 wt%, and dried at 130 ° C. using a hot air dryer.
- a water repellent was applied by heating at 380 ° C. for 10 minutes, and a water repellent treatment was performed.
- the water droplet contact angle on the groove forming surface was 140 °, and it was confirmed that a sufficient amount of water repellent material was applied.
- a microporous layer was applied to the uneven surface of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric subjected to the water repellent treatment.
- acetylene black (“Denka Black” (registered trademark) manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.)
- PTFE resin (“Polyflon” (registered trademark) D-1E manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.)
- surfactant Nacalai Tesque ( "TRITON” (registered trademark) X-100)
- a coating solution mixed at a ratio of 6 parts by mass was prepared. Then, the said coating liquid was apply
- a catalyst layer platinum amount 0.2 mg / cm 2
- a fluorine-based electrolyte membrane made of Nafion (registered trademark) (manufactured by DuPont) by hot pressing.
- a coated electrolyte membrane CCM
- Two gas diffusion electrodes prepared as described above were disposed on both sides of the CCM, and hot pressing was performed again to obtain a membrane electrode assembly (MEA). At this time, the gas diffusion electrode substrate was arranged so that the surface having the microporous layer was in contact with the catalyst layer side.
- the MEA and the separator in which the parallel-type parallel linear flow paths (width 1000 ⁇ m, pitch 2000 ⁇ m, depth 500 ⁇ m) shown in FIG. 7 are formed are extended from the groove portion and the flange portion of the gas diffusion electrode.
- a solid polymer fuel cell (single cell) having a power generation area of 5 cm 2 was arranged so that the angle formed by the direction and the formation direction of the straight portion of the linear flow path of the separator was 10 ° or less.
- Example 2 In Example 1, when the shape of the linear groove was given to one side of the carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric with a metal plate, the groove width of the used metal plate was 420 ⁇ m, the width of the ridge was 210 ⁇ m, and the groove pitch was formed.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (single cell) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the depth was changed to 630 ⁇ m and the depth of the recess was 90 ⁇ m.
- Example 3 In Example 1, when the shape of a linear groove was imparted to one side of the carbon fiber precursor fiber nonwoven fabric with a metal plate, the groove width of the metal plate used was 210 ⁇ m, the width of the ridge was 420 ⁇ m, and the groove pitch was formed.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (single cell) was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the depth was changed to 630 ⁇ m and the depth of the recess was 90 ⁇ m.
- Example 4 A polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the microporous layer was not formed on the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric.
- Example 5 The same as in Example 1 except that the angle formed by the extending direction of the groove and the flange portion of the gas diffusion electrode and the forming direction of the linear portion of the linear flow path of the separator is 10 ° or more and 20 ° or less. Thus, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced.
- Example 6 The same as in Example 1 except that the angle formed by the extending direction of the groove and the flange portion of the gas diffusion electrode and the forming direction of the linear portion of the linear flow path of the separator is 20 ° or more and 30 ° or less. Thus, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell was produced.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 An upright observation image and an inverted observation image of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric produced in Comparative Example 1 are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively.
- the inverted observation image of FIG. 6 it can be visually recognized that linear grooves extend in the same direction with respect to the long axis direction in the observation visual field range, and at a pitch of about 650 ⁇ m in the short axis direction in the observation visual field range. It can be seen that there are six grooves.
- Comparative Example 2 Solid polymer type in the same manner as in Comparative Example 1 except that the angle formed by the extending direction of the groove portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric and the forming direction of the linear portion of the linear flow path of the separator is 80 ° or more. A fuel cell was fabricated.
- Example 3 The solid polymer type was the same as in Example 1 except that the angle formed between the extending direction of the groove portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric and the forming direction of the linear portion of the linear flow path of the separator was 80 ° or more. A fuel cell was fabricated.
- Example 4 The solid polymer type was the same as in Example 2 except that the angle formed between the extending direction of the groove portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric and the forming direction of the linear portion of the linear flow path of the separator was 80 ° or more. A fuel cell was fabricated.
- Example 5 The solid polymer type was the same as in Example 3 except that the angle formed by the extending direction of the groove portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric and the forming direction of the linear portion of the linear flow path of the separator was 80 ° or more. A fuel cell was fabricated.
- Example 7 Solid as in Example 1 except that the angle formed by the extending direction of the groove portion of the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric and the forming direction of the straight portion of the linear flow path of the parallel separator is 70 ° or more. A polymer fuel cell was produced.
- Table 1 shows the results of power generation performance evaluation of polymer electrolyte fuel cells using the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric prepared in each of Examples and Comparative Examples and the carbon fiber nonwoven fabric as a gas diffusion electrode substrate.
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Abstract
Description
炭素繊維不織布とは、炭素繊維前駆体繊維不織布を不活性ガス雰囲気下で加熱して炭化させたものである。炭素繊維とは、炭素繊維前駆体繊維を不活性ガス雰囲気で加熱して炭化したものである。不織布とは、ウエブの構成繊維を機械的な交絡、加熱による融着、バインダーによる接着といった方法で固定させたものである。また、ウエブとは炭素繊維前駆体繊維を積層してシート状にしたものである。なお、炭素繊維前駆体繊維については後述する。ウエブとしては、乾式のパラレルレイドウエブまたはクロスレイドウエブ、エアレイドウエブ、湿式の抄造ウエブ、押出法のスパンボンドウエブ、メルトブローウエブ、エレクトロスピニングウエブ等を用いることができる。また、これらのウエブをシート状にした炭素繊維不織布としては、ウエブを機械的に交絡させたもの、加熱して融着させたもの、バインダーで接着させたもの等が挙げられる。
ここで、gLは液体の表面張力、qは液体の孔の周囲面上の接触角、rは孔径である。ヤング・ラプラスの式は、孔径の異なる二つの孔が隣接して存在している場合、孔径の大きい方の孔を優先的に液体が通過することを示している。
本発明の固体高分子形燃料電池は、一例として以下の製造方法により製造することができる。
炭化率(%)=焼成後重量/焼成前重量×100
炭素繊維前駆体繊維不織布は、炭素繊維前駆体繊維により形成されたウエブを、交絡、加熱融着、バインダー接着等により結合して布帛状としたものである。ウエブとしては、乾式のパラレルレイドウエブまたはクロスレイドウエブ、エアレイドウエブ、湿式の抄造ウエブ、押出法のスパンボンドウエブ、メルトブローウエブ、エレクトロスピニングウエブを用いることができる。溶液紡糸法で得たPAN系繊維を不融化してウエブ化する場合は、均一なシートを得やすいことから、乾式ウエブまたは湿式ウエブを用いることが好ましい。また、工程での形態安定性を得やすいことから、乾式ウエブを機械的に交絡させた不織布が特に好ましい。
撥水剤の付与は、これらの撥水剤を、溶融含浸、溶液や分散液を用いたプリント、転写、含浸等の方法で炭素繊維不織布に付与することで行うことができる。なお、水滴接触角は、温度20℃、湿度60%の環境で、炭素繊維不織布の凹凸形成面上に10μLの水滴を10点滴下して測定した平均値とする。水滴接触角は、例えば自動接触角計DMs-601(協和界面科学(株)社製)により測定することができる。
マイクロポーラス層は、PTFE等のフッ素樹脂とカーボンブラック等の炭素材料に界面活性剤と水などを加えたペーストを、バーコートやダイコート方式により炭素繊維不織布の下面に塗布し、乾燥し、焼結することで形成することができる。
高分子電解質膜の両側に触媒層を形成し、さらにその両側に、上記のように作製した炭素繊維不織布を配置して接合するか、高分子電解質膜の両側に、上記のように作製した炭素繊維不織布に触媒層を形成したものを配置して接合することで、炭素繊維不織布を基材とするガス拡散電極を有する膜電極接合体を得ることができる。また、さらに当該膜電極接合体の両側に並列式の直線状流路が形成されたセパレーターを、炭素繊維不織布の凹凸形成面が前記セパレーターの流路形成面と対向し、かつ炭素繊維不織布の溝部および畝部がセパレーターの直線状流路の直線部の形成方向と略並行になるよう配置することで、固体高分子形燃料電池を得ることができる。
下面が光学顕微鏡のステージ上に接するように炭素繊維不織布を置き、光を凹凸形成面から照射し、長方形の観察視野とした状態で溝部および畝部がその長方形の長辺と平行になるように観察視野内にそれぞれ4本~10本含まれた状態で撮影する(正立観察像)。その後、炭素繊維不織布の下面側から下面に対して垂直に光を照射し、凹凸形成面側から同様の視野範囲を撮影する(倒立観察像)。
各実施例、比較例において作製した固体高分子形燃料電池を用い、セル温度を60℃、水素極と空気極の露点を67.5℃とし、それぞれの極の背圧を100kPaとした。通常試験は、水素ガス流量を0.05L/分、酸素ガス流量を0.2L/分とし、電流密度を0.2mA/cm2とした時の電圧値を測定した。
PAN系耐炎糸のけん縮糸を数平均繊維長76mmに切断した後、カード、クロスレヤーでシート化した後、針密度300本/cm2のニードルパンチを行って炭素繊維前駆体繊維不織布を得た。片面に直線状の溝の形状を付与した金属プレート(溝の幅420μm、畝の幅420μm、溝部の形成ピッチ840μm、凹部の深さ90μm、凹凸形状は矩形波状)をPAN系耐炎糸不織布の上にマウントし、220℃、1MPaの条件で4分間プレスし、金属プレートの溝形成面をマウントした側の炭素繊維前駆体繊維不織布表面に金属プレートの溝を反映した不織布を得た。次に、不活性雰囲気下、2400℃で4時間焼成することで、一方の面に直線状の溝部が形成された炭素繊維不織布を得た。溝部の幅、形成ピッチ、溝部面積比は表1に記載の通りである。
実施例1において、炭素繊維前駆体繊維不織布の片面に直線状の溝の形状を金属プレートで付与する際、用いた金属プレートの溝の幅を420μm、畝の幅を210μm、溝部の形成ピッチを630μm、凹部の深さ90μmと変更した以外、実施例1と同様の方法で固体高分子形燃料電池(単セル)を作製した。
実施例1において、炭素繊維前駆体繊維不織布の片面に直線状の溝の形状を金属プレートで付与する際、用いた金属プレートの溝の幅を210μm、畝の幅を420μm、溝部の形成ピッチを630μm、凹部の深さ90μmと変更した以外、実施例1と同様の方法で固体高分子形燃料電池(単セル)を作製した。
炭素繊維不織布にマイクロポーラス層の形成を行わなかった以外は実施例1と同様にして固体高分子形燃料電池を作製した。
ガス拡散電極の溝部および畝部の延在方向とセパレーターの直線状流路の直線部の形成方向とのなす角を10°以上20°以下になるように配置した以外は実施例1と同様にして固体高分子形燃料電池を作製した。
ガス拡散電極の溝部および畝部の延在方向とセパレーターの直線状流路の直線部の形成方向とのなす角を20°以上30°以下になるように配置した以外は実施例1と同様にして固体高分子形燃料電池を作製した。
3次元交絡を有するPAN系前駆体繊維ステープルをカード加工し、ウヱッブを作製し、これを所定の枚数重ね合わせた後、連続的にノズルからの高圧水流を厚さ方向に通過させ、繊維を交絡させ不織布を作製した。この加工時において、ノズル孔のサイズや水流の位置及び間隔を調整し連続加工することにより片面に直線状の溝(溝部の幅500μm、畝部の幅150μm、溝部の形成ピッチ650μm、凹部の深さ50μm)を形成させた炭素繊維前駆体繊維不織布を作製した。次に、不活性雰囲気下、2400℃で4時間焼成することで、一方の面に直線状の溝が形成された炭素繊維不織布を得た。比較例1で作製した炭素繊維不織布の正立観察像および倒立観察像を、それぞれ図5、図6に示す。図6の倒立観察像においては、観察視野範囲内の長軸方向に対して直線状の溝が同方向に延びていることが視認でき、観察視野範囲内の短軸方向に約650μmのピッチで6つ溝が存在しているのが分かる。
炭素繊維不織布の溝部の延在方向とセパレーターの直線状流路の直線部分の形成方向とのなす角が80°以上になるように配置したこと以外は比較例1と同様にして固体高分子形燃料電池を作製した。
炭素繊維不織布の溝部の延在方向とセパレーターの直線状流路の直線部分の形成方向とのなす角が80°以上になるように配置した以外は、実施例1と同様にして固体高分子形燃料電池を作製した。
炭素繊維不織布の溝部の延在方向とセパレーターの直線状流路の直線部分の形成方向とのなす角が80°以上になるように配置した以外は、実施例2と同様にして固体高分子形燃料電池を作製した。
炭素繊維不織布の溝部の延在方向とセパレーターの直線状流路の直線部分の形成方向とのなす角が80°以上になるように配置した以外は、実施例3と同様にして固体高分子形燃料電池を作製した。
炭素繊維不織布の溝部の延在方向と並列型のセパレーターの直線状流路の直線部分の形成方向とのなす角が50°以上になるように配置した以外は、実施例1と同様にして固体高分子形燃料電池を作製した。
炭素繊維不織布の溝部の延在方向と並列型のセパレーターの直線状流路の直線部分の形成方向とのなす角が70°以上になるように配置した以外は、実施例1と同様にして固体高分子形燃料電池を作製した。
2 触媒層
3 マイクロポーラス層
4 ガス拡散電極
41 溝部
42 畝部
5 並列型セパレーター
51 直線状流路(直線部)
Claims (8)
- 炭素繊維不織布を基材とするガス拡散電極と、並列式の直線状流路が形成されたセパレーターとを有する固体高分子形燃料電池であって、
前記炭素繊維不織布は、直線状の畝部と直線状の溝部が交互に繰り返される波板状の凹凸を有し、かつ前記畝部と前記溝部の光透過性が同等であり、
前記ガス拡散電極と前記セパレーターとは、前記炭素繊維不織布の凹凸形成面が前記セパレーターの流路形成面と対向し、かつ前記溝部および前記畝部が前記セパレーターの直線状流路の直線部の形成方向と略並行になるよう配置されてなる固体高分子形燃料電池。 - 前記セパレーターの流路の形成ピッチが前記炭素繊維不織布の溝部の形成ピッチよりも大きい、請求項1に記載の固体高分子形燃料電池。
- 前記炭素繊維不織布の溝部面積比率が0.1~0.9である、請求項1または2に記載の固体高分子形燃料電池。
- 前記炭素繊維不織布の溝部の形成ピッチが20μm~2000μmである、請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の固体高分子形燃料電池。
- 前記炭素繊維不織布は、撥水剤が付与されたものである、請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の固体高分子形燃料電池。
- 前記炭素繊維不織布の凹凸形成面の水滴接触角が100度以上である、請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の固体高分子形燃料電池。
- 前記セパレーターの直線状流路の形状が、パラレル型、マルチパラレル型または対向櫛型である、請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の固体高分子形燃料電池。
- 前記炭素繊維不織布の溝部または畝部の延在方向と前記セパレーターの直線状流路の直線部分の形成方向が交差しないように配置されてなる、請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の固体高分子形燃料電池。
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EP16821376.7A EP3322012A4 (en) | 2015-07-09 | 2016-07-04 | SOLID POLYMER FUEL CELL |
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US15/575,729 US20180294487A1 (en) | 2015-07-09 | 2016-07-04 | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell |
KR1020187002590A KR20180026478A (ko) | 2015-07-09 | 2016-07-04 | 고체 고분자형 연료 전지 |
CA2991121A CA2991121A1 (en) | 2015-07-09 | 2016-07-04 | Polymer electrolyte fuel cell |
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- 2016-07-04 CN CN201680038867.3A patent/CN107710480A/zh active Pending
- 2016-07-04 KR KR1020187002590A patent/KR20180026478A/ko unknown
- 2016-07-04 EP EP16821376.7A patent/EP3322012A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-07-04 JP JP2016545941A patent/JPWO2017006907A1/ja active Pending
- 2016-07-04 US US15/575,729 patent/US20180294487A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-07-04 WO PCT/JP2016/069776 patent/WO2017006907A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2016-07-04 CA CA2991121A patent/CA2991121A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-07-07 TW TW105121475A patent/TW201711260A/zh unknown
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3322012A4 (en) | 2019-02-13 |
JPWO2017006907A1 (ja) | 2018-04-19 |
CN107710480A (zh) | 2018-02-16 |
EP3322012A1 (en) | 2018-05-16 |
KR20180026478A (ko) | 2018-03-12 |
US20180294487A1 (en) | 2018-10-11 |
TW201711260A (zh) | 2017-03-16 |
CA2991121A1 (en) | 2017-01-12 |
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