Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F41—WEAPONS
  • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
  • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
  • F41H5/02—Plate construction
  • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
  • B32B27/20—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using fillers, pigments, thixotroping agents
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
  • B32B37/06—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the heating method
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
  • B32B37/08—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the cooling method
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
  • B32B37/10—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the pressing technique, e.g. using action of vacuum or fluid pressure
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
  • B32B37/12—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by using adhesives
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/12—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by the relative arrangement of fibres or filaments of different layers, e.g. the fibres or filaments being parallel or perpendicular to each other
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/03—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers with respect to the orientation of features
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F41—WEAPONS
  • F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
  • F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
  • F41H5/02—Plate construction
  • F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
  • F41H5/0471—Layered armour containing fibre- or fabric-reinforced layers
  • F41H5/0478—Fibre- or fabric-reinforced layers in combination with plastics layers
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
  • G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
  • G01N3/30—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying a single impulsive force, e.g. by falling weight
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
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  • B32B2255/00—Coating on the layer surface
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Definitions

• This invention pertains to an impact penetration resistant laminate suitable for use in hard armor.
• United States patent 4,309,487 to Holmes describes a laminated armor structure consisting of one or more plies of unidirectionally oriented polyethylene film or fibers which are positioned so that the lines of orientation of adjacent units are at angles to each other. Bonding of the plies is achieved solely through the application of heat and pressure to the composite of positioned plies.
• United States patent 7,972,679 to Lyons et ai discloses a ballistic- resistant molded article having a sandwich-type structure including two outer portions of a first high modulus material surrounding an inner portion of a second high modulus material.
• the outer portions are comprised of a plurality of interleaved layers of adhesive coated cross-plied non-fibrous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene tape.
• the inner portion is comprised of a plurality of interleaved layers of high modulus cross-plied fibers embedded in resin.
• the stack of interleaved layers is compressed at high temperature and pressure to form a hybrid sandwich ballistic-resistant molded article that includes a mix of high modulus materials. It has been found that ballistic resistance is higher for the hybrid structure than for a monolithic structure of comparable areal density.
• United States patent 7,976,932 to Lyons et al teaches a ballistic resistant panel including a strike face portion and a backing portion.
• the strike face portion includes a plurality of interleaved layers of non-fibrous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene tape.
• the backing portion includes a plurality of interleaved layers of cross-piied fibers of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. The entire stack of interleaved layers is compressed at high temperature and pressure to form a ballistic resistant panel having a strike face on one side. It was been found that ballistic resistance increases as the weight ratio of the strike face portion with respect to the backing portion decreases.
• a composite panel having a strike face of Tensylon® tape with at most 40% of the total weight of the panel exhibits improved ballistic resistance properties as compared to a monolithic structure of strictly interleaved layers of cross-plied high modulus fibers.
• United States Patent 8,197,935 to Bovenschen at ai discloses a ballistic-resistant moulded article having a compressed stack of sheets including reinforcing elongate bodies, where at least some of the elongate bodies are polyethylene elongate bodies that have a weight average molecular weight of at least 00,000 gram/mole and a Mw/Mn ratio of at most 6.
• United States patent 7,993,715 to Geva at a! relates to polyethylene material that has a plurality of unidirectionally oriented polyethylene monolayers cross-plied and compressed at an angle to one another, each polyethylene monolayer composed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and essentially devoid of resin.
• the invention further relates to ballistic resistant articles that include or incorporate the inventive polyethylene material and to methods of preparing the material and articles incorporating same.
• This invention pertains to a consolidated impact penetration resistant laminate comprising a plurality of alternating layers of (i) non- fibrous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene monolayers and (ii) a thermoplastic adhesive, the adhesive having a basis weight of no greater than 5 gsm and a zero-shear-rate viscosity, determined from an oscillating disc rheometer in a frequency sweep between 0.1 rad/s and 100 rad/s, conducted per ASTM D 4440 at 125°C, and calculated from fitting to a Carrea-Yasuda four parameter mode!, of at least 1500 Pa-s, wherein (a) at least 90 percent of the monolayers are arranged such that the orientation of one monolayer is offset with respect to the orientation of an adjacent monolayer, and
• the modulus of elasticity through the thickness of the thickness of the laminate, as measured by Test Method A, is at least 3 GPa.
• the invention further pertains to a method of making an impact penetration resistant laminate comprising the steps of
• step (ii) assembling a stack comprising a plurality of UHMWPE sheets of step (i) in an arrangement wherein at least 90 percent of the sheets are positioned such that the orientation of a monolayer of one sheet is offset with respect to the orientation of the closest monolayer of an adjacent sheet and the combined weight of polyethylene sheets and adhesive in the stack is from 0.6 - 600 kg/m 2 ,
• step (iii) subjecting the stack of step (ii) to a pressure of from 10 to 400 bar and a temperature of from 70 to 150 degrees C for between 5 and 60 minutes, and
• the laminate is assembled from a plurality of cross-piled sheets.
• Figure 1 shows a cross section through a cross-plied non-fibrous ultra-high molecular weight (UHMWPE) polyethylene sheet.
• UHMWPE ultra-high molecular weight
• Figure 2 shows a cross section through a laminate comprising a plurality of cross-plied sheets.
• a cross-pied sheet is shown at 10 in FIG 1 and comprises two monolayers of ultra-high molecular weight (polyethylene (UHMWPE) oriented film 11 and 12 and two layers of adhesive 13.
• UHMWPE polyethylene
• UHMWPE is meant a film made from a polyethylene polymer having a viscosity average molecular weight of at least 2 million. In some embodiments the molecular weight is between 2-6 million or even 3 - 5 million. More preferably the viscosity average molecular weight at least 4 million.
• suitable polyethylene materials are Ticona GUR from Ticona Engineering Polymers, Auburn Hills, Ml and Hi-ZEX MILLIONTM from Mitsui Chemicals America, Inc., Rye Brook, NY.
• Each film monolayer is non-filamentary and is highly oriented.
• highly oriented is meant that the modulus in one direction, normally the direction in which the oriented film monolayer is produced, is at least 0 times greater than in any other direction.
• the modulus in one direction is at least 20 times greater and more preferably at least 30 times greater than in any other direction
• the two oriented film monolayers 11 and 12 in FIG 1 are combined with an adhesive 13 to form a cross-plied sheet 10 in which the orientation of one oriented film monolayer 11 is offset with respect to the orientation of the other oriented film monolayer 12.
• the two oriented film monolayers layers 1 1 and 12 have an orientation that is essentially orthogonal to each other.
• essentially orthogonal is meant that the two sheets are positioned relative to each other at an angle of 90 +/- 15 degrees. This is sometimes referred to as a 0/90 arrangement.
• thermoplastic adhesive layers 13 are positioned a shown in FIG 1.
• the cross-piled sheet 10 described above comprises two
• a sheet may comprise more than two monolayers or more than two adhesive layers such as in a 0/90/0/90 arrangement.
• film refers to UHMWPE products having widths on the order of at least 10 mm or greater, preferably greater than about 20 mm, more preferably greater than about 30 mm and even more preferably greater than about 40 mm of a generally rectangular cross-section and having smooth edges and is specifically used to distinguish from the "fibrous" UHMWPE products that are on the order of 3 mm wide or narrower.
• the UHMWPE film of the present invention includes a width of at least about 25 mm, a thickness of between 0.038 mm and 0.102 mm, and a first modulus, defined as "M1" in ASTM D7744, of at least about 100 N/Tex, preferably at least about 120 N/Tex, more preferably at least about 140 N/Tex, and most preferably at least about 160 N/Tex .
• the film has a very high width to thickness ratio, unlike fibrous UHMWPE , which has a width that is substantially similar to the thickness.
• a UHMWPE film according to the present invention may include a width of 25.4 mm and a thickness of 0.0635 mm, which indicates a width to thickness ratio of 400.1.
• the film may be produced at a linear density of from about 660 Tex to about 1100 Tex and higher.
• the width of the high modulus polyethylene film is limited only by the size of the processing equipment.
• the cross-pied sheet as used herein is meant to refer to thin sections of material in widths greater than about 0.2 m and up to or exceeding 1 .6 m width as couid be produced in large commercial equipment specifically designed for production in such widths and having a rectangular cross-section and smooth edges.
• thermoplastic adhesive 13 in FIG 1 is placed adjacent to the surface of each monolayer to bond adjacent monolayers together.
• Each adhesive layer has a basis weight of no greater than 5 gsm and a zero- shear-rate viscosity, when measured at 125°C by an oscillating disc rheometer, of at least 1500 Pa-s.
• the adhesive has a zero-shear-rate viscosity of at least 10,000 Pa-s.
• the adhesive has a zero-shear-rate viscosity of at least 100,000 Pa-s. In other embodiments, the adhesive has a zero-shear-rate viscosity of at least 1 ,000,000 Pa-s.
• Zero-shear-rate viscosity can be determined by measuring the complex viscosity of an adhesive sample per ASTM D 4440.
• the adhesive is held at 125°C in an oscillating disc rheometer, and subjected to oscillation across a frequency sweep from 0.1 rad/s to 100 rad/s.
• rj 0iC y is the Carreau-Yasuda zero-shear-rate viscosity
• T cy is the Carreau-Yasuda time constant
• p is the Carreau-Yasuda rate constant that describes the slope of the power-law region
• a is the parameter that describes the transition region between the Newtonian region and the power-law region.
• a forced convection oven has been found adequate for controlling the adhesive sample temperature.
• plate temperature can be calibrated using a disc of perfluoroalkoxy polymer with a thermocouple in the middle. 25 mm diameter plates with smooth surfaces are used for mounting the adhesive sample.
• Adhesive samples may be variously cast or machined to form the cylindricai sample needed to contact the oscillating plates, depending on the nature of the adhesive. Care should be taken to avoid degrading the adhesive during specimen preparation.
• An exemplary description of the application of the Carreau-Yasuda model to polymer flow is given in Stephen L. Rosen, Fundamental Principles of Polymeric Materials, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982, page 207.
• the weight of the adhesive layer is less than 4.5 gsm or even less than 4 gsm.
• Suitable examples of adhesive are urethanes, polyethylene, ethylene copolymers including ethylene-octene copolymers, ionomers, metaliocenes, and thermoplastic rubbers such as block copolymers of styrene and isoprene or styrene and butadiene.
• the adhesive may further comprise a thixotrope to reduce the propensity for adjacent sheets to slide relative to each other during a compression process.
• Suitable thixotropes include organic particles whose shape can be characterized as dendritic (representative of which is DuPontTM Kevlar® aramid fiber pulp), spherical, plate-like, or rod-fike, or inorganic particles such as silica or aluminum trihydrate.
• the adhesive may further include other functional additives such as nanomaterials and flame retardants.
• the adhesive may be in the form of a film, paste, liquid or nonwoven scrim.
• FIG 2 shows an exemplary laminate comprising a plurality of cross-file non-fibrous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene sheets 10.
• at least 90 percent, more preferably at least 95 percent or most preferably 00 percent of the sheets are positioned within the laminate such that the orientation of a monolayer of one polyethylene sheet is offset with respect to the orientation of the closest monolayer of an adjacent sheet.
• the number of polyethylene sheets in a laminate will vary based on the design requirements of the finished article but typically is in the range of from 20 to 1000 giving a laminate weight range of from 0.1 to 600 kg/m 2 or from 1 to 60 kg/m 2 or even from 1 to 40 kg/m 2 .
• the laminate is formed by compression of a stack of sheets at a temperature at which the adhesive will flow but is less than the temperature at which the monolayer of the sheet loses orientation, and thus mechanical strength.
• the adhesive comprises no more than 15 weight percent of the combined weight of polyethylene sheet plus adhesive in the laminate.
• the modulus of elasticity through the thickness of the compressed laminate is at least 3 GPa, In some embodiments, the modulus of elasticity is at ieast 3.2 GPa or even at least 3.5 GPa. in another embodiment, the modulus of elasticity is at ieast 4 GPa. Preferably, the modulus of elasticity through the thickness of the compressed laminate should be no higher than ten times the modulus of eiasticity through the thickness of the polyethylene sheet component of the laminate.
• a method of making an impact penetration resistant laminate comprises the steps of
• step (ii) assembling a stack 20 comprising a plurality of UHMWPE sheets 10 of step (i) in an arrangement wherein at Ieast 90 percent of the sheets are positioned such that the orientation of a monolayer of one sheet is offset with respect to the orientation of the closest monolayer of an adjacent sheet and the combined weight of polyethylene sheets and adhesive in the stack is from 0.6 to 600 kg/m 2 , (iii) subjecting the stack of step (ii) to a pressure of from 10 to 400 bar and a temperature of from 70 to 150 degrees C for between 5 and 60 minutes, and
• the stack is assembled in such a manner that the stack comprises alternating layers of monolayer 1 1 or 12 and adhesive 13.
• the combined weight of polyethylene sheets and adhesive in the stack of step (ii) is from 1 to 40 kg/m 2 ,
• C33 may be determined by a low pressure contacting ultrasonic speed of sound measurement.
• a suitable measuring device is an Opus 3-D thickness transmission instrument from SoniSys, Atlanta, GA, at default settings. It requires input of the sample area! density, AD, then automatically determines thickness, t, and C 33 in through thickness transmission at 1 -MHz frequency.
• AD sample area! density
• This method provides a means to assess whether a consolidated stack of cross-pied non-fibrous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene sheets will or will not suffer a pressure loss greater than 35 bar within the first two minutes and / or greater than 70 bar within the first 5 minutes when subjected to a compaction at a pressure of 255 Bar and a
• Polyethylene sheets as previously described are cut into 50 mm x 50 mm squares such that one of the monolayers comprising the sheet is cut in the direction of high orientation.
• the second monolayer comprising the sheet is orthogonal to the first layer.
• a stack of sheets (20 in FIG 2) is assembled such that the sheets are positioned within the stack such that the orientation of a monolayer of one polyethylene sheet is offset at an angle of 90 degrees with respect to the orientation of the closest monolayer of the adjacent polyethylene sheet.
• the stack should have an area! density of 660+/-50 gsm.
• Test Method B requires a press with highly parallel, heated platens, which can be pressurized manually and indicate pressure over time.
• An example of a suitable press is a Two Post Press Model C from Carver, Inc., Wabash, !N.
• the press platens are preheated to 132°C.
• the pre- prepared stack sample is placed between a layer of thin, heat tolerant release material that will not adhere to the sample or allow adhesive from the sample to flow and foul the platens.
• Exemplary release material is polyimide film available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (hereinafter "DuPont"), Wilmington, DE under the tradename Kapton.
• DuPont polyimide film available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
• the sample is placed in the center of the platen, and a pressure of about 255- Bar applied to the sample based on its original 50 mm x 50 mm
• V50 is a statistical measure that identifies the average velocity at which a bullet or a fragment penetrates the armor equipment in 50% of the shots, versus non penetration of the other 50%.
• the parameter measured is V50 at zero degrees where the degree angle refers to the obliquity of the projectile to the target.
• the sheet material comprised two monolayers of UHMWPE cross-plied in a 0/90 degree orientation and two layers of adhesive such that each mono layer and each adhesive layer are arranged alternatively.
• the monolayer materia! was TensylonTM HS grade oriented film obtainable from E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, DE.
• the sheet material had a nominal areal weight of 50 gsm.
• the sheets were cut into 500 mm x 500 mm squares such that one of the monolayers comprising the sheet was cut in the direction of highest orientation.
• a plurality of stacks with each stack comprising forty sheets of Tensylon® HS were assembled such that the orientation of a monolayer of one sheet is offset with respect to the orientation of the nearest monolayer of an adjacent sheet.
• the adhesive used in the sheet was a spunbonded 6 gsm nonwoven scrim of low linear density polyethylene.
• the scrim was style PO4605 from Spunfab Ltd.
• the stack was placed between flat parallel hard steel platens in a model C Carver Press between thin release films of DuPontTM Kapton® polyimide, and compressed to a pressure of 10 bar. The temperature was then raised to the desired platen temperature at which temperature there was a compression dweil of five minutes. Following this dwell, the pressure was increased with the intent of obtaining a pressure of 204 bar within about 20 seconds. If the targeted 204 bar pressure was reached, the stack was held under pressure for five minutes, then cooled, while still under pressure, to less than 40°C platen temperature before being released from pressure.
• a laminate molded at a platen temperature of 100 °C did not change dimensions.
• a laminate molded at a platen temperature of 110 °C spread laterally to slightly larger dimensions, but was still generally square.
• a laminate molded at a platen temperature of 116 °C slipped in the mold before reaching maximum pressure, resulting in a part that lost its intended reinforcement position and orientation, thus resulting in a ruined part.
• a laminate molded at a platen temperature of 121 °C slipped so far in the mold that the final location of some of the sheet layers did not intersect with their original locations, resulting in a ruined part with the further possibility of damage to the molding equipment or injury to operators, depending on the press and safety containment around it.
• Laminates were made in a similar manner to those of Comparative
• Example Series A except that each stack comprised only 20 sheets. This lower number of sheets is adequate to provide information to generate a regression curve.
• Laminates were molded at a maximum pressure of 10, 102 and 204 bar and at temperatures of 99 °C, 110 °C, 121 °C, 132 °C and 143 °C. The laminates were then characterized for through thickness modulus of elasticity (E 3 ). Additionally, the modulus of a single monolayer was also measured at multiple locations.
• the E 3 of the monolayer when tested by itself was only 0.235 GPa, with a standard deviation over five replicates of 0.007 GPa. This is surprising in view of what was found for the composite laminates, summarized in the above table, in which the E 3 of the molded composite laminate is much higher than the transverse modulus of the component monolayer. Depending on conditions of the article's manufacture, the E 3 of the reinforcement monolayer may be more than 10 or even more than 20 times lower than the composite laminate which it reinforces.
• Equation 1 a linear regression model of the effect of maximum molding pressure and temperature on modulus through the thickness was generated:
• Equation 1 predicts that the article made in the examples of US 8,197,935 (noted only as molded at 40-50 bar and 130 °C) would have a E 3 of 2.7-2.8 GPa.
• the polyethylene sheet was as in the Comparative Example Series A. Each stack comprised 40 sheets.
• Different adhesives were used for different examples.
• the adhesives used were the LLDPE nonwoven PO4605 from Spunfab as previously used, an ionomeric resin dispersion, Michem® 2960, from Michelman, Cincinatti, OH and an ionomeric resin film, Surlyn® 8920, from DuPont.
• the Surlyn® film had a zero-shear-rate viscosity of 2,025,860 Pa-s at 125°C.
• the Michem® 2960 had a zero- shear-rate viscosity that could not be practically measured, and was estimated to be above 3,000,000 Pa-s at 125°C based on observations of its flow.
• the basis weights of the adhesives are shown in Table 2. As the Michem® adhesive was supplied as a dispersion, different basis weights could be provided by coating different amounts of adhesive and allowing the adhesive to dry.
• Table 2 summarizes the laminate compaction conditions, the resulting ballistic results and predicted E 3 value from the regression curve.
• Equation 2 Regression of the data in Table 2 gives Equation 2 as:

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