WO2016080539A1 - Noir de carbone et batterie rechargeable l'utilisant - Google Patents
Noir de carbone et batterie rechargeable l'utilisant Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016080539A1 WO2016080539A1 PCT/JP2015/082774 JP2015082774W WO2016080539A1 WO 2016080539 A1 WO2016080539 A1 WO 2016080539A1 JP 2015082774 W JP2015082774 W JP 2015082774W WO 2016080539 A1 WO2016080539 A1 WO 2016080539A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- carbon black
- dbp
- surface area
- specific surface
- dbp absorption
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
- C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
- C09C1/44—Carbon
- C09C1/48—Carbon black
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to carbon black as a conductive agent for imparting conductivity to the positive electrode and / or the negative electrode in a secondary battery, and a secondary battery configured using the carbon black.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries are widely used as power sources for small consumer devices such as smartphones, portable terminals, and notebook computers.
- development has been promoted as a power source for in-vehicle use or stationary use for medium and large-sized applications, and a part of them has been put into practical use.
- the level of quality requirements for batteries is increasing.
- a positive electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery a composition containing a positive electrode active material such as a composite oxide such as lithium cobaltate or lithium manganate and a conductive agent such as carbon black or graphite is used as an aluminum foil or the like. What is attached to a current collector is used.
- the role of the conductive agent is to impart conductivity to an active material having low conductivity, and to prevent the conductivity from being impaired due to repeated expansion and contraction of the active material during charging and discharging. Therefore, if the active material and the conductive agent are poorly dispersed in the electrode, a portion with poor conductivity appears locally in the electrode, the active material is not effectively used, the discharge capacity is reduced, and the battery characteristics are deteriorated. It is the cause. In recent years, in order to popularize smartphones and mobile terminals and promote the development of electric vehicles, it has been required to increase the capacity of batteries. One approach for increasing the capacity is to reduce the amount of conductive agent or binder added and increase the proportion of the active material that is the main reaction material in the battery.
- Patent Document 1 attempts to further refine the conductive agent such as carbon black and graphite using a ball mill in an organic solvent.
- Patent Document 2 an attempt is made to disperse in an organic solvent with a high-pressure jet mill using a dispersant.
- Patent Documents 3 and 4 attempt a method of uniformly mixing an active material and a conductive agent in a dry manner and a method of coating a conductive agent on the active material surface.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a carbon black excellent in conductivity imparting ability and dispersibility and a secondary battery using the same.
- the present invention employs the following means in order to solve the above problems.
- Specific surface area (SSA) according to JIS K6217-2: 2001 is 80 to 150 m 2 / g
- DBP absorption (DBP) according to JIS K6217-4: 2008 is 150 ml / 100 g or more
- Carbon black as described in said (1) whose SSA / CSSA which is ratio of specific surface area (SSA) and specific surface area (CSSA) after compressing 4 times at 165 MPa is 0.90 or more.
- a secondary battery comprising the carbon black according to any one of (1) to (4).
- the carbon black of the present invention is excellent in conductivity imparting ability and dispersibility, and by using this, a high performance secondary battery can be obtained.
- the carbon black of the present invention has a specific surface area (SSA) of 80 to 150 m 2 / g, which is higher than the specific surface area of carbon black conventionally used as a conductive agent for lithium ion secondary batteries. It is a feature.
- the specific surface area can be measured in accordance with JIS K6217-2: 2001, and the value can be increased by reducing the particle size of the particle, making it hollow, or making the particle surface porous.
- carbon black having a high specific surface area is effective as a conductive agent because the conductivity imparting ability is enhanced by the percolation effect in the matrix.
- the specific surface area (SSA) is preferably 80 m 2 / g or more, more preferably 90 m 2 / g or more, and still more preferably 100 m 2 / g or more.
- the specific surface area (SSA) is preferably 150 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 140 m 2 / g or less, and still more preferably 130 m 2 / g or less.
- the carbon black of the present invention has a DBP absorption (DBP) of 150 ml / 100 g or more.
- DBP absorption amount is an index for evaluating the ability to absorb dibutyl phthalate in the voids formed by the surface and structure of carbon black particles and aggregated particles, and can be measured according to JIS K6217-4: 2008.
- the neck portion formed by fusing primary particles and the voids formed by agglomeration of particles increase, so the DBP absorption amount increases.
- the DBP absorption is less than 150 ml / 100 g, the structure is not sufficiently developed, so that a conductive path is not formed, and the conductivity imparting ability is lowered.
- the DBP absorption amount is preferably 150 ml / 100 g or more, more preferably 165 ml / 100 g or more, and even more preferably 180 ml / 100 g or more.
- the DBP absorption amount exceeds 300 ml / 100 g, agglomerates are formed when mixed with the dispersion medium, and there is a possibility that shear due to the dispersion treatment cannot be sufficiently provided. Therefore, the DBP absorption amount is preferably 300 ml / 100 g or less, more preferably 280 ml / 100 g or less, and even more preferably 250 ml / 100 g or less.
- DBP / CDBP which is a ratio of DBP absorption (DBP) to compression DBP absorption (CDBP)
- DBP / CDBP which is a ratio of DBP absorption (DBP) to compression DBP absorption (CDBP)
- the compressed DBP absorption is the DBP absorption obtained after four compressions at a pressure of 165 MPa, and can be measured according to JIS K6217-4: 2008.
- DBP / CDBP which is the ratio of the DBP absorption amount (DBP) and the compressed DBP absorption amount (CDBP)
- DBP / CDBP which is the ratio of the DBP absorption amount (DBP) and the compressed DBP absorption amount (CDBP)
- DBP / CDBP which is the ratio of DBP absorption (DBP) to compression DBP absorption (CDBP)
- DBP / CDBP which is the ratio of DBP absorption (DBP) and compression DBP absorption (CDBP)
- DBP / CDBP which is the ratio of DBP absorption (DBP) to compression DBP absorption (CDBP)
- DBP DBP absorption
- CDBP compression DBP absorption
- DBP / CDBP which is the ratio of DBP absorption (DBP) to compression DBP absorption (CDBP)
- DBP / CDBP which is the ratio of DBP absorption (DBP) to compressed DBP absorption (CDBP)
- DBP / CDBP which is the ratio of DBP absorption (DBP) to compressed DBP absorption (CDBP)
- DBP / CDBP is preferably 2.50 or less, more preferably 2.00 or less, and 1.80 or less. Even more preferably.
- SSA / CSSA which is the ratio of the specific surface area (SSA) of carbon black and the specific surface area (CSSA) after the carbon black is compressed four times at 165 MPa
- SSA specific surface area
- CSSA specific surface area
- a sample to be compressed four times at 165 MPa can be prepared according to JIS K6217-4: 2008, Annex A (Method for producing a compressed sample). Since the specific surface area is evaluated based on the amount of nitrogen adsorbed, the value does not change greatly even if the aggregate is crushed or the structure is cut by the compression treatment. However, if the primary particles of carbon black are crushed, a new surface is formed and the specific surface area is greatly increased.
- SSA / CSSA is preferably 0.90 or more, more preferably 0.95 or more, and even more preferably 0.97 or more.
- the upper limit of SSA / CSA is not particularly set, but is generally 1.0 or less, and typically 0.99 or less.
- the crystallite size Lc of the carbon black is 25 mm or less.
- K is a form factor constant of 0.9
- ⁇ is an X-ray wavelength of 1.54 mm
- ⁇ is an angle indicating a maximum value in the (002) diffraction line absorption band
- ⁇ is a half-value width in the (002) diffraction line absorption band.
- the volatile content of carbon black is preferably 0.20 to 0.50%.
- the volatile matter is an index for evaluating the amount of functional groups such as carboxyl groups and carbonyl groups present on the surface of carbon black, and can be measured according to JIS K6221: 1982. Specifically, a specified amount of carbon black is put in a crucible, and the mass loss after heating at 950 ° C. for 5 minutes can be measured. If the volatile content is less than 0.20%, the surface functional groups of the carbon black are small, so that the wettability to the dispersion medium may be reduced. Therefore, the volatile content is preferably 0.20% or more, more preferably 0.22% or more, and still more preferably 0.24% or more.
- the volatile content exceeds 0.50%, ⁇ electrons of carbon black are captured by the electron-withdrawing acidic functional group, and the conductivity may be lowered. Further, when used in a secondary battery, there is a possibility that gasification is caused by an electrochemical reaction and battery characteristics are deteriorated. Therefore, the volatile content is preferably 0.50% or less, more preferably 0.40% or less, and still more preferably 0.30% or less.
- the method for producing carbon black according to the present invention is not particularly limited.
- a raw material gas such as hydrocarbon is supplied from a nozzle installed at the top of the reactor, and a pyrolysis reaction and / or a partial combustion reaction is performed. It is possible to employ a method in which carbon black is produced by the method and collected from a bag filter directly connected to the lower part of the reaction furnace.
- the raw material gas to be used is not particularly limited, and gaseous hydrocarbons such as acetylene, methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propylene, and butadiene, and oils such as toluene, benzene, xylene, gasoline, kerosene, light oil, and heavy oil Gasified hydrocarbons can be used.
- a plurality of these can also be mixed and used.
- the temperature in the reaction furnace becomes high due to the heat of decomposition of the acetylene gas, the specific surface area and DBP absorption amount of the resulting carbon black can be increased.
- the specific surface area and DBP absorption amount of carbon black can be adjusted by controlling the shape of the reaction furnace, the temperature distribution in the furnace, and the like. For example, when the supply amount of the raw material gas increases, the amount of heat generated by the decomposition of the raw material gas increases, so that the temperature in the reaction furnace becomes high. Then, uniform nucleation of carbon black occurs, and the resulting carbon black has a small particle size and a high specific surface area. Moreover, since the frequency with which the primary particles of the generated carbon black collide in the reaction furnace increases, the structure develops and the DBP absorption amount increases.
- the raw material gas is discharged from the inner cylinder side gap portion and the outer cylinder side gap portion using a double tube structure nozzle. It is preferable to supply a gas other than the source gas (hereinafter referred to as “other gas”). Moreover, it is preferable that the speed
- DBP / CDBP which is the ratio of the DBP absorption amount (DBP) to the compressed DBP absorption amount (CDBP)
- DBP DBP absorption amount
- CDBP compressed DBP absorption amount
- carbon black having both conductivity imparting ability and dispersibility can be obtained.
- the production of carbon black is the reaction during which the raw material gas supplied into the reactor is instantly pyrolyzed and / or partially burned to cause nucleation and grain growth of the carbon black and move to the collection facility. This is explained by the fact that the carbon black particles are fused together in a low temperature region in the furnace to form a chain structure.
- DBP / CDBP which is a ratio of DBP absorption (DBP) to compression DBP absorption (CDBP)
- the reactor Since the temperature in the inner nucleation and grain growth regions decreases, it becomes difficult to satisfy the specific surface area and DBP absorption amount of the present invention. Further, when another gas is supplied at an ejection speed of 1.50 m / s or more, the residence time in the nucleation region that is high in the reaction furnace is shortened, so that the crystallite size can be prevented from becoming excessively large.
- the ejection speed of the other gas is preferably 3.00 m / s or less. If it exceeds 3.00 m / s, the collision frequency between the carbon black particles increases, and the DBP absorption amount may become excessively high.
- oxygen gas is not particularly limited, and oxygen gas, hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, and the like can be used. Among these, it is preferable to use oxygen gas.
- oxygen gas When oxygen gas is used, carbon black is made porous by the activation action, and the specific surface area can be increased.
- oxygen gas May be used for partial combustion of the raw material gas, and the DBP absorption amount (DBP) and the specific surface area may be significantly increased.
- DBP DBP absorption amount
- oxygen gas is supplied from the outer periphery of the source gas (for example, source gas is supplied from the inner cylinder side gap of the double tube nozzle and oxygen gas is supplied from the outer cylinder side gap), a part of the gas is consumed. Stay on. Thereby, an oxygen-containing functional group can be imparted to the surface of the carbon black, and the volatile content can be increased.
- the electrode of the secondary battery of the present invention is prepared, for example, by preparing a slurry by dispersing a positive electrode active material or a mixture of the negative electrode active material and the carbon black of the present invention in a liquid containing a binder, which is made of a metal foil. It can be manufactured by applying to a current collector and then applying it by drying.
- a secondary battery can be manufactured by immersing the electrolytic solution in an electrode group formed by laminating or winding a positive electrode and a negative electrode through a separator.
- the addition amount of the carbon black of the present invention used as a conductive agent is preferably 0.5 to 10% by mass with respect to the total amount of the positive electrode active material or the negative electrode active material and the binder. Since the carbon black of the present invention has a high specific surface area, excellent battery characteristics can be exhibited even with such a small addition amount. In addition, other carbon black, graphite, carbon nanotube, carbon nanofiber, etc. may be added to the conductive agent as long as the conductivity and dispersibility of the carbon black of the present invention are not impaired.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, and a lithium composite oxide mainly composed of LixMO 2 (where M is one or more transition metals and 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.0), TiS 2 , metal sulfides, metal oxides, and the like that do not contain lithium, such as MoS 2 , NbSe 2 , and V 2 O 5, can be used.
- lithium-containing transition metal oxides including cobalt and manganese such as LiCoO 2 , LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 , and LiMn 2 O 4 that can increase the electromotive force of the battery are preferable.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, and various carbonaceous materials such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, graphite, activated carbon, coke, needle coke, fluid coke, mesophase micro beads, carbon fiber, pyrolytic carbon are used. be able to.
- the binder is not particularly limited. Polyethylene, nitrile rubber, polybutadiene, butyl rubber, polystyrene, styrene-butadiene rubber, polysulfide rubber, nitrocellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, tetrafluoroethylene resin, polyvinylidene fluoride Polyfluorinated chloroprene can be used.
- the current collector is not particularly limited, and a metal foil of gold, silver, copper, platinum, aluminum, iron, nickel, chromium, manganese, lead, tungsten, titanium, or an alloy containing these as a main component is used. Is done. It is preferable to use aluminum for the positive electrode and copper for the negative electrode.
- the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited, and a nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing lithium salt or an ion conductive polymer can be used.
- a nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing lithium salt or an ion conductive polymer examples include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, and methyl ethyl carbonate.
- the lithium salt that can be dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent include lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium borotetrafluoride, and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate.
- the separator is not particularly limited, and synthetic resins such as polyethylene and polypropylene can be used. It is preferable to use a porous film because the electrolyte retainability is good.
- DBP absorption measured according to JIS K6217-4: 2008.
- CSSA Specific surface area after four compressions at 165 MPa
- CDBP Compressed DBP absorption
- CDBP Measured according to JIS K6217-4: 2008.
- Lc (c) (K ⁇ ⁇ ) / ( ⁇ ⁇ cos ⁇ ).
- K is a form factor constant of 0.9
- ⁇ is an X-ray wavelength of 1.54 mm
- ⁇ is an angle indicating a maximum value in the (002) diffraction line absorption band
- ⁇ is a half-value width in the (002) diffraction line absorption band.
- the obtained electrode slurry was applied onto an aluminum foil (current collector) having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, and the dried one was pressed and cut to produce a positive electrode.
- the state of the coating film on the positive electrode was visually observed, and judged as follows: ⁇ : smooth and good, ⁇ : irregularity and defect, x: irregularity and peeling.
- the evaluation results are shown in Table 2.
- Metal lithium manufactured by Honjo Metal Co., Ltd.
- an olefin fiber nonwoven fabric was used as a separator for electrically isolating them.
- 1 mol / L of lithium hexafluorophosphate manufactured by Stella Chemifa
- ethylene carbonate manufactured by Aldrich
- dimethyl carbonate manufactured by Aldrich
- Comparative Example 1 The physical properties of commercially available carbon black (“Denka Black powder” manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and the same procedure as in Example 1 was performed on the electrode slurry, positive electrode and coin cell using the carbon black. And were evaluated. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Example 2 and 10 and Comparative Example 2 Carbon black was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that hydrogen gas was sprayed under the conditions shown in Table 1 instead of oxygen gas from the outer cylinder (inner diameter 55 mm). The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- Examples 3 to 9, 11 and Comparative Examples 3 to 5 Carbon black was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the raw material gas type, the raw material gas supply amount, the oxygen gas supply amount, the oxygen gas supply nozzle, and the oxygen gas ejection speed were changed as shown in Table 1. Obtained. The oxygen gas ejection speed was adjusted by changing the supply amount of oxygen gas and the inner diameter of the double tube nozzle outer cylinder. The physical properties of the obtained carbon black were measured in the same manner as in Example 1, and an electrode slurry, a positive electrode, and a coin cell were produced and evaluated using the carbon black in the same procedure as in Example 1. The evaluation results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
- the carbon black of the present invention has a high specific surface area and a high DBP / CDBP ratio, which is the ratio of DBP absorption (DBP) to compression DBP absorption (CDBP), and therefore imparts conductivity. Excellent ability and dispersibility.
- DBP DBP absorption
- CDBP compression DBP absorption
- the carbon black of the present invention can be used as a conductive agent for various secondary batteries such as lithium ion secondary batteries.
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Abstract
La présente invention concerne : un noir de carbone présentant une performance conférant une conductivité et une dispersibilité excellentes; et une batterie rechargeable l'utilisant. Le noir de carbone de la présente invention possède une surface spécifique (SSA) comprise entre 80 et 150 m2/g conformément à la norme JIS K6217-2:2001, une absorption de DBP (DBP) d'au moins 150 ml/100g conformément à la norme JIS K6217-4:2008, un rapport DBP/CDBP de l'absorption de DBP (DBP) à l'absorption de DBP de compression (CDBP) d'au moins 1,50 conformément à la norme JIS K6217-4:2008. Il est préférable que le rapport SSA/CSSA, de la surface spécifique (SSA) à la surface spécifique après avoir été comprimées 4 fois à 165 MPa (CSSA), soit d'au moins 0,90. Il est préférable que le rapport SSA/CSSA, de la surface spécifique (SSA) à la surface spécifique après avoir été comprimées 4 fois à 165 MPA (CSSA), soit d'au moins 0,90.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP2014235674A JP2018008828A (ja) | 2014-11-20 | 2014-11-20 | カーボンブラック及びそれを用いた二次電池 |
JP2014-235674 | 2014-11-20 |
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WO2016080539A1 true WO2016080539A1 (fr) | 2016-05-26 |
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PCT/JP2015/082774 WO2016080539A1 (fr) | 2014-11-20 | 2015-11-20 | Noir de carbone et batterie rechargeable l'utilisant |
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WO (1) | WO2016080539A1 (fr) |
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JPWO2016186065A1 (ja) * | 2015-05-19 | 2018-04-12 | デンカ株式会社 | シリカ被覆カーボンブラック、それを用いた電極用組成物、二次電池用電極および二次電池 |
US10193141B2 (en) * | 2014-02-27 | 2019-01-29 | Toda Kogyo Corporation | Positive electrode mixture and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
JP2020524192A (ja) * | 2017-06-15 | 2020-08-13 | キャボット コーポレイションCabot Corporation | カーボンブラック粒子を含む電極および関連する方法 |
US11909042B2 (en) | 2020-12-10 | 2024-02-20 | Medtronic, Inc. | Positive electrode enabling fast charging |
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JP6721692B2 (ja) | 2016-02-01 | 2020-07-15 | キャボット コーポレイションCabot Corporation | カーボンブラックを含有する熱伝導性ポリマー組成物 |
US10367202B2 (en) * | 2016-05-05 | 2019-07-30 | Cabot Corporation | Electrodes, compositions, and devices having high structure carbon blacks |
JP7401208B2 (ja) * | 2019-06-21 | 2023-12-19 | 太陽誘電株式会社 | 全固体電池 |
KR20230097016A (ko) * | 2020-12-04 | 2023-06-30 | 덴카 주식회사 | 카본 블랙, 슬러리 및 리튬 이온 이차 전지 |
KR20240131440A (ko) * | 2022-03-30 | 2024-08-30 | 덴카 주식회사 | 양극 조성물 및 그 제조 방법, 양극 및 그 제조 방법, 및 전지 |
EP4451371A1 (fr) * | 2022-03-30 | 2024-10-23 | Denka Company Limited | Composition d'électrode positive, électrode positive et son procédé de production, et batterie |
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JP2012038724A (ja) * | 2010-07-16 | 2012-02-23 | Mitsubishi Chemicals Corp | リチウム二次電池用正極およびそれを用いたリチウム二次電池 |
WO2012053087A1 (fr) * | 2010-10-21 | 2012-04-26 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | Électrode de batterie et son utilisation |
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US10193141B2 (en) * | 2014-02-27 | 2019-01-29 | Toda Kogyo Corporation | Positive electrode mixture and non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
JPWO2016186065A1 (ja) * | 2015-05-19 | 2018-04-12 | デンカ株式会社 | シリカ被覆カーボンブラック、それを用いた電極用組成物、二次電池用電極および二次電池 |
JP2020524192A (ja) * | 2017-06-15 | 2020-08-13 | キャボット コーポレイションCabot Corporation | カーボンブラック粒子を含む電極および関連する方法 |
US11909042B2 (en) | 2020-12-10 | 2024-02-20 | Medtronic, Inc. | Positive electrode enabling fast charging |
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