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Definitions

• Chemokines regulate the trafficking of various types of mononuclear cells. They are classified into four subfamilies of CC, CXC, CX3C, and C, based on positions of conserved cysteine residues in their N-termini.
• Stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), a CXC chemokine, plays key roles in homing and mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and hematopoietic progenitor cells.
• the physiological function of SDF-1 is mediated by the type 4 CXC chemokine receptor (CXCR4).
• CXCR4 and SDF-1 contributes to multiple pathological conditions such as HIV, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and tumor metastases.
• activation of the CXCR4/SDF-1 pathway in tumors leads to upregulation of angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• disrupting the interaction between CXCR4 and SDF-1 by CXCR4 antagonists suppresses VEGF-dependent tumor angiogenesis and growth.
• Compounds that disrupt the interaction between CXCR4 and SDF-1 can be used for treating various diseases including tissue injury, cancer, inflammatory disease, and autoimmune disease.
• the present invention is based on an unexpected discovery that certain heterocyclic compounds effectively bind to CXCR4 and disrupt the interaction between CXCR4 and SDF-1.
• this invention relates to heterocyclic compounds of Formula (I):
• each of R 1 and R 2 is H, halo, nitro, cyano, amino, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; or R 1 and R 2 , together with the two carbon atoms to which they are bonded, are C 5-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, C 5-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl being optionally substituted with halo, nitro, cyano, amino, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or C(O)OR a , in which R a is H, C 1
• each of R 3 and R 4 is NR b R c ,
• each of R b and R c independently, is H or C 1-6 alkyl
• R 5 is H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl being optionally substituted with halo, nitro, cyano, amino, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl
• R 6 is H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl
• L 1 is heteroaryl, C 1-10 heterocycl
• heterocycloalkyl aryl, heteroaryl, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, or , in which each of C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl is optionally substituted with halo, P(O)(OH) 2, or P(O)(O-C 1-6 alkyl) 2 ; o is 0-2; D 1 is OH or NR 14 R 15 , each of R 14 and R 15 , independently, being H,
• D 2 is O or NR 16 , R 16 being H, C 1-6 alkyl, S(O) 2 R q , NHR r , or CH 2 CO 2 R s , in which each of R q and R r , independently, is aryl optionally substituted with halo or alkoxyl, and R s is H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 1-6 alkyl, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R 13 is H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each of C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl,
• heterocyclic compounds includes those in which each of R 1 and R 2 , independently, is H, amino, or C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl (e.g., morpholine, piperidine, or piperazine) optionally substituted with C 1-6 alkyl or C(O)OR a , in which R a is H or C 1-10 alkyl.
• R 1 and R 2 independently, is H, amino, or C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl (e.g., morpholine, piperidine, or piperazine) optionally substituted with C 1-6 alkyl or C(O)OR a , in which R a is H or C 1-10 alkyl.
• heterocyclic compounds of this invention includes those in which R 1 and R 2 , together with the two carbon atoms to which they are bonded, are C 5-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
• R 1 and R 2 together with the two carbon atoms to which they are bonded, are C 5-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.
• heteroaryl include
• R v independently, being H, halo, C 1-10 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. Still another subset of the heterocyclic compounds of this invention includes those in
• each of R 3 and R 4 is preferably H, cyano substituted aryl alkyl (e.g., ), or unsubstituted heteroaryl
• cycloalkyl C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, C(O)OR g , C(S)NR h R i , or C(O)NR j R k , each of C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl alkyl, and heteroaryl alkyl being optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, C(O)OR 11 , or P(O)(OR 12 ) 2 ; or R 10 , together with R 9 and the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, is preferably C4-10 heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl; or R10 is preferably C(O)R p , R p being C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or in which each of C C
• alkyl herein refers to a saturated, linear or branched hydrocarbon moiety, such as -CH 3 or branched -C 3 H 7 .
• cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic hydrocarbon moiety, such as cyclohexyl, cyclohexen-3-yl, or adamantyl.
• alkoxyl refers to an–O-alkyl radical.
• alkoxy examples include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, and tert-butoxy.
• heterocycloalkyl refers to a non- aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic moiety having one or more ring heteroatoms (e.g., N, O, or S), such as 4-tetrahydropyranyl or 4-pyranyl.
• aryl refers to a hydrocarbon moiety having one or more aromatic rings.
• aryl moieties include phenyl (Ph), phenylene, naphthyl, naphthylene, pyrenyl, anthryl, and phenanthryl.
• heteroaryl refers to a moiety having one or more aromatic rings that contain at least one heteroatom (e.g., N, O, or S).
• heteroaryl moieties include furyl, furylene, fluorenyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl and indolyl.
• aryl alkyl refers to an alkyl that is substituted with at least one aryl group.
• aryl alkyl include benzyl (Bn) and 1- naphthylmethyl.
• heteroaryl alkyl refers to an alkyl that is substituted with at least one heteroaryl group.
• heteroaryl alkyl include 2-furanyl-methyl and 2- thienylmethyl.
• amino alkyl refers to an alkyl that is substituted with at least one amino group. Examples of amino alkyl include aminomethyl and 2-aminoethyl.
• amino cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl that is substituted with at least one amino group.
• Examples of amino cycloalkyl include amino cyclopropyl and amino cyclopentyl.
• hydroxyl alkyl refers to an alkyl that is substituted with at least one hydroxyl group.
• hydroxyl alkyl examples include hydroxyl methyl and hydroxyl ethyl.
• Alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl alkyl, and heteroaryl alkyl mentioned herein include both substituted and unsubstituted moieties, unless specified otherwise.
• Possible substituents on cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl include C 1-10 alkyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, C 3-20 cycloalkyl, C 3-20 cycloalkenyl, C 1-20 heterocycloalkyl, C 1-20 heterocycloalkenyl, C 1-10 alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, amino, C 1-10 alkylamino, C 1-20 dialkylamino, arylamino, diarylamino, hydroxyl, halogen, thio, C 1-10 alkylthio, arylthio, C 1-10 alkylsulfonyl
• Cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl can also be fused with each other.
• the heterocyclic compounds described above include the compounds themselves, as well as their salts, prodrugs, and solvates, if applicable.
• a salt for example, can be formed between an anion and a positively charged group (e.g., amino) on a heterocyclic compounds. Suitable anions include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, citrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoroacetate, acetate, malate, tosylate, tartrate, fumurate, glutamate, glucuronate, lactate, glutarate, and maleate.
• a salt can also be formed between a cation and a negatively charged group (e.g., carboxylate) on a heterocyclic compound.
• Suitable cations include sodium ion, potassium ion, magnesium ion, calcium ion, and an ammonium cation such as tetramethylammonium ion.
• the heterocyclic compounds also include those salts containing quaternary nitrogen atoms.
• prodrugs include esters and other pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives, which, upon administering to a subject, are capable of providing active heterocyclic compounds.
• a solvate refers to a complex formed between an active heterocyclic compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent include water, ethanol, isopropanol, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and ethanolamine.
• heterocyclic compounds may contain non-aromatic double bonds, which can occur as cis- or trans- isomeric forms. Such isomeric forms are contemplated.
• Another aspect of this invention is related to a method for mobilizing hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) into the peripheral circulation.
• the method includes contacting HSC and EPC with an effective amount of one or more of the heterocyclic compounds of Formula (I) described above.
• An additional aspect of this invention relates to a method for treating tissue injury, cancer, inflammatory disease, and autoimmune disease.
• the method includes administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of one or more of the heterocyclic compounds of Formula (I) described above.
• tissue injury include
• ischemic disease e.g., ischemic stroke and limb ischemia
• cancer include acute myeloid leukemia, non-small cell lung cancer, multiple myeloma, and pancreatic cancer.
• inflammatory disease include inflammatory bowel disease, allergic asthma, and ocular uveitis.
• An exemplary autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis.
• the method is performed to treat a kidney injury (e.g., an acute kidney injury).
• the method includes administering to a subject suffering from a kidney injury an effective amount of one or more of the heterocyclic compounds described above.
• the pharmaceutical composition can be used for treating tissue injury (e.g., an acute kidney injury), cancer, inflammatory disease, and autoimmune disease.
• This invention also features use of one or more of the above-described heterocyclic compounds of Formula (I) for the manufacture of a medicament for treating tissue injury (e.g., an acute kidney injury), cancer, inflammatory disease, and autoimmune disease.
• treating refers to administering one or more of the heterocyclic compounds to a subject, who has an above-described disease, a symptom of such a disease, or a predisposition toward such a disease, with the purpose to confer a therapeutic effect, e.g., to cure, relieve, alter, affect, ameliorate, or prevent the above-described disease, the symptom of it, or the predisposition toward it.
• An effective amount refers to the amount of an active compound that is required to confer the therapeutic effect. Effective doses will vary, as recognized by those skilled in the art, depending on the types of disease treated, route of administration, excipient usage, and the possibility of co-usage with other therapeutic treatment.
• a composition having one or more of the above-described heterocyclic compounds can be administered parenterally, orally, nasally, rectally, topically, or buccally.
• parenteral refers to subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraarticular, intraarterial, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional, or intracranial injection, as well as any suitable infusion technique.
• a sterile injectable composition can be a solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, such as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent such as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
• acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer’s solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium (e.g., synthetic mono- or di-glycerides).
• Fatty acid, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically acceptable oils, such as olive oil and castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
• oil solutions or suspensions can also contain a long chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, carboxymethyl cellulose, or similar dispersing agents.
• a long chain alcohol diluent or dispersant carboxymethyl cellulose, or similar dispersing agents.
• Other commonly used surfactants such as Tweens and Spans or other similar emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms can also be used for the purpose of formulation.
• a composition for oral administration can be any orally acceptable dosage form including capsules, tablets, emulsions and aqueous suspensions, dispersions, and solutions.
• commonly used carriers include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
• useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch.
• a nasal aerosol or inhalation composition can be prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation.
• such a composition can be prepared as a solution in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
• a composition having one or more of the above-described heterocyclic compounds can also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
• the carrier in the pharmaceutical composition must be“acceptable” in the sense that it is compatible with the active ingredient of the composition (and preferably, capable of stabilizing the active ingredient) and not deleterious to the subject to be treated.
• One or more solubilizing agents can be utilized as pharmaceutical excipients for delivery of an active 1,5- diphenyl-penta-1,4-dien-3-one compound.
• examples of other carriers include colloidal silicon oxide, magnesium stearate, cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate, and D&C Yellow # 10.
• two sets of particularly preferred heterocyclic compounds include (i) those in which each of R 1 and R 2 , independently, is H, amino, C 1-10
• heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with C 1-6 alkyl or C(O)OR a , in which R a is H, C 1-10 alkyl; R 5 is H, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, each of aryl alkyl and heteroaryl alkyl being
• R 6 is H, aryl, or heteroaryl
• L 1 is NH
• each of R 8 and R 9, independently, is H or C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with C(O)OR f , in which R f is H or C 1-10 alkyl, or R 8 and R 9, together with the nitrogen atoms to which they are bonded, are and L2 together with R8 or R9 and the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, is C 4-10 heterocycloalkyl;
• R 10 is H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, C(O)OR g , C(S)NR h R i , or C(O)NR j R k , each of C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl alkyl, and heteroary
• R 5 is H, aryl alkyl, or heteroaryl alkyl, each of aryl alkyl n h r r l lk l in i n ll i i h n R i H r l r h r r l L 1 i
• each of R8 and R9 is H or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with C(O)ORf, in which R f is H or C 1-10 alkyl, or R 8 and R 9, together with the nitrogen atoms to which they are
• R 10 is H, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, C(O)OR g , C(S)NR h R i , or C(O)NR j R k , each of C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, C 1-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aryl alkyl, and heteroaryl alkyl being optionally substituted with hydroxy, halo, C(O)OR 11 , or P(O)(OR 12 ) 2 ; or R 10 , together with R 9 and the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, is C 4-10 heterocycloalkyl;
• two more sets of particularly preferred compounds include (i) those in which each of R 1 and R 2 , independently, is H, amino, C 1-10
• heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with C 1-6 alkyl or C(O)OR a , in which R a is H, C 1-10 alkyl; R 5 is H, aryl alkyl, heteroaryl alkyl, each of aryl alkyl and heteroaryl alkyl being
• R 6 is H, aryl, or heteroaryl
• L 1 is NH, ,
• each of R 8 and R 9, independently, is H or C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted with C(O)OR f , in which R f is H or C 1-10 alkyl, or R 8 and R 9, together with the nitrogen atoms to which they are
• R 10 is C(O)R p , R p being C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl,
• heteroaryl or , in which each of C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl C 1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with halo or P(O)(OH) 2 , and X is O; and (ii) those in which R 1 and R 2 , together with the two carbon atoms to which they are bonded, are C 5-10 cycloalkyl, C 3-10 heterocycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; R 5 is H, aryl alkyl, or heteroaryl alkyl, each of aryl alkyl and heteroar l alk l bein o tionally substituted with
• R 6 is H, aryl, or heteroaryl
• L 1 is NH, , or -
• R f is H or C 1-10 alkyl, or R 8 and
• R 9 together with the nitrogen atoms to which they are bonded, are and L 2 together with R 8 or R 9 and the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, is C 4-10 heterocycloalkyl;
• R p being C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or in which each of C 1-6 alkyl, C 3-10 cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl C 1-6 alkyl is optionally substituted with halo or P(O)(OH) 2 , and X is O.
• tissue injury e.g., an acute kidney injury
• cancer e.g., cancer
• inflammatory disease e.g., rhinitis
• autoimmune disease e.g., rhinitis
• tissue injury e.g., an acute kidney injury
• cancer e.g., cancer
• inflammatory disease e.g., a chronic kidney injury
• autoimmune disease e.g., a hemangiomavirus
• the heterocyclic compounds of Formula (I) described above can be prepared according to well-known methods in the field. Provided below are actual examples of preparing compounds 1-273 from the following starting materials and side chain compounds.
• the compound thus synthesized can be purified by a method such as column chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography, or recrystallization.
• the intermediates used in the synthesis described above are either commercially available or can be prepared by methods known in the art.
• the methods may also include additional steps, either before or after the steps described specifically herein, to add or remove suitable protecting groups if necessary to facilitate synthesis of the compounds.
• various synthetic steps may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compounds.
• the compounds mentioned herein may contain a non-aromatic double bond and one or more asymmetric centers. Thus, they can occur as racemates or racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, individual diastereomers, diastereomeric mixtures, or cis- or trans- isomeric forms. All such isomeric forms are contemplated.
• the compounds of Formula (I) thus prepared can be initially screened using in vitro assays, e.g., the radioligand binding assay described in Example 2 below, for their potency in inhibiting binding of SDF-1 to CXCR4. They can be subsequently evaluated using in vivo assays, e.g., a colony-forming assay, for their efficacy in enhancing hematopoietic stem cell mobilization in a mammal. The selected compounds can be further tested to verify their efficacy in treating tissue injury (e.g., acute kidney injury and ischemic stroke), cancer, inflammatory disease, and autoimmune disease. For example, a compound can be administered to an animal (e.g., a mouse) having an ischemic acute kidney injury and its therapeutic effects are then assessed. Based on the results, an appropriate dosage range and administration route can be determined.
• tissue injury e.g., acute kidney injury and ischemic stroke
• cancer e.g., ischemic stroke
• a compound can be administered to an animal (
• Benzyl chloroformate (6.07 g, 35.47 mmole) was added at 5-10 o C to a solution of Prop-2-ynylamine (1.97 g, 35.82 mmole) and potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ; 10.11 g, 73.26 mmole) in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water (THF/H 2 O; 20 mL/40 mL) under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The resulting mixture was warmed to room temperature for 15 h and then quenched with ammonium chloride NH 4 Cl (aq) (100 mL, 2 M). The aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x100 mL).
• linker S-I-IV (5.69 g, 17.86 mmole) and cyclohexanone (1.68 g, 17.17 mmole) in MeOH (210 mL) was heated at 60 o C for 15 h and then cooled to 5-10 o C. To the mixture was slowly added NaBH 4 (0.56 g, 14.85 mmole) and stirred for 1 h, and then was quenched with NH 4 Cl (aq) (50 mL, 2M). The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure by removing MeOH to give the residue.
• Compound 120 was prepared in a manner similar to that used to prepare compound 1.
• 1H NMR 400 MHz, D 2 O
• Compound 125 was prepared in a manner similar to that used to prepare compounds 122 and 124. EI-MS: 622.4 (M+1).
• Compound 126 was prepared in a manner similar to that used to prepare compounds 63 and 124. EI-MS: 655.4 (M+1).
• Compound 136 was prepared in a manner similar to that used to prepare compounds 56 and 135. EI-MS: 555.4 (M+1).
• Compound 140 was prepared in a manner similar to that used to prepare compounds 61 and 135.
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, D 2 O
• Compound 150 was prepared in a manner similar to that used to prepare compound 61.
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, D 2 O) ⁇ 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.44-7.41 (m, 3H), 7.33 (t, 2H), 7.25 (t, 1H), 5.29 (s, 2H), 4.73 (s, 2H), 4.58 (t, 2H), 4.31 (t, 1H), 3.50 (m, 4H), 3.30-3.10 (m, 10H), 2.58 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.22 (m, 4H), 2.18-2.02 (m, 4H), 1.87 (m, 2H), 1.68 (m, 1H), 1.42-1.18 (m, 6H); EI-MS: 691.4 (M+1).
• Compound 180 was prepared in a manner similar to that used to prepare compound 60.
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, CD3OD
• EI-MS 594.3 (M+1).
• Compound 207 was prepared in a manner similar to that used to prepare compounds 182 and 205.
• Compound 250 was prepared in a manner similar to that used to prepare compound 202.
• 1 H NMR 400 MHz, D 2 O) ⁇ 8.03 (s, 1H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 4.80 (s, 2H), 4.63-4.52 (m, 4H), 4.36 (q, 2H), 4.10 (s, 2H), 4.00(m, 1H), 3.47 (t, 2H), 3.24-3.11 (m, 7H), 3.00 (t, 2H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.34 (m, 5H), 2.18-2.06 (m, 5H), 1.94-1.80 (m, 3H), 1.71 (m,2H), 1.57 (m, 1H), 1.42-1.18 (m, 9H); EI-MS: 656.4 (M+1).
• Boc 2 O (710 mg) , TEA (420 mg), and DMAP (122 mg) were added to a solution of 262-I (710 mg) in DCM .
• the mixture was stirred at 60 o C for 15 h, and then concentrated under a reduced pressure by removing CH 2 Cl 2 to give the crude residue, which was purified with flash chromatography with n-hexane / ethyl acetate (30:1) to afford the product 262-II (670 mg, 72% yield).
• Binding competition between the compounds of Formula (I) and human SDF-1 was assessed using a radioligand binding assay as described below.
• Membranes (2-4 ⁇ g) prepared from human CXCR4-transfected HEK293 cells in 40 ⁇ L of assay buffer (50 ⁇ M HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.4, 100 ⁇ M NaCl, 5 ⁇ M MgCl 2 , 1 ⁇ M CaCl 2 , 0.5% bovine serum albumin) were incubated with 20 ⁇ L of radio-labeled 125 I-SDF-1 (0.16 nM) and 20 ⁇ L of a test compound in an assay plate (Costar Corning, Cambridge, MA).
• assay buffer 50 ⁇ M HEPES-NaOH, pH 7.4, 100 ⁇ M NaCl, 5 ⁇ M MgCl 2 , 1 ⁇ M CaCl 2 , 0.5% bovine serum albumin
• the incubation was terminated by transferring the resulting reaction mixture to a 96-well GF/B filter plate (Millipore Corp., Billerica, MA) and filtered via a manifold.
• the plate was washed with 100 ⁇ L of ice-cold wash buffer (50 ⁇ M HEPES- NaOH, pH 7.4, 100 ⁇ M NaCl) four times.
• the radioactivity bound to the filter was measured by Topcount (PerkinElmer Inc., Waltham, MA).
• the concentration required to inhibit binding of SDF-1 to CXCR4 by 50% (EC 50 ) of five tested compounds was less than 100 nM and 40 tested compounds showed EC 50 values of 100-1000 nM.
• T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CCRF-CEM) cells in Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI) 1640 supplemented with10% bovine serum albumin were incubated with 250 ⁇ L of a test compound.
• the assay was performed using Millicell Hanging Cell Culture Inserts (pore size 5 ⁇ m; 24-well plate; Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). After 10 minutes at 37 o C, 250 ⁇ L of cells pre-incubated with a test compound were plated per well in the upper chambers of the inserts at a density of 2.5 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well. 300 ⁇ L/well medium containing SDF-1 (10 nM) and a test compound were plated in the lower chamber of the insert. After 2.5 h at 37 o C, cells in both chambers of inserts were measured by flow cytometry (Guava Technologies, Hayward, CA, USA).
• Each of the 31 compounds was dissolved in saline to form a solution.
• the solution was administered to C57BL/6 male mice (National Laboratory Animal Center, Taipei, Taiwan) subcutaneously. Mice treated with saline were used as controls.
• Whole blood was collected 2 h after subcutaneous injection and labeled with the following antibodies: (i) APC- conjugated anti-CXCR4 (clone 2B11; eBioscience), (ii) FITC-conjugated anti-CD34 (clone RAM34; eBioscience), (iii) PE-conjugated anti-CD133 (clone 13A4; eBioscience), (iv) anti- c-kit (clone 2B8; eBioscience), (v) anti-Sca-1 (clone D7; eBioscience), (vi) anti-linage (Mouse Hematopoietic Lineage Biotin Panel, eBioscience), and (vii) Streptavidin PE-Cy7 (e
• test compounds significantly enhanced mobilization of CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells (up to 7.8 fold) and CD133 + endothelial progenitor cells (up to 5.8 fold) into peripheral blood as compared to saline controls.
• tested compounds combined with G-CSF were found to unexpectedly mobilize hematopoietic stem cells synergistically as evidenced by the significant increase of CFU-GM numbers.
• Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) model Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) model.
• Each of five compounds was dissolved in saline to form a solution.
• the solution was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats (National Laboratory Animal Center, Taipei, Taiwan) subcutaneously at a dosage of 6 mg/Kg. 40 minutes after the subcutaneous injection, AKI was induced in the rats by clamping their bilateral renal vein and artery for one h followed by releasing the vessel clips to allow 24-h reperfusion. Whole blood was collected 24 h after induction of AKI. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCR), two markers that increase upon kidney injury, were measured using a FUJI DRI- CHEM 3500s analyzer (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan). Non-AKI rats and AKI rats treated with saline were used as controls.
• BUN Blood urea nitrogen
• SCR serum creatinine
• Compounds 62 and 63 and a vehicle were administered to the rats at a dose of 1 mg/kg/d (i.p.) for 5 consecutive days. The first dose was given at 90 minutes after MCAo. Each animal was placed in a 42 ⁇ 42 ⁇ 31 cm activity monitor for 1 h on day 2 after MCAo. The monitor contained 16 horizontal and 8 vertical infrared sensors spaced 2.5 cm apart. Locomotor activity was calculated using the number of infrared beams broken by the animals.
• TTC staining was performed on day 5 after MCAo to determine infarction size as described previously in Brain Research, volume 1116, issue 1, 2006, pages 159–165.
• rats were decapitated and the brains were removed and sliced into 2.0-mm-thick sections.
• the brain slices were incubated in a 2% TTC solution (Sigma-Aldrich) for 15 minutes at room temperature and then transferred into a 4% paraformaldehyde solution for fixation.
• the area of infarction in each slice was measured with a digital scanner and Imagetools programs (University of Texas Health Sciences Center).
• the volume of infarction in each animal was obtained from the product of average slice thickness (2 mm) and sum of infarction areas in all brain slices examined.
• the rats receiving compound 62 or 63 showed a significant increase in horizontal movement number, compared with the vehicle-treated animals. Similarly, vertical movement number was significantly increased by both compounds. The volume of infarction was significantly reduced in animals treated with the tested compounds, as compared to vehicle.
• mice Unilateral hindlimb ischemia was induced in ICR mice by ligating and excising the right femoral artery. Briefly, animals were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of Xylocaine (2 mg/kg of body weight) plus Zoletil (i.e., the dissociative anesthetic
• the proximal and distal portions of the femoral artery were ligated with a silk thread, and a 0.2 centimeter section of the blood vessel was removed.
• Hindlimb blood perfusion was measured with a laser Doppler perfusion imager system (Moor Instruments Limited, Devon, UK) before and after the surgery and was then followed on a weekly basis. Animals were subcutaneously treated with compound 4 (6 mg/kg/d, twice a week) in saline after surgery. The animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation without sedation at the end of the seven experimental weeks.

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