WO2016043099A1 - 充電装置 - Google Patents

充電装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016043099A1
WO2016043099A1 PCT/JP2015/075564 JP2015075564W WO2016043099A1 WO 2016043099 A1 WO2016043099 A1 WO 2016043099A1 JP 2015075564 W JP2015075564 W JP 2015075564W WO 2016043099 A1 WO2016043099 A1 WO 2016043099A1
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Prior art keywords
charging
power factor
voltage
battery
output
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PCT/JP2015/075564
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
浩行 野田
水谷　政敏
夏比古 森
Original Assignee
Ntn株式会社
浩行 野田
水谷　政敏
夏比古 森
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Application filed by Ntn株式会社, 浩行 野田, 水谷　政敏, 夏比古 森 filed Critical Ntn株式会社
Priority to CN201580049651.2A priority Critical patent/CN106688158A/zh
Publication of WO2016043099A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016043099A1/ja
Priority to US15/454,624 priority patent/US20170187215A1/en

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/48—Accumulators combined with arrangements for measuring, testing or indicating the condition of cells, e.g. the level or density of the electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
    • H02J7/0049—Detection of fully charged condition
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00711—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage with introduction of pulses during the charging process
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from AC mains by converters
    • H02J7/04—Regulation of charging current or voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output; Conversion of DC power input into AC power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of AC power input into DC power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/30—AC to DC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • B60L2240/547—Voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with monitoring or indicating devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0048—Detection of remaining charge capacity or state of charge [SOC]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/12—Electric charging stations
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a charging device that is applied to quick charging or the like of various charging target devices including a rechargeable battery such as an electric vehicle, a smartphone, a rechargeable dry battery, and a DIY electric tool.
  • a rechargeable battery such as an electric vehicle, a smartphone, a rechargeable dry battery, and a DIY electric tool.
  • the conventional charging device uses a DC power source that has been rectified and smoothed as described above. However, it was found that there was no problem in reducing the battery life even if the rectified pulsating flow without being smoothed was connected to the battery as it was and charged. In addition, it has been found that charging with a pulsating flow is more advantageous for detecting the charge level by devising a means for detecting the charge level.
  • the present inventor considered the relationship between the internal resistance of the battery and the charge level, and considered the detection of the charge level by detecting the internal resistance.
  • the internal resistance of the battery can be detected with high accuracy by using an internal resistance measuring instrument.
  • the conventional internal resistance measuring instrument is a device for research and experimental use, and it is expensive and difficult to use for general purposes. The measured value fluctuates and it is difficult for the general public to measure accurately.
  • the pulsating flow that is just rectified from the alternating current of a commercial power supply, etc. has a voltage waveform that is a sine wave, but the current waveform is a narrow pulse, and the electric power to be charged is the product of the current and the voltage.
  • the current value between the pulses of the waveform is zero, the power is also zero, so that there is a problem that charging efficiency is poor.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a charging device that solves the above-described problems and enhances charging efficiency while performing charging using a pulsating flow that is advantageous for detecting the degree of charging.
  • the charging device includes a rectifier circuit 2 that rectifies an alternating current of an AC power source 1 and outputs it as a pulsating current, a power factor improving means 15 that increases the power factor of the pulsating current output from the rectifying circuit 2, and a charging target An output circuit 6 having an output terminal 5 connected to a charging terminal of the device 3 and outputting a power factor improving pulsating flow output from the power factor improving means 15 without smoothing the voltage.
  • the power factor improving means 15 by providing the power factor improving means 15, the power factor of the pulsating flow output from the rectifier circuit 2 is increased, and charging is performed using this power factor improving pulsating flow.
  • efficient charging can be performed.
  • since charging is performed with a pulsating flow it is possible to accurately detect the degree of charging as follows, to prevent overcharging and to increase the battery life. That is, when charging with a pulsating current, a ripple voltage is generated in the terminal voltage of the battery. The fluctuation range, that is, the amplitude of the ripple voltage is proportional to the internal resistance of the battery. In addition, the internal resistance of the battery decreases as charging proceeds.
  • the power factor improving means 15 has a configuration in which the current waveform of the pulsating current output from the rectifier circuit is rectangularized and the width between the wave peaks is reduced to form the power factor improving pulsating flow. May be. According to this configuration, by making the current waveform of the pulsating current rectangular and narrowing the width between the wave peaks, the power factor of the pulsating flow is improved and the power applied to the battery is increased.
  • a charge level detecting means 7 for monitoring the terminal voltage of the battery 4 of the device 3 to be charged and detecting the charge level based on the fluctuation width of the ripple voltage of the terminal voltage caused by the pulsating flow. It may be provided. As described above, when charging is performed in a pulsating state in which the voltage after rectification is not smoothed, a ripple voltage is generated in the terminal voltage of the battery 4. The fluctuation width, that is, the amplitude of the ripple voltage is proportional to the internal resistance of the battery 4. Further, the internal resistance of the battery 4 decreases as the charging proceeds. Therefore, the degree of charge of the battery 4 can be accurately detected by measuring the fluctuation range of the terminal voltage of the battery 4 by the charge degree detection means 7.
  • the “ripple voltage” refers to a voltage that is superimposed on a direct current component and periodically fluctuates.
  • This charging device includes a rectifier circuit 2 that rectifies an alternating current of an AC power supply 1 and outputs it as a pulsating current, a power factor improving means 15 that increases a power factor of the pulsating current output from the rectifying circuit 2, and a charging target device 3. And an output circuit 6 which has an output terminal 5 connected to a charging terminal (not shown) and outputs the power factor improving pulsating current output from the power factor improving means 15 without smoothing the voltage. .
  • the charging device further includes a charge level detection means 7 that monitors the terminal voltage of the battery 4 of the device 3 to be charged and detects the charge level based on the fluctuation width of the ripple voltage of the terminal voltage generated by the pulsating current.
  • the charging device further includes a charging stop unit 11 and a charging degree notification unit 13.
  • the AC power supply 1 is, for example, a 100V or 200V single-phase AC commercial power supply, and an input terminal 8 such as a plug that plugs into an outlet (not shown) in the wiring of the AC power supply 1 is provided upstream of the rectifier circuit 2.
  • the rectifier circuit 2 is a full-wave rectifier circuit, and includes a bridge circuit of the semiconductor switching element 2a.
  • the rectifier circuit 2 may be a half-wave rectifier circuit.
  • the charging target device 3 may be any device provided with a rechargeable battery 4, such as an electric vehicle, a smartphone, a personal computer, a DIY electric tool, a rechargeable dry battery charging socket, and the like.
  • the power factor improving means 15 includes a power factor improving circuit.
  • a flyback power factor improving circuit is used as the power factor improving means 15, for example.
  • the power factor improving means 15 performs the power factor improvement processing by making the current waveform of the pulsating flow a input as shown in FIG. Let the rate improvement pulsating flow b.
  • FIG. 4 shows a circuit example of the power factor improving means 15. Briefly, when the switching element 21 is turned on, a current flows to the primary side of the transformer 22 and energy is stored. When the switching element 21 is turned off, the stored energy is output from the secondary side of the transformer 22 through the diode 23.
  • the output circuit 6 may be configured to apply the power factor improving pulsating current output from the power factor improving means 15 to the output terminal 5.
  • a current limiting resistor 9 is provided at the subsequent stage of the rectifier circuit 2 and a capacitor 10 is connected in parallel with the positive and negative output terminals 5 and 5 so as not to pass the DC voltage of the battery.
  • a backflow prevention diode (not shown) may be provided in front of the output terminal 5 in the output circuit 6.
  • the charge level detection means 7 includes a voltage detection unit 7a including a voltmeter connected between the positive and negative terminals 5 and 5 of the output circuit 6, and a determination unit 7b.
  • the determination unit 7b is a unit that determines that charging is complete when the fluctuation range of the terminal voltage detected by the voltage detection unit 7a is equal to or less than the set fluctuation range or less than the set fluctuation range.
  • the set fluctuation range may be a fluctuation range of the ripple voltage at full charge, but is not necessarily a value corresponding to full charge, and may be a value having a margin for the remaining charge. For example, a battery for an electric vehicle can be charged by regenerative braking by providing a margin for the remaining chargeable amount.
  • the set fluctuation range is set according to the type of the battery 4 to be charged, but may be switched by a mode switch (not shown) or the like so as to be compatible with a plurality of types of batteries 4.
  • the voltage detection unit 7a is a digital voltmeter including, for example, an operational amplifier, a filter, a logic circuit, and the like, monitors and detects the terminal voltage, and the detected voltage value is a given signal. Output in format.
  • the determination unit 7b receives a predetermined conversion function or comparison function stored in a software library (Look (Up Look Up Table)) or a software library (Library), hardware equivalent thereto, and the like. In response to the input of the fluctuation width of the terminal voltage and the set fluctuation width, a flag as a comparison result between the fluctuation width of the terminal voltage and the set fluctuation width, that is, the determination signal of the charge completion is output.
  • Hardware circuit or software function The software is stored in a ROM (Read Only Memory), and the processor reads, processes, and executes, for example, to drive an electrical signal to the outside.
  • the charging stop means 11 is a means for stopping the charging when the charging degree detecting means determines that the charging is completed.
  • the charging stopping means 11 stops the charging by opening the open / close switch 12 provided in the output circuit 6.
  • the on / off switch 12 may be a semiconductor switching element or a contact switch such as a relay.
  • the charge stop unit 11 is a hardware circuit including a drive circuit that receives a determination signal indicating that the charge is detected by the charge level detection unit 7 and outputs a signal for opening and closing the open / close switch 12, for example.
  • the charging degree notifying means 13 is means for notifying a person of the degree of charging detected by the charging degree detecting means 7, and includes, for example, a liquid crystal panel or a notification lamp.
  • the charge level notification means 13 is configured to notify the charge level in stages by turning the lamp on, off, flashing, or the like, or displaying a percentage display, a pointer, a graph or the like on a screen such as a liquid crystal screen. It may be.
  • the pulsating flow a that has been rectified in the full wave by the rectifying circuit 2 is improved in the power factor by the power factor improving means 15 and becomes a pulsating flow b in which the current waveform is rectangular as shown in FIG. .
  • the output circuit 6 is charged with the pulsating flow b which has been improved in power factor and has not been smoothed.
  • the pulsating current a rectified by the full wave in the rectifier circuit 2 has a sine wave as shown in the upper left column, but the current waveform has a width as shown in the middle left column. Narrow pulses, with a large gap between each pulse. While the current value of the current waveform is zero, the power is zero. For this reason, as shown in the lower row of the left column, the power waveform has a narrow pulse shape like the current waveform, and charging efficiency is poor when used for charging as it is. However, in this embodiment, as shown in the right column of the figure by the power factor improving means 15, the input current waveform of the pulsating flow a is made rectangular to narrow the width between the wave peaks.
  • the power factor is improved, the power waveform becomes a wide rectangle, and the width between adjacent pulses of the current waveform becomes narrow. Therefore, by charging with the pulsating flow b after the power factor improvement, the charging can be performed as efficiently as possible in a short time while the pulsating flow.
  • the ripple voltage c corresponding to the pulsating flow b which is the charging voltage is generated in the terminal voltage of the battery 4 because of the pulsating flow.
  • the fluctuation range that is, the amplitude of the ripple voltage c is proportional to the internal resistance r of the battery 4.
  • the internal resistance r of the battery 4 decreases as charging progresses. For this reason, as charging progresses, the ripple voltage c decreases as indicated by the symbol “c ′”, and the fluctuation range of the terminal voltage of the battery 4 is measured by the charging degree detection means 7, thereby charging the battery 4. The degree can be accurately detected.
  • the degree of charge detected by the charge degree detection means 7 is displayed stepwise by the charge degree notification means 13 or as a percentage display.
  • the charging degree detection means 7 determines that the charging is completed, and in response to this determination, the charging stop means 11 turns the open / close switch 12 on. Open and stop charging.
  • the charging device of this configuration since charging is performed in a pulsating state where smoothing is not performed after rectification, a charging state such as full charging can be accurately detected, overcharging can be prevented, and battery life can be prevented. Decrease can be avoided.
  • charging is performed not by the pulsating flow output simply by rectification but by the pulsating flow after power factor improvement, charging can be performed efficiently, charging can be performed in a short time, and rapid charging can be supported.
  • FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of the present invention.
  • a voltage conversion circuit 14 for converting a voltage is provided in the first embodiment shown in FIG.
  • the voltage conversion circuit 14 is a hardware circuit composed of, for example, a regulator or a semiconductor element.
  • the voltage conversion circuit 14 is provided in the subsequent stage of the rectifier circuit 2, but may be provided in the previous stage of the rectifier circuit 2.
  • Other configurations are the same as those of the first embodiment.
  • a voltage conversion circuit 14 is provided so that the output side voltage of the input side rectifier circuit 2 is connected to the output side where the battery 4 is connected. Charging can be performed satisfactorily by converting the charging voltage to a voltage suitable for charging and then charging. In this case, since charging is performed in a pulsating manner in this charging device, the charging voltage applied to the charging terminal of the battery 4 may be set higher than the voltage for charging with a normal smoothed direct current. preferable. Thereby, the lengthening of the charge time with respect to direct current

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Abstract

　充電装置に、交流電源（１）の交流を整流して脈流として出力する整流回路（２）と、この整流回路（２）から出力される脈流の力率を高める力率改善手段（１５）と、出力回路（６）とを設ける。出力回路（６）は、充電対象機器（３）の充電端子に接続する出力端子（５）を有し前記力率改善手段（１５）から出力される力率改善脈流を、電圧の平滑化を行うことなく出力する。また、充電対象機器（３）のバッテリー（４）の端子電圧を監視し前記脈流により生じる前記端子電圧のリップル電圧の変動幅によって充電程度を検出する充電程度検出手段（７）を設ける。

Description

充電装置 関連出願
　本出願は、２０１４年９月１８日出願の特願２０１４－１８９６６５の優先権を主張するものであり、その全体を参照により本願の一部をなすものとして引用する。
　この発明は、電気自動車や、スマートフォン、充電式乾電池、ＤＩＹ電動工具等の充電式バッテリーを備える種々の充電対象機器への急速充電等に適用される充電装置に関する。
　従来、バッテリーの充電には、整流されかつ平滑化された直流電源を使用し、バッテリーの端子電圧を確認することでバッテリーの満充電等の蓄電状態を確認している。なお、研究・実験用途に設計されて、バッテリーの内部抵抗などの非常に小さい抵抗値を計測する機器としては、交流４端子法を用いたバッテリテスタ・内部抵抗計測器が市販されている（非特許文献１）。
交流４端子法バッテリテスタ・内部抵抗計測器（東京デバイセズＩＷ７８０７）、東京デバイセズ、http://tokyodevices.jp/categories/battery-testers （２０１４年６月１３日検索）
　従来の充電装置は、上記のように整流されかつ平滑化された直流電源を使用している。しかし、平滑化せずに整流した脈流をそのままバッテリーに接続し充電を行っても、バッテリー寿命の低下の上で問題がないことがわかった。また、充電程度の検出手段の工夫により、脈流で充電する方が、むしろ充電程度の検出に有利であることが分かった。
　すなわち、従来のバッテリーの端子電圧により蓄電状態を確認する方法では正確な蓄電状態を把握することが困難であり、そのため、特に急速充電時に過充電を起こし、バッテリーの寿命を短くするという課題がある。
　そこで、本発明者は、バッテリーの内部抵抗と充電程度とが比例する関係に着眼し、内部抵抗を検出して充電程度を検出することを考えた。バッテリーの内部抵抗は、内部抵抗計測器を用いれば、精度良く検出することができる。この内部抵抗の測定につき、従来の内部抵抗計測器は研究・実験用途向けの機器であって、高価であり、一般用途に用いることが困難であるうえ、端子の当て方による抵抗値の変動等で測定値が変動し、一般の者が正確に測定することが難しい。
　これに対して、脈流で充電すれば、その脈流により生じるバッテリーの端子電圧のリップル電圧の変動幅によって充電程度を検出することが分かった。
　このように、脈流で充電する方が、充電程度の検出に有利であり、過充電を回避してバッテリーの長寿命を図る上で有利である。
　しかし、商用電源等の交流から整流しただけの脈流は、電圧波形はサイン波であるが、電流波形が幅の狭いパルス状であり、充電される電力は電流と電圧の積であり、電流波形のパルス間の電流値零のときは電力も零となるため、充電の効率が悪いという問題点がある。
　この発明の目的は、上記課題を解消し、充電程度の検出に有利な脈流による充電を行いながら、充電の効率を高めた充電装置を提供することである。
　この発明の充電装置は、交流電源１の交流を整流して脈流として出力する整流回路２と、この整流回路２から出力される脈流の力率を高める力率改善手段１５と、充電対象機器３の充電端子に接続する出力端子５を有し前記力率改善手段１５から出力される力率改善脈流を、電圧の平滑化を行うことなく出力する出力回路６とを備える。
　この構成によると、力率改善手段１５を設けることで、整流回路２から出力される脈流の力率を高め、この力率改善脈流を用いて充電するため、脈流で充電するようにしながら、効率の良い充電が行える。また、脈流で充電するため、次のように充電程度の検出が精度良く行えて、過充電を防止し、バッテリー寿命を高めることができる。すなわち、脈流で充電すると、バッテリーの端子電圧にリップル電圧が生じる。このリップル電圧の変動幅、つまり振幅は、バッテリーの内部抵抗に比例する。また、バッテリーの内部抵抗は充電が進むに従って小さくなる。そのため、バッテリーの端子電圧の変動幅を測定することにより、バッテリーの充電の程度を正確に検出することができる。これにより、満充電を精度良く検出し、急速充電等における過充電を回避し、バッテリーの寿命低下を防止することができる。なお、脈流で充電するが、電圧変動があっても、過充電の場合のようなバッテリーの寿命低下は生じない。
　この発明の一実施形態において、前記力率改善手段１５は、前記整流回路から出力された脈流の電流波形を矩形化し各波山間の幅を狭めて前記力率改善脈流とする構成であっても良い。この構成によれば、脈流の電流波形を矩形化し各波山間の幅を狭めることで、前記脈流の力率が向上してバッテリーに印加される電力が大きくなる。
　この発明の一実施形態において、さらに、前記充電対象機器３のバッテリー４の端子電圧を監視し前記脈流により生じる前記端子電圧のリップル電圧の変動幅によって充電程度を検出する充電程度検出手段７を設けても良い。上記のように、整流後の電圧の平滑化を行っていない脈流の状態で充電すると、バッテリー４の端子電圧にリップル電圧が生じる。このリップル電圧の変動幅、つまり振幅は、バッテリー４の内部抵抗に比例する。また、バッテリー４の内部抵抗は充電が進むに従って小さくなる。そのため、前記充電程度検出手段７によりバッテリー４の端子電圧の変動幅を測定することにより、バッテリー４の充電の程度を正確に検出することができる。これにより、満充電を精度良く検出し、急速充電等における過充電を回避し、バッテリー４の寿命低下を防止することができる。
　なお、「リップル電圧」は、直流成分に重畳されて周期的に変動する電圧を言う。
　請求の範囲および／または明細書および／または図面に開示された少なくとも２つの構成のどのような組合せも、本発明に含まれる。特に、請求の範囲の各請求項の２つ以上のどのような組合せも、本発明に含まれる。
　この発明は、添付の図面を参考にした以下の好適な実施形態の説明から、より明瞭に理解されるであろう。しかしながら、実施形態および図面は単なる図示および説明のためのものであり、この発明の範囲を定めるために利用されるべきものではない。この発明の範囲は添付の請求の範囲によって定まる。添付図面において、複数の図面における同一の符号は、同一または相当する部分を示す。
この発明の一実施形態にかかる充電装置の回路図である。 同充電装置における力率改善手段による改善前後の電圧、電流、および電力の波形例の概略を示す説明図である。 この発明の他の実施形態にかかる充電装置の回路図である。 力率改善手段の一例を示す電気回路図である。
　この発明の一実施形態を図面と共に説明する。この充電装置は、交流電源１の交流を整流して脈流として出力する整流回路２と、この整流回路２から出力される脈流の力率を高める力率改善手段１５と、充電対象機器３の充電端子（図示せず）に接続する出力端子５を有し前記力率改善手段１５から出力される力率改善脈流を、電圧の平滑化を行うことなく出力する出力回路６とを備える。この充電装置は、さらに、前記充電対象機器３のバッテリー４の端子電圧を監視し前記脈流により生じる前記端子電圧のリップル電圧の変動幅によって充電程度を検出する充電程度検出手段７とを備える。この充電装置は、さらに、充電停止手段１１および充電程度報知手段１３を備える。
　前記交流電源１は、例えば１００Ｖまたは２００Ｖの単相の交流商用電源であり、整流回路２の上流側に、前記交流電源１の配線におけるコンセント（図示せず）に差し込むプラグ等の入力端子８が設けられている。整流回路２は、全波整流回路であり、半導体スイッチング素子２ａのブリッジ回路等で構成される。整流回路２は、半波整流回路であっても良い。
　充電対象機器３は、充電可能なバッテリー４を備える機器であればどのような機器でも良く、例えば、電気自動車、スマートフォン、パーソナルコンピュータ、ＤＩＹ電動工具、充電式乾電池の充電用ソケット等である。
　前記力率改善手段１５は、力率改善回路等からなる。力率改善回路は、電源の力率（power factor）を１に近づける回路のことであり、ＰＦＣ（Power Factor Correction）回路と呼ばれることが多い。なお、力率とは、交流電力の電圧と電流の位相差をφとすると、力率＝cos φで求められる。力率改善手段１５には、例えばフライバック方式の力率改善回路が用いられる。力率改善手段１５は、ここでは、具体的には、前記力率の改善処理として、図２のように入力された脈流ａの電流波形を矩形化し各波山間の幅を狭めて前記力率改善脈流ｂとする。
　図４に力率改善手段１５の回路例を示す。簡単に説明すると、スイッチング素子２１がオンされると、トランス２２の一次側に電流が流れ、エネルギーが蓄えられる。スイッチング素子２１がオフすると、蓄えられたエネルギーがトランス２２の二次側からダイオード２３を通して出力される。
　図１において、出力回路６は、前記力率改善手段１５から出力される力率改善脈流を前記出力端子５に印加する構成であれば良い。図示の例では整流回路２の後段に電流制限用の抵抗９を設けると共に、正負の出力端子５，５と並列にバッテリーの直流電圧を通さないためのコンデンサ１０を接続している。また、出力回路６における出力端子５の手前に、逆流防止用のダイオード（図示せず）を設けてもよい。
　充電程度検出手段７は、この例では、出力回路６の正負の端子５，５間に接続した電圧計からなる電圧検出部７ａと、判定部７ｂとからなる。判定部７ｂは、電圧検出部７ａで検出される前記端子電圧の変動幅が設定変動幅以下または設定変動幅未満になると充電完了と判定する手段である。前記設定変動幅は、満充電になるときのリップル電圧の変動幅とすれば良いが、必ずしも満充電に対応する値とせず、残充電可能量に余裕を持たせた値としても良い。例えば、電気自動車のバッテリーでは残充電可能量に余裕を持たせておくことで、回生ブレーキによる充電の余地が得られる。前記設定変動幅は、充電対象のバッテリー４の種類等に応じて設定されるが、複数種類のバッテリー４に対応できるようにモードスイッチ（図示せず）等で切換可能としても良い。
　具体的には、電圧検出部７ａは、例えばオペアンプ、フィルター、およびロジック回路等から構成されるデジタル電圧計であり、前記端子電圧を監視して検出し、当該検出した電圧値を所与の信号形式で出力する。また、判定部７ｂは、ソフトウエアやハードウエアで実現されたＬＵＴ（Look Up Table）、またはソフトウエアのライブラリ（Library）に収められた所定の変換関数または比較関数やそれに等価のハードウエア等を用いて、前記端子電圧の変動幅、および前記設定変動幅の入力を受けて、前記端子電圧の変動幅と前記設定変動幅との比較結果としてのフラグ、すなわち前記充電完了の判定信号を出力しうるハードウエア回路またはソフトウエア関数で構成されている。なお、ソフトウエアは、ＲＯＭ（Read Only Memory）に格納され、プロセッサが、読みだして処理および実行し、例えば外部への電気信号をドライブする。
　充電停止手段１１は、充電程度検出手段が充電完了と判定すると充電を停止する手段であり、例えば、出力回路６に設けた開閉スイッチ１２を開くことで充電を停止する。開閉スイッチ１２は、半導体スイッチング素子であっても、リレー等の有接点のスイッチであっても良い。充電停止手段１１は、例えば、充電程度検出手段７の充電完了との判定信号の入力を受けて、開閉スイッチ１２を開閉させる信号を出力するドライブ回路を含むハードウエア回路である。
　充電程度報知手段１３は、充電程度検出手段７により検出された充電の程度を人に知らせる手段であり、例えば、液晶パネルまたは報知ランプ等からなる。充電程度報知手段１３は、充電の程度を、ランプのオン、オフ、点滅等で段階的に知らせる構成であっても、またパーセント表示や指針，グラフ等を液晶画面のようなスクリーンに表示する構成であっても良い。
　上記構成の充電装置によると、整流回路２で全波整流された脈流ａが、力率改善手段１５で力率改善されて電流波形が図２のように矩形化された脈流ｂとなる。出力回路６は、この力率改善されて後に平滑化されていない脈流ｂで充電する。
　図２と共に説明すると、整流回路２で全波整流された脈流ａは、同図左列上段に示すように電圧波形がサイン波状であるが、左列中段に示すように、電流波形は幅の狭いパルス状となり、各パルス間の間隔が大きく開いている。電流波形の電流値が零の間は、電力も零となる。そのため、左列下段に示すように、電力波形は、電流波形と同様に幅の狭いパルス状となり、このまま充電に用いると充電効率が悪い。しかし、この実施形態では、力率改善手段１５により同図右列に示すように、入力された脈流ａの電流波形を矩形化し各波山間の幅を狭める。これにより力率が改善されて電力波形が幅の広い矩形となり、電流波形の隣合うパルス間の幅が狭くなる。そのため、この力率改善後の脈流ｂで充電することにより、脈流でありながら、できるだけ効率良く短時間で充電することができる。
　上記のように力率改善は行うが、脈流であるため、バッテリー４の端子電圧に充電電圧である脈流ｂに対応するリップル電圧ｃが生じる。このリップル電圧ｃの変動幅、つまり振幅は、バッテリー４の内部抵抗ｒに比例する。また、バッテリー４の内部抵抗ｒは充電が進むに従って小さくなる。そのため、充電が進むに従って、リップル電圧ｃが符号「ｃ′」で波形を示すように小さくなり、充電程度検出手段７によりバッテリー４の端子電圧の変動幅を測定することによって、バッテリー４の充電の程度を正確に検出することができる。
　充電程度検出手段７により検出した充電の程度は、充電程度報知手段１３により段階的に、またはパーセント表示等で表示する。充電程度検出手段７により、リップル電圧ｃの変動幅が設定変動幅以下または未満になると、充電程度検出手段７は充電完了と判定し、この判定に応答して充電停止手段１１は開閉スイッチ１２を開き、充電を停止する。
　スマートフォン等の多くの充電対象機器３は、充電装置に接続したままで放置する場合が多いが、前記充電停止手段１１を設けることで、特に人による操作を必要とせずに、過充電を防止し、バッテリー４の寿命低下を回避できる。
　このように、この構成の充電装置によると、整流後に平滑化を行わない脈流の状態で充電するため、満充電等の充電状態を正確に検出でき、過充電の防止が行え、バッテリーの寿命低下を回避できる。また、単に整流によって出力した脈流でなく、その後に力率改善を行った脈流で充電するため、効率良く充電できて、短時間で充電が行え、急速充電にも対応することができる。
　図３は、この発明の他の実施形態を示す。この例は、図１に示す第１の実施形態において、電圧を変換する電圧変換回路１４を設けたものである。電圧変換回路１４は、例えば、レギュレータや半導体素子等からなるハードウエア回路である。図示の例では、電圧変換回路１４を整流回路２の後段に設けているが、整流回路２の前段に設けても良い。その他の構成は第１の実施形態と同様である。
　前記交流電源１の電圧とバッテリー４の電圧は大きく異なる場合があるため、電圧変換回路１４を設けて、入力側の整流回路２の出力電圧に対して、バッテリー４が接続されている出力側の充電電圧を充電に適した電圧に変換したうえで充電を行うようにすることで、良好に充電が行える。この場合に、この充電装置では脈流で充電を行うため、バッテリー４の充電端子に印加する充電電圧は、通常の平滑化された直流で充電する場合の電圧よりも高く設定しておくことが好ましい。これにより、脈流で充電することで生じる直流に対する充電時間の長時間化が回避できる。
　以上のとおり、図面を参照しながら好適な実施形態を説明したが、当業者であれば、本件明細書を見て、自明な範囲内で種々の変更および修正を容易に想定するであろう。したがって、そのような変更および修正は、請求の範囲から定まる発明の範囲内のものと解釈される。
１…交流電源
２…整流回路
３…充電対象機器
４…バッテリー
５…出力端子
６…出力回路
７…充電程度検出手段
１１…充電停止手段
１３…充電程度報知手段
１４…電圧変換回路
１５…力率改善手段

Claims (3)

  1. 　交流電源の交流を整流して脈流として出力する整流回路と、
    　前記整流回路から出力される脈流の力率を高める力率改善手段と、
    　充電対象機器の充電端子に接続する出力端子を有し、前記力率改善手段から出力される力率改善脈流を、電圧の平滑化を行うことなく出力する出力回路と、
    を備える充電装置。
  2. 　請求項１に記載の充電装置において、前記力率改善手段は、前記整流回路から出力された脈流の電流波形を矩形化し各波山間の幅を狭めて前記力率改善脈流とする充電装置。
  3. 　請求項１または請求項２に記載の充電装置において、さらに、前記充電対象機器のバッテリーの端子電圧を監視し前記脈流により生じる前記端子電圧のリップル電圧の変動幅によって充電程度を検出する充電程度検出手段を備える充電装置。
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