WO2016009822A1 - 光電変換素子 - Google Patents
光電変換素子 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016009822A1 WO2016009822A1 PCT/JP2015/068756 JP2015068756W WO2016009822A1 WO 2016009822 A1 WO2016009822 A1 WO 2016009822A1 JP 2015068756 W JP2015068756 W JP 2015068756W WO 2016009822 A1 WO2016009822 A1 WO 2016009822A1
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- photoelectric conversion
- conversion element
- substituent
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element.
- a transparent or translucent photoelectric conversion element can generate power while transmitting light, it is expected to be used for various purposes such as installation in a window.
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a transparent or translucent photoelectric conversion element having a plurality of transparent electrodes and a plurality of organic layers.
- Non-Patent Document 1 When used for a window, it is desirable that the saturation indicating the vividness of the color of the photoelectric conversion element is small.
- the photoelectric conversion element shown in Non-Patent Document 1 described above is colored and has high saturation.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a photoelectric conversion element having a low saturation as a whole.
- the present invention is as follows. [1] Layer A in which the hue in the L * C * h color system calculated from the transmittance spectrum is h 1 degree, and the hue in the L * C * h color system calculated from the transmittance spectrum is h 2 the photoelectric conversion device having a layer B in degrees, the h 1 and the h 2 is, h 1 + 100 ⁇ h 2 ⁇ h 1 +260 in which the photoelectric conversion element.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention includes a layer A in which the hue in the L * C * h color system calculated from the transmittance spectrum is h 1 degrees, and an L * C * h color system calculated from the transmittance spectrum. And a layer B having a hue of h 2 degrees, wherein the h 1 and the h 2 are h 1 + 100 ⁇ h 2 ⁇ h 1 +260 (condition 1). .
- h 1 + 110 ⁇ h 2 ⁇ h 1 +250 (condition 1-1) is preferable, and h 1 + 120 ⁇ h 2 ⁇ h 1 +240 (condition) 1-2) is more preferable.
- the hue h degree (h 1 ) in the L * C * h color system of the layer A is smaller than the hue h degree (h 2 ) of the layer B.
- H 1 and h 2 are 0 ⁇ h 1 and h 2 ⁇ 360.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has two layers A and B which are complementary to each other, that is, (condition 1), preferably (condition 1-1), more preferably (condition 1-2). By laminating the two layers A and B, the saturation is small as a whole.
- Each of the layers A and B is a layer constituting a photoelectric conversion element.
- the layer A and the layer B include an electrode which is a conductive layer; a semiconductor layer disposed between the electrodes; a sealing layer; a support substrate; a protective layer;
- the semiconductor layer may be composed of either an organic compound or an inorganic compound, or may be a mixture of both.
- the semiconductor layer include an active layer; and a charge transport layer selected from a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer.
- One of the layer A and the layer B is preferably a semiconductor layer, one is a semiconductor layer, and the other is more preferably a semiconductor layer or a toning layer, and more preferably both are semiconductor layers.
- One or both of the semiconductor layers are preferably active layers.
- the structure in which the layer A and the layer B are stacked may be a multi-junction structure in which the layers A and B (for example, two semiconductor layers) are stacked between the electrodes.
- a structure in which photoelectric conversion elements are simply overlapped and wired may be employed.
- all the layers and electrodes constituting the photoelectric conversion element each show light transmittance.
- “showing light transmittance” means “transparent or translucent”.
- “showing light transmittance” may be simply described as “transparent” including transparent and translucent.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is particularly preferable because an organic photoelectric conversion element using an organic material as a semiconductor layer is thin and lightweight.
- the saturation of the photoelectric conversion element is small.
- the fact that the saturation is small as a whole means that the saturation C * in the L * C * h color system calculated from the transmittance spectrum of the photoelectric conversion element is usually 12 or less.
- the chroma C * is more preferably 10 or less, and further preferably 8 or less.
- the visible light transmittance of all layers (including electrodes) other than the layer A and the layer B of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is 70%. It is preferable that it is above, and it is more preferable that it is 80% or more.
- the visible light transmittance is a visible light transmittance determined as an evaluation item of optical performance of JIS A5759.
- the saturation of all layers (including electrodes) other than the layer A and the layer B of the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is the layer A and It is preferably smaller than the saturation of any layer of layer B.
- the saturation C * and hue h in the L * C * h color system of the photoelectric conversion element are measured by measuring the transmittance spectrum in the stacking direction of the photoelectric conversion element with a spectrophotometer, and in the range of 380 nm to 780 nm. It can be obtained by calculating L * a * b * chromaticity coordinates from the transmittance spectrum.
- the chroma C * and the hue h in the L * C * h color system of the layer A or the layer B are also obtained by measuring the transmittance spectrum in the thickness direction of only the layer A or the transmittance spectrum in the thickness direction of only the layer B.
- the L * a * b * chromaticity coordinates can be calculated from the transmittance spectrum in the range of 380 nm to 780 nm.
- the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has a layer A and a layer B that satisfy (Condition 1), preferably (Condition 1-1), and more preferably (Condition 1-2), thereby reducing the saturation as a whole. .
- Each of the layers A and B may be colored and have high saturation.
- an active layer that is highly efficient but colored and has a relatively high saturation can be used as layer A and / or layer B. That is, the photoelectric conversion element of the present invention has either one of the saturation C * in the L * C * h color system of only the layer A and the saturation C * in the L * C * h color system of only the layer B. Even if it is 12 or more, it can be suitably used, and even if both are 12 or more, it can be suitably used.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is a photoelectric conversion element having an anode and a cathode, and including one or more semiconductor layers between the anode and the cathode.
- the semiconductor layer include an active layer; an intermediate layer; and a charge transport layer selected from a hole transport layer and an electron transport layer.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention may include a sealing layer, a support substrate, a protective layer, a toning layer and the like. All the layers (including electrodes) constituting the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention exhibit light transparency.
- One form of the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is an organic photoelectric conversion element having a configuration in which an anode and a cathode are provided on a supporting substrate, a semiconductor layer is laminated between the anode and the cathode, and sealed with a sealing layer. It is.
- the organic photoelectric conversion device of the present invention includes Layer A and Layer B that satisfy (Condition 1), preferably (Condition 1-1), and more preferably (Condition 1-2).
- the layer A and the layer B may be any layer constituting an organic photoelectric conversion element, respectively, an electrode (anode and cathode) which is a conductive layer, or a semiconductor layer placed between the electrodes, a sealing layer, a support Examples include a substrate, a protective layer, and a toning layer.
- One of the layers A and B is preferably a semiconductor layer, one is a semiconductor layer, and the other is more preferably a semiconductor layer or a toning layer, and both are more preferably semiconductor layers. .
- one or both of the semiconductor layers are preferably active layers.
- One preferable form of the organic photoelectric conversion device of the present invention is an organic photoelectric conversion device including a structure having two semiconductor layers between transparent electrodes, one of the two semiconductor layers is layer A and the other is layer B. is there.
- One of the semiconductor layers is preferably an active layer, and more preferably all are active layers.
- organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is an organic photoelectric conversion element including a structure having a toning layer and a semiconductor layer between transparent electrodes, and one of the toning layer and the semiconductor layer is layer A.
- the other is layer B.
- the semiconductor layer is an active layer.
- Both anode and cathode are composed of transparent or translucent electrodes (transparent electrodes). Light incident from a transparent or translucent electrode is absorbed in the active layer by an electron-accepting compound and / or an electron-donating compound described later, thereby generating excitons in which electrons and holes are combined. . When the exciton moves in the active layer and reaches the heterojunction interface where the electron accepting compound and the electron donating compound are adjacent to each other, the difference between the HOMO energy and the LUMO energy at the interface causes the electrons and holes to be separated. Charges (electrons and holes) are generated that can separate and move independently. The generated electric charges are taken out as electric energy (current) by moving to the electrodes.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention usually includes a support substrate.
- the support substrate one that does not change chemically when an organic photoelectric conversion element is produced is suitably used.
- the support substrate since it is necessary to be transparent, examples of the support substrate include transparent substrates such as glass substrates, plastic substrates, and polymer films.
- a transparent or translucent conductive metal oxide film As the anode or cathode electrode (transparent anode or transparent cathode), a transparent or translucent conductive metal oxide film, a metal thin film, a conductive film containing an organic substance, or the like is used.
- indium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, indium tin oxide (Indium Tin Oxide: abbreviated as ITO), indium zinc oxide (Indium Zinc Oxide: abbreviated as IZO), gold, platinum, silver, copper, aluminum, Thin films such as polyaniline and derivatives thereof, and polythiophene and derivatives thereof are used.
- a thin film of ITO, IZO or tin oxide is preferably used for the transparent electrode.
- a transparent or translucent electrode in which the thickness of the thin film constituting the transparent electrode described above is set to a thickness that allows light to pass through is used as the transparent electrode.
- Electrodes As transparent or translucent electrodes, dispersion of emulsions (emulsions), suspensions (suspensions), metal pastes, etc. containing conductive nanoparticles, conductive nanowires, or conductive nanotubes It may be formed by a coating method using a liquid, a molten low melting point metal or the like.
- the conductive substance include metals such as gold and silver, oxides such as ITO (indium tin oxide), and carbon nanotubes.
- the electrode may be composed only of nanoparticles or nanofibers of a conductive substance. However, as shown in JP-T-2010-525526, the electrode is made up of nanoparticles or nanofibers of a conductive substance. You may have the structure disperse
- the transparent electrode can take the form of a single layer or a stack of a plurality of layers.
- the sealing layer is provided on the side opposite to the support substrate side of the electrode that is not in contact with the support substrate, and blocks the semiconductor layer and the electrode from the outside air.
- a material that does not change chemically when an organic photoelectric conversion element is produced is preferably used.
- a transparent sealing layer such as a glass plate, a plastic plate, or a polymer film is used as the sealing layer.
- the protective layer (that is, the passivation layer) is a layer having a function of mechanically or chemically protecting the semiconductor layer and the electrode.
- the protective layer is provided between the electrode and the sealing layer in contact with the electrode that is not in contact with the support substrate.
- examples of the protective layer include transparent insulating inorganic films such as SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 ; transparent insulating polymer films.
- a colored translucent toning layer that has a complementary color relationship with any of the other layers. You may have.
- the toning layer is usually provided on the surface of the sealing layer or the support substrate.
- the toning layer for example, a film obtained by directly applying and forming a material constituting the toning layer on a sealing layer or a support substrate, a glass plate toned by applying a toning material, a colored translucent film, and the like Etc.
- the active layer can take the form of a single layer or a stack of a plurality of layers.
- the active layer having a single layer structure is composed of a layer containing an electron accepting compound and an electron donating compound.
- the active layer having a configuration in which a plurality of layers are stacked includes, for example, a stacked body in which a first active layer containing an electron donating compound and a second active layer containing an electron accepting compound are stacked. .
- the first active layer is disposed closer to the anode than the second active layer.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element may have a configuration in which a plurality of active layers are stacked via an intermediate layer. In such a case, a multi-junction element (tandem element) is formed.
- each active layer may be a single layer type containing an electron accepting compound and an electron donating compound, or the first active layer containing an electron donating compound and the electron accepting compound may be combined. It may be a laminated type composed of a laminate in which the second active layer contained is laminated.
- the intermediate layer can take the form of a single layer or a stack of a plurality of layers.
- the intermediate layer is constituted by a so-called charge injection layer or charge transport layer.
- a functional layer containing an electron transporting material described later can be used for the intermediate layer.
- the active layer is preferably formed by a coating method.
- the active layer preferably contains a polymer compound, and may contain a polymer compound alone or in combination of two or more.
- an electron donating compound and / or an electron accepting compound may be mixed in the active layer.
- the electron-accepting compound used in the organic photoelectric conversion element is composed of a compound whose HOMO energy is higher than that of the electron-donating compound and whose LUMO energy is higher than that of the electron-donating compound.
- the electron donating compound may be a low molecular compound or a high molecular compound.
- Examples of the low molecular electron-donating compound include phthalocyanine, metal phthalocyanine, porphyrin, metal porphyrin, oligothiophene, tetracene, pentacene, and rubrene.
- Polymeric electron donating compounds include polyvinylcarbazole and derivatives thereof, polysilane and derivatives thereof, polysiloxane derivatives having aromatic amines in the side chain or main chain, polyaniline and derivatives thereof, polythiophene and derivatives thereof, polypyrrole and derivatives thereof , Polyphenylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, polythienylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, polyfluorene and derivatives thereof, and the like.
- the electron-accepting compound may be a low molecular compound or a high molecular compound.
- Low molecular electron accepting compounds include oxadiazole derivatives, anthraquinodimethane and its derivatives, benzoquinone and its derivatives, naphthoquinone and its derivatives, anthraquinone and its derivatives, tetracyanoanthraquinodimethane and its derivatives, fluorenone derivatives , diphenyldicyanoethylene and derivatives thereof, diphenoquinone derivatives, 8-hydroxyquinoline and metal complexes of derivatives thereof, polyquinoline and derivatives thereof, polyquinoxaline and derivatives thereof, polyfluorene and derivatives thereof, fullerenes and derivatives thereof such as C 60, bathocuproine And the like, and the like.
- Polymeric electron-accepting compounds include polyvinylcarbazole and derivatives thereof, polysilane and derivatives thereof, polysiloxane derivatives having aromatic amines in the side chain or main chain, polyaniline and derivatives thereof, polythiophene and derivatives thereof, polypyrrole and derivatives thereof , Polyphenylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, polythienylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, polyfluorene and derivatives thereof, and the like. Among these, fullerenes and derivatives thereof are particularly preferable.
- fullerenes include C 60 , C 70 , carbon nanotubes, and derivatives thereof.
- Specific examples of the C 60 fullerene derivative include the following.
- the proportion of fullerenes and fullerene derivatives is 100 parts by weight of the electron-donating compound.
- the amount is preferably 10 to 1000 parts by weight, and more preferably 50 to 500 parts by weight.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element preferably includes the active layer having the above-described single layer structure, and from the viewpoint of including many heterojunction interfaces, an electron-accepting compound composed of fullerenes and / or derivatives of fullerenes, It is more preferable to provide an active layer having a single layer structure containing an electron donating compound.
- the active layer preferably contains a conjugated polymer compound, and more preferably contains a conjugated polymer compound and fullerenes and / or fullerene derivatives.
- conjugated polymer compound used in the active layer include polythiophene and derivatives thereof, polyphenylene vinylene and derivatives thereof, polyfluorene and derivatives thereof, and the like.
- the conjugated polymer compound contained in the active layer is preferably a conjugated polymer compound having a structural unit represented by the formula (1).
- Z represents a group represented by any one of the following formulas (Z-1) to (Z-7).
- Ar 1 and Ar 2 may be the same or different and each represents a trivalent aromatic heterocyclic group
- R represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an amino group, a cyano group, or a monovalent organic group.
- the monovalent organic group include an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted alkylthio group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an arylthio group, and a substituted group.
- formula (Z-1) to formula (Z-7) when there are two R, they may be the same or different.
- halogen atom represented by R examples include a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, preferably a fluorine atom.
- the alkyl group which may be substituted may be linear or branched, and may be a cycloalkyl group.
- the alkyl group usually has 1 to 30 carbon atoms.
- Examples of the substituent that the alkyl group may have include a halogen atom. Specific examples of the halogen atom are the same as the specific examples of the halogen atom represented by R.
- alkyl group which may be substituted include methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl tomb, pentyl group, isopentyl group, 2- Methylbutyl group, 1-methylbutyl group, hexyl group, isohexyl group, 3-methylpentyl group, 2-methylpentyl group, 1-methylpentyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, isooctyl group, 2-ethylhexyl group, 3,7- Examples include chain alkyl groups such as dimethyloctyl group, nonyl group, decyl group, undecyl group, dodecyl group, tetradecyl group, hexadecyl tomb, octadecyl group, eicosyl group, and cyclo
- the optionally substituted alkoxy group may be linear or branched, and may be a cycloalkoxy group.
- substituent that the alkoxy group may have include a halogen atom.
- Specific examples of the halogen atom are the same as the specific examples of the halogen atom represented by R.
- the alkoxy group usually has about 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the optionally substituted alkoxy group include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, a propoxy group, an isopropoxy group, a butoxy group, an isobutoxy group, a tert-butoxy group, a pentyloxy group, a hexyloxy group, a cyclohexyloxy group, Heptyloxy, octyloxy, 2-ethylhexyloxy, nonyloxy, decyloxy, 3,7-dimethyloctyloxy, lauryloxy, trifluoromethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, perfluorobutoxy, perfluoro Examples include a hexyloxy group, a perfluorooctyloxy group, a methoxymethyloxy group, and a 2-methoxyethyloxy group.
- the alkylthio group which may be substituted may be linear or branched, and may be a cycloalkylthio group.
- substituent that the alkylthio group may have include a halogen atom.
- Specific examples of the halogen atom are the same as the specific examples of the halogen atom represented by R.
- the alkylthio group usually has about 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- optionally substituted alkylthio group examples include methylthio group, ethylthio group, propylthio group, isopropylthio group, butylthio group, isobutylthio group, tert-butylthio group, pentylthio group, hexylthio group, cyclohexylthio group, heptylthio group.
- An aryl group is an atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring from an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, and usually has 6 to 60 carbon atoms.
- substituent include a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkoxy group, and an optionally substituted alkylthio group.
- halogen atom, the optionally substituted alkoxy group and the optionally substituted alkylthio group include a halogen atom represented by R, an optionally substituted alkyl group, and an optionally substituted alkoxy. The same as the specific examples of the group and the optionally substituted alkylthio group.
- aryl group examples include a phenyl group, a C1 to C12 alkyloxyphenyl group (C1 to C12 alkyl represents an alkyl having 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
- C1 to C12 alkyl is preferably C1 to C8 alkyl. More preferably, it is C1 to C6 alkyl, C1 to C8 alkyl represents alkyl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and C1 to C6 alkyl represents alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
- C1 to C12 alkyl, C1 to C8 alkyl and C1 to C6 alkyl include those described and exemplified for the above alkyl group, and the same applies to the following.), C1 to C12 alkylphenyl group, 1 -Naphthyl group, 2-naphthyl group and pentafluorophenyl group.
- the aryloxy group usually has about 6 to 60 carbon atoms.
- Specific examples of the aryloxy group include a phenoxy group, a C1-C12 alkyloxyphenoxy group, a C1-C12 alkylphenoxy group, a 1-naphthyloxy group, a 2-naphthyloxy group, and a pentafluorophenyloxy group.
- the arylthio group usually has about 6 to 60 carbon atoms.
- Specific examples of the arylthio group include a phenylthio group, a C1-C12 alkyloxyphenylthio group, a C1-C12 alkylphenylthio group, a 1-naphthylthio group, a 2-naphthylthio group, and a pentafluorophenylthio group.
- the arylalkyl group which may be substituted usually has about 7 to 60 carbon atoms, and the alkyl part may have a substituent.
- substituent include a halogen atom.
- Specific examples of the halogen atom are the same as the specific examples of the halogen atom represented by R.
- arylalkyl group which may be substituted include a phenyl-C1-C12 alkyl group, a C1-C12 alkyloxyphenyl-C1-C12 alkyl group, a C1-C12 alkylphenyl-C1-C12 alkyl group, 1- Examples include naphthyl-C1 to C12 alkyl groups and 2-naphthyl-C1 to C12 alkyl groups.
- the arylalkoxy group which may be substituted usually has about 7 to 60 carbon atoms, and the alkoxy moiety may have a substituent.
- substituent include a halogen atom.
- halogen atom are the same as the specific examples of the halogen atom represented by R.
- Specific examples of the optionally substituted arylalkyloxy group include phenyl-C1-C12 alkyloxy group, C1-C12 alkyloxyphenyl-C1-C12 alkyloxy group, C1-C12 alkylphenyl-C1-C12 alkyloxy group. And a 1-naphthyl-C1-C12 alkyloxy group and a 2-naphthyl-C1-C12 alkyloxy group.
- the arylalkylthio group which may be substituted usually has about 7 to 60 carbon atoms, and the alkylthio moiety may have a substituent.
- substituent include a halogen atom.
- Specific examples of the halogen atom are the same as the specific examples of the halogen atom represented by R.
- arylalkylthio group examples include phenyl-C1 to C12 alkylthio group, C1 to C12 alkyloxyphenyl-C1 to C12 alkylthio group, C1 to C12 alkylphenyl-C1 to C12 alkylthio group, 1- Examples thereof include a naphthyl-C1 to C12 alkylthio group and a 2-naphthyl-C1 to C12 alkylthio group.
- the acyl group which may be substituted usually has about 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
- substituent that the acyl group may have include a halogen atom.
- Specific examples of the halogen atom are the same as the specific examples of the halogen atom represented by R.
- Specific examples of the optionally substituted acyl group include acetyl group, propionyl group, butyryl group, isobutyryl group, pivaloyl group, benzoyl group, trifluoroacetyl group, and pentafluorobenzoyl group.
- the acyloxy group which may be substituted usually has about 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
- substituent that the acyloxy group may have include a halogen atom.
- Specific examples of the halogen atom are the same as the specific examples of the halogen atom represented by R.
- Specific examples of the optionally substituted acyloxy group include acetoxy group, propionyloxy group, butyryloxy group, isobutyryloxy group, pivaloyloxy group, benzoyloxy group, trifluoroacetyloxy group and pentafluorobenzoyloxy group. It is done.
- the amide group which may be substituted usually has about 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- An amide group refers to a group obtained by removing a hydrogen atom bonded to a nitrogen atom from an amide.
- Examples of the substituent that the amide group may have include a halogen atom.
- Specific examples of the halogen atom are the same as the specific examples of the halogen atom represented by R.
- the acid imide group which may be substituted usually has about 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
- An acid imide group refers to a group obtained by removing a hydrogen atom bonded to a nitrogen atom from an acid imide.
- the substituent that the acid imide group may have include a halogen atom.
- Specific examples of the halogen atom are the same as the specific examples of the halogen atom represented by R.
- Specific examples of the acid imide group which may be substituted include a succinimide group and a phthalimide group.
- the substituted amino group usually has about 1 to 40 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group and aryl group which may be substituted are mentioned, for example.
- Specific examples of the optionally substituted alkyl group and aryl group are the same as the specific examples of the optionally substituted alkyl group and aryl group represented by R.
- substituent amino group examples include methylamino group, dimethylamino group, ethylamino group, diethylamino group, propylamino group, dipropylamino group, isopropylamino group, diisopropylamino group, butylamino group, isobutylamino group, tert-Butylamino, pentylamino, hexylamino, cyclohexylamino, heptylamino, octylamino, 2-ethylhexylamino, nonylamino, decylamino, 3,7-dimethyloctylamino, laurylamino , Cyclopentylamino group, dicyclopentylamino group, cyclohexylamino group, dicyclohexylamino group, pyrrolidyl group, piperidyl group, ditrifluoromethylamino
- the substituted silyl group usually has about 3 to 40 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group and aryl group which may be substituted are mentioned, for example.
- Specific examples of the optionally substituted alkyl group and aryl group are the same as the specific examples of the optionally substituted alkyl group and aryl group represented by R.
- substituted silyl group examples include trimethylsilyl group, triethylsilyl group, tripropylsilyl group, triisopropylsilyl group, tert-butyldimethylsilyl group, triphenylsilyl group, tri-p-xylylsilyl group, tribenzylsilyl group, Examples thereof include a diphenylmethylsilyl group, a tert-butyldiphenylsilyl group, and a dimethylphenylsilyl group.
- the substituted silyloxy group usually has about 3 to 40 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group and aryl group which may be substituted are mentioned, for example.
- Specific examples of the optionally substituted alkyl group and aryl group are the same as the specific examples of the optionally substituted alkyl group and aryl group represented by R.
- Specific examples of the substituted silyloxy group include trimethylsilyloxy group, triethylsilyloxy group, tripropylsilyloxy group, triisopropylsilyloxy group, tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy group, triphenylsilyloxy group, tri-p-xylyl group.
- Examples thereof include a silyloxy group, a tribenzylsilyloxy group, a diphenylmethylsilyloxy group, a tert-butyldiphenylsilyloxy group, and a dimethylphenylsilyloxy group.
- the substituted silylthio group usually has about 3 to 40 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group and aryl group which may be substituted are mentioned, for example.
- Specific examples of the optionally substituted alkyl group and aryl group are the same as the specific examples of the optionally substituted alkyl group and aryl group represented by R.
- substituted silylthio group examples include trimethylsilylthio group, triethylsilylthio group, tripropylsilylthio group, triisopropylsilylthio group, tert-butyldimethylsilylthio group, triphenylsilylthio group, tri-p-xylyl group.
- Examples include silylthio group, tribenzylsilylthio group, diphenylmethylsilylthio group, tert-butyldiphenylsilylthio group, and dimethylphenylsilylthio group.
- the substituted silylamino group usually has about 3 to 80 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group and aryl group which may be substituted are mentioned, for example.
- Specific examples of the optionally substituted alkyl group and aryl group are the same as the specific examples of the optionally substituted alkyl group and aryl group represented by R.
- substituted silylamino group examples include trimethylsilylamino group, triethylsilylamino group, tripropylsilylamino group, triisopropylsilylamino group, tert-butyldimethylsilylamino group, triphenylsilylamino group, tri-p-xylyl group.
- a monovalent heterocyclic group is an atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom on a heterocyclic ring from an optionally substituted heterocyclic compound.
- the monovalent heterocyclic group usually has 4 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the heterocyclic compound include furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, prazolidine, furazane, triazole, thiadiazole, oxadi Azole, tetrazole, pyran, pyridine, piperidine, thiopyran, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, piperazine, morpholine, triazine, benzofuran, isobenzofuran, benzothiophene, indole, isoin
- Examples of the substituent that the heterocyclic compound may have include a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkoxy group, and an optionally substituted alkylthio group.
- Specific examples of the halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted alkoxy group, and a substituted and optionally substituted alkylthio group include a halogen atom represented by R, an optionally substituted Specific examples of the good alkyl group, the optionally substituted alkoxy group and the optionally substituted alkylthio group are the same.
- the heterocyclic group an aromatic heterocyclic group is preferable.
- heterocyclic oxy group examples include a group represented by the formula (A-1) in which an oxygen atom is bonded to the monovalent heterocyclic group.
- heterocyclic thio group examples include a group represented by the formula (A-2) in which a sulfur atom is bonded to the monovalent heterocyclic group.
- A-1 A-2) (In formula (A-1) and formula (A-2), Ar 3 represents a monovalent heterocyclic group.)
- heterocyclic oxy group examples include thienyloxy group, C1-C12 alkylthienyloxy group, pyrrolyloxy group, furyloxy group, pyridyloxy group, C1-C12 alkylpyridyloxy group, imidazolyloxy group, pyrazolyloxy group, triazolyl group. And a ruoxy group, an oxazolyloxy group, a thiazoleoxy group, and a thiadiazoleoxy group.
- heterocyclic thio group examples include thienyl mercapto group, C1-C12 alkyl thienyl mercapto group, pyrrolyl mercapto group, furyl mercapto group, pyridyl mercapto group, C1-C12 alkyl pyridyl mercapto group, imidazolyl mercapto group, pyrazolyl mercapto group. , Triazolyl mercapto group, oxazolyl mercapto group, thiazole mercapto group and thiadiazole mercapto group.
- the arylalkenyl group usually has 8 to 20 carbon atoms. Specific examples of the arylalkenyl group include a styryl group.
- the arylalkynyl group usually has 8 to 20 carbon atoms. Specific examples of the arylalkynyl group include a phenylacetylenyl group.
- the trivalent aromatic heterocyclic group represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 is a remaining heterocyclic compound obtained by removing three hydrogen atoms on the aromatic ring from an optionally substituted heterocyclic compound.
- the carbon number of the trivalent aromatic heterocyclic group is usually 2 to 60, preferably 4 to 60, and more preferably 4 to 20.
- Examples of the substituent that the heterocyclic compound having aromaticity may have include a halogen atom, an amino group, a cyano group, and a monovalent organic group.
- the definitions and specific examples of the halogen atom and monovalent organic group are the same as the definitions and specific examples of the halogen atom and monovalent organic group represented by R.
- trivalent aromatic heterocyclic group represented by Ar 1 and Ar 2 include the following formulas (201) to (301).
- R represents the same meaning as described above. When there are a plurality of R, they may be the same or different.
- Formula (202), Formula (205), Formula (206), Formula (207), Formula (210), Formula (212), Formula (220), Formula (235), Formula (238), Formula (270), Formula (271), Formula (272), Formula (273), Formula (274), Formula (275), Formula (286), Formula (287), Formula (288), Formula (291), Formula (292), Formula (293), Formula (296), and a group represented by Formula (301) are preferable.
- Formula (235), formula (271), formula (272), formula (273), formula (274), formula (286), formula (291), formula (296) and formula (301) are more preferable, and groups represented by the formula (271), the formula (272), the formula (273), and the formula (274) are more preferable. Properly, the group represented by the formula (273) is particularly preferred.
- the structural unit represented by the formula (1) is preferably a structural unit represented by the following formula (2).
- Examples of the structural unit represented by the formula (2) include structural units represented by the formulas (501) to (505).
- R represents the same meaning as described above. When there are two R, they may be the same or different. ]
- formula (501), formula (502), formula (503), formula (504) The structural unit represented by Formula (501) is preferable, the structural unit represented by Formula (504) is more preferable, and the structural unit represented by Formula (501) is particularly preferable.
- the conjugated polymer compound having the structural unit represented by the formula (1) may have another structural unit.
- the structural unit represented by Formula (3) is mentioned, for example.
- the arylene group which may have a substituent represented by Ar 4
- the arylene group is a group obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from an aromatic hydrocarbon.
- the number of carbon atoms in the arylene group is usually 6-60.
- the substituent include a halogen atom, an alkyl group (for example, 1 to 20 carbon atoms), a cycloalkyl group (for example, 3 to 20 carbon atoms), an alkoxy group (for example, 1 to 20 carbon atoms), and a cycloalkoxy And groups (for example, 3 to 20 carbon atoms).
- a fluorine atom is preferable.
- the arylene group which may have a substituent include a phenylene group which may have a substituent, a naphthalenediyl group which may have a substituent, and a substituent.
- examples thereof include a good anthracene diyl group, a biphenyldiyl group which may have a substituent, a terphenyldiyl group which may have a substituent, and a condensed ring compound group which may have a substituent.
- the condensed ring compound group includes a fluorenediyl group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the divalent heterocyclic group which may have a substituent represented by Ar 4 is usually 2 to 60, preferably 4 to 60, and more preferably 4 to 20.
- Examples of the heterocyclic ring of the divalent heterocyclic group include furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, prazolidine, furazane, and triazole.
- Examples thereof include a cycloalkoxy group which may have, an alkylthio group which may have a substituent, a cycloalkylthio group which may have a substituent, and an aryl group which may have a substituent.
- a halogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl group, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl group, an optionally substituted alkoxy group, an optionally substituted cyclo The definitions and specific examples of the alkoxy group, the optionally substituted alkylthio group, the optionally substituted cycloalkylthio group and the optionally substituted aryl group are R 1 and R 2 has a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, a cycloalkyl group which may have a substituent, an alkoxy group which may have a substituent, and a substituent.
- an optionally substituted cycloalkoxy group an optionally substituted alkylthio group, an optionally substituted cycloalkylthio group and an optionally substituted aryl group; The same.
- a divalent heterocyclic group a divalent aromatic heterocyclic group is preferable.
- divalent heterocyclic group examples include the following groups. Pyridinediyl group optionally having substituent, diazaphenylene group optionally having substituent, quinolinediyl group optionally having substituent, quinoxalinediyl optionally having substituent Group, an acridinediyl group which may have a substituent, a bipyridyldiyl group which may have a substituent, a phenanthrolinediyl group which may have a substituent, silicon, nitrogen, sulfur as a hetero atom
- heteroatom a heteroatom
- a 5-membered ring containing silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, etc. as a heteroatom
- Condensed hetero groups 5-membered ring heterocyclic groups containing silicon, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium, etc. as hetero atoms, groups bonded in the ⁇ -position of hetero atoms to form dimers or oligomers, hetero atoms Bonded to a phenyl group at position ⁇ of a benzene ring and a thiophene ring fused group).
- the conjugated polymer compound having the structural unit represented by the formula (1) further has a structural unit represented by the formula (3).
- Formula (3) As the structural unit represented by Formula (3), Formula (3-1), Formula (3-2), Formula (3-3), Formula (3-4), Formula (3-5), Formula (3), The structural unit represented by 3-6), the formula (3-7) or the formula (3-8) is preferable, and the structural unit represented by the formula (3-2) is more preferable.
- R 21 to R 38 each independently represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an amino group, a cyano group, a nitro group, or a monovalent organic group.
- the definitions and specific examples of the halogen atom and monovalent organic group represented by R 21 to R 38 are the same as the definitions and specific examples of the halogen atom and monovalent organic group represented by R.
- an alkyl group which may have a substituent a cycloalkyl group which may have a substituent, an alkoxy group which may have a substituent, a substituent A cycloalkoxy group which may have a substituent, an aryl group which may have a substituent, an aryloxy group which may have a substituent, an arylalkyl group which may have a substituent, and a substituent
- An arylalkoxy group which may have a group is preferable, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, a cycloalkyl group which may have a substituent, and an aryl group which may have a substituent
- an alkyl group which may have a substituent and a cycloalkyl group which may have a substituent are more preferable, and an alkyl group which may have a substituent and a cycloalkyl group which may have a substituent are more preferable.
- R 23 , R 24 , R 27 , R 28 , R 31 , R 32 , R 33 , R 34 , R 37 and R 38 are preferably a halogen atom and a hydrogen atom, more preferably a fluorine atom and a hydrogen atom.
- R 25 , R 26 , R 29 and R 30 have a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group which may have a substituent, a cycloalkyl group which may have a substituent, or a substituent.
- An aryl group which may have a substituent and an arylalkyl group which may have a substituent are preferable, and an arylalkyl group which may have a hydrogen atom and a substituent is more preferable.
- R 36 is preferably a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an acyl group or an acyloxy group, more preferably an acyl group or an acyloxy group.
- X 21 to X 29 each independently represents a sulfur atom, an oxygen atom or a selenium atom.
- X 21 to X 29 are preferably a sulfur atom and an oxygen atom, and more preferably a sulfur atom.
- the proportion of the structural unit represented by formula (1) contained in the conjugated polymer compound Is preferably 30 mol% to 70 mol% based on the total of the structural unit represented by the formula (1) and the structural unit represented by the formula (3).
- the organic photoelectric conversion device of the present invention has two or more active layers
- at least one of the two active layers contains a conjugated polymer compound having a structural unit represented by the formula (1).
- the layer A and the layer B are active layers, it is preferable that either the layer A or the layer B includes a conjugated polymer compound having a structural unit represented by the formula (1).
- the conjugated polymer compound having the structural unit represented by the formula (1) and the structural unit represented by the formula (3) can be produced and used by the method described in International Publication No. WO2013 / 051676A1.
- the polymer compound means a compound having a weight average molecular weight of 3000 or more.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer compound is preferably from 3,000 to 10,000,000, more preferably from 8,000 to 5,000,000, and even more preferably from 10,000 to 1,000,000.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer compound is less than 3000, the coatability may be lowered when used for the production of an element.
- the weight average molecular weight is larger than 10000000, solubility in a solvent and applicability may be lowered when used for device fabrication.
- the weight average molecular weight of a high molecular compound means the weight average molecular weight of polystyrene conversion measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).
- the number average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene of the polymer compound is preferably 1000 to 100 million. When the number average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene is 1000 or more, a tough thin film is easily obtained. When the number average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene is 100000000 or less, the polymer compound has high solubility, and the production of a thin film is easy.
- the number average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene of the polymer compound is preferably 3000 or more.
- the film thickness of the active layer is usually 1 nm to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 2 nm to 1000 nm, more preferably 5 nm to 500 nm, and further preferably 20 nm to 200 nm.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element is not limited to the element configuration described above, and an additional layer may be further provided between the anode and the cathode.
- the additional layer include a charge transport layer
- examples of the charge transport layer include a hole transport layer that transports holes and an electron transport layer that transports electrons.
- the hole transport layer is provided between the anode and the active layer
- the electron transport layer is provided between the cathode and the active layer, which can promote surface flattening and charge injection.
- the above-described electron donating compound and electron accepting compound can be used, respectively, alkali metal such as lithium fluoride, alkaline earth Metal halides, oxides and the like can also be used.
- the charge transport layer can also be formed using fine particles of an inorganic semiconductor such as titanium oxide.
- an electron transport layer can be formed by forming a titania solution on a base layer on which an electron transport layer is formed by a coating method and further drying.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element preferably has an electron transport layer containing an electron transport material between the active layer and the cathode.
- the electron transport layer is preferably formed by a coating method, for example, by coating a coating liquid containing an electron transport material and a solvent on the surface of the layer on which the electron transport layer is provided.
- the coating solution also includes dispersions such as emulsions (emulsions) and suspensions (suspensions).
- the electron transporting material examples include zinc oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, ITO (indium tin oxide), FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), GZO (gallium-doped zinc oxide), and ATO ( Antimony-doped tin oxide) and AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide).
- zinc oxide is preferable.
- the average particle diameter corresponding to zinc oxide spheres is preferably 1 nm to 1000 nm, and more preferably 10 nm to 100 nm.
- the average particle diameter is measured by a laser light scattering method or an X-ray diffraction method.
- an electron transporting layer containing an electron transporting material between the cathode and the active layer, it is possible to prevent the cathode from peeling and to increase the efficiency of electron injection from the active layer to the cathode.
- the electron transport layer is preferably provided in contact with the active layer, and more preferably provided in contact with the cathode.
- the electron transport layer containing an electron transport material it is possible to prevent the cathode from being peeled off and to further increase the efficiency of electron injection from the active layer to the cathode.
- an organic photoelectric conversion element with high reliability and high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be realized.
- the efficiency of electron injection into the cathode is increased, hole injection from the active layer is prevented, the electron transport capability is increased, and the active layer is formed.
- the active layer can be protected from erosion by the coating solution used when the cathode is formed by a coating method, and deterioration of the active layer can be suppressed.
- the electron transport layer containing an electron transport material is preferably composed of a material having high wettability with respect to a coating solution used when a cathode or an active layer is formed by coating after the electron transport layer is formed.
- the electron transport layer containing an electron transport material preferably has higher wettability with respect to a coating solution used when a cathode or an active layer is formed by coating.
- the film forming method for the coating liquid includes the same method as that for the active layer.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element preferably has a hole transport layer containing a hole transport material between the active layer and the anode.
- the hole transport layer is preferably formed by a coating method.
- the hole transport layer is formed by coating a coating liquid containing a hole transport material and a solvent on the surface of the layer on which the hole transport layer is provided.
- the coating solution also includes dispersions such as emulsions (emulsions) and suspensions (suspensions).
- the function of the hole transport layer is to increase the efficiency of hole injection into the active layer, to prevent the injection of electrons from the active layer, to increase the hole transport capability, to increase flatness, and to the active layer
- the anode is formed by a coating method after the formation, a function of protecting the active layer from erosion by a coating solution for forming the anode, a function of suppressing deterioration of the active layer, and the like can be given.
- a polymer compound having a function of transporting holes can be given.
- the polymer compound having a function of transporting holes include a polymer compound containing a thiophene diyl group, a polymer compound containing an aniline diyl group, and a polymer compound containing a pyrrole diyl group.
- a polymer compound having high conductivity is preferable.
- the conductivity of the polymer compound having high conductivity is usually 10 ⁇ 5 to 10 5 S / cm, preferably 10 ⁇ 3 to 10 4 S / cm.
- the polymer compound exhibiting the function of transporting holes may have an acid group such as a sulfonic acid group.
- examples of the polymer compound having an acid group include poly (thiophene) having an acid group and poly (aniline) having an acid group.
- the poly (thiophene) having an acid group and the poly (aniline) having an acid group may further have a substituent other than the acid group.
- the hole transport layer may contain another polymer compound as a binder in addition to the polymer compound having a function of transporting holes.
- the binder include polystyrene sulfonic acid, polyvinyl phenol, novolac resin, and polyvinyl alcohol.
- the film forming method for the coating liquid includes the same method as that for the active layer described later.
- One form of the organic photoelectric conversion device of the present invention is an organic photoelectric conversion device including a transparent anode, a first active layer, an intermediate layer, a second active layer, and a transparent cathode in this order.
- One of the layer and the second active layer is an organic photoelectric conversion element in which layer A is the other and layer B is the other.
- the layers A and B satisfy (Condition 1), preferably (Condition 1-1), and more preferably (Condition 1-2).
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention usually has a transparent substrate and / or a sealing layer.
- One form of the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is an organic photoelectric conversion including a transparent substrate, a transparent anode, a first active layer, an intermediate layer, a second active layer, a transparent cathode, and a transparent sealing layer in this order.
- the device is an organic photoelectric conversion device in which one of the first active layer and the second active layer is the layer A and the other is the layer B.
- One form of the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention is an organic photoelectric conversion including a transparent sealing layer, a transparent anode, a first active layer, an intermediate layer, a second active layer, a transparent cathode, and a transparent substrate in this order.
- the device is an organic photoelectric conversion device in which one of the first active layer and the second active layer is the layer A and the other is the layer B.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention may have an additional layer such as a hole transport layer between the transparent anode and the first active layer, and between the first active layer and the transparent cathode. May have an additional layer such as an electron transport layer.
- the intermediate layer may take the form of a single layer or a stack of a plurality of layers. Examples of the layer constituting the intermediate layer include a layer containing an electron transporting material and a layer containing a hole transporting material. Examples of the stacked intermediate layer include an intermediate layer formed by stacking a layer containing an electron transporting material and a layer containing a hole transporting material.
- the layer containing the electron transport material of the intermediate layer in the laminated form is preferably located on the transparent cathode side.
- a first photoelectric conversion element having a first active layer between a pair of electrodes and a second photoelectric conversion element having a second active layer between the pair of electrodes are provided.
- This stacked organic photoelectric conversion element is obtained by overlapping the first organic photoelectric conversion element and the second organic photoelectric conversion element and wiring them so as to connect predetermined electrodes.
- the first organic photoelectric conversion element is an organic photoelectric conversion element including a transparent anode, a first active layer, and a transparent cathode in this order.
- the first organic photoelectric conversion element may have an additional layer such as a hole transport layer between the transparent anode and the first active layer, and between the first active layer and the transparent cathode. May have an additional layer such as an electron transport layer.
- the first organic photoelectric conversion element usually has a transparent substrate and a transparent sealing layer.
- the second organic photoelectric conversion element is an organic photoelectric conversion element including a transparent anode, a second active layer, and a transparent cathode in this order.
- the second organic photoelectric conversion element usually has a transparent substrate and a transparent sealing layer.
- a current is taken out between the anode of the first organic thin film photoelectric conversion element and the cathode of the second organic thin film photoelectric conversion element by connecting the cathode and the anode of the organic thin film photoelectric conversion elements having adjacent numbers.
- the voltage values of the organic thin film photoelectric conversion elements are added in series. As a result, it is possible to obtain Jsc (short circuit current density) or Voc (open circuit voltage), which is higher than that of a single photoelectric conversion element, and thus high photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of this invention can be manufactured by laminating
- the layer constituting the organic photoelectric conversion device of the present invention includes an electrode (transparent or translucent anode and cathode); an active layer formed between the transparent or translucent anode and cathode, an electron transport layer, and a hole transport layer.
- a semiconductor layer such as an intermediate layer; a sealing layer formed on the electrode as necessary; a light control layer formed in contact with the sealing layer or the support substrate as necessary; a support substrate; a protective layer, etc. .
- a semiconductor layer other than the active layer can be formed in accordance with the active layer.
- a process for forming the electrode, the active layer, the sealing layer, and the toning layer will be described below.
- the electrode is formed by depositing the electrode material described as an example on the above-described support substrate by vacuum deposition, sputtering, ion plating, plating, or the like. Coating liquid containing organic materials such as polyaniline and derivatives thereof, polythiophene and derivatives thereof, metal oxide nanoparticle inks, metal oxide precursor inks, metal nanowires, metal inks, metal pastes, molten low melting point metals
- the electrode may be formed by a coating method using, for example.
- the method for forming the active layer is not particularly limited, but it is preferably formed by a coating method from the viewpoint of simplifying the production process.
- the active layer can be formed, for example, by a coating method using a coating solution containing the constituent material of the active layer and a solvent, and includes, for example, a conjugated polymer compound and fullerenes and / or fullerene derivatives and a solvent. It can be formed by a coating method using a coating solution.
- solvent examples include hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene, xylene, mesitylene, tetralin, decalin, bicyclohexyl, n-butylbenzene, s-butylbenzene, and t-butylbenzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, and chlorobutane.
- Halogenated saturated hydrocarbon solvents such as bromobutane, chloropentane, bromopentane, chlorohexane, bromohexane, chlorocyclohexane and bromocyclohexane, halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbon solvents such as chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene and trichlorobenzene, tetrahydrofuran, And ether solvents such as tetrahydropyran.
- the coating liquid used in the present invention may contain two or more kinds of solvents, and may contain two or more kinds of the solvents exemplified above.
- spin coating method As a method of applying a coating solution containing the constituent material of the active layer, spin coating method, casting method, micro gravure coating method, gravure coating method, bar coating method, roll coating method, wire bar coating method, dip coating method, Examples of the spray coating method, screen printing method, flexographic printing method, offset printing method, ink jet printing method, dispenser printing method, nozzle coating method, capillary coating method, and the like include spin coating method and flexographic method. A printing method, an inkjet printing method, and a dispenser printing method are preferable.
- the sealing layer is formed by fixing a glass plate, a plastic plate, a polymer film, or the like on the electrode opposite to the electrode in contact with the support substrate with a sealing agent made of UV curable resin, glass frit, or the like. Provided.
- the toning layer can be formed by directly applying or vacuum depositing the constituent material of the toning layer on the surface of the sealing layer or the support substrate, and the toned glass is coated by applying a toning material.
- a toning layer comprising a plate or a colored translucent film can also be provided by adhering to the sealing layer or the support substrate surface with an adhesive or the like.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention can be operated as an organic thin-film solar cell by irradiating light such as sunlight to a transparent or translucent electrode to generate photovoltaic power between the electrodes. It can also be used as an organic thin film solar cell module by integrating a plurality of organic thin film solar cells.
- the organic photoelectric conversion element of the present invention can be operated as an organic photosensor by irradiating light to a transparent or semi-transparent electrode with a voltage applied between the electrodes to cause photocurrent to flow. It can also be used as an organic image sensor by integrating a plurality of organic photosensors.
- the number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight in terms of polystyrene were determined using GPC (PL-GPC2000) manufactured by GPC Laboratory as the molecular weight of the polymer.
- the polymer was dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene so that the concentration of the polymer was about 1% by weight.
- As the mobile phase of GPC o-dichlorobenzene was used and allowed to flow at a measurement temperature of 140 ° C. at a flow rate of 1 mL / min.
- three PLGEL 10 ⁇ m MIXED-B (PL Laboratory) were connected in series.
- Synthesis example 1 (Synthesis of Compound 2) Compound 1 Compound 2 In a 200 mL flask in which the gas in the flask was replaced with argon, 2.00 g (3.77 mmol) of Compound 1 synthesized according to the description of WO 2011/052709 and 100 mL of dehydrated tetrahydrofuran were added to obtain a uniform solution. The solution was kept at ⁇ 78 ° C., and 5.89 mL (9.42 mmol) of 1.6 M n-butyllithium in hexane was added dropwise to the solution over 10 minutes. After the dropwise addition, the reaction solution was stirred at ⁇ 78 ° C.
- the obtained oily substance was purified by a silica gel column whose developing solvent was hexane.
- silica gel of the silica gel column silica gel previously immersed in hexane containing 10% by weight of triethylamine for 5 minutes and then rinsed with hexane was used. After purification, 3.55 g (3.20 mmol) of compound 2 was obtained.
- Synthesis example 2 (Synthesis of polymer compound 1) Compound 3 Compound 2 Compound 4 In a 300 mL flask in which the gas in the flask was replaced with argon, 800 mg (0.760 mmol) of compound 3 synthesized according to the description of WO 2011/052709, 840 mg (0.757 mmol) of compound 2, and WO 2011 / 052709, 471 mg (1.43 mmol) of Compound 4 synthesized in accordance with the description of No. 052709 and 107 ml of toluene were made into a uniform solution. The resulting toluene solution was bubbled with argon for 30 minutes.
- the precipitated polymer was collected by filtration, and the obtained polymer was put into a cylindrical filter paper and extracted with methanol, acetone and hexane for 5 hours using a Soxhlet extractor.
- the polymer remaining in the cylindrical filter paper was dissolved in 53 mL of o-dichlorobenzene, 1.21 g of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and 12 mL of water were added, and the mixture was stirred under reflux for 8 hours.
- the organic layer is washed twice with 200 ml of water, then twice with 200 mL of a 3% by weight aqueous acetic acid solution and then twice with 200 mL of water, and the resulting solution is poured into methanol.
- the polymer was filtered and dried, and the resulting polymer was redissolved in 62 mL of o-dichlorobenzene and passed through an alumina / silica gel column.
- the obtained solution was poured into methanol to precipitate a polymer, and the polymer was filtered and dried to obtain 802 mg of a purified polymer.
- this polymer is referred to as polymer compound 1.
- Synthesis example 3 (Synthesis of polymer compound 2) Compound 5 Compound 6 After the gas in the 100 mL four-necked flask was placed in a nitrogen gas atmosphere, compound 5 (157 mg , 0.20 mmol) and dry THF (5 mL) were added and degassed by argon gas bubbling for 30 minutes. Thereafter, Pd 2 (dba) 3 (9.16 mg, 1 ⁇ mol), tri-tert-butylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate (11.6 mg, 4 ⁇ mol) and 3M aqueous potassium phosphate solution (1 mL) were added, and the mixture was stirred at 80 ° C. .
- the number average molecular weight of polystyrene conversion of the high molecular compound C was 5.6 * 10 ⁇ 4 >, and the weight average molecular weight of polystyrene conversion was 1.1 * 10 ⁇ 5 >.
- Compound 5 can be synthesized by the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2014-31364.
- composition 1 10 parts by weight of [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (C60PCBM) (E100 manufactured by Frontier Carbon Co.) as a derivative of fullerenes, 5 parts by weight of polymer compound 1 as an electron donor compound, and as a solvent 1000 parts by weight of o-dichlorobenzene was mixed. Next, the mixed solution was filtered through a Teflon (registered trademark) filter having a pore diameter of 5.0 ⁇ m to prepare a composition 1.
- composition 2 As derivatives of fullerenes, 10 parts by weight of [6,6] -phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (C60PCBM) (E100 manufactured by Frontier Carbon Co.), 5 parts by weight of polymer compound 2 as an electron donor compound, and solvent 1000 parts by weight of o-dichlorobenzene was mixed. Next, the mixed solution was filtered through a Teflon (registered trademark) filter having a pore size of 5.0 ⁇ m to prepare a composition 2.
- Example 1 (Production and evaluation of organic photoelectric conversion elements) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared. The ITO thin film was formed by sputtering, and the thickness was 150 nm. This glass substrate was treated with ozone UV to treat the surface of the ITO thin film. Next, a PEDOT: PSS solution (manufactured by Heraeus, CleviosP VP AI4083) is applied on the ITO film by spin coating, and heated at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes in the atmosphere to thereby form a hole injection layer (holes with a thickness of 30 nm). Corresponding to the transport layer). On the hole injection layer, the composition 1 was applied by spin coating to form a first active layer (film thickness of about 100 nm).
- a PEDOT: PSS solution manufactured by Heraeus, CleviosP VP AI4083
- a 45 wt% isopropanol dispersion (HTD-711Z, manufactured by Teica) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (particle size 20 nm to 30 nm) was diluted with 3-pentanol 2.5 times by weight of the dispersion.
- a coating solution was prepared. This coating solution was applied on the active layer with a film thickness of 200 nm by spin coating to form a functional layer insoluble in an aqueous solvent.
- a neutral PEDOT: PSS dispersion (Clevios PN, manufactured by HC Starck Co., Ltd.) having a thickness of 30 nm was applied on the functional layer by spin coating.
- composition 2 was applied by spin coating to form a second active layer (film thickness of about 100 nm).
- a 45 wt% isopropanol dispersion (HTD-711Z, manufactured by Teica) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (particle size 20 nm to 30 nm) was diluted with 3-pentanol 2.5 times by weight of the dispersion.
- a coating solution was prepared. This coating solution was applied on the active layer with a film thickness of 200 nm by spin coating to form a functional layer insoluble in an aqueous solvent.
- a wire-like conductor dispersion liquid of a water solvent (ClearOhm (registered trademark) Ink-N AQ: manufactured by Cambrios Technologies Corporation) is applied by a spin coater and dried, so that the conductive wire layer having a film thickness of 120 nm is dried.
- a cathode was obtained.
- the translucent organic photoelectric conversion element was obtained by fixing a glass plate with a UV curable sealing agent on the cathode, and forming a sealing layer.
- the transmitted color of the translucent organic photoelectric conversion element was gray, and the saturation C * in the L * C * h color system calculated from the transmittance spectrum was 5.5.
- Comparative Example 1 (Production and evaluation of organic photoelectric conversion elements) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared. The ITO thin film was formed by sputtering, and the thickness was 150 nm. This glass substrate was treated with ozone UV to treat the surface of the ITO thin film. Next, a PEDOT: PSS solution (manufactured by Heraeus, CleviosP VP AI4083) was applied onto the ITO film by spin coating, and heated at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes in the atmosphere to form a 30 nm thick hole injection layer. . On the hole injection layer, the composition 1 was applied by spin coating to form a first active layer (film thickness of about 100 nm).
- a 45 wt% isopropanol dispersion (HTD-711Z, manufactured by Teica) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (particle size 20 nm to 30 nm) was diluted with 3-pentanol 2.5 times by weight of the dispersion.
- a coating solution was prepared. This coating solution was applied on the active layer with a film thickness of 200 nm by spin coating to form a functional layer insoluble in an aqueous solvent.
- a wire-like conductor dispersion liquid of a water solvent (ClearOhm (registered trademark) Ink-N AQ: manufactured by Cambrios Technologies Corporation) is applied by a spin coater and dried, so that the conductive wire layer having a film thickness of 120 nm is dried.
- a cathode was obtained.
- the translucent organic photoelectric conversion element was obtained by fixing a glass plate with a UV curable sealing agent on the cathode, and forming a sealing layer.
- the transmitted color of the translucent organic photoelectric conversion element was green, and the saturation C * in the L * C * h color system calculated from the transmittance spectrum was 25.9.
- Comparative Example 2 (Production and evaluation of organic photoelectric conversion elements) A glass substrate on which an ITO thin film that functions as an anode of a solar cell was formed was prepared. The ITO thin film was formed by sputtering, and the thickness was 150 nm. This glass substrate was treated with ozone UV to treat the surface of the ITO thin film. Next, a PEDOT: PSS solution (manufactured by Heraeus, CleviosP VP AI4083) was applied onto the ITO film by spin coating, and heated at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes in the atmosphere to form a 30 nm thick hole injection layer. . On the hole injection layer, the composition 2 was applied by spin coating to form a second active layer (film thickness of about 100 nm).
- PEDOT: PSS solution manufactured by Heraeus, CleviosP VP AI4083
- a 45 wt% isopropanol dispersion (HTD-711Z, manufactured by Teica) of zinc oxide nanoparticles (particle size 20 nm to 30 nm) was diluted with 3-pentanol 2.5 times by weight of the dispersion.
- a coating solution was prepared. This coating solution was applied on the active layer with a film thickness of 200 nm by spin coating to form a functional layer insoluble in an aqueous solvent.
- a wire-like conductor dispersion liquid of a water solvent (ClearOhm (registered trademark) Ink-N AQ: manufactured by Cambrios Technologies Corporation) is applied by a spin coater and dried, so that the conductive wire layer having a film thickness of 120 nm is dried.
- a cathode was obtained.
- the translucent organic photoelectric conversion element was obtained by fixing a glass plate with a UV curable sealing agent on the cathode, and forming a sealing layer.
- the translucent color of the translucent organic photoelectric conversion element was purple, and the chroma C * in the L * C * h color system calculated from the transmittance spectrum was 13.0.
- Example 2 (Production and evaluation of organic photoelectric conversion elements) The organic photoelectric conversion element obtained in Comparative Example 1 and the organic photoelectric conversion element obtained in Comparative Example 2 were overlapped and connected in series with a conductive wire to create a translucent organic photoelectric conversion element. This translucent organic photoelectric conversion element showed a gray color, and the saturation C * in the L * C * h color system calculated from the transmittance spectrum was 9.4.
- Example 3 (Production and evaluation of organic photoelectric conversion elements) The organic photoelectric conversion element obtained in Comparative Example 1 and the organic photoelectric conversion element obtained in Comparative Example 2 were overlapped and connected in parallel with a conductive wire, thereby creating a translucent organic photoelectric conversion element. This translucent organic photoelectric conversion element showed a gray color, and the saturation C * in the L * C * h color system calculated from the transmittance spectrum was 9.4.
- the transmittance spectra of these translucent organic photoelectric conversion elements were measured with a spectrophotometer (trade name: V-670, manufactured by JASCO Corporation).
- permeability spectrum of the organic photoelectric conversion element produced in Example 1, 2, 3 and Comparative Example 1, 2 is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 2 shows the transmittance spectra of only the first active layer and only the second active layer used in Examples 1, 3, 4 and Comparative Examples 1, 2.
- L * a * b * chromaticity coordinates, saturation C *, and hue h were calculated from the transmittance spectrum in the range of 380 nm to 780 nm, and the obtained results are shown in Table 2.
- the hue h in the L * C * h color system calculated from the transmittance spectrum of the first active layer is 103.7 °
- L * C * calculated from the transmittance spectrum of the second active layer was 333.5 °.
- the organic photoelectric conversion elements of Examples 1, 2, and 3 in which green and purple active layers that are complementary to each other are superimposed have a saturation C * in the L * C * h color system. It is as small as 12 or less and shows a gray transparent color, which is suitable for window applications.
- a photoelectric conversion element with low saturation is provided.
Abstract
Description
本発明の目的は、全体として彩度が小さい光電変換素子を提供することにある。
〔1〕透過率スペクトルから算出されるL*C*h表色系における色相がh1度である層Aと、透過率スペクトルから算出されるL*C*h表色系における色相がh2度である層Bとを有する光電変換素子であって、前記h1及び前記h2が、h1+100≦h2≦h1+260である光電変換素子。
本発明の光電変換素子の彩度をより小さくする観点から、h1+110≦h2≦h1+250(条件1-1)であることが好ましく、h1+120≦h2≦h1+240(条件1-2)であることがより好ましい。
ここで、層AのL*C*h表色系における色相h度(h1)は、層Bの色相h度(h2)より小さい。また、h1及びh2は、0≦h1、h2≦360である。
本発明の光電変換素子は、互いに補色の関係にある2つの層Aと層B、すなわち、(条件1)、好ましくは(条件1ー1)、より好ましくは(条件1-2)を満たす2つの層Aと層Bとを積層することで、全体として彩度が小さい。
層Aと層Bとを積層する構造としては、電極間に層Aと層B(例えば2つの半導体層)を積層するマルチ接合構造であってもよく、層Aと層Bをそれぞれ有する2つの光電変換素子を単に重ね合わせて配線する構造であってもよい。
本発明の光電変換素子は、それを構成する全ての層及び電極がそれぞれ光透過性を示す。本明細書において「光透過性を示す」とは、「透明または半透明」を意味する。以下では「光透過性を示す」ことを、透明および半透明を含めて単に「透明」と記載することがある。
本発明の光電変換素子の全体としての彩度を小さくするためには、本発明の光電変換素子の層A及び層B以外の全ての層(電極を含む)の可視光線透過率がそれぞれ70%以上であることが好ましく、80%以上であることがより好ましい。ここに、可視光線透過率は、JIS A5759の光学性能の評価項目として定められる可視光線透過率である。
本発明の光電変換素子の全体としての彩度を小さくするためには、本発明の光電変換素子の層A及び層B以外の全ての層(電極を含む)の彩度は、それぞれ層A及び層Bのいずれの層の彩度より小さいことが好ましい。
<1>有機光電変換素子の構成
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、陽極および陰極を有し、陽極と陰極との間に1層以上の半導体層を含む光電変換素子である。
半導体層としては、活性層;中間層;並びに正孔輸送層および電子輸送層から選ばれる電荷輸送層等があげられる。本発明の有機光電変換素子は、封止層、支持基板、保護層、調色層等を含んでいてもよい。本発明の有機光電変換素子を構成する全ての層(電極を含む)は光透過性を示す。
本発明の有機光電変換素子の一形態は、支持基板上に陽極および陰極を有し、半導体層が陽極と陰極の間に積層され、封止層により封止された構成を有する有機光電変換素子である。
層Aおよび層Bとしては、それぞれ有機光電変換素子を構成するいずれの層であってもよく、導電層である電極(陽極および陰極)または電極間に設置される半導体層、封止層、支持基板、保護層、調色層などが挙げられる。層Aおよび層Bは、一方が半導体層であることが好ましく、一方が半導体層であり、かつ他方は半導体層または調色層であることがより好ましく、両方が半導体層であることがさらに好ましい。また、前記半導体層の一方または両方は活性層であることが好ましい。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、通常、支持基板を含む。支持基板には、有機光電変換素子を作製する際に化学的に変化しないものが好適に用いられる。本発明においては透明である必要性から、支持基板としては、例えば、ガラス基板、プラスチック基板、高分子フィルム等の透明基板が挙げられる。
陽極または陰極の電極(透明陽極または透明陰極)には、透明または半透明の導電性の金属酸化物膜、金属薄膜、および有機物を含む導電膜等が用いられる。具体的には、酸化インジウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化スズ、インジウムスズ酸化物(Indium Tin Oxide:略称ITO)、インジウム亜鉛酸化物(Indium Zinc Oxide:略称IZO)、金、白金、銀、銅、アルミニウム、ポリアニリン及びその誘導体、並びにポリチオフェン及びその誘導体等の薄膜が用いられる。これらのなかでも透明電極には、ITO、IZO、酸化スズの薄膜が好適に用いられる。たとえば上述の透明電極を構成する薄膜の膜厚を、光が透過する程度の厚さにした透明又は半透明な電極が透明電極として用いられる。
透明電極は、単層の形態または複数の層が積層された形態をとりうる。
封止層は、支持基板と接していない電極の支持基板側とは反対側に設けられ、半導体層および電極を外気と遮断する。封止層には、有機光電変換素子を作製する際に化学的に変化しないものが好適に用いられる。本発明においては透明である必要性から、封止層としては、例えば、ガラス板、プラスチック板、高分子フィルム等の透明封止層が用いられる。
(保護層)
保護層(即ちパシベーション層)は半導体層および電極を機械的または化学的に保護する機能を有する層である。保護層は、例えば、支持基板と接していない電極に接して、電極と封止層の間に設けられる。本発明においては透明かつ電気的絶縁性である必要性から、保護層としては、例えば、SiO2、Al2O3等の透明絶縁性無機膜;透明絶縁性の高分子膜があげられる。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、有機光電変換素子の彩度が小さくなるように調整するために、他のいずれかの層と互いの補色の関係となるような有色半透明の調色層を有していてもよい。調色層は、通常、封止層又は支持基板表面上に設けられる。調色層としては、例えば、封止層又は支持基板上に調色層を構成する材料を直接塗布形成した膜、調色用材料を塗布することなどにより調色したガラス板、有色半透明フィルムなどが挙げられる。
活性層は、単層の形態または複数の層が積層された形態をとりうる。単層構成の活性層は、電子受容性化合物及び電子供与性化合物を含有する層から構成される。
3価の芳香族複素環基が有する炭素数は、通常2~60であり、好ましくは4~60であり、より好ましくは4~20である。
(3)
〔Ar4は、置換基を有していてもよいアリーレン基または置換基を有していてもよい2価の複素環基を表す。〕
置換基を有していてもよいアリーレン基の具体例としては、置換基を有していてもよいフェニレン基、置換基を有していてもよいナフタレンジイル基、置換基を有していてもよいアントラセンジイル基、置換基を有していてもよいビフェニルジイル基、置換基を有していてもよいターフェニルジイル基、置換基を有していてもよい縮合環化合物基が挙げられる。縮合環化合物基には、フルオレンジイル基が含まれる。
高分子化合物の重量平均分子量が3000より小さいと、素子の作製に用いたときに、塗布性が低下することがある。重量平均分子量が10000000より大きいと、素子の作製に用いたときに、溶媒への溶解性や塗布性が低下することがある。
高分子化合物の重量平均分子量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)で測定したポリスチレン換算の重量平均分子量を意味する。
酸化チタン等の無機半導体の微粒子を用いて電荷輸送層を形成することもできる。
例えば電子輸送層が成膜される下地層上にチタニア溶液を塗布法により成膜し、さらに乾燥することによって電子輸送層を形成することができる。
(電子輸送層)
有機光電変換素子は、活性層と陰極との間に、電子輸送性材料を含む電子輸送層を有することが好ましい。
有機光電変換素子は、活性層と陽極との間に正孔輸送性材料を含む正孔輸送層を有することが好ましい。
尚、層A及び層Bは(条件1)、好ましくは(条件1ー1)、より好ましくは(条件1-2)を満たす。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、通常は、透明基板および/または封止層を有する。
本発明の有機光電変換素子の一形態は、透明基板と透明陽極と第1の活性層と、中間層と、第2の活性層と透明陰極と透明封止層とをこの順に含む有機光電変換素子であって、第1の活性層及び第2の活性層の一方が層Aであり、他方が層Bである有機光電変換素子である。
本発明の有機光電変換素子の一形態は、透明封止層と透明陽極と第1の活性層と、中間層と、第2の活性層と透明陰極と透明基板とをこの順に含む有機光電変換素子であって、第1の活性層及び第2の活性層の一方が層Aであり、他方が層Bである有機光電変換素子である。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、透明陽極と第1の活性層との間に正孔輸送層等の付加的な層を有していてもよく、第1の活性層と透明陰極との間に電子輸送層等の付加的な層を有していてもよい。中間層は、単層の形態または複数の層が積層された形態をとりうる。
中間層を構成する層としては、電子輸送性材料を含む層、正孔輸送性材料を含む層があげられる。積層された形態の中間層としては、電子輸送性材料を含む層と正孔輸送性材料を含む層とが積層された形態の中間層があげられる。この積層された形態の中間層の電子輸送性材料を含む層は、透明陰極側に位置することが好ましい。
この積層型有機光電変換素子は第1の有機光電変換素子と、第2の有機光電変換素子を重ね合わせ所定の電極を接続するように配線することで得られる。
第1の有機光電変換素子は、透明陽極と第1の活性層と透明陰極とをこの順に含む有機光電変換素子である。第1の有機光電変換素子は、透明陽極と第1の活性層との間に正孔輸送層等の付加的な層を有していてもよく、第1の活性層と透明陰極との間に電子輸送層等の付加的な層を有していてもよい。第1の有機光電変換素子は、通常は、透明基板と透明封止層とを有する。
第2の有機光電変換素子は、透明陽極と第2の活性層と透明陰極とをこの順に含む有機光電変換素子である。第2の有機光電変換素子は、通常は、透明基板と透明封止層とを有する。
第1と第2の有機光電変換素子の陽極同士、陰極同士を繋いだ場合は並列接続となり、各有機薄膜光電変換素子の電流値が加算されることとなる。またたとえば番号が隣り合う有機薄膜光電変換素子の陰極と陽極とを繋いで、第1の有機薄膜光電変換素子の陽極と、第2の有機薄膜光電変換素子の陰極との間で電流を取り出した場合は直列接続となり、各有機薄膜光電変換素子の電圧値が加算されることとなる。その結果、単独の光電変換素子に比べて高い、Jsc(短絡電流密度)またはVoc(開放端電圧)を得ることができ、ひいては高い光電変換効率を得ることができる。
本発明の有機光電変換素子は、素子を構成する層を順次積層することによって製造することができる。
本発明の有機光電変換素子を構成する層としては、電極(透明または半透明な陽極及び陰極);透明または半透明な陽極及び陰極間に形成される活性層、電子輸送層、正孔輸送層、中間層等の半導体層;電極上に必要に応じ形成される封止層;必要に応じて封止層又は支持基板に接して形成される調光層;支持基板;保護層等があげられる。
活性層以外の半導体層は、活性層に準じて形成することができる
電極、活性層、封止層、調色層の形成工程について、以下説明する。
電極は、例としてあげた電極の材料を真空蒸着法、スパッタリング法、イオンプレーティング法、メッキ法等によって前述した支持基板上に成膜することで形成される。ポリアニリン及びその誘導体、ポリチオフェン及びその誘導体等の有機材料を含む塗布液、金属酸化物のナノ粒子のインク、金属酸化物前駆体のインク、金属ナノワイヤ、金属インク、金属ペースト、溶融状態の低融点金属等を用いて、塗布法によって電極を形成してもよい。
活性層の形成方法はとくに限定されないが、製造工程の簡易化の観点からは塗布法によって形成することが好ましい。活性層は例えば前述した活性層の構成材料と溶媒とを含む塗布液を用いる塗布法により形成することができ、例えば共役高分子化合物およびフラーレン類及び/又はフラーレン類の誘導体と、溶媒とを含む塗布液を用いる塗布法により形成することができる。
本発明に用いられる塗布液は、2種類以上の溶媒を含んでいてもよく、上記で例示した溶媒を2種類以上含んでいてもよい。
封止層は、支持基板に接している電極とは反対側の電極上に、ガラス板、プラスチック板、高分子フィルム等をUV硬化性樹脂やガラスフリット等からなる封止剤で固定することで設けられる。
調色層は、封止層又は支持基板の表面に、調色層の構成材料を直接塗布や真空蒸着することで形成することができ、調色用材料を塗布することなどで調色したガラス板や有色半透明フィルムからなる調色層を封止層又は支持基板表面に接着剤等で貼り付けることでも設けることができる。
有機薄膜太陽電池を複数集積することにより有機薄膜太陽電池モジュールとして用いることもできる。
(化合物2の合成)
化合物1 化合物2
フラスコ内の気体をアルゴンで置換した200mLフラスコに、国際公開第2011/052709号の記載に従って合成した化合物1を2.00g(3.77 mmol)、脱水テトラヒドロフランを100mL入れて均一な溶液とした。該溶液を-78℃に保ち、該溶液に1.6Mのn-ブチルリチウムのヘキサン溶液5.89mL(9.42mmol)を10分かけて滴下した。滴下後、反応液を-78℃で30分攪拌し、次いで、室温(25℃)で2時間攪拌した。その後、フラスコを-78℃に冷却し、反応液にトリブチルスズクロリドを3.37g(10.4mmol)加えた。添加後、反応液を-78℃で30分攪拌し、次いで、室温(25℃)で3時間攪拌した。その後、反応液に水200mlを加えて反応を停止し、酢酸エチルを加えて反応生成物を含む有機層を抽出した。有機層を硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥させ、濾過後、濾液をエバポレーターで濃縮し、溶媒を留去した。得られたオイル状の物質を展開溶媒がヘキサンであるシリカゲルカラムで精製した。シリカゲルカラムのシリカゲルには、あらかじめ10重量%のトリエチルアミンを含むヘキサンに5分間浸し、その後、ヘキサンで濯いだシリカゲルを用いた。精製後、化合物2を3.55g(3.20mmol)得た。
(高分子化合物1の合成)
化合物3 化合物2 化合物4
フラスコ内の気体をアルゴンで置換した300mLフラスコに、国際公開第2011/052709号の記載に従って合成した化合物3を800mg(0.760 mmol)、化合物2を840mg(0.757mmol)、国際公開第2011/052709号の記載に従って合成した化合物4を471mg(1.43mmol)、トルエンを107ml入れて均一な溶液とした。得られたトルエン溶液を、アルゴンで30分バブリングした。その後、トルエン溶液に、トリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウムを19.6mg(0.0214mmol)、トリス(2-トルイル)ホスフィンを39.1mg(0.128mmol)加え、100℃で6時間攪拌した。その後、反応液にフェニルブロミドを660mg加え、さらに5時間攪拌した。その後、フラスコを25℃に冷却し、反応液をメタノール2000mLに注いだ。析出したポリマーを濾過して集め、得られたポリマーを円筒濾紙に入れ、ソックスレー抽出器を用いて、メタノール、アセトン及びヘキサンでそれぞれ5時間抽出した。円筒濾紙内に残ったポリマーを、o-ジクロロベンゼン53mLに溶解させ、ジエチルジチオカルバミン酸ナトリウム1.21gと水12mLとを加え、8時間還流下で攪拌を行った。水層を除去後、有機層を水200mlで2回洗浄し、次いで、3重量%の酢酸水溶液200mLで2回洗浄し、次いで、水200mLで2回洗浄し、得られた溶液をメタノールに注いでポリマーを析出させた。ポリマーを濾過後、乾燥させ、得られたポリマーをo-ジクロロベンゼン62mLに再度溶解させ、アルミナ/シリカゲルカラムに通した。得られた溶液をメタノールに注いでポリマーを析出させ、ポリマーを濾過後、乾燥させ、精製された重合体802mgを得た。以下、この重合体を高分子化合物1と呼称する。
(高分子化合物2の合成)
化合物5 化合物6
100mL四口フラスコ内の気体を窒素ガス雰囲気下とした後、化合物5(157mg
,0.20mmol)および乾燥THF(5mL)を加え、30分間アルゴンガスバブリングによって脱気した。その後、Pd2(dba)3(9.16mg,1μmol)、トリ-tert-ブチルホスホニウムテトラフルオロボラート(11.6mg,4μmol)および3Mリン酸カリウム水溶液(1mL)を加え、80℃に攪拌した。この反応溶液に対して、80℃において30分間アルゴンガスバブリングによって脱気した化合物6(78.4mg,0.20mmol)の乾燥THF(5mL)溶液を5分間かけて滴下し、80℃で3時間攪拌した。この反応溶液に対して、30分間アルゴンガスバブリングによって脱気したフェニルボロン酸(122mg,0.45mmol)の乾燥THF(7mL)溶液、Pd2(dba)3(9.16mg,1μmol)およびトリ-tert-ブチルホスホニウムテトラフルオロボラート(11.6mg,4μmol)を80℃で加え、80℃で2時間攪拌し、N,N-ジエチルジチオカルバミド酸ナトリウム三水和物(1.7g)および水(15g)を加え、さらに80℃で2時間攪拌した。得られた反応溶液中の水層を除去後、有機層を水(20g)で1回、10wt%酢酸水溶液(20g)で2回、水(20g)で1回洗浄した後、アセトン(136mL)により再沈殿させた。得られた固体をカラムクロマトグラフィ(SiO2)で精製し、メタノールにより再沈殿することで高分子化合物2を120mg得た。高分子化合物Cのポリスチレン換算の数平均分子量は5.6×104であり、ポリスチレン換算の重量平均分子量は1.1×105であった。なお、化合物5は特開2014-31364に示された方法で、合成することができる。
フラーレン類の誘導体として10重量部の[6,6]-フェニルC61-酪酸メチルエステル(C60PCBM)(フロンティアカーボン社製E100)と、電子供与体化合物として5重量部の高分子化合物1と、溶媒として1000重量部のo-ジクロロベンゼンとを混合した。次に、混合した溶液を、孔径5.0μmのテフロン(登録商標)フィルターで濾過して組成物1を調製した。
フラーレン類の誘導体として10重量部の[6,6]-フェニルC61-酪酸メチルエステル(C60PCBM)(フロンティアカーボン社製E100)と、電子供与体化合物として5重量部の高分子化合物2と、溶媒として1000重量部のo-ジクロロベンゼンとを混合した。次に、混合した溶液を、孔径5.0μmのテフロン(登録商標)フィルターで濾過して組成物2を調製した。
(有機光電変換素子の作製、評価)
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタ法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。このガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、PEDOT:PSS溶液(ヘレウス社製、CleviosP VP AI4083)をスピンコートによりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚30nmの正孔注入層(正孔輸送層に該当)を形成した。この正孔注入層上に、前記組成物1をスピンコートにより塗布し、第一の活性層(膜厚約100nm)を形成した。
(有機光電変換素子の作製、評価)
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタ法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。このガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、PEDOT:PSS溶液(ヘレウス社製、CleviosP VP AI4083)をスピンコートによりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚30nmの正孔注入層を形成した。この正孔注入層上に、前記組成物1をスピンコートにより塗布し、第一の活性層(膜厚約100nm)を形成した。
(有機光電変換素子の作製、評価)
太陽電池の陽極として機能するITO薄膜が形成されたガラス基板を用意した。ITO薄膜はスパッタ法によって形成されたものであり、その厚みは150nmであった。このガラス基板をオゾンUV処理し、ITO薄膜の表面処理を行った。次に、PEDOT:PSS溶液(ヘレウス社製、CleviosP VP AI4083)をスピンコートによりITO膜上に塗布し、大気中120℃で10分間加熱することにより、膜厚30nmの正孔注入層を形成した。この正孔注入層上に、前記組成物2をスピンコートにより塗布し、第二の活性層(膜厚約100nm)を形成した。
(有機光電変換素子の作製、評価)
比較例1で得られた有機光電変換素子と、比較例2で得られた有機光電変換素子を重ね合わせて、導線で直列接続することにより、半透明な有機光電変換素子を作成した。この半透明な有機光電変換素子はグレー色を示し、透過率スペクトルから算出されるL*C*h表色系における彩度C*は、9.4であった。
(有機光電変換素子の作製、評価)
比較例1で得られた有機光電変換素子と、比較例2で得られた有機光電変換素子を重ね合わせて、導線で並列接続することにより、半透明な有機光電変換素子を作成した。この半透明な有機光電変換素子はグレー色を示し、透過率スペクトルから算出されるL*C*h表色系における彩度C*は、9.4であった。
Claims (9)
- 透過率スペクトルから算出されるL*C*h表色系における色相がh1度である層Aと、透過率スペクトルから算出されるL*C*h表色系における色相がh2度である層Bとを有する光電変換素子であって、
前記h1及び前記h2が、h1+100≦h2≦h1+260である光電変換素子。 - 有機光電変換素子である請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 透過率スペクトルから算出されるL*C*h表色系における彩度C*が12以下である請求項1又は2に記載の光電変換素子。
- 層A及び層Bの少なくとも一方が半導体層である請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
- 層A及び層Bの両方が半導体層である請求項4に記載の光電変換素子。
- 半導体層が活性層である請求項4又は5に記載の光電変換素子。
- 層A及び層Bのいずれか一方が調色層である請求項1~4のいずれか1項又は請求項6に記載の光電変換素子。
- 層Aおよび層Bの少なくとも一方が、該層のみの透過率スペクトルから算出されるL*C*h表色系における彩度C*が12以上である請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
- 層Aおよび層Bの両方が、該層のみの透過率スペクトルから算出されるL*C*h表色系における彩度C*が12以上である請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
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JP2013179297A (ja) * | 2012-02-10 | 2013-09-09 | Tokyo Institute Of Technology | 光学制御層を有する太陽電池セル |
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YI-FANG CHIANG ET AL.: "Non-color distortion for visible light transmitted tandem solid state dye-sensitized solar cells", RENEWABLE ENERGY, vol. 59, 2013, pages 136 - 140, XP028536066, ISSN: 0960-1481 * |
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