WO2016009753A1 - 無電解メッキ用前処理液および無電解メッキ方法 - Google Patents
無電解メッキ用前処理液および無電解メッキ方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016009753A1 WO2016009753A1 PCT/JP2015/066849 JP2015066849W WO2016009753A1 WO 2016009753 A1 WO2016009753 A1 WO 2016009753A1 JP 2015066849 W JP2015066849 W JP 2015066849W WO 2016009753 A1 WO2016009753 A1 WO 2016009753A1
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- electroless plating
- nanoparticles
- pretreatment liquid
- sugar alcohol
- noble metal
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
- C23C18/1603—Process or apparatus coating on selected surface areas
- C23C18/1607—Process or apparatus coating on selected surface areas by direct patterning
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/18—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C18/1803—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of metallic material surfaces or of a non-specific material surfaces
- C23C18/1813—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of metallic material surfaces or of a non-specific material surfaces by radiant energy
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
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- C23C18/1868—Radiation, e.g. UV, laser
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/18—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
- C23C18/1851—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of surfaces of non-metallic or semiconducting in organic material
- C23C18/1872—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of surfaces of non-metallic or semiconducting in organic material by chemical pretreatment
- C23C18/1886—Multistep pretreatment
- C23C18/1889—Multistep pretreatment with use of metal first
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
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- C23C18/2006—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of organic surfaces, e.g. resins by other methods than those of C23C18/22 - C23C18/30
- C23C18/2026—Pretreatment of the material to be coated of organic surfaces, e.g. resins by other methods than those of C23C18/22 - C23C18/30 by radiant energy
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
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- C23C18/28—Sensitising or activating
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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Definitions
- the present invention enables a pretreatment liquid used for pretreatment of electroless plating and an electroless plating method using the same, and particularly enables formation of a fine circuit and a thin film having a uniform thickness over a wide range on the surface of a nonconductive material
- the present invention relates to a pretreatment liquid and an electroless plating method using the same.
- Electroless plating is performed on the surface of a base material by a base metal or a base metal alloy such as nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), silver (Ag), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), As a method for directly forming a film of a noble metal or a noble metal alloy such as palladium (Pd), it is widely used industrially.
- Electroless plating base materials include various compositions such as metals, plastics, ceramics, organic compounds, and cellulose. Specifically, polymer resins such as cellulose, fibroin, and polyester, cellulose triacetate (TAC), etc.
- ITO film polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyaniline, organic compound coatings such as photo-curing resin, copper, nickel, stainless steel and other metal plates, alumina, titania, silica, silicon nitride and other ceramics, quartz glass, etc.
- ITO film There are various things such as ITO film.
- the insulating substrate is usually immersed in a pretreatment solution, and an electroless plating catalyst is attached to a necessary portion of the substrate. It is common.
- compound salts of noble metals such as gold (Au), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), and base metals such as nickel (Ni) and tin (Sn) are used.
- a compound salt is often used as a metal ion in a pretreatment liquid, but a method using a noble metal colloid such as gold (Au) is also known (Patent Document 1 described later).
- the conventional noble metal colloid solution is easily affected by acid and alkali, and the plating film abnormally precipitates due to aggregation of nanoparticles in the noble metal colloid solution or separation of the catalyst nucleus during electroless plating. There was a problem that the electroless plating bath would runaway and break at one time.
- the present inventors can stably disperse the noble metal colloid in any pH range and uniformly adsorb it on the surface of the base material, and have a uniform film thickness over a wide range by electroless plating.
- a pretreatment solution capable of forming a plating film was examined.
- sugar alcohols can protect noble metal nanoparticles and can be uniformly dispersed in water, and that the noble metal nanoparticles can be uniformly adsorbed on the surface of the substrate.
- One of the pretreatment liquids for electroless plating for solving the problems of the present invention is a pretreatment liquid for electroless plating comprising noble metal colloidal nanoparticles, sugar alcohol and water, and the colloidal nanoparticles are: One of gold (Au), platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd), the colloidal nanoparticles have an average particle size of 5 to 80 nanometers, and the colloidal nanoparticles are contained in the pretreatment liquid as a metal mass.
- the sugar alcohol is a pretreatment solution in total of at least one member selected from the group consisting of tritol, tetritol, pentitol, hexitol, heptitol, octitol, inositol, quercitol, and pentaerythritol.
- the content is 0.01 to 200 g / L, and the balance is water.
- Another pretreatment liquid for electroless plating for solving the problems of the present invention is a pretreatment liquid for electroless plating comprising noble metal colloid nanoparticles, sugar alcohol, pH adjuster and water, and the colloid
- the nanoparticles are any one of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), and palladium (Pd), and the colloidal nanoparticles have an average particle size of 5 to 80 nanometers.
- the treatment liquid contains 0.01 to 10 g / L, and the sugar alcohol is a total of at least one member selected from the group consisting of tritol, tetritol, pentitol, hexitol, heptitol, octitol, inositol, quercitol, and pentaerythritol.
- the sugar alcohol is a total of at least one member selected from the group consisting of tritol, tetritol, pentitol, hexitol, heptitol, octitol, inositol, quercitol, and pentaerythritol.
- 0.01 to 200 g / L is contained
- the pH adjuster is contained in an amount of 1 g / L or less
- an electroless plating method for solving the problems of the present invention is an electroless plating method in which a base material is immersed in a pretreatment liquid and then electroless plating is performed, and the pretreatment liquid contains noble metal colloid nanoparticles.
- the colloidal nanoparticles are gold (Au), platinum (Pt) or palladium (Pd), and the colloidal nanoparticles have an average particle size of 5 to
- the colloidal nanoparticles have a metal mass of 0.01 to 10 g / L in the pretreatment liquid, and are composed of tritol, tetritol, pentitol, hexitol, heptitol, octitol, inositol, quercitol, pentaerythritol.
- a total amount of 0.01 to 200 g / L of sugar alcohol in the group is contained in the pretreatment liquid.
- the pH adjusting agent containing less 1 g / L, and the balance the use of electro
- the predetermined sugar alcohol is at least one selected from the group consisting of tritol, tetritol, pentitol, hexitol, heptitol, octitol, inositol, quercitol, and pentaerythritol.
- the species was limited because it surrounds the noble metal nanoparticles and protects the noble metal nanoparticles from any pH region and heated aqueous solution.
- These sugar alcohols have heat resistance and do not change the dissociation form depending on the acid / alkali state, and thus act as a protective agent for the noble metal nanoparticles at any pH state. Therefore, even in a strong acid or strong alkali electroless plating bath, the surface morphology of the noble metal nanoparticles is maintained until the electroless plating starts after the reducing agent is added.
- the reason why the predetermined sugar alcohol is contained in the pretreatment liquid in an amount of 0.01 to 200 g / L is to arrange the noble metal nanoparticles at equal intervals on the substrate surface. Within this range, fine circuit formation and a uniform film over a wide range can be achieved even if the concentration of a predetermined sugar alcohol is reduced or dozens of substrates are repeatedly immersed in the same pretreatment liquid. A thin film can be formed. From this, sugar alcohol in a predetermined concentration range binds the solid substrate surface and solid noble metal nanoparticles in an aqueous solution, but the solid noble metal nanoparticles do not bind to each other. It seems that noble metal nanoparticles are arranged in two dimensions at equal intervals to form catalyst nuclei.
- the reason why the lower limit of the predetermined sugar alcohol is set to 0.01 g / L is that if it is less than 0.01 g / L, it becomes difficult to form a fine circuit and a thin film having a uniform film thickness over a wide range.
- the upper limit is set to 200 g / L because if this value is exceeded, useless and free catalyst nuclei are formed in the electroless plating bath, and a runaway reaction is likely to occur. If the predetermined sugar alcohol is in the range of 0.01 to 200 g / L, the anchor effect on the insulating substrate is not lost until electroless plating starts, and the activity as a catalyst nucleus for the electroless plating solution is also lost. Absent.
- the colloidal nanoparticles are gold (Au), platinum (Pt), or palladium (Pd) because gold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt ), Noble metal electroless plating baths such as palladium (Pd), or base metal electroless plating baths such as cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), etc., as a stable catalyst nucleus Because it works. Since the shape of the noble metal nanoparticles is stable in these plating baths, a uniform catalytic action is exhibited, and a fine circuit can be formed.
- the surface precipitation form of fine spherical particles of 1 nanometer or less is observed on the surface of the noble metal nanoparticles.
- a specific surface form is shown in FIG. That is, in the transmission electron micrograph of FIG. 1, many fine spherical particles such as a bunch of grapes are observed on the surface of one nanoparticle. This is referred to as a “pico cluster”.
- the picocluster on the nanoparticle surface does not depend on the type of noble metal. Even if the concentration of the noble metal nanoparticles in the pretreatment liquid is low, the template effect can better exhibit the performance of the catalyst core of the noble metal nanoparticles, and a finer circuit can be formed.
- the colloidal nanoparticles were included in the pretreatment liquid as a metal mass in an amount of 0.01 to 10 g / L.
- the noble metal nanoparticles exhibit the performance of the catalyst core even when the concentration of the pretreatment liquid is low.
- the reason why the lower limit is set to 0.01 g / L is that if it is less than 0.01 g / L, the pretreatment liquid must be erected every time, and it takes time and effort.
- the upper limit was set to 10 g / L because this treatment agent has a strong anchor effect on the insulating base material, and if it exceeds this, a large amount of labor is required for the water washing operation after immersion of the pretreatment liquid.
- the pretreatment liquid using noble metal nanoparticles has been known so far, but the noble metal nanoparticles disappeared when immersed in the electroless plating bath. That is, even if the precious metal nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on the surface of the base material, the precious metal nanoparticles are dissolved before electroless plating starts, so the performance of the catalyst core as solid nanoparticles has not been demonstrated. .
- the average particle diameter of the noble metal nanoparticles is less than 5 nanometers, the deposition start point of the electroless plating is not determined, and the electroless plating is likely to run away. Moreover, when the average particle diameter of the noble metal nanoparticles exceeds 80 nanometers, it becomes difficult to uniformly disperse and it becomes difficult to form a fine circuit. In addition, if the colloidal nanoparticles have an average particle size in the range of 5 to 80 nanometers, noble metal nanoparticles chemically reduced in sugar alcohol are spherically formed on the surface of each colloidal nanoparticle at equal intervals. Can be expressed.
- the reason why the pH adjusting agent is contained in the pretreatment liquid for electroless plating of the present invention is 1 g / L or less is to prevent the surface of the base material from being altered. This is because the properties of the substrate may be impaired if high temperature and high concentration acid or alkali is used on the surface of the organic polymer substrate. Nevertheless, in the present invention, it is preferable to pre-treat the surface of the substrate in advance, such as hydrophilization, and then immerse it in the pre-treatment liquid for electroless plating of the present invention.
- the reaction mechanism of electroless plating in the present invention is considered as follows.
- the protective action of the sugar alcohol is lost due to the contact and reaction of the reducing agent, and the sugar alcohol surrounding the noble metal nanoparticles is dispersed in the electroless plating bath.
- the exposed surface of the noble metal nanoparticles is active, and the activity is particularly high if there is a picocluster surface. Therefore, the noble metal nanoparticles grouped on the surface of the base material becomes a site of catalyst cores for electroless plating, and metal deposition of electroless plating starts from here.
- a noble metal nanoparticle has a picocluster surface, adhesion between the base material and the deposited metal is enhanced by the anchor effect of the picocluster surface.
- the picoclusters are self-aligned at equal intervals in the atomic level size of the noble metal element constituting the picocluster. This is because as the surface of the catalyst core becomes finer, the growth of the electroless plating metal reduced and deposited along the mold starts, so that a fine circuit can be formed.
- the average particle size of the colloidal nanoparticles is preferably 10 to 40 nanometers. If it is less than 10 nanometers, it is too fine to reduce the catalytic action and the activity against the plating solution also decreases. If it exceeds 40 nanometers, it is difficult to form a fine circuit.
- the sugar alcohol is preferably 0.1 to 20 g / L.
- the sugar alcohol In order to prevent unnecessary sugar alcohol from remaining on the substrate surface after completion of the reaction, it is desirable that the sugar alcohol has a concentration as low as possible. Therefore, the sugar alcohol is 20 g / L or less, and it is repeatedly used at less than 0.1 g / L. Since the number of times is limited, the lower limit is preferably 0.1 g / L.
- the colloidal nanoparticles are preferably platinum (Pt) nanoparticles
- the sugar alcohol is preferably at least one of glycerin, erythritol, xylitol, inositol, or pentaerythritol. This is because it has been found by experiments that a combination that is compatible with platinum (Pt) nanoparticles is glycerin, erythritol, xylitol, inositol, or pentaerythritol.
- the colloidal nanoparticles are preferably palladium (Pd), and the sugar alcohol is preferably at least one of glycerin, erythritol, xylitol, or mannitol.
- the experiment shows that a combination that is compatible with palladium (Pd) nanoparticles is glycerin, erythritol, xylitol, or mannitol.
- the colloidal nanoparticles are preferably gold (Au), and the sugar alcohol is preferably at least one of glycerin, erythritol, xylitol, mannitol, and pentaerythritol.
- the experiment shows that a combination that is compatible with gold (Au) nanoparticles is glycerin, erythritol, xylitol, mannitol, or pentaerythritol.
- the pretreatment liquid has heat resistance and acid / alkali resistance due to the effect of a predetermined sugar alcohol. Therefore, the pretreatment liquid is not affected by the pH of the pretreatment liquid. In addition, even if a reducing agent is added to the pretreatment liquid and left for several tens of days, the ability to form catalyst nuclei on the substrate does not decline, and the pretreatment liquid is stable. Moreover, the pretreatment liquid of the present invention can bring about an anchor effect of the noble metal nanoparticles on the base material without the surfactant that is usually used to improve the wettability.
- the kind of the pretreatment liquid of the present invention is the simplest pretreatment liquid composed of noble metal nanoparticles, sugar alcohol and water, and a pretreatment liquid in which a pH adjuster is added to the pretreatment liquid.
- the reducing agent used is a weak reducing agent such as trisodium citrate, sodium hypophosphite, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine (H 2 N—NH 2 ), sodium borohydride, etc.
- reducing agents are used.
- the pretreatment liquid for electroless plating of the present invention it is preferable to use pure water. This is because pure water does not interact with the reducing agent of sugar alcohol or noble metal nanoparticles. Furthermore, ultrapure water is more preferable than pure water because the protective action of sugar alcohol can be maintained.
- the step of cleaning the substrate immersed in the pretreatment liquid is provided in order to completely remove the pretreatment liquid remaining on the substrate surface.
- the noble metal nanoparticles may remain on the surface of the base material even if washed with water for one day. If unnecessary precious metal nanoparticles in the pretreatment liquid of the present invention remain due to insufficient washing with water, unnecessary catalyst nuclei are formed during electroless plating, and the electroless plating bath will run away.
- the washing process is generally a washing process using running water, but mechanical brushing can also be performed.
- a commercially available plating bath can be used as the electroless plating bath. Since the anchor effect of the pretreatment liquid adsorbed on the insulating substrate or the like is strong, even a substrate that has undergone a cleaning process is stable in the electroless plating bath until the metal reduction reaction is started.
- the picoclusters are self-aligned at regular intervals close to the size of the atomic level of the noble metal element constituting the picocluster. This is because the finer the catalyst nuclei, the more the catalyst active points increase, and the uniform growth of the reduced metal along the catalyst nuclei starts, so that a fine circuit can be formed.
- the nanoparticle component of the pretreatment liquid matches the metal component of the electroless plating bath. This is because by matching the metal components, the noble metal components in the electroless plating bath are continuously deposited and grown using the picocluster surface of the colloidal nanoparticles adsorbed on the substrate as a template.
- the pH of the pretreatment liquid matches the pH of the electroless plating bath. This is because the anchor effect of the colloidal nanoparticles adsorbed on the base material is maintained as it is by matching the pH.
- the base material is preferably surface-modified by ultraviolet irradiation.
- a ceramic substrate in which amine end groups and the like are uniformly arranged on the surface is formed.
- the substrate is formed with a fine circuit by a quartz photomask and then irradiated with ultraviolet rays, the noble metal nanoparticles can be adsorbed only on the portions not irradiated with the ultraviolet rays.
- an epoxy resin printed circuit board can be irradiated with ultraviolet rays to form a circuit.
- the pretreatment solution for electroless plating of the present invention since the sugar alcohol surrounds the noble metal nanoparticles, the noble metal nanoparticles have heat resistance and resistance to chemicals such as strong acid and strong alkali. Further, since the predetermined sugar alcohol surrounding the nanoparticles does not change the dispersion state of the noble metal nanoparticles, the colloidal state is maintained as it is. In addition, since the predetermined sugar alcohol surrounding the nanoparticles is stable, the pretreatment liquid for electroless plating of the present invention has long-term stability and maintains the shape of the noble metal nanoparticles until the electroless plating starts. can do.
- the pretreatment liquid can be retained for the aqueous solution in the entire pH range. For this reason, the composition of the pretreatment liquid can be tuned according to the bath composition of the electroless plating bath used.
- the predetermined sugar alcohol surrounding the nanoparticles can strongly adsorb the noble metal nanoparticles to any substrate regardless of the type of the substrate. Furthermore, this sugar alcohol has good dispersibility, the interval between the noble metal nanoparticles adsorbed on the substrate is wide, and the next noble metal nanoparticles do not overlap and adsorb on the surface of the adsorbed noble metal nanoparticles. That is, if the particle diameters of the noble metal nanoparticles serving as catalyst nuclei are set in accordance with the electroless plating solution used, the noble metal nanoparticles can be two-dimensionally aligned and dispersed on the substrate.
- the noble metal nanoparticles retain their shape until electroless plating is started by introducing a reducing agent after immersion in the electroless plating bath. be able to.
- the electroless plating reaction starts if the noble metal nanoparticles are immersed in the electroless plating solution.
- the noble metal nanoparticles coated with the sugar alcohol do not aggregate even when dried. That is, even if the pretreatment liquid containing the noble metal nanocolloid is dried, it does not aggregate and form metal particles.
- the pretreatment liquid for electroless plating of the present invention can be used repeatedly, catalyst nuclei can be repeatedly formed on many substrates. For this reason, the pretreatment liquid for electroless plating of the present invention can be incorporated in an automated line for electroless plating.
- the sugar alcohol surrounding the noble metal nanoparticles has heat resistance and resistance to chemicals such as strong acids and strong alkalis, it can be used as a pretreatment for all commercially available electroless plating solutions.
- the noble metal nanoparticles chemically reduced in the sugar alcohol form picoclusters, and the picocluster structure of the noble metal nanoparticles has a chemically reduced active surface. Becomes highly active.
- the electroless plating method of the present invention in addition to the effect of the pretreatment liquid for electroless plating, the following overlapping or independent effects can be obtained. Since solid noble metal nanoparticles are obtained at the start of electroless plating, a constant shaped catalyst core is always obtained. For this reason, a circuit with a fine circuit width can be formed on the substrate, and a thin and uniform film can be formed over a wide area. In addition, since the sugar alcohol is dispersed on the surface of the catalyst core and the surface of the solid noble metal nanoparticles is exposed, the activity is high and the quality of the plating film is stabilized.
- the metal reduced from the electroless plating bath is deposited on the picocluster surface using the picocluster formed on the surface of the noble metal nanoparticles as a template. Therefore, a plating film having a steep edge down to a submicrometer can be grown by this mold effect.
- the sugar alcohol liberated by the start of electroless plating has an extremely low concentration in the electroless plating bath, so that it does not bind to the metal atoms of the reduced electroless plating.
- the noble metal nanocolloid of the present invention is strongly adsorbed to the base material, it will not be detached even after sufficient washing after the pretreatment. For this reason, even if electroless plating is repeatedly performed on a large number of substrates using an automatic electroless plating line, the released sugar alcohol does not cause an abnormal precipitation reaction and the plating bath does not run away.
- 1 shows a transmission electron micrograph of gold (Au) nanoparticles having a particle diameter of 20 nanometers according to the present invention.
- Gold (Au) nanoparticles having a particle diameter of 20 nanometers were observed with a transmission electron microscope (JEM-2010, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.). A transmission electron micrograph image is shown in FIG. As is apparent from this figure, it can be seen that picoclusters are self-aligned at equal intervals close to the atomic level size of gold (Au) on the surface of the gold (Au) nanoparticles.
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, the gold (Au) equivalent concentration of sodium tetrachloroaurate (III) tetrahydrate was changed to 1 g / L, 5 g / L and 9 g / L, and at the same time the concentration of xylitol was 15 g. / L, 0.5 g / L and 150 g / L.
- Example 5 In the same manner as in Example 4, the palladium (Pd) equivalent concentration of palladium chloride was changed to 1 g / L, 5 g / L and 9 g / L, and at the same time, the concentration of glycerol was 0.05 g / L, 4 g / L and 18 g / L. L and changed.
- (Pd) colloidal nanoparticles were obtained. The obtained palladium (Pd) colloidal solution was dispersed in an 80 ° C. aqueous solution of 1N hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide in the same manner as in Example 4, but the palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were dispersed in the same manner as in Example 4. There was no change in the surface properties.
- the obtained platinum (Pt) colloidal solution was dispersed in an 80 ° C. aqueous solution of 1N hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide, and similarly observed with a transmission electron micrograph, the surface properties of the platinum (Pt) nanoparticles were observed. There was no change.
- Example 8 In the same manner as in Example 7, the platinum (Pt) equivalent concentration of hexahydroxoplatinum (IV) was changed to 1.5 g / L, 5 g / L and 6.5 g / L, and at the same time, the concentration of xylitol was 4 g / L, It was changed to 180 g / L and 16 g / L.
- Example 9 Experiments similar to Example 1 were performed using sorbitol, mannitol, erythritol, glycerin or inositol instead of xylitol.
- D 30 ⁇ 10 nanometer
- d 60 ⁇ 10 nanometer
- d 20 ⁇ 10 nanometer, respectively.
- the obtained platinum (Pt) colloidal solution was dispersed in an 80 ° C. aqueous solution of 1N hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid and potassium hydroxide in the same manner as in Example 7. There was no change in the surface properties.
- Electroless plating [Example 10] Using a silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (trade name KBE-903) manufactured by Shin-Etsu Silicone Co., Ltd. on a 20 mm x 20 mm square silicon wafer test piece with SiO 2 formed on the surface, under atmospheric pressure Then, chemical vapor deposition was performed at 75 ° C. for 5 minutes to form a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) having amine end groups.
- silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (trade name KBE-903) manufactured by Shin-Etsu Silicone Co., Ltd.
- the obtained platinum (Pt) plating had an average thickness of 1 ⁇ m ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ m, a small film thickness variation, and a uniform film.
- the thickness of the obtained nickel (Ni) plating was measured with 20 fluorescent X-ray film thickness measuring instruments (model SFT-9550) manufactured by SII Nano Technology, the average thickness was 1.0 micrometers. The thickness was ⁇ 0.2 micrometers, and the film thickness variation was small and a uniform film was obtained.
- Example 1 A gold (Au) colloidal solution was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that sodium tetrachlorogold (III) tetrahydrate was changed to a gold (Au) equivalent concentration of 12 g / L.
- This gold (Au) colloidal solution agglomerated in about 1 hour after preparation, and showed no activity as a catalyst nucleus for electroless plating.
- Example 2 A gold (Au) colloidal solution was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that sodium tetrachlorogold (III) tetrahydrate was changed to a gold (Au) equivalent concentration of 0.005 g / L.
- this gold (Au) colloidal solution was subjected to electroless plating in the bath of Example 10, the electroless plating was not activated.
- Example 4 A platinum (Pt) colloidal solution was obtained in the same manner as in Example 7 except that xylitol was changed to 0.005 g / L.
- this platinum (Pt) colloidal solution was subjected to electroless plating in the bath of Example 11, the electroless plating was not activated.
- the pretreatment liquid for electroless plating of the present invention can be applied to any commercially available electroless plating liquid. Further, the electroless plating method can be applied to various sensors such as an optical sensor, a hydrogen gas detection sensor, an atmospheric pressure sensor, a water depth sensor, an electrode of a wiring substrate, and the like.
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Abstract
Description
還元剤が無電解メッキに投入され、無電解メッキが開始すると、還元剤の接触と反応によって糖アルコールの保護作用が失われ、貴金属ナノ粒子を取り囲んでいた糖アルコールは無電解メッキ浴中に離散する。むき出しとなった貴金属ナノ粒子の表面は活性があり、特にピコクラスター面があれば活性は高くなっている。そこで、基材の表面上に整列した貴金属ナノ粒子群が無電解メッキの触媒核のサイトとなり、ここを起点として無電解メッキの金属析出が開始する。また、貴金属ナノ粒子にピコクラスター面が形成されていると、ピコクラスター面のアンカー効果によって基材および析出金属との密着性が高められる。
前記ピコクラスターが自身を構成する貴金属元素の原子レベルのサイズで等間隔に自己整列していることが好ましい。触媒核表面が微細になればなるほど、その鋳型に沿って還元・析出した無電解メッキの金属の成長が始まるため、微細な回路形成を行うことができるからである。
無電解メッキの開始時に固体の貴金属ナノ粒子が得られるので、いつも一定形状の触媒核が得られる。このため基材上で微細な回路幅の回路形成ができ、また、広範囲の面積に薄く均一な被膜形成もできる。しかもこの触媒核の表面は糖アルコールが離散して固体の貴金属ナノ粒子表面がむき出しになるので、活性が高く、メッキ膜の品質も安定する。
[1] 前処理液の調製
テトラクロロ金(III)酸ナトリウム・四水和物を金(Au)換算濃度で0.1g/Lおよびキシリトール:1.0g/Lを90℃の水酸化ナトリウム水溶液(pH=12)に溶解し、クエン酸三ナトリウム・二水和物で還元して金(Au)コロイド溶液を得た。金(Au)ナノ粒子の平均粒径は20ナノメートルで90%以上が10~30ナノメートルの範囲(d=20±10ナノメートル)に入っていた。粒径20ナノメートルの金(Au)ナノ粒子を透過電子顕微鏡(日本電子社製 JEM-2010)で観察した。透過電子顕微鏡写真像を図1に示す。この図から明らかなように、金(Au)ナノ粒子の表面にはピコクラスターが金(Au)の原子レベルのサイズに近く等間隔で自己整列していることがわかる。
実施例1と同様にして、テトラクロロ金(III)酸ナトリウム・四水和物の金(Au)換算濃度を1g/L、5g/Lおよび9g/Lと変化させ、同時にキシリトールの濃度を15g/L、0.5g/Lおよび150g/Lと変化させた。得られた金(Au)ナノ粒子の粒径は、金(Au)換算濃度の1g/L、5g/Lおよび9g/Lに対して、それぞれd=20±10ナノメートル、d=30±10ナノメートルおよびd=50±20ナノメートルであった。
キシリトールに代えてマンニトール、グリセリンまたはエリスリトールを用いて実施例1と同様の実験をしたところ、それぞれd=20±10ナノメートル、d=20±10ナノメートルおよびd=20±10ナノメートルの金(Au)コロイドナノ粒子を得た。得られた金(Au)コロイド溶液を実施例1と同様にして1規定の塩酸、硫酸および水酸化カリウムの80℃水溶液に分散させたが、実施例1と同様に金(Au)ナノ粒子の表面性状に変化は見られなかった。
塩化パラジウムをパラジウム(Pd)換算濃度で0.1g/Lおよびグリセリン50g/Lを90℃の塩酸水溶液(pH=3)に溶解し、次亜リン酸ナトリウムで還元してパラジウム(Pd)コロイド溶液を得た。パラジウム(Pd)ナノ粒子はd=30±10ナノメートル)であった。
実施例4と同様にして、塩化パラジウムのパラジウム(Pd)換算濃度を1g/L、5g/Lおよび9g/Lと変化させ、同時にグリセリンの濃度を0.05g/L、4g/Lおよび18g/Lと変化させた。得られたパラジウム(Pd)ナノ粒子の粒径は、パラジウム(Pd)換算濃度の1g/L、5g/Lおよび9g/Lに対して、それぞれd=50±20ナノメートル、d=30±10ナノメートルおよびd=30±10ナノメートルであった。
グリセリンに代えてマンニトール、キシリトール、またはエリスリトールを用いて実施例4と同様の実験をしたところ、それぞれd=30±10ナノメートル、d=40±10ナノメートルおよびd=30±10ナノメートルのパラジウム(Pd)コロイドナノ粒子を得た。得られたパラジウム(Pd)コロイド溶液を実施例4と同様にして1規定の塩酸、硫酸および水酸化カリウムの80℃水溶液に分散させたが、実施例4と同様にパラジウム(Pd)ナノ粒子の表面性状に変化は見られなかった。
ヘキサヒドロキソ白金(IV)を白金(Pt)換算濃度で0.3g/Lおよびキシリトール:1.5g/Lを90℃の水酸化ナトリウム水溶液(pH=12)に溶解し、ヒドラジンで還元して白金(Pt)コロイド溶液を得た。白金(Pt)ナノ粒子はd=30±10ナノメートルであった。粒径30ナノメートルの白金(Pt)ナノ粒子を透過電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、白金(Pt)ナノ粒子の表面にはピコクラスターが白金(Pt)の原子レベルのサイズに近く等間隔で自己整列していた。
実施例7と同様にして、ヘキサヒドロキソ白金(IV)の白金(Pt)換算濃度を1.5g/L、5g/Lおよび6.5g/Lと変化させ、同時にキシリトールの濃度を4g/L、180g/Lおよび16g/Lと変化させた。得られた白金(Pt)ナノ粒子の粒径は、白金(Pt)換算濃度の1.5g/L、5g/Lおよび6.5g/Lに対して、それぞれd=30±10ナノメートル、d=50±20ナノメートルおよびd=30±10ナノメートルであった。
キシリトールに代えてソルビトール、マンニトール、エリスリトール、グリセリンまたはイノシトールを用いて実施例1と同様の実験をしたところ、それぞれd=30±10ナノメートル、d=60±10ナノメートル、d=20±10ナノメートル、d=60±10ナノメートルおよびd=80±10ナノメートルの白金(Pt)コロイドナノ粒子を得た。得られた白金(Pt)コロイド溶液を実施例7と同様にして1規定の塩酸、硫酸および水酸化カリウムの80℃水溶液に分散させたが、実施例7と同様に白金(Pt)ナノ粒子の表面性状に変化は見られなかった。
〔実施例10〕
表面にSiO2の形成された20mm×20mm角のシリコンウェハテストピースに信越シリコーン株式会社製のシランカップリング剤(3-アミノプロピルトリエトキシシラン(商品名KBE-903))を用い、大気圧下、75℃で5分間化学蒸着をしてアミン末端基をもつ自己組織化単分子膜(SAM)を形成した。
縦50mm、横50mmおよび厚さ1mmのγ-アルミナ基材10枚を実施例7で作成した白金(Pt)コロイド溶液1000mLに25℃にて10分間浸漬し、各基材を30分間蒸留水で水洗した。その後、ジニトロジアミノ白金(II)(Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2)を3.4g/L、ポリビニルピロリドンを2モル/Ptモルおよび水素化ホウ素カリウム(KBH4)を1.0g/L添加し、pH=12、浴温を90℃とした無電解白金メッキ浴で30分間一枚ごと浸漬したところ、途中で無電解金メッキ浴が暴走することなく、10枚の基材すべてがメッキできた。
縦60mm、横30mmおよび厚さ0.3mmの金試験片20枚を実施例4のパラジウム(Pd)コロイド溶液500mLに浸漬し、各基材を10分間流水で水洗した。その後、日本エレクトロプレイティング・エンジニヤース株式会社製の無電解ニッケルメッキ浴(商品名レクトロレス NP7600、ニッケル(Ni)濃度(4.8g/L)、pH=4.6)に85℃で20分間一枚ごと浸漬したところ、途中で無電解ニッケルメッキ浴が暴走することなく、20枚の基材すべてがメッキできた。
テトラクロロ金(III)酸ナトウム・四水和物を金(Au)換算濃度で12g/Lとした以外は、実施例1と同様にして金(Au)コロイド溶液を得た。この金(Au)ナノ粒子はd=80±50ナノメートルであった。この金(Au)コロイド溶液は作成後1時間程度で凝集が発生し、無電解メッキ用触媒核しての活性は示さなかった。
テトラクロロ金(III)酸ナトウム・四水和物を金(Au)換算濃度で0.005g/Lとした以外は、実施例1と同様にして金(Au)コロイド溶液を得た。この金(Au)ナノ粒子はd=40±20ナノメートルであったが、金(Au)ナノ粒子の表面にはピコクラスターが観察されなかった。この金(Au)コロイド溶液を実施例10の浴で無電解メッキをしたところ、無電解メッキは発動しなかった。
グリセリンを250g/Lとした以外は、実施例4と同様にしてパラジウム(Pd)コロイド溶液を得た。
パラジウム(Pd)ナノ粒子はd=40±20ナノメートルであったが、パラジウム(Pd)ナノ粒子の表面にはピコクラスターが観察されなかった。このパラジウム(Pd)コロイド溶液を実施例12の浴で無電解メッキをしたところ、無電解メッキは発動しなかった。
キシリトールを0.005g/Lとした以外は、実施例7と同様にして白金(Pt)コロイド溶液を得た。この白金(Pt)ナノ粒子はd=20±40ナノメートルであり、白金(Pt)ナノ粒子の表面にはピコクラスターが観察されなかった。この白金(Pt)コロイド溶液を実施例11の浴で無電解メッキをしたところ、無電解メッキは発動しなかった。
ポリビニルピロリドンK25:0.05g/L、テトラクロロ金(III)酸・四水和物:0.1g/L(Au換算濃度)と クエン酸ナトリウム・二水和物:0.5g/Lを含む水溶液を90℃で30分間撹拌し、ポリビニルピロリドンを分散剤とするAuコロイドを得た。このAuコロイド溶液を実施例10の方法で無電解金メッキしたところ、無電解メッキは発動しなかった。
Claims (10)
- 貴金属コロイドナノ粒子、糖アルコールおよび水とからなる無電解メッキ用前処理液において、当該コロイドナノ粒子は、金(Au)、白金(Pt)またはパラジウム(Pd)のいずれかであり、糖アルコールの存在下に化学還元(第一スズ化合物による還元を除く。)することにより得られたもので、当該コロイドナノ粒子の平均粒径が5~80ナノメートルであり、当該コロイドナノ粒子は金属質量として前処理液中に0.01~10g/L含有し、当該糖アルコールは、トリトール、テトリトール、ペンチトール、ヘキシトール、ヘプチトール、オクチトール、イノシトール、クエルシトール、ペンタエリスリトールからなる群のうちの少なくとも1種以上を合計で前処理液中に0.01~200g/L含有し、残部が水であることを特徴とする無電解メッキ用前処理液。
- 貴金属コロイドナノ粒子、糖アルコール、pH調整剤および水とからなる無電解メッキ用前処理液において、当該コロイドナノ粒子は、金(Au)、白金(Pt)またはパラジウム(Pd)のいずれかであり、糖アルコールの存在下に化学還元(第一スズ化合物による還元を除く。)することにより得られたもので、当該コロイドナノ粒子の平均粒径が5~80ナノメートルであり、当該コロイドナノ粒子は金属質量として前処理液中に0.01~10g/L含有し、当該糖アルコールは、トリトール、テトリトール、ペンチトール、ヘキシトール、ヘプチトール、オクチトール、イノシトール、クエルシトール、ペンタエリスリトールからなる群のうちの少なくとも1種以上を合計で前処理液中に0.01~200g/L含有し、当該pH調整剤を1g/L以下含有し、残部が水であることを特徴とする無電解メッキ用前処理液。
- 前記コロイドナノ粒子が白金(Pt)ナノ粒子であり、かつ、前記糖アルコールがグリセリン、エリスリトール、キシリトール、イノシトールまたはペンタエリスリトールのうちの少なくとも1種以上である請求項1または請求項2に記載の無電解メッキ用前処理液。
- 前記コロイドナノ粒子がパラジウム(Pd)であり、かつ、前記糖アルコールがグリセリン、エリスリトール、キシリトールまたはマンニトールのうちの少なくとも1種以上である請求項1または請求項2に記載の無電解メッキ用前処理液。
- 前記コロイドナノ粒子が金(Au)であり、かつ、前記糖アルコールがグリセリン、エリスリトール、キシリトール、マンニトールまたはペンタエリスリトールのうちの少なくとも1種以上である請求項1または請求項2に記載の無電解メッキ用前処理液。
- 基材を前処理液に浸漬した後無電解メッキをする無電解メッキ方法において、当該前処理液が、貴金属コロイドナノ粒子、糖アルコール、pH調整剤および水とからなり、当該コロイドナノ粒子は、金(Au)、白金(Pt)またはパラジウム(Pd)のいずれかのコロイドナノ粒子であり、糖アルコールの存在下に化学還元(第一スズ化合物による還元を除く。)することにより得られたもので、当該コロイドナノ粒子の平均粒径が5~80ナノメートルであり、当該コロイドナノ粒子は金属質量として前処理液中に0.01~10g/L含有し、当該糖アルコールは、トリトール、テトリトール、ペンチトール、ヘキシトール、ヘプチトール、オクチトール、イノシトール、クエルシトール、ペンタエリスリトールからなる群のうちの糖アルコールから少なくとも1種以上を合計で前処理液中に0.01~200g/L含有し、当該pH調整剤を1g/L以下含有し、残部が水である無電解メッキ前処理液を用いることを特徴とする無電解メッキ方法。
- 前記前処理液に基材を浸漬した後、当該基材を洗浄し、その後無電解メッキをすることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の無電解メッキ方法。
- 前記前処理液のナノ粒子の成分が前記無電解メッキ浴の金属成分と一致していることを特徴とする請求項6または請求項7に記載の無電解メッキ方法。
- 前記前処理液のpHが前記無電解メッキ浴のpHと一致していることを特徴とする請求項6~請求項8のいずれか1項に記載の無電解メッキ方法。
- 前記基材が紫外線照射されていることを特徴とする請求項6~請求項9のいずれか1項に記載の無電解メッキ方法。
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