WO2016000535A1 - 组合式双向预应力承载机架 - Google Patents

组合式双向预应力承载机架 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016000535A1
WO2016000535A1 PCT/CN2015/081799 CN2015081799W WO2016000535A1 WO 2016000535 A1 WO2016000535 A1 WO 2016000535A1 CN 2015081799 W CN2015081799 W CN 2015081799W WO 2016000535 A1 WO2016000535 A1 WO 2016000535A1
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horizontal
vertical
prestressed
beams
strength
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PCT/CN2015/081799
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English (en)
French (fr)
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郭玉玺
宋雷钧
潘克•迈克尔
赫曼•乌利奇
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南京迪威尔高端制造股份有限公司
威普克潘克有限公司
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Publication of WO2016000535A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016000535A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B30—PRESSES
    • B30B—PRESSES IN GENERAL
    • B30B15/00—Details of, or accessories for, presses; Auxiliary measures in connection with pressing
    • B30B15/04—Frames; Guides

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a combined load bearing frame, and more particularly to a combined two-way prestressed load bearing frame.
  • the load-bearing frame is the most important part of the hydraulic machine body, so the load-bearing frame must have sufficient strength and rigidity to meet the performance requirements and economy of different manufacturing processes.
  • the structural design of the existing hydraulic machine's load-bearing frame still has no major breakthrough, the shape is the same, the function is single, the performance is low, and the application range of the process is limited.
  • the vertical load-bearing frame of the traditional “three-beam four-column” hydraulic press can only withstand the vertical working load, and is used for vertical forming processes such as forging, extrusion, stamping and pressing of materials depending on different applications;
  • the horizontal load-bearing frame of the traditional "three-beam four-column” hydraulic press can only withstand the horizontal working load, mainly used for the horizontal extrusion process of materials;
  • the traditional multi-directional forging hydraulic press's load-bearing frame is also simple
  • the ground frame is assembled with a horizontal frame for multi-directional die forging process, but since the two frames are independent, the vertical and horizontal working load forces are mutually external, and the force system cannot be combined.
  • the present invention is directed to the drawbacks of the prior art load bearing frame, and provides a combined two-way prestressed load bearing frame.
  • a combined bidirectional prestressed load-bearing frame comprises two vertical pillar beams of the same size and bilateral symmetry, horizontal upper beams and horizontal lower beams respectively supported at the top and bottom of the vertical pillar beams, and vertical prestressing a tie rod device
  • the vertical pillar beam comprises two equal-strength beams and sleeves, and the two equal-strength beams are laterally coupled by the sleeve
  • the equal-strength beam has a rectangular cross section, and the inner side is a plane, the outer side Having a protrusion; a cross-sectional area of the portion of the equal-strength beam above the protrusion gradually increases from top to bottom, and a cross-sectional area of the portion of the equal-strength beam below the protrusion is from top to bottom
  • the sleeve and its axis are horizontally located between two equal-strength beams, and the horizontal upper beam, the vertical column beam and the horizontal lower beam pass the vertical response
  • the horizontal upper beam and the horizontal lower beam are convex equal-strength beams, and the convex body of the horizontal upper beam is opposite to the convex body of the horizontal lower beam, and the two shoulder planes of the horizontal upper beam Connected to the top ends of the two vertical pillar beams respectively, the two shoulder planes of the horizontal lower beam are respectively connected with the bottom ends of the two vertical pillar beams, and the convex body of the horizontal upper beam
  • the two sides are respectively in contact with the top inner side surfaces of the two vertical pillar beams, and the two sides of the protruding body of the horizontal lower beam are respectively in contact with the bottom inner sides of the two vertical pillar beams,
  • the utility model further comprises a bottom horizontal prestressed rod device and a top horizontal prestressed rod device, wherein the bottoms of the two vertical pillar beams and the protruding body of the horizontal lower beam are pre-tightened by the bottom horizontal prestressed rod device, two The top of the vertical upright beam and the raised body of the horizontal upper beam are pre-tightened by the top horizontal prestressed drawbar arrangement.
  • the equal strength beam is a hollow beam.
  • a top end of the vertical pillar beam is keyed to a shoulder plane of the horizontal upper beam, and a bottom end of the vertical pillar beam is keyed to a shoulder plane of the horizontal lower beam.
  • the vertical tie rod device comprises a plurality of thin tie rods having a diameter of 160 to 280 mm.
  • the invention abandons the traditional design method using a single thick tie rod, not only for the needs of a compact structure design, but the performance of a plurality of thin tie rods is much greater than that of using only one thick tie rod, and a small hydraulic preload can be used. Cylinders, each of which is pre-tensioned.
  • first horizontal rod device and the second horizontal rod device each include a plurality of thin rods having a diameter of 160 to 280 mm.
  • the invention abandons the traditional design method using a single thick tie rod, not only for the needs of a compact structure design, but the performance of a plurality of thin tie rods is much greater than that of using only one thick tie rod, and a small hydraulic preload can be used. Cylinders, each of which is pre-tensioned.
  • the sleeve has a circular or rectangular cross section.
  • a stepped hole is disposed in the sleeve.
  • the combined bidirectional prestressed load-bearing frame of the present invention comprises a novel vertical column beam and an equal-strength horizontal upper beam and a horizontal lower beam, which are pre-stressed in both vertical and horizontal directions by a prestressed rod device.
  • a vertical working cylinder is provided in the horizontal upper beam and the horizontal lower beam, and is allowed to withstand the vertical working load.
  • Each of the vertical pillar beams includes two equal-strength vertical beams, and the two vertical beams are laterally coupled by a horizontal sleeve for mounting a horizontal working cylinder supported by the cylinder bottom and allowed to withstand horizontal working loads.
  • Figure 1 is a plan view of the combined carrier frame
  • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A of the combined carrier frame
  • Figure 3 is a side view of the vertical column beam
  • Figure 4 is a plan view of the vertical column beam
  • Figure 5 is a plan view of the horizontal upper beam
  • Figure 6 is a plan view of the horizontal lower beam
  • Figure 7 is a side view of the guiding system
  • Figure 8 is a plan view of the guide body
  • Figure 9 is a schematic view showing the structure of a multi-directional composite extrusion hydraulic press.
  • the combined bidirectional prestressed load-bearing frame of the present invention comprises a horizontal lower beam 1, two vertical column beams 2; 4, a horizontal upper beam 6, a vertical prestressed rod device 71, and a bottom portion.
  • the beam of the existing hydraulic machine is generally a contour beam, that is, the height dimension of any vertical section of the beam is equal.
  • the bearing surface of the upper beam that is, the plane for supporting the column and mounting the working cylinder, is in the same plane
  • the bearing surface of the lower beam that is, the plane for supporting the column and mounting the working table, is also in the same plane.
  • Some non-equal height upper beam non-bearing surfaces are upwardly convex, and non-equal height lower beam non-bearing surfaces are convex downward.
  • the beam of the hydraulic machine of the present invention is a convex equal-strength beam, which is different from the structure of the beam of any existing hydraulic machine.
  • the "convex" type horizontal upper beam 6 and the “convex” type horizontal lower beam 1 are exactly opposite to the conventional concept.
  • the upper dimensions of the beams in the height direction are not equal, and the bearing planes of the beams are not in the same plane, but the stress distribution of the beams is balanced.
  • the potential of the material is fully utilized; the bearing surface of the horizontal upper beam 6 mounting cylinder is convex downward, so that the bearing surface of the horizontal lower beam 1 mounting table protrudes upward.
  • the distance between the two horizontal planes of the horizontal upper beam 6 and the convex body of the horizontal lower beam 1 constitutes the vertical opening H of the frame window, and the two vertical faces of the convex body determine the horizontal inner clearance of the frame window. W, the material between the two vertical faces plays the role of the upper and lower horizontal columns.
  • the horizontal lower beam 1 of the present invention is an upwardly convex "convex" type equal-strength beam structure, the upper plane of the convex body is used for mounting the workbench, and the two shoulder planes are used for supporting two vertical column beams 2; The two planes are not in the same plane.
  • the vertical faces on both sides of the protrusion are two vertical column beams 2; the inner side of the bottom of the 4 provides a horizontal "X" axis positioning reference, and the protrusion is used as a lower horizontal column, and the bottom horizontal prestressed rod device 72 is received.
  • the bottom of the two vertical column beams 2; 4 and the protrusion of the horizontal lower beam 1 are pre-tensioned into a horizontal horizontal prestressing effect;
  • the two shoulder planes are designed with two sets of rectangular key grooves and are provided with positioning keys.
  • the front and rear horizontal "Y" axis positioning datum can be provided for the bottom of the two vertical column beams 2; 4; the two shoulder planes are two vertical column beams 2; the bottom of the 4 provides a vertical "Z" axis positioning datum And withstand the vertical prestressed tie rod device 71 to connect the two vertical column beams 2; 4 with
  • the horizontal upper beam 6 and the horizontal lower beam 1 are pre-tightened into an integrated vertical prestressing action;
  • the lower working cylinder can be installed in the horizontal lower beam 1 according to the required ejection force, lower perforating force and hydraulic cushioning force of different process objects .
  • the horizontal upper beam 6 is an inverted "convex" beam structure protruding downward, the lower plane of the inverted convex body is used for installing the main working cylinder, and the two inverted shoulder planes are for supporting two vertical column beams 2; These two planes are not in the same plane.
  • the two vertical faces of the inverted convex body are two vertical column beams 2; the inner side of the top of the 4 provides the left and right horizontal "X" axis positioning reference, and the inverted convex body is used as the upper horizontal column to withstand the horizontal horizontal prestressing
  • the tie rod device 73 pre-tightens the top of the two vertical pillar beams 2; 4 and the inverted convex body of the horizontal upper beam 6 into a horizontal pre-stress; two sets of rectangular keyways and inlays are designed on the two inverted shoulder planes
  • the columns of the existing hydraulic press are mostly independent of four solid or hollow circular or rectangular structures, or a multi-layered plate structure, or a frame-shaped box structure. Their common feature is that they are only used as a column function to support compressive stress (for prestressed structures) or tensile stress between upper and lower beams (for vertical hydraulic machines) or front and rear beams (for horizontal hydraulic machines) (for non-pre- Stress structure), can not withstand horizontal or lateral working loads.
  • Some integral multi-layer plate type or integral plate-frame hydraulic machine although it is allowed to install a flange-supported working cylinder in the horizontal direction of the column portion, due to the constraint of the type structure, the horizontal working load can be withheld only 1/5 of the vertical direction.
  • the special vertical column beam 2; 4 of the present invention is different from the structure of the column of any of the existing hydraulic machines.
  • Two vertical column beams 2; 4, which are asymmetric arch structures from the front, are asymmetric "H" structures from the side.
  • the vertical pillar beam 2; 4 comprises two equal-strength beams and sleeves, and the two equal-strength beams are laterally coupled by a sleeve.
  • the equal-strength beam has a rectangular cross section, a plane on the inner side and a protrusion on the outer side.
  • the cross-sectional area of the portion of the equal-strength beam above the protrusion gradually increases from the top to the bottom, and the cross-sectional area of the portion of the equal-strength beam below the protrusion gradually decreases from the top to the bottom, and the sleeve and its axis are horizontal. Located between two equal strength beams.
  • a vertical column function As a vertical column function, it is a hollow rectangular cross section at the full height; the four bottom ends and four top ends of the two vertical column beams 2; 4 are supported on the two shoulder planes and levels of the horizontal lower beam 1 Between the two shoulder planes of the beam 6, it is pre-tensioned with the horizontal upper beam 6 and the horizontal lower beam 1 by the vertical prestressed rod device 71, subjected to the vertical prestressing action, and the angle under the working load.
  • two vertical column beams 2; 4 are hollow variable section arch beam structures, with four top and four bottom inner sides of two vertical column beams and horizontal upper and lower beams 6 and 1 as horizontal columns, respectively.
  • the two vertical faces of the projection are fitted together, and the ends and bottoms of the vertical column beams are pre-tightened with the bosses of the horizontal upper and lower beams 6 and 1 by the bottom horizontal prestressed tie rod devices 72 and 73, respectively;
  • the middle part between the vertical pillar beams is laterally connected by a circular or rectangular cylinder 21 for mounting a horizontal working cylinder supported by the bottom of the cylinder and is allowed to withstand a large horizontal working load; according to different horizontal nominal forces and
  • the number of cylinders can be a single-acting hydraulic cylinder, or a double-acting double-acting hydraulic cylinder, or two or more hydraulic cylinders.
  • Hydraulic press in the form of traditional tension column, integral multi-layer plate or integral plate-frame hydraulic machine, their common feature is that the frame is non-prestressed structure, which is subjected to one-way large-value alternating stress during operation and low fatigue resistance.
  • Some hydraulic presses use a prestressed structure, but most of them are vertical vertical hydraulic machines, or horizontally oriented horizontal hydraulic machines with one-way prestressed structures; some have a vertical prestressed frame with one lying
  • the prestressed frames are combined to form a multi-directional forging hydraulic press, but the frame and the mold are frequently damaged due to the fact that the force system cannot be closed.
  • the horizontal working load that can be withstood is only 1/3 of the vertical direction.
  • the vertical and horizontal bidirectional full prestressing system of the present invention is different from the prestressing mode of any of the existing hydraulic machines.
  • the vertical and horizontal bidirectional full prestressing system, the vertical prestressed rod device 71, the bottom horizontal prestressed rod device 72 and the top horizontal prestressed rod device 73 have a diameter of 160 to 280 mm, according to the design preload and
  • the pre-tightening method generates pre-tensioning tension on the entire length of the tie rod by pre-tightening the nut, and applies pre-tightening pressure to the horizontal upper beam 6, the horizontal lower beam 1 and the two vertical column beams 2; 4, thereby horizontally the upper beam 6 and
  • the horizontal lower beam 1 and the two vertical column beams 2; 4 are tightly consolidated in a vertical direction and a horizontal direction, respectively, to form a vertical and horizontal bidirectional full prestressed load-bearing frame.
  • the number and distribution of the tie rods in the vertical prestressed rod device 71, the bottom horizontal prestressed rod device 72 and the top horizontal prestressed rod device 73 are determined, and the tie rod nut is determined according to the stress level of each beam. Under the thickness of the pad.
  • the prestress design is to design, adjust and set the prestress of the tie rod according to the maximum working load force and the maximum allowable eccentricity.
  • the preloading coefficient is 1.5, that is, the preload force is 1.5 times of the working load; the horizontal upper beam 6 and the horizontal lower beam 1
  • the cross-sectional dimension of the contact part with the two vertical pillar beams 2; 4 is the same, the deformation of the height direction of the beam is not negligible, and the calculated size of the compressed member should include the horizontal upper beam 6, the horizontal lower beam 1 and two The corresponding height dimension of the vertical column beam 2;
  • the force of the entire frame, whether it is vertical or horizontal, is an internal force balance system, and the load force will not be transmitted. On the basis of this, the safety and reliability of the two-way rack of the rack are ensured.
  • the invention abandons the traditional design method using a single thick tie rod, not only for the needs of compact structural design, but the superiority of multiple thin draw rods is much greater than that of using only one thick draw rod: a smaller hydraulic preload can be used Tightening cylinders, respectively pre-tightening each tie rod; according to the cross-sectional shape of the hollow column, the multiple tie rods are symmetrically and evenly arranged, and the force is balanced; the machining error of the root of the pull rod thread is small, and the bending stress is less affected; due to the small cross-sectional area, the material structure The heat treatment performance is uniform, and the mechanical properties of the material can be fully utilized; the manufacturing and installation are convenient.
  • the combined double "X" type composite guiding system of the present invention is different from the guiding mode of any of the existing hydraulic machines, and includes two guiding bodies 51 of the same size and symmetrical structure. ; 52 and movable beam 3.
  • the specific structure of the guiding body is: the guiding body 51; 52 has a convex portion on the guiding side, two first guiding surfaces are symmetrically disposed on both sides of the upper portion of the protruding portion, and two sides are symmetrically disposed on the lower sides of the protruding portion
  • the two guiding surfaces, the first guiding surface and the second guiding surface extending the line through the center of the combined bidirectional prestressed bearing frame, the two guiding bodies 51; 52 upper end is fixedly coupled by a prestressed tie rod, two guiding bodies 51;
  • the lower portion of the 52 is fixedly coupled to the movable beam 3 by a cross key and a screw 82.
  • the two sets of upper horizontal tie rod devices 81 comprise high-strength tie rods, which are integrally pre-stressed by two pre-stresses of the two upper guide beams 51; 52; the lower portions of the two guide bodies 51; 52 are passed through the horizontal screw 82 and the cross key
  • the vertical guide body is laterally consolidated with the movable cross member 3.
  • the upper beam guide plate of the guide body 51; 52 is guided by the wear-resistant guide plate at the non-deformation zone I mounted on the horizontal upper beam 6, and the middle and lower vertical guide plates are supported by the micro-deformation zone mounted on the left and right vertical column beams 4 and 2.
  • the wear-resistant guide slide is guided at II; the extension lines of the upper and lower guide faces pass through the center of the support frame, and the angle ⁇ between the two first guide faces of the same guide body 51; 52 is 60°-100°, At the same time, the angle ⁇ between the two second guiding surfaces of the same guiding body 51; 52 is 60°-100°, the angle between the two first guiding surfaces of the same guiding body 51; 52 and the two second The angle between the guide faces is different. It forms a double "X" type composite guiding system; the length of the guiding body is three times its stroke, which provides a strong, rigid and low contact stress plane guide for the movable beam.
  • the above-mentioned combined bidirectional prestressed load-bearing frame adopts the computer three-dimensional finite element analysis software contact problem analysis method to optimize the overall structure of the frame, so that the deformation and stress of the frame are accurately solved, and the working process is predicted.
  • the stress state of the structure and its deformation trend optimize the structure of the force frame, determine its geometrical dimensions under the optimal strength and stiffness, and make the material properly distributed to give full play to the potential of the materials used.
  • Theoretical analysis shows that the frame structure has high overall rigidity, fatigue resistance, load carrying capacity and safety reliability. After the frame is pre-tightened, there is no seam, no need to repeatedly tighten the outer nut, and the tie rod will never wear. During operation, the column is subjected to compressive and bending stresses, and the tie rod is subjected to tensile stress. The maximum and minimum tensile stress changes are only 15% of the maximum load stress. There is no column breakage accident during the life cycle of the whole machine, and the service life of each component is prolonged, which greatly reduces equipment maintenance cost and life cycle cost.
  • the existing multi-directional forging hydraulic press has a cylinder shaft of 3-5 axes, and the horizontal working cylinders are all single-axis, and the capacity is low.
  • the formed product has a small weight and can only be subjected to a single horizontal split molding. , limits the range of process applications for multi-directional die forging.
  • the multi-directional composite extrusion hydraulic press of the present invention is different from any of the conventional multi-directional forging hydraulic presses.
  • the multi-directional mold composite extrusion cylinder has a number of shafts of 7 axes, a combined two-way prestressed load-bearing frame and a combined double "X"-type composite guide frame as carriers for installing hydraulic cylinders, work tables, molds, and the like, and Subject to full working load, it forms the body part of a multi-directional composite precision extrusion hydraulic press.
  • the multi-directional composite extrusion hydraulic press comprises a combined prestressed load-bearing frame, a combined double "X" type composite guiding system, an upper vertical main working cylinder 9, an upper vertical perforating cylinder 10, a left horizontal main working cylinder 121, and a right horizontal main The working cylinder 122, the left horizontal perforating cylinder 131, the right horizontal perforating cylinder 132 and the lower vertical perforating or ejection cylinder 16.
  • the ejector cylinders 16 are respectively driven as independent CNC hydraulic cylinders, which are respectively driven by hydraulic numerical control devices, and constitute a hydraulic numerical control closed-loop servo control and synchronous control system; wherein the upper vertical main working cylinder 9 is disposed in the horizontal upper cross beam 6, left horizontal
  • the main working cylinder 121 is disposed in a sleeve of a vertical column beam 2; 4, the right horizontal main working cylinder 122 is disposed in the sleeve of the other vertical column beam 2; 4, and the lower vertical perforating or ejection cylinder 16 is disposed at the level In the lower cross member 1, the upper vertical perforated cylinder 10 is disposed in the upper vertical main working cylinder 9, the left
  • the logic action is controlled by the PLC system.
  • the speed, displacement and pressure of each cylinder axis are programmed by HNC.
  • the vertical loading of the spindle, the loading of the left horizontal axis and the loading of the right horizontal axis are performed.
  • more than five types of loading modes can be combined, and two types of split mode, vertical splitting and horizontal splitting, can be completed according to the conditions of the process parting surface.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is to develop a seven-axis CNC multi-directional die compound precision extrusion forming hydraulic press with a total deformation capacity of 350 MN.
  • the main force technical parameters are shown in Table 1.
  • the strength, rigidity and guiding accuracy of the load-bearing frame enable the hydraulic press to achieve the following properties:

Abstract

一种组合式双向预应力承载机架，包括一种新型的垂直立柱梁和等强度的水平上横梁（6）及水平下横梁（1），通过预应力拉杆装置（71，72，73）将其在垂直和水平两个方向上预紧成为一个组合式双向预应力承载机架。水平上横梁（6）和水平下横梁（1）内设置有垂直工作缸，并允许承受垂直方向的工作载荷。每根垂直立柱梁包括两根等强度的垂直梁（2，4），两根垂直梁之间通过一个水平套筒横向联结，用以安装以缸底支承的水平工作缸，并允许承受水平方向的工作载荷。通过将水平上横梁（6）、水平下横梁（1）和左右垂直的立柱（2，4）紧密地固结成一个整体，构成一个垂直于水平方向受力平衡的双向全预应力承载机架，从而使整个机架具有更高的整体刚度、抗疲劳强度和可靠性，在垂直和水平方向都能承受巨大的工作载荷。

Description

组合式双向预应力承载机架 技术领域
本发明涉及一种组合式承载机架，尤其涉及一种组合式双向预应力承载机架。
背景技术
承载机架是液压机本体的最重要组成部分，因此承载机架必须具有足够的强度和刚度，以满足不同制造工艺的性能要求和经济性。但是，在液压机技术领域中，现有液压机的承载机架的结构设计仍然没有重大突破，形状雷同，功能单一，性能低下，工艺应用范围受限制。例如：传统的“三梁四柱”液压机的立式承载机架，只能承受垂直方向的工作载荷，视不同的应用场合，用于材料的锻造、挤压、冲压、压制等立式成形工艺；传统的“三梁四柱”液压机的卧式承载机架，只能承受水平方向的工作载荷，主要用于材料的卧式挤压工艺；传统的多向模锻液压机的承载机架，也只是简单地将一个立式机架与一个卧式机架拼装在一起，用于多向模锻成形工艺，但由于两个机架各自独立，垂直与水平工作载荷力互为外力，力系不能在组合机架内得到平衡，易造成水平受力失衡、构件频繁损坏；传统的整体叠板式和整体框架式承载机架，虽然其垂直与水平工作载荷力成为内力，但与两个拼装在一起的机架一样，受结构限制，其能够承受的水平工作载荷很小。因此上述液压机的承载机架，不能满足多向、异型、空腔类的复杂产品的一次性精密挤压成形要求，需要的工序道次多，材料利用率低，切削加工量大，金属流线被切断，造成应力集中，生产效率低，能耗高。
因此，需要一种新的承载机架以解决上述问题。
发明内容
发明目的：本发明是针对现有技术中承载机架的缺陷，提供一种组合式双向预应力承载机架。
技术方案：
一种组合式双向预应力承载机架，包括两根大小结构相同且左右对称的垂直立柱梁和分别固持在所述垂直立柱梁的顶部和底部的水平上横梁和水平下横梁，以及垂直预应力拉杆装置，所述垂直立柱梁包括两根等强度梁和套筒，两根所述等强度梁通过所述套筒横向联结，所述等强度梁的横截面为矩形，其内侧为平面，外侧具有突出部；所述等强度梁位于所述突出部上方的部分的横截面面积自上向下逐渐增大，所述等强度梁位于所述突出部下方的部分的横截面面积自上向下逐渐减小，所述套筒及其轴线呈水平方向位于两根等强度梁之间，所述水平上横梁、垂直立柱梁和水平下横梁通过所述垂直预应 力拉杆装置预紧成一体，
所述水平上横梁和水平下横梁均为凸型等强度梁，所述水平上横梁的凸出体与所述水平下横梁的凸出体相对设置，所述水平上横梁的两个凸肩平面分别与两根所述垂直立柱梁的顶端相接，所述水平下横梁的两个凸肩平面分别与两根所述垂直立柱梁的底端相接，所述水平上横梁的凸出体的两个侧面分别与两根所述垂直立柱梁的顶部内侧面相接触，所述水平下横梁的凸出体的两个侧面分别与两根所述垂直立柱梁的底部内侧面相接触，
还包括底部水平预应力拉杆装置和顶部水平预应力拉杆装置，两根所述垂直立柱梁的底部和所述水平下横梁的凸出体通过所述底部水平预应力拉杆装置预紧成一体，两根所述垂直立柱梁的顶部和所述水平上横梁的凸出体通过所述顶部水平预应力拉杆装置预紧成一体。
更进一步的，所述等强度梁为空心梁。
更进一步的，所述垂直立柱梁的顶端与所述水平上横梁的凸肩平面为键连接，所述垂直立柱梁的底端与所述水平下横梁的凸肩平面为键连接。
更进一步的，所述垂直拉杆装置包括多根细拉杆，所述细拉杆的直径为160～280mm。本发明摈弃了采用单根粗拉杆的传统设计方法，不仅仅是出于紧凑型结构设计的需要，而是多根细拉杆的性能远大于只用一根粗拉杆，可用较小的液压预紧缸，分别预紧每根拉杆。
更进一步的，所述第一水平拉杆装置和第二水平拉杆装置均包括多根细拉杆，所述细拉杆的直径为160～280mm。本发明摈弃了采用单根粗拉杆的传统设计方法，不仅仅是出于紧凑型结构设计的需要，而是多根细拉杆的性能远大于只用一根粗拉杆，可用较小的液压预紧缸，分别预紧每根拉杆。
更进一步的，所述套筒的横截面为圆形或矩形。
更进一步的，所述套筒内设置有阶梯孔。
有益效果：本发明的组合式双向预应力承载机架包括一种新型的垂直立柱梁和等强度的水平上横梁及水平下横梁，通过预应力拉杆装置将其在垂直和水平两个方向上预紧成为一个组合式双向预应力承载机架。水平上横梁和水平下横梁内设置有垂直工作缸，并允许承受垂直方向的工作载荷。每根垂直立柱梁包括两根等强度的垂直梁，两根垂直梁之间通过一个水平套筒横向联结，用以安装以缸底支承的水平工作缸，并允许承受水平方向的工作载荷。
附图说明
图1为组合式承载机架的俯视图；
图2为组合式承载机架的A-A向剖视图；
图3为垂直立柱梁的侧视图；
图4为垂直立柱梁的俯视图；
图5为水平上横梁的俯视图；
图6为水平下横梁的俯视图；
图7为导向系统的侧视图；
图8为导向体的俯视图；
图9为多向模复合挤压液压机的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
请参阅图1和图2所示，本发明的组合式双向预应力承载机架，包括水平下横梁1、两个垂直立柱梁2；4、水平上横梁6、垂直预应力拉杆装置71、底部水平预应力拉杆装置72、和顶部水平预应力拉杆装置73。
1)现有液压机的横梁一般为等高梁，即梁的任一垂直截面的高度尺寸相等。上横梁的承载面，即用于立柱支承和安装工作缸的平面处于同一平面，下横梁的承载面，即用于立柱支承和安装工作台的平面也处于同一平面。有些非等高上横梁的非承载面均向上凸起，非等高下横梁的非承载面均向下凸出。这些梁的功能单一，在高度方向的上尺寸相等，但梁的应力分布很不均衡，材料的潜能没有得到充分发挥。
请参阅图5和图6所示，本发明液压机的横梁均为凸型等强度梁，有别于现有的任何一种液压机的梁的结构。“凸”型水平上横梁6和“凸”型水平下横梁1恰恰与传统观念相反，梁在高度方向的上尺寸不相等，梁的承载平面均不处于同一平面，但梁的应力分布均衡，使材料的潜能得到充分发挥；使水平上横梁6安装工作缸的承载面向下凸出，使水平下横梁1安装工作台的承载面向上凸出。水平上横梁6和水平下横梁1的凸出体的两个水平面之间的距离构成了机架窗口的垂直开档H，凸出体的两个垂直面决定了机架窗口的水平内侧净空距W，两个垂直面之间的材料又起着上下水平立柱的作用。
本发明水平下横梁1为向上凸起的“凸”型等强度梁结构，凸出体的上平面用于安装工作台，两个凸肩平面用于支承两根垂直立柱梁2；4，这两个平面不处于同一个平面。凸出体的两侧垂直面为两根垂直立柱梁2；4底部的内侧面提供水平方向的“X”轴定位基准，并使凸出体作为下水平立柱，承受底部水平预应力拉杆装置72将两根垂直立柱梁2；4的底部与水平下横梁1的凸出体预紧成一体的水平方向的预应力作用；两个凸肩平面上设计有两组矩形键槽并镶嵌有定位键，可为两根垂直立柱梁2；4的底部提供前后水平方向的“Y”轴定位基准；两个凸肩平面为两根垂直立柱梁2；4的底部提供垂直方向的“Z”轴定位基准，并承受垂直预应力拉杆装置71将两根垂直立柱梁2；4与 水平上横梁6和水平下横梁1预紧成一体的垂直方向的预应力作用；根据不同工艺对象所需的顶出力、下穿孔力和液压垫力，可以在水平下横梁1内安装下工作缸。
水平上横梁6为向下凸出的倒“凸”型梁结构，倒凸出体的下平面用于安装主工作缸，两个倒凸肩平面用于支承两根垂直立柱梁2；4，这两个平面不处于同一个平面。倒凸出体的两个垂直面为两根垂直立柱梁2；4顶部的内侧面提供左右水平方向的“X”轴定位基准，并使倒凸出体作为上水平立柱，承受顶部水平预应力拉杆装置73将两根垂直立柱梁2；4顶部与水平上横梁6的倒凸出体预紧成一体的水平方向的预应力作用；两个倒凸肩平面上设计有两组矩形键槽和镶嵌有定位键，可为两根垂直立柱梁2；4的顶部提供前后水平方向的“Y”轴定位基准；两个倒凸肩平面为两根垂直立柱梁2；4的顶部提供垂直方向的“Z”轴定位基准，并承受垂直预应力拉杆装置71将两根垂直立柱梁2；4与水平上横梁6和水平下横梁1预紧成一体的垂直方向的预应力作用；在倒凸出体的下平面上安装主工作缸，根据不同的垂直公称力和工艺对象，缸的数量为1～6个，缸的布置方式可为单排1个、2个、3个，或为双排2个、4个、6个，或为三排3个、5个。
2)现有液压机的立柱大多为独立的4根实心或空心的圆形或矩形结构，或为多层叠板式结构，或为框架式箱形结构。它们的共同特征是，仅仅作为立柱功能使用，支承于上下横梁(对于立式液压机)或前后横梁(对于卧式液压机)之间，承受压应力(对于预应力结构)或拉应力(对于非预应力结构)，不能承受水平方向或横向的工作载荷。有的整体多层叠板式、或整体板框式液压机，虽然允许在立柱部分的水平方向安装法兰支承式的工作缸，但由于受该型结构的制约，所能承受的水平方向的工作载荷仅仅为垂直方向的1/5。
请参阅图1、图2、图3和图4所示，本发明的特殊构造的垂直立柱梁2；4有别于现有的任何一种液压机的立柱的结构。两根垂直立柱梁2；4，从正面看为非对称的弓形结构，从侧面看为非对称的“H”型结构。具体的，垂直立柱梁2；4包括两根等强度梁和套筒，两根等强度梁通过套筒横向联结，等强度梁的横截面为矩形，其内侧为平面，外侧具有突出部。等强度梁位于突出部上方的部分的横截面面积自上向下逐渐增大，等强度梁位于突出部下方的部分的横截面面积自上向下逐渐减小，套筒及其轴线呈水平方向位于两根等强度梁之间。作为垂直立柱功能，其在全高上为中部空心的矩形横截面；由两根垂直立柱梁2；4的4个底端和4个顶端支承在水平下横梁1的两个凸肩平面与水平上横梁6的两个凸肩平面之间，通过垂直预应力拉杆装置71将其与水平上横梁6和水平下横梁1预紧成一体，承受垂直方向的预应力作用，以及在工作载荷下的角弯矩、偏心载荷下活动横梁反力偶对其的水平力作用；两根垂直立柱梁2；4的底端和顶端水 平面上均设计有两组矩形键槽和镶嵌有定位键，将水平上横梁6和水平下横梁1与垂直立柱梁2；4牢固地镶嵌在一起，并作为上下水平横梁6和1在前后水平方向的“Y”轴定位基准。
作为垂直梁功能，两根垂直立柱梁2；4为空心变截面弓形梁结构，由两根垂直立柱梁的4个顶部和4个底部的内侧面分别与作为水平立柱的水平上下横梁6和1凸出体的两个垂直面贴合，通过底部水平预应力拉杆装置72和73分别将垂直立柱梁的端部和底部与水平上下横梁6和1的凸台预紧成一体；在每一侧垂直立柱梁之间的中部，由圆形或矩形筒体21横向联结，用以安装以缸底支承的水平工作缸，并允许承受较大的水平方向的工作载荷；根据不同的水平公称力和工艺对象，缸的数量可为一个单动液压缸，或一个复式双动液压缸，或两排以上的液压缸。
3)传统张力柱形式的水压机、整体多层叠板式或整体板框式液压机，它们的共同特征是，机架为非预应力结构，工作时承受单向的大幅值交变应力，抗疲劳强度低。有的液压机虽然采用了预应力结构，但多为单独垂直方向的立式液压机，或水平方向的卧式液压机的单方向预应力结构；有的将一台垂直的预应力机架与一台卧式的预应力机架组合在一起，构成了多向模锻液压机，但由于其力系不能封闭，造成机架和模具频频损坏。而且受该型结构的制约，所能承受的水平方向的工作载荷仅仅为垂直方向的1/3。
请参阅图1和图2所示，本发明的垂直与水平双向全预应力系统，有别于现有的任何一种液压机的预应力方式。垂直与水平双向全预应力系统，垂直预应力拉杆装置71、底部水平预应力拉杆装置72和顶部水平预应力拉杆装置73中拉杆直径均在160～280mm之间，按照设计规定的预紧力和预紧方法，通过预紧螺母使拉杆全长上产生预紧拉力，同时对水平上横梁6、水平下横梁1和两根垂直立柱梁2；4施加预紧压力，从而将水平上横梁6和水平下横梁1与两根垂直立柱梁2；4分别在垂直方向和水平方向紧密地固结成一个整体，构成一个垂直与水平双向全预应力承载机架。
根据液压机垂直和水平方向的承载能力要求，确定垂直预应力拉杆装置71、底部水平预应力拉杆装置72和顶部水平预应力拉杆装置73中拉杆的数量和分布，根据各个梁的应力水平确定拉杆螺母下的垫板厚度。
预应力设计按最大工作载荷力和最大允许偏心距设计、调整和设定拉杆的预应力，预紧系数为1.5，即预紧力是工作载荷的1.5倍；水平上横梁6和水平下横梁1与两根垂直立柱梁2；4接触部分的横截面尺寸相同，梁的高度方向受压缩后的变形不可忽略，计算的被压缩构件的尺寸应包括水平上横梁6、水平下横梁1和两根垂直立柱梁2；4的相应高度尺寸。
整个机架无论是垂直方向还是水平方向的受力均为内力平衡系统，负载力不会传递 到基础上，确保了机架双向承载的安全性与可靠性。
本发明摈弃了采用单根粗拉杆的传统设计方法，不仅仅是出于紧凑型结构设计的需要，而是多根细拉杆的优越性远大于只用一根粗拉杆：可用较小的液压预紧缸，分别预紧每根拉杆；可按空心立柱截面形状，对称均匀布置多拉杆，受力均衡；拉杆螺纹根部加工误差小，产生的弯曲应力影响较小；由于横截面积小，材料组织和热处理性能均匀性好，可充分发挥材料的力学性能；加工制造和安装方便。
4)传统液压机活动横梁的运行均依托立柱提供的导向滑板面进行导向，所谓的“X”导向面处于相同夹角的同一个平面内，且活动横梁导向长度近似于其行程。在工作载荷下，由于立柱的横向弯曲变形，很容易使得原本导向长度就很短的活动横梁发生偏转，导向精度得不到保证。
请参阅图7和8所示，本发明的组合式双“X”型复合导向系统，有别于现有的任何一种液压机的导向方式，包括两个大小结构相同且前后对称的导向体51；52和活动横梁3。
导向体的具体结构为：导向体51；52的导向侧具有凸出部分，凸出部分的上部两侧对称设置有两个第一导向面，凸出部分的下部两侧对称设置有两个第二导向面，第一导向面和第二导向面的延长线均通过组合式双向预应力承载机架的中心，两个导向体51；52上端通过预应力拉杆固定联结，两个导向体51；52的下部均通过十字键和螺杆82与活动横梁3固定连结。
两组上部水平拉杆装置81包括高强度拉杆，通过2个导向体51；52上部横梁的两端横向预应力固结成一体；通过水平螺杆82和十字键将2个导向体51；52的下部垂直导向体与活动横梁3横向固结成一体。
导向体51；52的上部横梁导向板依托装于水平上横梁6上的无变形区Ⅰ处耐磨导滑板导向，中下部垂直导向板依托装于左右垂直立柱梁4和2上的微变形区Ⅱ处耐磨导滑板导向；上部与下部导向面的延伸线均通过承载机架的中心，同一导向体51；52中两个第一导向面之间的夹角α为60°-100°，同时同一导向体51；52中两个第二导向面之间的夹角β为60°-100°，同一导向体51；52中两个第一导向面之间的夹角与两个第二导向面之间的夹角不同。构成双“X”型复合导向系统；导向体的长度是其行程的3倍，为活动横梁提供了一个坚固的、刚性的和低接触应力的平面导向体。
上述组合式双向预应力承载机架，采用计算机三维有限元分析软件接触问题分析法，对机架整体结构进行优化设计，使机架的变形和应力获得了精确的求解，预测出工作过程中的结构的应力状态及其变形趋势，优化受力框架的结构，确定其在最佳强度和刚度下的几何尺寸，使材料得到合理的分配，充分发挥出所用材料的潜力。
理论分析表明，这种机架结构具有较高的整体刚性、抗疲劳强度、承载能力和安全可靠性。机架预紧后，不开缝，无需重复紧固外侧螺母，拉杆永无磨损。工作时，立柱承受压应力和弯曲应力，拉杆承受拉应力，其最大和最小拉应力的变化幅值仅为最大载荷应力的15％。在整机寿命周期内不会产生立柱断裂事故，各个构件的使用寿命因此而延长，大大降低了设备维修费用和寿命周期成本。
5)现有的多向模锻液压机工作缸轴数一般为3-5轴，其水平工作缸均为单轴，且能力偏低，成形的产品重量小，只能进行单一的水平分模成形，限制了多向模锻的工艺应用范围。
请参阅图9所示，本发明的多向模复合挤压液压机，有别于现有的任何一种多向模锻液压机。所述多向模复合挤压工作缸轴数为7轴，组合式双向预应力承载机架和组合式双“X”型复合导向架作为安装液压缸、工作台、模具等装置的载体，并承受全部工作载荷，即构成一台多向模复合精密挤压成形液压机的本体部分。
多向模复合挤压液压机包括组合式预应力承载机架、组合式双“X”型复合导向系统、上垂直主工作缸9、上垂直穿孔缸10、左水平主工作缸121、右水平主工作缸122、左水平穿孔缸131、右水平穿孔缸132和下垂直穿孔或顶出缸16。
将上垂直主工作缸9和模具11、上垂直穿孔缸10、左水平主工作缸121、左水平穿孔缸131、右水平主工作缸122和模具14、右水平穿孔缸132、下垂直穿孔或顶出缸16分别作为独立的数控液压缸轴，分别由液压数控装置驱动，构成了液压数控闭环伺服控制和同步控制系统；其中，上垂直主工作缸9设置在水平上横梁6内，左水平主工作缸121设置在一个垂直立柱梁2；4的套筒中，右水平主工作缸122设置在另一个垂直立柱梁2；4的套筒中，下垂直穿孔或顶出缸16设置在水平下横梁1内，上垂直穿孔缸10设置在上垂直主工作缸9中，左水平穿孔缸131设置在左水平主工作缸121中，右水平穿孔缸132设置在右水平主工作缸122中。以计算机液压数控多轴联动程序加载为基础，逻辑动作由PLC系统控制，各缸轴的速度、位移、压力通过HNC实行编程控制，按主轴垂直加载、左水平轴加载、右水平轴加载的先后顺序，可组合5种以上加载方式，按工艺分模面条件，可以完成垂直分模和水平分模2种分模方式。
与其它逻辑控制的油缸组合，具有多向加载、上中心冲孔、下中心冲孔、顶出、拉伸液压垫等步进和连续进给功能；实现复杂型腔构造的难成形产品15的多向模挤压、模锻、等温模锻、等压下量锻造、等锻比锻造、精密锻造、超塑性成形等多种金属塑性柔性复合近净成形工艺。
6)本发明的实施例是，开发了一台总变形能力为350MN的七轴数控多向模复合精密挤压成形液压机，其主要力能技术参数见表1。
表1
轴 工作缸 力(MN) 液体压力(MPa) 速度(mm/s) 行程(mm)
1 4-上主工作缸 130 42 0.5-60 2000
2 1-上穿孔缸 90 42 0.5-60 3000
3 1-左水平主工作缸 130 42 0.5-40 1000
4 1-左水平穿孔缸 50 42 0.5-60 700
5 1-右水平主工作缸 130 42 0.5-40 1000
6 1-右水平穿孔缸 50 42 0.5-60 700
7 1-下穿孔或顶出缸 20 42 0.5-60 1500
承载机架的强度、刚度和导向精度使液压机达到如下性能：
⑴、各个液压缸加载轴的位置精度为    ≤±0.5mm
⑵、活动横梁的平衡精度为                0.25mm/m
⑶、左右水平液压缸加载轴的同步精度为 ≤±0.5mm
⑷、等温锻造速度稳定性误差                5％
本发明实施例与现有技术标志性指标对比见表2。
表2
名称 实施例 美国 德国 英国
总变形力(MN) 350 155 310 360
水平力(MN) 2*130 2*35/45 2*10 2*60
传动方式 油泵直驱 水泵蓄能器 水泵蓄能器 水泵蓄能器
轴数及控制方式 7轴伺服控制 5轴开关量控制 3轴开关量控制 5轴开关量控制
生产最大锻件重量(kg) 4000 2000 3000 3000

Claims (7)

  1. 一种组合式双向预应力承载机架，其特征在于：包括两根大小结构相同且左右对称的垂直立柱梁(2；4)和分别固持在所述垂直立柱梁(2；4)的顶部和底部的水平上横梁(6)和水平下横梁(1)，以及垂直预应力拉杆装置(71)，所述垂直立柱梁(2；4)包括两根等强度梁和套筒，两根所述等强度梁通过所述套筒横向联结，所述等强度梁的横截面为矩形，其内侧为平面，外侧具有突出部；所述等强度梁位于所述突出部上方的部分的横截面面积自上向下逐渐增大，所述等强度梁位于所述突出部下方的部分的横截面面积自上向下逐渐减小，所述套筒及其轴线呈水平方向位于两根等强度梁之间，所述水平上横梁(6)、垂直立柱梁(2；4)和水平下横梁(1)通过所述垂直预应力拉杆装置(71)预紧成一体，
    所述水平上横梁(6)和水平下横梁(1)均为凸型等强度梁，所述水平上横梁(6)的凸出体与所述水平下横梁(1)的凸出体相对设置，所述水平上横梁(6)的两个凸肩平面分别与两根所述垂直立柱梁(2；4)的顶端相接，所述水平下横梁(1)的两个凸肩平面分别与两根所述垂直立柱梁(2；4)的底端相接，所述水平上横梁(6)的凸出体的两个侧面分别与两根所述垂直立柱梁(2；4)的顶部内侧面相接触，所述水平下横梁(1)的凸出体的两个侧面分别与两根所述垂直立柱梁(2；4)的底部内侧面相接触，
    还包括底部水平预应力拉杆装置(72)和顶部水平预应力拉杆装置(73)，两根所述垂直立柱梁(2；4)的底部和所述水平下横梁(1)的凸出体通过所述底部水平预应力拉杆装置(72)预紧成一体，两根所述垂直立柱梁(2；4)的顶部和所述水平上横梁(6)的凸出体通过所述顶部水平预应力拉杆装置(73)预紧成一体。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的组合式双向预应力承载机架，其特征在于：所述等强度梁为空心梁。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的组合式双向预应力承载机架，其特征在于：所述垂直立柱梁(2；4)的顶端与所述水平上横梁(6)的凸肩平面为键连接，所述垂直立柱梁(2；4)的底端与所述水平下横梁(1)的凸肩平面为键连接。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的组合式双向预应力承载机架，其特征在于：所述垂直预应力拉杆装置(71)包括多根细拉杆，所述细拉杆的直径为160～280mm。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的组合式双向预应力承载机架，其特征在于：所述底部水平预应力拉杆装置(72)和顶部水平预应力拉杆装置(73)均包括多根细拉杆，所述细拉杆的直径为160～280mm。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的组合式双向预应力承载机架，其特征在于：所述套筒的 横截面为圆形或矩形。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的组合式双向预应力承载机架，其特征在于：所述套筒内设置有阶梯孔。
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