WO2015186431A1 - 沸騰水型地熱交換器および沸騰水型地熱発電装置 - Google Patents
沸騰水型地熱交換器および沸騰水型地熱発電装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015186431A1 WO2015186431A1 PCT/JP2015/061172 JP2015061172W WO2015186431A1 WO 2015186431 A1 WO2015186431 A1 WO 2015186431A1 JP 2015061172 W JP2015061172 W JP 2015061172W WO 2015186431 A1 WO2015186431 A1 WO 2015186431A1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
- F03G7/04—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for using pressure differences or thermal differences occurring in nature
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
- F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
- F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
- F01K27/00—Plants for converting heat or fluid energy into mechanical energy, not otherwise provided for
- F01K27/02—Plants modified to use their waste heat, other than that of exhaust, e.g. engine-friction heat
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F22—STEAM GENERATION
- F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
- F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
- F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
- F22B1/08—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being steam
- F22B1/12—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being steam produced by an indirect cyclic process
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
- F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
- F24T10/10—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground
- F24T10/13—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground using tube assemblies suitable for insertion into boreholes in the ground, e.g. geothermal probes
- F24T10/17—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground using tube assemblies suitable for insertion into boreholes in the ground, e.g. geothermal probes using tubes closed at one end, i.e. return-type tubes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/10—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically
- F28D7/12—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically the surrounding tube being closed at one end, e.g. return type
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2270/00—Thermal insulation; Thermal decoupling
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/10—Geothermal energy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a boiling water type geothermal exchanger and a boiling water type geothermal power generation device that can efficiently extract geothermal energy.
- Geothermal power generation using geothermal energy uses a high-temperature magma layer as a heat source and can be made into semi-permanent thermal energy and does not generate greenhouse gases in the process of power generation. In recent years, it has attracted attention as a fuel alternative.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a technique that employs a system in which water is sent from the ground and heated by heat supplied from the earth and the hot water is taken out.
- This technology takes out high-pressure single-phase flow taken out by a geothermal exchanger installed underground as steam with a steam separator installed on the ground, and can effectively use geothermal heat while solving problems due to scale. It has a big effect in terms.
- geothermal heat exchange because of the pressure loss in the piping of the water sent underground and the hot water extracted with geothermal supply, the power of the high-pressure pump must be increased. In order to increase the temperature, it is necessary to increase the diameter of the geothermal exchanger.
- Patent Document 1 is the replacement of existing wells, but the problem is that the wells to which replacement is applied are limited by limiting the diameter of the geothermal exchanger. There is. In addition to the replacement of existing wells, the size of the geothermal exchanger can be an obstacle when considering geothermal exploration wells, replacement of dormant wells, and the like.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a boiling water type geothermal exchanger and a boiling water type geothermal power generation device that can reduce the amount of water to be circulated and have excellent heat exchange efficiency.
- a water injection pipe provided in the ground and supplied with water from the ground, and a steam outlet pipe provided in the ground so as to be in contact with the water injection pipe and having a plurality of jet ports
- the pressure in the steam extraction pipe is reduced to a pressure close to that required by the turbine, and high-pressure hot water (hereinafter referred to as ⁇ high pressure hot water '') generated by supplying heat from the earth to the water in the water injection pipe.
- ⁇ high pressure hot water '' high-pressure hot water
- It is a boiling water type geothermal exchanger in which “high temperature pressure water” is converted into a steam single-phase flow in the steam extraction pipe existing in the ground through the outlet, and this steam single-phase flow is taken out to the ground.
- a heat insulating portion is formed for a region in contact with a low temperature zone close to the ground surface, and the heat insulating portion reduces the water level of the water supplied to the water injecting tube. It is characterized by the formation of an air layer at the top. .
- the water supplied to the water injection pipe becomes high-temperature pressure water that is substantially proportional to the depth from the ground at the bottom of the water injection pipe. Since the pressure in the steam extraction pipe is reduced to a pressure close to that required by the turbine, the high-temperature pressure water is jetted to the steam extraction pipe through the outlet provided in the steam extraction pipe due to the water pressure. It is converted into a steam single-phase flow in the steam extraction pipe, and this steam single-phase flow is taken out to the ground.
- the pressurized water is taken out to the ground and vaporized under reduced pressure.
- the power generation output is 60 kW
- the same temperature and the same steam pressure are used, the amount of steam contained in the pressurized water is about 5% or less.
- the present invention since it is sufficient to circulate by the required amount of steam, it is sufficient to circulate about 1/20 of the water of the method of Patent Document 1.
- heat loss that occurs when passing through a low temperature zone close to the ground surface can be suppressed, and by forming a heat insulating part formed of a highly heat insulating material, the efficiency of collecting geothermal energy can be further increased. it can.
- the water pressure supplied to the geothermal exchanger installed in the ground may be too high.
- the pressure in the geothermal exchanger can be adjusted by lowering the water level of the water injection pipe.
- an air layer is formed in the upper part of the water injection tube, and a heat insulating effect can inevitably be obtained by the air layer having a high heat insulating property.
- the depth of the high temperature zone of the well is large, it is possible to form an air layer in the water injection pipe in contact with the low temperature zone close to the ground surface by lowering the level of the advanced treated water supplied to the water injection pipe. .
- a pressurizing pump for pressurizing the water supplied to the water injection pipe can be arranged on the ground.
- the loss head of the outer pipe increases due to an increase in the amount of circulating water, but a pressure pump for pressurizing the water supplied to the water injection pipe is installed on the ground.
- a pressure pump for pressurizing the water supplied to the water injection pipe is installed on the ground.
- the steam pressure can be increased by adopting a configuration in which a pressurizing pump for pressurizing the water supplied to the water injection pipe is disposed on the ground, it is possible to increase the temperature of unused high-temperature land throughout the country.
- the boiling water type geothermal exchanger of the present invention can be widely applied to the tropics.
- the water injection pipe when the water injection pipe is disposed outside the steam extraction pipe, the water injection pipe is arranged around the steam extraction pipe along an outer periphery of the steam extraction pipe. A plurality of water is arranged in the direction, and water injected into each water injection pipe flows into a bottom layer provided below the steam extraction pipe, and the bottom layer of the water injection pipe and the steam extraction pipe It can be set as the structure by which the jet nozzle is provided in the boundary.
- an insertion pipe formed by combining at least one of the water injection pipe and at least one of the steam extraction pipes is inserted into a plurality of geothermal wells.
- the outlets of the steam extraction pipes are connected in parallel, and the steam obtained by using the respective geothermal wells is collected in total, and has a steam header that equalizes the pressure of the collected steam. Can do.
- the power generation output for one geothermal well will be different when used for power generation. Therefore, by connecting the outlets of the steam extraction pipes of the insertion pipes in parallel to multiple geothermal wells and collecting the steam obtained using each geothermal well in total, the turbine, condenser, generator -The capacity of the transformer etc. can be designed large, and there is an advantage that the efficiency of the whole power plant is improved. Further, by arranging the steam header, the pressure of the collected steam can be made uniform.
- the geothermal well can be attached to an existing facility.
- Boring is newly performed by inserting and using an insertion pipe composed of a water injection pipe and a steam extraction pipe for an empty geothermal well or an inactive geothermal well attached to an existing facility. It is possible to take out the energy from hot water. In particular, since the diameter of the insertion tube can be reduced by taking it out from the ground as a vapor single-phase flow, the degree of freedom of the geothermal well that can be used is increased.
- the boiling water type geothermal power generation apparatus of the present invention is characterized in that it generates power using the boiling water type geothermal exchanger of the present invention. Moreover, the boiling water type geothermal power generation device of the present invention can perform the power generation by a binary method.
- the boiling water type geothermal exchanger of the present invention suppresses the occurrence of pressure loss and heat loss in the piping, makes it possible to reduce the diameter of the pipe buried in the ground, and reduces the amount of water to be circulated. Because it can excel and has excellent heat exchange efficiency, by using this geothermal exchanger, it is possible to efficiently use geothermal wells attached to existing facilities and perform efficient geothermal power generation. Therefore, a highly convenient geothermal power generator can be realized.
- the geothermal exchanger 1 includes a water injection pipe 2 provided in the ground and supplied with water from the ground, and a steam extraction pipe 3 provided in the ground so as to be in contact with the water injection pipe 2.
- the water injection pipe 2 has an outer pipe close to the geotrophic 4 side
- the steam extraction pipe 3 has a double pipe structure with an inner pipe provided inside the water injection pipe 2.
- the steam extraction pipe 3 may be an outer pipe and the water injection pipe 2 may be an inner pipe.
- the steam extraction pipe 3 is provided with a plurality of jet outlets 5 in its lower region, and the water injection pipe 2 and the steam extraction pipe 3 are opened by the jet outlet 5. That is, the jet nozzle 5 is provided at the boundary between the water injection pipe 2 and the steam extraction pipe 3.
- the steam extraction pipe 3 is connected to a turbine 6, and the pressure in the steam extraction pipe 3 is reduced to a pressure close to that required by the turbine 6.
- the water supplied to the water injection pipe 2 by utilizing a natural head is applied with pressure almost proportional to the depth from the ground near the bottom of the water injection pipe 2, and heat is supplied from the geotropics 4. It becomes hot pressure water. Since the inside of the steam extraction pipe 3 is depressurized, using this pressure difference, as shown by the arrow, high-temperature pressure water is sprayed from the jet outlet 5 into the steam extraction pipe 3 in the spray state, and the turbine 6 is required. It is vaporized using the pressure difference between the pressure of the water and the bottom of the water injection pipe 2 and converted into a single-phase steam flow. The steam single-phase flow generated in the underground moves to the turbine 6 due to a pressure difference between the steam take-out pipe 3 and the turbine 6, and then expands in the turbine 6 to become power for turning the turbine 6. Power is generated by the generator 7 with this power.
- the steam exiting the turbine 6 is then cooled by the cooling water 9 in the condenser 8 and returned to the water, and is supplied to the water injection pipe 2 again. Since the amount of water to be circulated is equal to the amount of steam required by the turbine 6, the amount of water to be circulated is very small. By repeating this process, geothermal heat is continuously extracted. If necessary, the makeup water 11 is replenished from the makeup water tank 12 via the water treatment device 10. The water level of the makeup water 11 is adjusted by the makeup water adjustment valve 13. A steam control valve 15 is provided between the steam take-out pipe 3 and the turbine 6. In addition, a pressure control valve 17 is provided.
- the circuit breaker of the generator 7 When a major equipment accident such as the turbine 6 or the generator 7 or a power transmission system accident occurs, the circuit breaker of the generator 7 is activated. In this case, the pressure in the geothermal exchanger 1 increases rapidly. In order to prevent this, the emergency pressure reducing valve 16 can be operated to prevent a sudden pressure increase in the geothermal exchanger 1.
- the geothermal exchanger 1 can automatically cope with normal generator load fluctuations. When the generator load increases, the pressure inside the geothermal exchanger 1 decreases, so the amount of steam generated increases. When the generator load decreases, the amount of steam generated decreases because the pressure inside the geothermal exchanger 1 increases.
- One feature is that it has a series of automatic power generation control functions.
- FIG. 2 shows the flow and pressure gradient of the boiling water type geothermal exchanger according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- Table 1 shows pressures at points A to G shown in FIG.
- the numerical values shown below are based on the assumption that 60 kW of power is generated in a well where the temperature of the deepest part of the earth and tropics at a depth of 700 m is about 180 ° C., as will be described later. Instead, it is appropriately changed and set according to the state of the well and the power generation output.
- the pipe from G to A makes a drop and supplies water to the water injection pipe.
- the water level in the make-up tank can be adjusted by the water level adjustment valve. This is done by measuring and feeding back the water levels in the make-up tank and water injection tube.
- the water reaches its maximum water pressure and receives heat supply from a high temperature zone.
- the pressure water ejected from the point B to the point C is depressurized and vaporized.
- the saturated vapor pressure at 155 ° C. is set to 0.543 MPa with a pressure regulating valve.
- the setting method is performed by setting the pressure adjustment valve.
- steam is introduced into the turbine by a steam control valve.
- the turbine is supplied at a pressure of 0.5 MPa. When sudden pressure rises, release the air with an emergency pressure reducing valve.
- FIG. 3 shows the phase diagram of water and the mechanism of pressure reduction.
- the horizontal axis represents temperature (° C.)
- the vertical axis represents the pressure (MPa) at the bottom of the water injection pipe of the geothermal exchanger that occurs with depth.
- the water supplied to the water injection pipe 2 by utilizing the natural head descends while being heated from the surrounding geotrophic area 4, so that the water injection pipe 2 In the lower part, it is hot pressure water.
- This high-temperature / high-pressure water is sprayed from the lower part of the water injection pipe 2 to the steam extraction pipe 3 via the jet outlet 5 in a sprayed state.
- vaporization is performed using a saturation pressure slightly higher than the pressure required by the turbine 6 and a pressure difference between the bottom of the water injection pipe 2.
- the pressure at the upper portion of the steam extraction pipe 3 is set to be slightly higher than the pressure required by the turbine 6, and maintains a constant pressure almost automatically by balancing with the load of the generator 7 that is the load of the turbine 6. be able to. Since the pressure difference between the lower part of the water injection pipe 2 and the turbine 6 is very large, it is possible to continuously produce steam at a pressure and flow rate required by the turbine 6. After the steam exits the turbine 6, it is cooled by the condenser 8, returned to the water, and sent to the water injection pipe 2 again. However, since the amount of circulating water is equal to the amount of steam required by the turbine 6, the amount of circulating water is There are very few, and a pressurization pump is not essential for the water supply to the upper part of the water injection pipe 2.
- the pressure gradient is formed by sending the highly treated water to the lowermost part of the water injection pipe 2 using natural pressure.
- the pressure at the top of the steam extraction pipe 3 is the inlet pressure required by the turbine 6, and the pressure loss inside the steam extraction pipe 3 and the piping is an order of magnitude less than this, so theoretically the depth of the well is
- the pressure component required by the turbine 6 is sufficient, and application in a high-temperature region in the earth and the tropics is possible.
- the jetting pressure can be set high only by water pressure, and a pressurizing pump is not essential. Further, only the vaporized vapor rises inside the vapor extraction pipe 3, and no power is required to push up the water as in the case of taking out hot water. Therefore, the energy necessary for collecting thermal energy from the underground This is extremely advantageous in terms of the balance of the energy collected. Furthermore, in FIG. 3, in the geotropics where the depth exceeds 1000 m and the temperature exceeds 200 ° C., in principle, steam with a pressure of 1 MPa and a temperature of 200 ° C. or higher can be produced. It can be considered as a renewable energy.
- a steam single-phase flow is generated in a steam extraction pipe 3 provided in the ground and is taken out to the ground. It is necessary to evaluate how much the heat loss when passing through the zone is.
- Table 2 shows a comparison of thermal conductivity (W / mK) between saturated water and saturated water vapor.
- the heat loss is essentially kept small, but a heat insulating part can be provided if necessary.
- the part where the heat insulating portion is provided is preferably a boundary portion between the water injection tube 2 and the steam extraction tube 3 and the portion where the water injection tube 2 is in contact with the low temperature zone.
- an air layer is formed in the water injection pipe 2 in contact with the low temperature zone close to the ground surface by lowering the level of the advanced treated water supplied to the water injection pipe 2. Therefore, the heat insulation effect can be further improved.
- the surface in contact with the high temperature zone at the lower part of the water injection pipe 2 is made of a material having excellent heat conduction characteristics so as to easily absorb the geothermal heat.
- the plurality of jets 5 provided in the lower region of the steam extraction pipe 3 are formed by drilling small-diameter holes.
- the diameter, the number, and the flow velocity are individually determined by the power generation capacity, the temperature of the well, and the depth. Designed to.
- the diameter of the water injection pipe 2 is 165.2 mm and the diameter of the steam extraction pipe 3 is 89.1 mm, it is possible to provide 100 jet nozzles 5 having a diameter of 2 mm.
- Table 3 shows details of the jet nozzle 5 according to this setting.
- the flow velocity at the jet nozzle 5 under this setting condition is 1.95 m / s, and other specifications are not much different from general-purpose high-pressure washing machines, and there are no manufacturing difficulties.
- the geothermal exchanger 1 is configured by inserting an insertion pipe formed by combining at least one water injection pipe and at least one steam extraction pipe into a plurality of geothermal wells, and the outlets of the steam extraction pipes are arranged in parallel. It can be set as the structure provided with the steam header which connects and the steam obtained using each geothermal well is collected in total, and equalizes the pressure of the collected steam.
- the thermal output of each geothermal well is converted into a generator output, and when the first well is 500 kW, the second well is 400 kW, and the third well is 600 kW, three units are independent.
- the overall output will be the same, but the turbine, condenser, generator, transformer
- the capacity of the power plant can be designed to be large, and the efficiency of the electrical equipment is increased by the capacity. Therefore, when used for power generation, the efficiency of the entire power plant is increased. In addition, construction costs such as construction costs can be significantly reduced.
- the geothermal exchanger 1 can be a newly installed geothermal well, and is an existing facility, for example, a geothermal well attached to an existing geothermal power plant.
- an insertion pipe constituted by combining the water injection pipe 2 and the steam extraction pipe 3 can be inserted and used.
- the diameter of the insertion tube can be reduced by taking it out from the ground as a single-phase steam flow, the degree of freedom of the geothermal well that can be used is increased, and the effective use of the existing geothermal well can be promoted.
- the boiling water type geothermal exchanger of the present invention generates steam underground, a steam generator that is a pressure vessel usually installed on the ground is unnecessary. Therefore, the construction cost of the steam generator is unnecessary, and the control of the entire system can be made a simpler design. Moreover, since it is not necessary to install a steam generator, a pressure vessel handling engineer is unnecessary, and the operation cost can be reduced by reducing maintenance personnel.
- a pressure pump for pumping ground water is not essential, so that the cost required for installing the pressure pump can be reduced. Furthermore, the control of the entire system can be made simpler. Furthermore, since a steam generator is unnecessary and a pressurizing pump is not essential, the site for installing ground facilities can be reduced. There are many geotropics in national parks, and it is possible to reduce the environmental burden when constructing power generation facilities.
- Table 4 shows a performance comparison between the pressurized water single-phase flow method described in Patent Document 1 and the steam single-phase flow method of the present invention, assuming 60 kW of power generation.
- FIG. 4 shows a configuration of a boiling water type geothermal power generation apparatus in which the boiling water type geothermal exchanger of the present invention is applied to binary power generation.
- the function of the geothermal exchanger 1 is the same as that described with reference to FIG. 1, and the steam single-phase flow taken out from the steam extraction pipe 3 of the geothermal exchanger 1 is sent to the evaporator 20, Heat the low boiling point medium.
- the heated low-boiling point medium becomes low-boiling point vapor and moves to the turbine 6 to become power for turning the turbine 6. Power is generated by the generator 7 with this power.
- the low-boiling-point medium vapor that has exited the turbine 6 is then cooled by cooling water in the condenser 21, returned to the low-boiling-point medium, and sent to the evaporator 20. By repeating this, power is continuously generated. If necessary, the makeup water 11 is replenished from the makeup water tank 12 via the water treatment device 10. The water level of the makeup water 11 is adjusted by the makeup water adjustment valve 13. A steam control valve 15 is provided between the steam take-out pipe 3 and the turbine 6.
- Table 6 shows an excerpt of the saturated steam table.
- FIG. 5 shows a boiling water type geothermal exchanger and a boiling water type geothermal power generation apparatus according to this embodiment.
- the geothermal exchanger 1 includes a water injection pipe 2 provided in the ground and supplied with water from the ground, and a steam extraction pipe 3 provided in the ground so as to be in contact with the water injection pipe 2.
- the water injection pipe 2 is an outer pipe close to the tropics 4 side
- the steam extraction pipe 3 is a double pipe structure provided inside the water injection pipe 2, but conversely,
- the steam extraction pipe 3 may be an outer pipe and the water injection pipe 2 may be an inner pipe.
- the steam extraction pipe 3 is provided with a plurality of jet outlets 5 in its lower region, and the water injection pipe 2 and the steam extraction pipe 3 are opened by the jet outlet 5. That is, the jet nozzle 5 is provided at the boundary between the water injection pipe 2 and the steam extraction pipe 3.
- the steam extraction pipe 3 is connected to a turbine 6, and the pressure in the steam extraction pipe 3 is reduced to a pressure close to that required by the turbine 6.
- a pressurizing pump 31 for pressurizing the water supplied to the water injection pipe 2 is disposed on the ground. Since the water supplied to the water injection pipe 2 is pressurized on the ground by the pressurizing pump 31, in the lower part of the water injection pipe 2, the pressure due to this pressurization is almost proportional to the depth from the ground. Pressurized water with the total pressure added.
- the steam header 32 is used when steam produced from a plurality of geothermal wells is collected and supplied to the single turbine 6, thereby making it possible to equalize the pressure.
- the steam header 32 is not limited to the present embodiment in which the water supplied to the water injection pipe is pressurized on the ground, but can also be used in the embodiment shown in FIG.
- the steam exiting the turbine 6 is then cooled by the cooling water 9 in the condenser 8 and returned to the water, and is supplied to the water injection pipe 2 again. Since the amount of water to be circulated is equal to the amount of steam required by the turbine 6, the amount of water to be circulated is very small. By repeating this process, geothermal heat is continuously extracted. If necessary, the makeup water 11 is replenished from the makeup water tank 12 via the water treatment device 10. A drawing pump 30 is provided between the condenser 8 and the makeup water tank 12. The water level of the makeup water 11 is adjusted by the makeup water adjustment valve 13. A steam control valve 15 is provided between the steam take-out pipe 3 and the turbine 6. In addition, a pressure control valve 17 is provided.
- FIG. 6 shows the flow and pressure gradient of the boiling water type geothermal exchanger according to the embodiment in which the water supplied to the water injection pipe is pressurized on the ground. Further, the pressure at each point A to H shown in FIG. 6 is shown in Table 8 in units of MPa. As will be described later, the numerical values shown below indicate that in a well where the temperature of the deepest part of the earth and the tropics at a depth of 700 m is about 186 ° C., 135 ° C. steam is taken out and 1000 kW of large capacity power generation is performed. Each numerical value is not limited to this, and is appropriately changed and set according to the state of the well and the power generation output.
- the pressure at point A is set to 0.1013 MPa corresponding to atmospheric pressure.
- the water pressure at the point B of the water injection pipe pressurized by the pressure pump is 1.1161 MPa. This is because the head loss of the pipe is 0.0148 MPa, and 1.0148 MPa obtained by adding 1 MPa to this is used as the pressurization. Since 1 MPa corresponds to a water pressure of about 100 m, an additional pressure of 100 m is added to a well with a depth of 700 m, and the boring depth is about 800 m.
- pressurized water that is a sum of pressures approximately proportional to the depth from the ground.
- the pressure is 7.4841 MPa, and the pressurized water is supplied with heat from the high temperature zone.
- the pressurized water ejected at point D is depressurized and vaporized.
- Between the point E and the steam header it is set to 0.3130 MPa, slightly higher than the turbine supply pressure.
- steam is gradually introduced into the turbine by the steam control valve.
- Steam is supplied to the turbine at a pressure of 0.1960 MPa at point F.
- the steam that has rotated the turbine is returned to water by a condenser, and is transferred to a makeup tank by a condenser drawing pump.
- the steam header is used when a plurality of steam extraction pipes are combined to collect steam.
- FIG. 7 shows the phase diagram of water and the mechanism of pressure reduction.
- the horizontal axis is temperature (° C.)
- the vertical axis is the pressure (MPa) at the bottom of the water injection pipe of the geothermal exchanger that occurs with depth.
- MPa the pressure
- a pressure of 7.4841 MPa is applied to the bottom of the water injection tube. This pressure is based on atmospheric pressure (0.1013 MPa) + pressurized component (1.0148 MPa) + natural water pressure (6.3828 MPa) ⁇ loss head (0.0148 MPa).
- Table 9 shows the saturation pressure near 135 ° C.
- the tolerance of the pressure with respect to the pressure of 0.1960 MPa required by the turbine is seen, and in this embodiment, the temperature is set to 135 ° C. and the pressure is set to 0.3130 MPa.
- the advantage of pressurizing the water supplied to the water injection pipe on the ground is that, in the case of large-capacity power generation, the amount of circulating water is large and the loss head of the outer pipe is large.
- pressurization By supplementing the water head by pressurization, it is possible to obtain a larger pressure than in the case of natural water pressure, so that it is possible to realize large-capacity power generation.
- Table 10 shows a comparison between a small-capacity power generation with a target generated power of 60 kW and a large-capacity power generation with a target generated power of 1000 kW.
- the outer diameter of the outer tube is 0.1652 m
- the inner diameter of the outer tube is 0.1552 m
- the outer diameter of the inner tube is 0.0891 m
- the inner diameter of the inner tube is 0.0807 m
- the length of the tube is 700 m
- the loss head is calculated with a flow rate of 0.1657 m / s.
- the vapor pressure is lower than that of thermal power generation, so the output is low.
- the capacity can be increased.
- the steam pressure is low, so the turbine becomes large, but increasing the steam pressure by pressurization can reduce the size and increase the efficiency of the turbine. It is even more advantageous in that it can be done.
- Table 11 shows the numerical comparison between the numerical values shown in Table 10 and the conventional geothermal power generation apparatus that is actually operating.
- Table 11 since the rated output at Kyushu Electric Power Hatchobaru Power Station is greatly different, comparison was made in units of 1 MW.
- the steam pressure, the steam temperature, and the steam flow rate are numerical values that can be sufficiently achieved by the method of the present embodiment.
- a pressure gradient is formed between the lower part of the water injection pipe and the upper part of the water injection pipe by feeding the water that has been advanced to the bottom of the basement using a pressure pump and natural pressure.
- the pressure at the top of the water injection pipe is the inlet pressure required by the turbine, and the pressure loss inside the water injection pipe and piping is an order of magnitude less.
- pressure with a pressurizing pump it is possible to apply to high-temperature geotropics and large-capacity geothermal power generation.
- FIG. 8 shows the configuration of a boiling water type geothermal power generation apparatus in which a boiling water type geothermal exchanger that pressurizes the water supplied to the water injection pipe on the ground is applied to binary power generation.
- the function of the geothermal exchanger 1 is the same as that described with reference to FIG. 5, and a pressurizing pump 31 for pressurizing water supplied to the water injection pipe 2 is disposed on the ground. Since the water supplied to the water injection pipe 2 is pressurized on the ground by the pressurizing pump 31, in the lower part of the water injection pipe 2, the pressure due to this pressurization is almost proportional to the depth from the ground. It can be set as the pressurized water which totaled the pressure.
- the vapor single phase flow taken out from the steam extraction pipe 3 of the geothermal exchanger 1 is sent to the evaporator 20 to heat the low boiling point medium.
- the heated low-boiling point medium becomes low-boiling point vapor and moves to the turbine 6 to become power for turning the turbine 6. Power is generated by the generator 7 with this power.
- the low-boiling-point medium vapor that has exited the turbine 6 is then cooled by cooling water in the condenser 21, returned to the low-boiling-point medium, and sent to the evaporator 20. By repeating this, power is continuously generated. If necessary, the makeup water 11 is replenished from the makeup water tank 12 via the water treatment device 10. The water level of the makeup water 11 is adjusted by the makeup water adjustment valve 13. A steam control valve 15 is provided between the steam take-out pipe 3 and the turbine 6.
- FIG. 9 shows a geothermal exchanger in which a plurality of water injection pipes are arranged in the circumferential direction of the steam extraction pipe.
- FIG. 9A is a plan view thereof
- FIG. 9B is a front view thereof.
- the geothermal exchanger 1 shown in FIG. 9 a case where the water injection pipe 2 is disposed outside the steam extraction pipe 3 is shown.
- the water injection pipe 2 is disposed along the outer periphery of the steam extraction pipe 3.
- a plurality of the three circumferential directions are arranged.
- the steam outlet pipe 3 is provided with a plurality of jet outlets 5 in the lower region thereof, and the bottom layer 33 of the water injection pipe 2 and the steam outlet pipe 3 are opened by the jet outlet 5. .
- the jet nozzle 5 is provided at the boundary between the bottom layer portion 33 of the water injection pipe 2 and the steam extraction pipe 3.
- the water injected into each water injection pipe 2 has a structure that flows into the bottom layer 33 provided below the steam extraction pipe 3, and heat is supplied from the geotrophic 4 to become high-temperature pressure water, It sprays out in the vapor
- the steam extraction pipe 3 is connected to a turbine, and the pressure in the steam extraction pipe 3 is reduced to a pressure close to that required by the turbine.
- the outer diameter of the water injection pipe 2 that is an outer pipe is set to 42.7 mm (the inner diameter is 35.7 mm), and the outer diameter of the steam extraction pipe 3 that is an inner pipe is 89.1 mm ( The inner diameter is 80.7 mm), and the overall finished diameter of the water injection pipe 2 and the steam extraction pipe 3 can be 200 mm.
- the depth of the steam extraction pipe 3 can be set to 950 m, and the vertical dimension of the bottom layer portion 33 of the water injection pipe 2 can be set to 500 mm.
- Water supplied to the water injection pipe 2 using a natural head or water pressurized by a pressurizing pump installed on the ground has a depth from the ground at the bottom layer portion 33 of the water injection pipe 2.
- An almost proportional pressure is applied, and heat is supplied from the earth's tropics 4 to form high-temperature pressure water.
- high-temperature pressure water is sprayed from the jet outlet 5 into the steam extraction pipe 3 in the spray state, and the pressure required by the turbine and the water injection pipe 2 is vaporized by using a pressure difference with the bottom layer 33 and converted into a single-phase steam flow.
- the steam single-phase flow generated in the underground moves to the turbine due to a pressure difference between the steam take-out pipe 3 and the turbine, and then expands in the turbine to become power for turning the turbine. Electric power is generated by a generator by this power.
- nozzles 5 are provided at the boundary between the bottom layer 33 of the water injection pipe 2 and the steam extraction pipe 3 .
- a plurality of water injection pipes 2 are arranged in the circumferential direction along the outside of the steam extraction pipe 3. Because the contact portion between the water injection pipe 2 and the steam extraction pipe 3 has a very narrow area, it is difficult to provide a large number of jet outlets 5 at the boundary between the water injection pipe 2 and the steam extraction pipe 3. is there.
- the water injection pipe 2 is buried while connecting a pipe having a length of about 10 m in the vertical direction for the convenience of construction, and a coupling 34 is used for this connection. Accordingly, the outer periphery of the completed water injection pipe 2 has a structure in which the couplings 34 are attached at intervals in the vertical direction.
- cementing 36 is applied so that a gap 35 is formed. This is because the temperature near the ground surface is lower than that of the ground, so that the water injected into the water injection pipe 2 is prevented from being cooled in this region. This is to cover the outer peripheral area near the ground surface.
- the water injection pipe 2 may be formed of a material having high heat conductivity, or may be formed by plating a material having excellent heat conduction characteristics, in order to enhance the heat conduction performance from the geothermal zone.
- the present invention suppresses the occurrence of pressure loss and heat loss in the pipe, makes it possible to reduce the diameter of the pipe embedded in the ground, reduce the amount of water to be circulated, heat exchange efficiency It can be widely used as a boiling water type geothermal heat exchanger and a boiling water type geothermal power generator. In particular, it has a significant advantage in that it can effectively use existing wells and reduce the environmental burden when constructing power generation facilities. Japan has relied heavily on nuclear power due to accidents at nuclear power plants. Considering the current situation in which energy policy has to be fundamentally revised, it contributes greatly to industrial use.
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Abstract
Description
水注入管が蒸気取出管の外側に沿って周方向に複数配置される場合には、水注入管と蒸気取出管との接触部位が極めて狭い面積となるため、水注入管と蒸気取出管との境界に噴出口を多数設けることが困難であるが、それぞれの水注入管に注入された水が、蒸気取出管の下方に設けられた底層部へ流れ込む構造として、水注入管の底層部と蒸気取出管との境界に噴出口を設ける構成とすることによって、この問題を解決できる。
また、本発明の沸騰水型地熱発電装置は、前記発電をバイナリー方式によって行うことができる。
深度700m領域では、6.86MPaの圧力がかかり、深度700mにおける地熱帯の温度が約180℃である坑井において、水注入管底部から蒸気取出管に対して高温圧力水を噴射すると、蒸気取出管内部の圧力は約0.543MPaであるため、水は180℃では1.004MPaで気化することから、高温圧力水は蒸気取出管内で瞬時に気化する。このメカニズムにより、地中に設けられた蒸気取出管内で蒸気単相流を生成し、これを地上に取り出す。タービンが必要とする圧力は0.5MPaであるため、余裕をもって発電を行うことが可能である。
表3に、この設定による噴出口5の詳細を示す。
図4において、地熱交換器1の機能は図1に基づいて説明したものと同様であり、地熱交換器1の蒸気取出管3から取り出された蒸気単相流は、蒸発器20に送られ、低沸点媒体を加熱する。加熱された低沸点媒体は、低沸点媒体蒸気となってタービン6へ移動して、タービン6を回す動力となる。この動力によって発電機7により発電がなされる。
使用する市販のタービンの仕様を表5に示す。
以上の検討により、蒸気等に関する数値を、表7のように設定した。
図5に、この実施形態に係る沸騰水型地熱交換器と沸騰水型地熱発電装置を示す。
深度700m領域では、水注入管底部には、7.4841MPaの圧力がかかる。この圧力は、大気圧(0.1013MPa)+加圧分(1.0148MPa)+自然水圧(6.3828MPa)-損失水頭(0.0148MPa)によるものである。深度700mにおける地熱帯の温度が約186℃である坑井において、水注入管底部から蒸気取出管に対して高温圧力水を噴射すると、蒸気取出管内部の圧力は約0.3130MPaであるため、水は135℃では0.3130MPaで気化することから、高温圧力水は蒸気取出管内で瞬時に気化する。このメカニズムにより、地中に設けられた蒸気取出管内で蒸気単相流を生成し、これを地上に取り出す。
図8において、地熱交換器1の機能は図5に基づいて説明したものと同様であり、水注入管2に供給される水に加圧するための加圧ポンプ31が地上に配置されている。水注入管2に供給される水は、地上にて加圧ポンプ31によって加圧されるため、水注入管2の下部においては、この加圧による圧力と、地上からの深さにほぼ比例した圧力を合計した加圧水とすることができる。
図9に示す地熱交換器1においては、水注入管2が蒸気取出管3の外側に配置される場合を示しており、水注入管2は蒸気取出管3の外周に沿って、蒸気取出管3の周方向に複数配置されている。蒸気取出管3には、その下部領域に、複数の噴出口5が設けられており、水注入管2の底層部33と蒸気取出管3とは、この噴出口5によって開口状態となっている。すなわち、噴出口5は、水注入管2の底層部33と蒸気取出管3との境界に設けられている。それぞれの水注入管2に注入された水は、蒸気取出管3の下方に設けられた底層部33へ流れ込む構造となっており、地熱帯4から熱が供給されて高温圧力水となって、噴出口5を介して噴霧状態で蒸気取出管3内へ噴き出す。
2 水注入管
3 蒸気取出管
4 地熱帯
5 噴出口
6 タービン
7 沸騰水型地熱発電装置
31 加圧ポンプ
32 蒸気ヘッダー
33 底層部
Claims (7)
- 地中に設けられ地上から水が供給される水注入管と、前記水注入管に接するように地中に設けられ、複数の噴出口を有する蒸気取出管とを備え、前記蒸気取出管内の圧力は、タービンが必要とする圧力近くに減圧されており、前記水注入管内の水に対して地熱帯から熱が供給されて生成される高圧熱水が前記噴出口を介して地中に存在する蒸気取出管内で蒸気単相流に変換され、この蒸気単相流が地上に取出される沸騰水型地熱交換器であって、地表面に近い低温地帯に接する領域に対して断熱部が形成されており、前記断熱部は、前記水注入管に供給される水の水位を低くすることによって、前記水注入管の上部に空気層が形成されることによるものであることを特徴とする沸騰水型地熱交換器。
- 前記水注入管に供給される水に加圧するための加圧ポンプが地上に配置されていることを特徴とする請求項1記載の沸騰水型地熱交換器。
- 前記水注入管が前記蒸気取出管の外側に配置される場合において、前記水注入管は前記蒸気取出管の外周に沿って前記蒸気取出管の周方向に複数配置されており、それぞれの水注入管に注入された水は、前記蒸気取出管の下方に設けられた底層部へ流れ込む構造であり、水注入管の前記底層部と前記蒸気取出管との境界に噴出口が設けられていることを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の沸騰水型地熱交換器。
- 少なくとも1つの前記水注入管と少なくとも1つの前記蒸気取出管とが組み合わされてなる挿入管が、複数の地熱井に対して挿入されて構成され、前記蒸気取出管の出口が並列に接続されて、それぞれの地熱井を用いて得られる蒸気が合計して採集され、採集された蒸気の圧力を均一化する蒸気ヘッダーを備えていることを特徴とする請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の沸騰水型地熱交換器。
- 前記地熱井は、既存の設備に付帯するものであることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の沸騰水型地熱交換器。
- 請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の沸騰水型地熱交換器を用いて発電を行うことを特徴とする沸騰水型地熱発電装置。
- 前記発電は、バイナリー方式によるものであることを特徴とする請求項6記載の沸騰水型地熱発電装置。
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US14/785,336 US9714643B2 (en) | 2014-06-05 | 2015-04-09 | Boiling-water geothermal heat exchanger and boiling-water geothermal power generation equipment |
PH12016500007A PH12016500007B1 (en) | 2014-06-05 | 2016-01-04 | Boiling-water-type ground heat exchanger and boiling-water-type ground heat power generator |
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JP2014202713A JP5731051B1 (ja) | 2014-06-05 | 2014-10-01 | 沸騰水型地熱交換器および沸騰水型地熱発電装置 |
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JP5791836B1 (ja) * | 2015-02-16 | 2015-10-07 | 俊一 田原 | 沸騰水型地熱交換器および沸騰水型地熱発電装置 |
WO2016204287A1 (ja) * | 2015-06-19 | 2016-12-22 | ジャパン・ニュー・エナジー株式会社 | 地熱発電システム、地熱発電装置、地熱発電方法又は媒体移送管、その媒体移送管を利用した地熱発電装置及び地熱発電方法並びに破砕帯に媒体移送管を設置する方法 |
KR101696822B1 (ko) * | 2015-06-30 | 2017-02-02 | 한국생산기술연구원 | 바이너리 랭킨사이클 시스템 |
JP5999827B1 (ja) * | 2015-12-08 | 2016-09-28 | 株式会社エスト | 地熱交換器および地熱発電装置 |
JP6067173B1 (ja) * | 2016-09-30 | 2017-01-25 | 俊一 田原 | 地熱交換器および地熱発電装置 |
JP6809698B2 (ja) * | 2016-10-11 | 2021-01-06 | ジャパン・ニュー・エナジー株式会社 | 気水分離装置、地熱発電装置及び地熱発電方法 |
ES1182258Y (es) * | 2017-03-30 | 2017-07-31 | Lorenzo Luis Lopez | Dispositivo intercambiador de calor |
JP6176890B1 (ja) * | 2017-05-26 | 2017-08-09 | 千年生 田原 | 地熱交換器および地熱発電装置 |
JP6403361B1 (ja) * | 2018-02-20 | 2018-10-10 | 株式会社エスト | 地熱交換システムおよび地熱発電システム |
CN112065521A (zh) * | 2020-09-16 | 2020-12-11 | 天津大学 | 一种基于co2混合工质的增压吸热跨临界循环干热岩地热发电模型 |
JP7175024B2 (ja) * | 2020-09-18 | 2022-11-18 | ジャパン・ニュー・エナジー株式会社 | 地熱発電装置 |
CN112412717A (zh) * | 2020-12-09 | 2021-02-26 | 四川大学 | 一种多区域复合型原位地热发电系统 |
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US20160169211A1 (en) | 2016-06-16 |
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